Relevant bibliographies by topics / Blood oxygen levels; Anaesthesia

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Academic literature on the topic 'Blood oxygen levels; Anaesthesia'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 14 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Blood oxygen levels; Anaesthesia"

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Gil, Alfredo González, Gema Silván, and Juan C. Illera. "Pituitary–adrenocortical axis, serum serotonin and biochemical response after halothane or isoflurane anaesthesia in rabbits." Laboratory Animals 41, no. 4 (October 1, 2007): 411–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/002367707782314274.

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To document the changes in serum serotonin, adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), corticosterone levels and select biochemical parameters in response to inhalant anaesthesia, 20 New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits were assigned to two treatment groups: halothane and isoflurane. Induction of anaesthesia was achieved using a face mask (3.5% halothane and 4.5% isoflurane in oxygen) followed by endotracheal intubation and maintenance of anaesthesia for 30 min (1.5% halothane and 2.5% isoflurane in oxygen). Blood samples were obtained before anaesthetic induction, and at 1, 10, 30, 60, 120 min and 24, 48 and 72 h after endotracheal intubation. Serum serotonin and corticosterone levels were measured by competitive enzyme immunoassay, ACTH by radioimmunoassay. Serum glucose, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine levels were measured using an automated analyser. Significant increases in serum ACTH and corticosterone levels occurred after halothane administration while serum serotonin levels did not change. An increase in serum corticosterone and serotonin levels occurred in the isoflurane group but no changes in ACTH concentrations were detected. Administration of halothane significantly increased serum glucose, ALT, AST, BUN and creatinine levels. After isoflurane administration, there was a significant increase in serum glucose, AST, BUN and creatinine levels. Based on these results, halothane stimulates the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis to a greater extent than isoflurane, but isoflurane increases serum serotonin levels. Both anaesthetic agents alter select biochemical parameters. These results should be taken into account when blood samples are evaluated in treated isoflurane or halothane anaesthetized rabbits.
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Selldén, Eva, Robert Bränstróam, and Tomas Brundin. "Augmented Thermic Effect of Amino Acids under General Anaesthesia Occurs Predominantly in Extra-Splanchnic Tissues." Clinical Science 91, no. 4 (October 1, 1996): 431–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs0910431.

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1. Intravenous infusion of amino acid mixtures stimulates human oxidative heat production more effectively under general anaesthesia than in the unanaesthetized state. To analyse the splanchnic and extra-splanchnic regional distribution of this stimulation, whole body and splanchnic oxygen uptake, blood flow and blood temperatures were measured by a catheterization technique in 14 patients undergoing isoflurane anaesthesia for abdominal surgery. During the anaesthesia period, a mixture of 19 amino acids (240 kJ/h) was infused intravenously into seven of the patients while the others served as controls, receiving isovolumic infusions of a nutrient-free saline solution. 2. Whole body oxygen consumption fell by ≈ 40% during anaesthesia and surgery in the controls. Approximately 80–95% of the reduction occurred in the extra-splanchnic tissues. The splanchnic oxygen uptake fell by 31 ± 6% in the controls during the initial phase of anaesthesia, after which it returned to the pre-anaesthesia level. The initial reduction of the controls' splanchnic oxygen consumption accounted for only ≈23% of the simultaneous anaesthesia-induced reduction in pulmonary oxygen uptake. No initial reduction of the splanchnic oxygen uptake was observed in the patients treated with amino acid. 3. The amino acid infusion stimulated the whole body oxidative heat production by ≈18 W during anaesthesia and surgery and by ≈70 W at the emergence from anaesthesia. Approximately 74% of the stimulation occurred in the extra-splanchnic tissues. At awakening, the splanchnic oxygen uptake rose to ≈64% above the pre-anaesthesia level in the amino acid group. 4. During the entire period of anaesthesia, the whole body heat content fell by 282 ± 68 kJ in the controls and by 57 ± 25 kJ in the amino acid group. Amino acid treatment thus prevented ≈80% of the anaesthesia-induced reduction in whole body heat content. 5. During anaesthesia and surgery, cardiac output was ≈25% and ≈6% below the baseline, pre-anaesthesia levels in the control and amino acid groups, respectively. At awakening, it rose to ≈44% above baseline in the amino acid group while in the controls it remained unchanged. In both groups the splanchnic blood flow was unaffected by anaesthesia or by amino acid infusions.
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Hellebrekers, Ludo J., Evert-Jan W. de Boer, Michiel A. van Zuylen, and Hans Vosmeer. "A comparison between medetomidine-ketamine and medetomidine-propofol anaesthesia in rabbits." Laboratory Animals 31, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 58–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/002367797780600215.

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We investigated the effects of combinations of the α2-agonist medetomidine with either ketamine or propofol for their overall quality of anaesthesia, including the possible concomitant changes in respiratory and circulatory function in New Zealand White rabbits. Medetomidine was administered at 0.35 mg/kg, intramuscularly. Following sedation, ketamine (5 mg/kg) or propofol (2 and 3 mg/kg) were administered intravenously via the ear vein. Data on reflexes (palpebral, corneal, ear-pinch and toe-pinch), jaw muscle tone and physiologic parameters (heart rate, blood pressure, respiration rate, body temperature) were recorded before and after administration of drugs. Intermittent arterial blood sampling was performed at predetermined intervals before and after anaesthesia. The results show that the ear-pinch and toe-pinch reflexes and the jaw muscle tone are reliable indices to determine surgical anaesthetic depth. A surgical level of anaesthesia could be obtained reliably with the combination medetomidine-ketamine and medetomidine-propofol (3 mg/kg) with a duration of 19 min (variation 10 to 40 min, n=6) and 11 min (variation 5 to 15 min, n=6), respectively. Propofol administered at 2 mg/kg did not produce an adequate anaesthetic level. The data from this study demonstrate a high degree of predictability in achieving a fast induction and adequate anaesthetic depth together with a low incidence of untoward side-effects and a zero mortality with the combinations investigated. The data from the medetomidine-ketamine group show that, although adequate anaesthetic depth of medium duration is achieved, the arterial oxygen tension is reduced to hypoxemic levels. With the use of this combination, the supplemental administration of oxygen is advised. With the combination of medetomidine-propofol (3 mg/kg) a short duration anaesthesia of adequate depth was achieved, whereby physiological variables all remained within acceptable ranges. The use of medetomidine-propofol, in combination with the α2-antagonist atipamezole to shorten recovery time, will provide reliable and very versatile anaesthesia in rabbits.
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Kilic, Engin, Sadik Yayla, Alkan Kamiloglu, Vedat Baran, and Metin Ogun. "Effects of Intrathecal Administration of Ketamine HCl in Young Calves: A Clinical Trial." Bulletin of the Veterinary Institute in Pulawy 59, no. 1 (April 1, 2015): 155–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bvip-2015-0023.

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Abstract The purpose of the study was to investigate the clinical, biochemical, and cardiovascular effects of intrathecal (IT) administration of ketamine HCl in calves. The study was performed on seven Simmental and three Montofon calves, 1.70 ± 1.16 weeks old, weighing approximately 37 kg, undergoing surgical procedures including femur fracture repair (one case), atresia anus (five cases), prolapsed rectum (one case), suturing on rear limbs (two cases), and urethrostomy (one case). After administering IT ketamine HCl at a dose of 3 mg/kg to all calves, the level and depth of the anaesthesia was checked with a pin-prick test. Each animal was monitored by recording heart rate, arterial blood pressure, respiratory rates, and rectal temperature. Furthermore, certain biochemical parameters, blood gases, oxygen-total haemoglobin, and electrolyte levels were measured. All data were statistically evaluated using Minitab 16 software. Anaesthesia occurred in all calves at an average of 5.00 ± 1.41 min (range: 3-7) and continued for an average of 61.4 ± 40 min (range: 55-70). Sufficient anaesthesia was achieved in all animals for the required operations, and no complications occurred with regard to clinical and haemodynamic measurements. We concluded that in calves, which are not deemed suitable for administration of local anaesthetic via IT due to certain side effects, sufficient anaesthesia can be provided with ketamine by the same method for operations performed in the perineal area and hind extremities, and that this could be a good alternative for anaesthesia under field conditions.
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Lescano, Jesús, Miryam Quevedo, Milagros Ramos, and Víctor Fernández. "Chemical restraint of captive Kinkajous Potos flavus (Schreber, 1774) (Carnivora: Procyonidae) using a ketamine, xylazine and midazolam combination and reversal with yohimbine." Journal of Threatened Taxa 8, no. 14 (December 26, 2016): 9610. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.2670.8.14.9610-9618.

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Detailed information on the anaesthetic and cardiorespiratory effects of drug combinations used for the chemical immobilization of Kinkajous (Potos flavus) is scarce. This study assessed the effects of ketamine (2.5mg/kg), xylazine (1mg/kg) and midazolam (0.5mg/kg) combination in P. flavus. Five clinically healthy adult Kinkajous of both sexes were included. Heart rate, respiratory rate, oxygen saturation, blood pressure and body temperature were recorded at five-minute intervals for 25 minutes. Then, animals received 0.125mg/kg of yohimbine by intramuscular injection. Anaesthetic depth was assessed based on stimulus response and muscle tone. Induction, immobilization, and recovery periods were recorded and qualitatively assessed based on the absence of adverse effects. The durations of the induction, immobilization, and recovery periods were 9.42±1.73, 33.33±2.16, and 31.37±5.82 minutes. All periods showed good quality and adequate anaesthetic depth was achieved. Mean heart and respiratory rates were 99±20 beats/minute and 44±9 breaths/minute. Both parameters decreased over the duration of the anaesthesia but they did not reach levels suggesting either bradycardia or bradypnea. Mean body temperature was 37.1±1.5 0C and it also showed a decreasing trend over the duration of the anaesthesia. Mean oxygen saturation was 92±6% and it showed a mildly increasing trend over the duration of the anesthesia. Mean blood pressure was 129±23 mmHg and mild to moderate hypertension was observed. No mortality occurred and no adverse effects were observed in any of the individuals during the three months following immobilization. The assessed anaesthetic combination effectively immobilized the P. flavus individuals, provided good quality and acceptable duration of both induction and recovery periods. It should, however, not be used in Kinkajous with either known hypertension record or pre-existing target organ disease (e.g., renal failure, retinopathy).
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Yayla, Sadik, Cihan Kacar, Duygu Kaya, Oguz Merhan, Ozgur Aksoy, Engin Kilic, and Semra Kaya. "Clinical, Biochemical and Haemodynamic Effects of the Intrathecal Ketamine for Ovariohysterectomy in Bitches." Bulletin of the Veterinary Institute in Pulawy 56, no. 3 (September 1, 2012): 299–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10213-012-0054-9.

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Abstract The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effects of intrathecal (IT) ketamine HCl anesthesia on clinical values and some haemodynamic and biochemical parameters in bitches. An IT ketamine (10 mg/kg) was administered to 30 bitches with a spinal needle (18-22 G) in the lumbosacral space. The haemodynamic parameters were monitored and some biochemical values were assessed (blood gase, oxygen-haemoglobin, and electrolyte levels). The length and depth of anaesthesia was determined with a pinprick test, touching to the ligamenta lata uteri and incision. Anaesthesia took effect in less than 1 min in all dogs and has lasted an average of 95.9 min. In spite of the fact that the dogs recovered completely from the effects of dissociative anaesthesia, the anaesthesia in the some extremities was observed to be continued for an average of 17 min longer. The use of IT ketamine HCl raised blood pressure and did not have a depressive effect on respiratory and cardiac functions. It was concluded that ketamine HCl could be an appropriate alternative for ovariohysterectomy operations in bitches when the quality of the anaesthesia and the prevention of bradycardia and hypotension are considered.
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Savvas, Ioannis, Kiriaki Pavlidou, Christina Braun, Stijn Schauvliege, Francesco Staffieri, and Yves Moens. "Evaluation of the Effect of the Inspired Oxygen Fraction on Blood Oxygenation during Inhalant Anaesthesia in Horses: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis." Animals 11, no. 8 (July 30, 2021): 2245. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11082245.

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In anaesthetized horses, pronounced ventilation/perfusion mismatching often occurs. Several authors have investigated the effect of lower inspired oxygen fractions (FiO2) to reduce formation of absorption atelectasis. This systematic review compared the effects of low (<0.6) and high (>0.8) FiO2 on the arterial oxygen tension (PaO2), the alveolar-to-arterial oxygen tension difference (P(A-a)O2), and the PaO2/FiO2 ratio in horses during inhalation anaesthesia. Using the Systematic Review Protocol for Animal Intervention Studies, four experimental and one clinical investigations were deemed suitable for inclusion. A meta-analysis was performed on the four experimental studies. The PaO2 was significantly lower (p = 0.0007, mean difference −23.54 kPa, 95% CI −37.18, −9.90) with a lower FiO2. However, the P(A-a)O2 was also significantly lower (p < 0.00001, mean difference −20.80 kPa, 95% CI −26.28, −15.32) when using a low FiO2. For the PaO2/FiO2 ratio, only one study fitted the inclusion criteria, so no meta-analysis was performed. It is concluded that, while only a limited number of studies are available, the use of a higher FiO2 in horses during inhalation anaesthesia will result in higher levels of PaO2, but also a larger P(A-a)O2 difference. Further studies are needed to increase the level of evidence on this subject.
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Raillard, Mathieu, Carlotta Detotto, Sandro Grepper, Olgica Beslac, Masako Fujioka-Kobayashi, Benoit Schaller, and Nikola Saulacic. "Anaesthetic and Perioperative Management of 14 Male New Zealand White Rabbits for Calvarial Bone Surgery." Animals 9, no. 11 (November 1, 2019): 896. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9110896.

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Calvarial bone surgery on rabbits is frequently performed. This report aims to document a simple and practical anaesthetic and perioperative management for this procedure. Fourteen male New Zealand white rabbits were included in the study. Subcutaneous (SC) dexmedetomidine, ketamine and buprenorphine ± isoflurane vaporized in oxygen administered through a supraglottic airway device (V-gel®) provided clinically suitable anaesthesia. Supplemental oxygen was administered throughout recovery. Monitoring was clinical and instrumental (pulse-oximetry, capnography, invasive blood pressure, temperature, arterial blood gas analysis). Lidocaine was infiltrated at the surgical site and meloxicam was injected subcutaneously as perioperative analgesia. After surgery, pain was assessed five times daily (composite behavioural pain scale and grimace scale). Postoperative analgesia included SC meloxicam once daily for four days and buprenorphine every 8 h for three days (unless both pain scores were at the lowest possible levels). Rescue analgesia (buprenorphine) was administered in case of the score > 3/8 in the composite pain scale, >4/10 on the grimace scale or if determined necessary by the caregivers. Airway management with a V-gel® was possible but resulted in respiratory obstruction during the surgery in two cases. Hypoventilation was observed in all rabbits. All rabbits experienced pain after the procedure. Monitoring, pain assessments and administration of postoperative analgesia were recommended for 48 h.
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Biswas, T. K., and P. D. Hatch. "A Comparison of Alfentanil, Halothane and Enflurane as Supplements for Outpatient Urological Surgery." Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 17, no. 3 (August 1989): 275–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0310057x8901700306.

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Seventy-seven patients presenting for outpatient cystoscopy participated in a trial to assess postoperative recovery when either alfentanil, halothane, or enflurane were used in combination with nitrous oxide/oxygen anaesthesia. Anaesthesia was uneventful in all cases. Apnoea occurred once with alfentanil, but naloxone was not required. Vomiting occurred once with alfentanil and once with enflurane. Anti-emetics were not required. Blood pressure and pulse rate variations from preoperative levels occurred with similar frequency in all groups. Times to open eyes, show left thumb, and give correct date of birth were significantly less with alfentanil than with the other agents tested. Trieger testing failed to demonstrate an advantage of alfentanil, although two patients in each of the halothane and enflurane groups were insufficiently recovered to complete the tests. As tested, alfentanil represents a useful alternative to halothane or enflurane as postoperative recovery of mental function is significantly more rapid than with the inhalational agents.
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B, Nirmala Devi, Surisetty Sreenivasa Rao, and Raju Bhukya. "A Prospective Study to Compare the Effects of General Anaesthesia and Regional Anaesthesia among Patients Posted for Laparoscopic Appendicectomy, in SV Medical College, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh." Journal of Evidence Based Medicine and Healthcare 8, no. 26 (June 28, 2021): 2333–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.18410/jebmh/2021/435.

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BACKGROUND We wanted to compare the effects of general anaesthesia and regional anaesthesia in cases posted for laparoscopic appendicectomy and also compare various parameters like hemodynamic changes, postoperative analgesia, and postoperative complications in both the techniques. METHODS After obtaining permission from scientific and ethical committee of SVMC, Tirupati, we conducted the study on 60 patients attending SV Medical College, Tirupati from September 2018 to August 2019, who were in ASA GRADE 1 & 2, and posted for laparoscopic appendicectomy. We divided them into two groups Group - S – those who received spinal anaesthesia & Group - G – those who received general anaesthesia. RESULTS 60 patients of ASA 1 and 2 were taken up for laparoscopic appendicectomy from September 2018 to August 2019. Out of 60 patients, 30 patients were grouped under Group - S, Other 30 patients grouped under Group - G. Intraoperative vitals, including blood pressure, heart rate, oxygen saturation, and respiratory rate and end-tidal CO2 levels, were within baseline values, whereas postoperative analgesia was better in Group - S than Group - G. There were 3 patients in the spinal group who developed postoperative hypotension and were managed with injection mephentermine sulphate. Out of 30 in each group, 11 patients in spinal, and 22 patients in GA group developed postoperative nausea and vomiting, which subsided with antiemetics. There were 4 patients in spinal, and 3 patients in the GA group who complained of shoulder tip pain in the postoperative period. Patients had minimal pain and no requirement of analgesia in the initial 3 hours of the postoperative period in the spinal group. CONCLUSIONS Patients who underwent laparoscopic appendicectomy under spinal anaesthesia (Group - S) showed significant postoperative analgesia (P - value < 0.05) and better haemodynamic stability than the patients who underwent laparoscopic appendicectomy under general anaesthesia (Group - G), But alertness for any emergency by anaesthesiologist was more needed in spinal anaesthesia than general anaesthesia because airway was not protected, and patient was taking spontaneous respirations. KEYWORDS RA - Regional Anaesthesia, SA - Spinal Anaesthesia, GA - General Anaesthesia, PONV (Postoperative Nausea & Vomiting)
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Blood oxygen levels; Anaesthesia"

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Scott, Valerie Anne. "An investigation into retinal pulse oximetry." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.306934.

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Kyriacou, Panayiotis A. "Investigation of new electro optical techniques for monitoring patients with compromised peripheral perfusion in anaesthesia." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.251876.

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Funke, Matthew E. "A Comparison of Cerebral Hemovelocity and Blood Oxygen Saturation Levels During Vigilance Performance." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1258666953.

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Forgan, Leonard George. "Influence of Oxygen Supply on Metabolism and Energetics in FishMuscles." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Biological sciences, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/4295.

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The five discrete, but related studies presented in this thesis investigate several aspects of the physiology and biochemistry of whole animals, perfused and isolated tissues from fishes and other vertebrates. Important fundamental questions about tissue metabolism and energy supply and utilisation in relation to oxygen supply, in addition to applied questions relating to commercial harvesting and post-mortem muscle physiology were addressed. Oxyconformance of oxygen consumption (VO2) at low oxygen delivery rates was shown using an isolated, perfused salmon tail preparation, composed primarily of skeletal muscle. Addition of pig red blood cells to the perfusing solution at a haematocrit of 5 or 10%, increasing the capacitance, resulted in oxyregulation of VO2 by the tail tissues. Below c.60 ml O2.kg-1.h-1 of oxygen delivery, VO2 was delivery dependent. Above this value additional oxygen delivery did not increase VO2 of resting muscle above c.35 ml O2 kg-1.h-1. The preparation was validated by measuring mitochondrial activity using MTT and blood flow distribution to the red and white muscle using fluorescent microspheres. Evidence of both O2-independence of VO2 in the vasculature and strict O2-dependence of VO2 in striated muscles of fishes and a mammal is presented using isolated vascular tissue and an in vitro tissue slice model. VO2 by vessels from rat, salmon and hagfish showed varying degrees of independence between PO2s of 15-95 mmHg in vitro (1 mmHg = 0.133 kPa). Above and below these values, VO2 was highly PO2-dependent. VO2 by cardiac and skeletal muscles from rat, salmon, snapper and hagfish were shown to relate linearly to PO2 between zero and 125 mmHg. VO2 in these tissues was highly dependent on tissue type (cardiac, red and white muscle) which correlated with haem protein concentration. The increase in VO2 in muscle slice mitochondria uncoupled with FCCP and DNP ruled out diffusion-limitation as a constraint on VO2. Mitochondrial activity was constant over time and reoxygenation of the Ringer bathing the tissues after the initial run down in PO2 resulted in VO2 rates that were unchanged from the starting values, demonstrating that the tissues remained viable over time. ATP turnover in red muscle was significantly increased at 100 mmHg relative to 30 mmHg, and increased in both treatments from values at the start. Our data suggest that ATP supply and ATP demand were reduced in conjunction with falling PO2. The effects of hydrogen sulphide (H2S) (derived from Na2S) and isoeugenol exposure on activity, VO2 and ventilation frequency (Vf) in a teleost fish are reported. In the H2S treatment group (200 μM Na2S) both resting VO2 and Vf decreased after 30 minutes of exposure, concurrent with narcosis and a loss of equilibrium. These events corresponded with a significant fall in VO2 (33%) and Vf (20%) by 15 minutes, both declining further to a nadir of 40% of resting values at 30 minutes. After flushing, VO2 increased to resting levels, with Vf remaining significantly depressed until 30 minutes of recovery. Recovery was accompanied by regained mobility and equilibrium and significantly increased VO2 and Vf. Isoeugenol anaesthetised fish (0.011 g.L-1) reached stage 4-5 of anaesthesia accompanied by significant decreases in VO2 (45%) and Vf (25%) at 25 minutes, both parameters declining further to around 64% and 38% respectively by 35 minutes. Similar to H2S exposed fish, VO2 increased to resting values after flushing, followed by a significant rise in VO2. Likewise, Vf had risen to resting values post-flushing, subsequently increasing significantly during recovery. Overall, VO2 in relation to resting rate was reduced in the isoeugenol treated animals, while in H2S treated fish, exposure there was increased oxygen usage, possibly associated with a toxic effect. H2S significantly reduced cytochrome c oxidase activity in muscle and gill tissue in vitro between 69-79% at 20 μM and 77-97% at 200 μM Na2S, while isoeugenol had no effect on activity in any tissue. Calorimetric and biochemical profiles of anoxic, post-mortem white muscle from Chinook salmon subjected to rested and exhausted harvesting regimens at their acclimation temperature (10°C) are reported. Prior to harvest rested animals were anaesthetised with 0.012 g.L-1 isoeugenol without disturbance. The muscle of these animals had a high metabolic rate at the time of death, at around 400 μW.g-1, which declined rapidly over the first 12 hours to15 μW.g-1. Exhausted animals were forced to swim and were crowded before capture, resulting in an initial heat output of <10 μW.g-1. Heat output was significantly greater in the rested group at the time of death and for 7 hours post-mortem. In both groups there was an exothermic event, occurring between 4 and 6 hours post-mortem amounting to a rise of around 35 μW.g-1. A one-phase exponential decay model appropriately described the net heat output of the rested profile minus the exhausted data. Rested animals had significantly higher initial cut surface pH (7.5 vs 6.7), tissue glycogen (16 vs 2 μmol.g-1), creatine phosphate (18 vs 0.1 μmol.g-1), ATP (6 vs 3.5 μmol.g-1) and potential energy (30 vs 7 μmol.g-1) than the exhausted group, which had significantly elevated tissue concentrations of lactate (43 vs 18 μmol.g-1) and glucose (5 vs 2 μmol.g-1). Potential energy in the form of ATP, glycogen and creatine phosphate remained elevated for an extended period post-mortem in rested animals while catabolites further down the chain such as inosine, hypoxanthine and uric acid accumulated at similar rates in both groups. We examined the relationship between exogenous and endogenous H2S and oxygen partial pressure in isolated hagfish and lamprey vessels that exhibit profound hypoxic vasoconstriction (HVC). In myography studies, H2S (Na2S) dose-dependently constricted dorsal aortas (DA) and efferent branchial arteries but did not affect ventral aortas or afferent branchial arteries, which was similar to the effects produced by hypoxia. Sensitivity of H2S-mediated contraction in hagfish and lamprey DA was enhanced by hypoxia. HVC in hagfish DA was enhanced by the H2S precursor cysteine and inhibited by amino-oxyacetate (AOA), an inhibitor of the H2S-synthesising enzyme, cystathionine β-synthase, and unaffected by propargyl glycine, an inhibitor of cystathionine λ-lyase. Oxygen consumption (MO2) of hagfish DA was constant between a PO2 of 15 and 115•mmHg, decreased when PO2 <15•mmHg, and increased if PO2 exceeded 115•mmHg. 10 μmol.l-1 H2S increased and concentrations above 100 μmol.l-1 H2S decreased MO2. Consistent with the effects on HVC, cysteine increased and AOA and hydroxylamine, an inhibitor of pyridoxyl 5’-phosphate-dependent enzymes, decreased MO2. These data show that H2S is a monophasic vasoconstrictor of specific cyclostome vessels and because hagfish lack vascular NO, and vascular sensitivity to H2S was enhanced at low PO2, it is unlikely that H2S contractions are mediated by either an H2S-NO interaction or an oxidation product of H2S. These experiments provide additional support for the hypothesis that the metabolism of H2S is involved in oxygen sensing/signal transduction in vertebrate vascular smooth muscle. Together the findings of this thesis contribute to the understanding of oxygen utilisation and energetics in relation to oxygen supply in a number of tissues. These data further our understanding of respiratory physiology and may have practical applications in the seafood industry.
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Books on the topic "Blood oxygen levels; Anaesthesia"

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Merry, Alan F., Simon J. Mitchell, and Jonathan G. Hardman. Hazards in anaesthetic practice: body systems and occupational hazards. Edited by Jonathan G. Hardman. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0045.

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“Can’t intubate, can’t oxygenate” crises and aspiration of gastric contents are important hazards in anaesthesia, and may result in the death of relatively young and healthy patients. Airway difficulties may manifest at the end of anaesthesia as well as at induction and are commoner in emergency departments and intensive care settings than during anaesthesia in operating rooms. Elements of poor management characterize the majority of airway complications. Emergency cricothyroidotomy performed by anaesthetists is associated with a high rate of failure. Other important hazards associated with anaesthesia may involve excessive or inadequate levels of oxygen or carbon dioxide in the blood, hypertension or hypotension, hypothermia or hyperthermia (including malignant hyperpyrexia), hypovolaemia, embolism of gas or thrombus, awareness, infection, and injury to the peripheral or central nervous system, or the eyes. Stroke and postoperative cognitive dysfunction may be particularly devastating for patients. These hazards are typically increased in low- and middle-income countries. The World Federation of Societies of Anaesthesiologists and the World Health Organization have endorsed international standards for a safe practice of anaesthesia, which are structured to reflect different levels of resource. The Lifebox Foundation seeks to improve the safety of surgery and anaesthesia in resource-constrained areas, notably by closing the substantial global gap in pulse oximetry. Several hazards are integral to the occupation of anaesthesia, including certain infections, increased rates of suicide, and medico-legal risks. In the end, the best way to mitigate these risks is through focusing on the safety of our patients.
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2

Comparison of 2,3-DPG levels in college women pre and post-training. 1985.

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Comparison of 2,3-DPG levels in college women pre and post-training. 1985.

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Comparison of 2,3-DPG levels in college women pre and post-training. 1985.

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Klimek, Markus, Francisco A. Lobo, Luzius A. Steiner, and Cor J. Kalkman. Anaesthesia for neurosurgery and electroconvulsive therapy. Edited by Philip M. Hopkins. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0059.

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Neuroanaesthesia is the subspecialty of anaesthesiology that deals with patients undergoing surgical procedures in or close to the brain and the spinal cord. Neuroanaesthesia can be challenging, because sometimes apparently contradictory demands must be managed, for example, achieving optimal conditions for neurophysiological monitoring while maintaining sufficient anaesthetic depth, or maintaining oxygen delivery to neuronal tissue and simultaneously preventing high blood pressures that might induce local bleeding. Atypical patient positioning, management of increased intracranial pressure, and the need for early postoperative neurological evaluation are other typical challenges. This chapter addresses the general principles of neuroanaesthesia and special aspects of the most relevant procedures. A section on anaesthesia for electroconvulsive therapy is also included.
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Hendriks, Herman G. D., and Joost T. M. de Wolf. Haematological and coagulation disorders and anaesthesia. Edited by Philip M. Hopkins. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0084.

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This chapter covers the principal haematological disorders and their implications for anaesthesia. Haemoglobin concentration is the main determinant of oxygen delivery to the tissues making anaemia a potential concern for the anaesthetist. In deciding whether to correct anaemia with a red blood cell transfusion, the anaesthetist must consider the nature of the surgery and the underling cause of the anaemia as well as the haemoglobin concentration. Techniques to limit the need for blood transfusion and the complications of transfusion are discussed. Perfect haemostasis means control of bleeding without the occurrence of thrombotic events. Coagulation management requires an understanding of this balance and the knowledge that altered coagulation activity may result in clinically relevant bleeding or, in contrast, thrombosis. Therefore, the key in haemostasis is an understanding that every anticoagulant action enhances the risk of bleeding and every procoagulant action enhances the risk of thrombosis. If a specific defect in the haemostatic system is known, treatment is tailored to restore this defect. However, tests to predict surgical bleeding do not exist, as it is for test to predict thrombotic events. The strengths and limitations of coagulation tests should be appreciated before they are used to assist clinical decision-making in the perioperative period. An excellent coagulation test is the clinical field (i.e. the surgical wound). If there are abnormalities in the coagulation tests without clinical bleeding, a correction is hardly necessary. In patients taking anticoagulant medication, consideration must be given on an individual patient basis, to the relative risks of continuing (bleeding) or stopping (thrombotic events) the medication.
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Russo, Sebastian G., and Michael Quintel. Standard intubation in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0080.

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Due to secretions, blood, or oedema in the patients’ airways, compromised pulmonary and haemodynamic, as well as limited access to the patients’ head the standard intubation in the ICU is an overall challenging procedure. Planning, preparation, and straight forwarded strategies are therefore mandatory. As a basic measure, sufficient pre-oxygenation should always be performed. Repetitive intubation attempts significantly worsen patients’ outcomes and need to be avoided. As adequate anaesthesia, including full neuromuscular blockade, can facilitate orotracheal intubation, this should be part of the routine. Apnoeic oxygenation during laryngoscopy by oxygen application via a nasal probe seems to be beneficial to prolong time to desaturation. Despite the fact that nowadays orotracheal intubation in the ICU is probably performed using mainly direct laryngoscopy, video laryngoscopes will possibly have increasing value on the ICU. Extraglottic airway devices represent useful tools to ventilate and oxygenate the patients’ lungs in case of an unexpected failed intubation attempt also on the ICU. In order to confirm adequate ventilation, capnography represents the standard of care and has to be a matter of course whenever a patient needs ventilator support on the ICU.
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Jansen, Tim C., and Jan Bakker. Lactate monitoring in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0139.

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An increased blood lactate level (hyperlactataemia) is commonplace in critically-ill patients. Lactate is usually measured with the aim of detecting tissue hypoxia, but this is an oversimplification as aerobic processes can also result in increased levels. Understanding of the various anaerobic and aerobic mechanisms of production and clearance is essential for the correct interpretation of hyperlactataemia. Despite the broad differential diagnosis, hyperlactataemia generally predicts adverse outcomes. The consistency of its prognostic value emphasizes its place in the risk stratification of critically-ill patients. Lactate clearance was non-inferior to central venous oxygen saturation as a goal of early resuscitation in patients presenting to the emergency department with severe sepsis or septic shock. Therapy guidance by lactate monitoring significantly reduced hospital mortality in ICU patients admitted with hyperlactataemia after adjustment for predefined risk factors, a finding consistent with important secondary endpoints. These results confirm that lactate monitoring offers clinical benefit and should be incorporated within a goal-directed therapy strategy.
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Book chapters on the topic "Blood oxygen levels; Anaesthesia"

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Faithfull, N. S., and S. M. Cain. "Critical Oxygen Delivery Levels During Shock." In Innovations in Physiological Anaesthesia and Monitoring, 117–24. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74114-2_8.

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Girardis, M., L. Rinaldi, and S. Busani. "Blood measurements of oxygen transport in clinical practice." In Anaesthesia, Pain, Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine — A.P.I.C.E., 649–53. Milano: Springer Milan, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-2215-7_3.

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Klein, G., U. Ottermann, H. Förster, and R. Dudziak. "Quantitative Studies of Oxygen Exchange in Blood Substitution by Polymeric Stroma-free Haemoglobulin Solution." In Anaesthesia — Innovations in Management, 115. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-82392-3_25.

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Hasan, Ashfaq. "The Non-Invasive Monitoring of Blood Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Levels." In Handbook of Blood Gas/Acid-Base Interpretation, 51–93. London: Springer London, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-4315-4_2.

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Abbott, M. A. "Monitoring Oxygen Saturation Levels in the Early Recovery Phase of General Anaesthesia." In Pulse Oximetry, 165–71. London: Springer London, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-1423-9_21.

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Grote, J., P. Dall, K. Oltmanns, and W. Stolp. "The Effect of Increased Blood Carbon Monoxide Levels on the Hemoglobin Oxygen Affinity During Pregnancy." In Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 145–50. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2468-7_19.

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Singh, Shubhangi, Prashant Singh, and Preet M. Singh. "Tissue oxygenation in the obese patient." In Oxford Textbook of Anaesthesia for the Obese Patient, edited by Ashish C. Sinha, 265–70. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198757146.003.0028.

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Tissue oxygenation refers to the amount of oxygen available at the level of the tissues for cellular metabolism. Due to a much higher increase in the subcutaneous fat volume as compared to the blood volume, obese patients at baseline are at a lower level of tissue oxygenation as compared to their lean counterparts. Increased basal metabolism (higher oxygen need), decreased functional residual capacity, and propensity for obstructive sleep apnoea (lower oxygen supply) increase their risk of hypoxic injury further. Tissue oxygenation is further adversely affected by pathological conditions such as sepsis and haemorrhage that have higher incidences in the obese patient. This leads to further increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines and downregulation of the anti-inflammatory cytokines in the obese patient. This chapter deals with the current knowledge of the concept of tissue oxygenation with a special focus on the obese population.
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"Regional anaesthesia." In Emergencies in Anaesthesia, edited by Keith G. Allman, Andrew K. McIndoe, and Iain H. Wilson, 235–54. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199560820.003.0008.

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Local anaesthetic toxicity 236 Epidural abscess 240 Epidural haematoma 242 Total spinal 246 Intravenous regional anaesthesia: cuff deflation 248 Injection of adrenaline-containing local anaesthetic around digit 250 Retrobulbar haemorrhage 252 Globe perforation 254 Toxicity due to excessive local anaesthetic blood levels. • Light headedness, dizziness, drowsiness. Tingling around lips, fingers, or generalized. Metallic taste, tinnitus, blurred vision....
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Gallo, Giuseppe. "Reducing Compounds Roles in Oxidative Stress Relieving of Human Red Blood Cells." In Reactive Oxygen Species [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.99977.

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Oxidative stress is the consequence of an imbalance between pro-oxidant and antioxidant processes. Antioxidants that counteract reactive oxygen species do not all work the same way. Both resveratrol and the more powerful 4-hydroxytyrosol are excellent reducing agents. Polyphenol treatment (red wine polyphenols, resveratrol and catechin) is associated with a significant increase in anion permeability for chloride compared with control and 2.2′-azobis-2 amidinopropan dihydrochloride affected cells. Treatment with polyphenols was associated with a significant reduction in mean ± standard error of the mean membrane lipid peroxidation compared with control and 2.2′-azobis-2 amidinopropan dihydrochloride treatment. Hemolysis data are also obtained in the previously described conditions. 4-hydroxytyrosol is shown to significantly protect red blood cells from oxidative damage by 4-hydroxynonenal. But there are paradoxical effects like uric acid and creatinine. The obtained data evidence that both creatinine and uric acid levels have influence on the ratio of both malondialdehyde/protein and 4-hydroxynonenal/protein content on red blood cell ghosts, demonstrating their possible protective role against oxidative stress at low concentrations in blood and oxidizing power at higher concentrations. Finally, polyunsaturated fatty acids do not have all this reducing power.
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Tregear, Hans, and Brigid C. Flynn. "Oxygen Consumption and Delivery in Critical Illness." In Cardiothoracic Critical Care, 25–36. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190082482.003.0003.

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This chapter evaluates the importance of identifying the oxygen delivery and oxygen consumption balance in critically ill patients. Mixed venous oxygen saturation is a valuable marker of oxygen consumption and delivery in an intensive care unit patient. Organ perfusion can be improved by optimizing all components of the oxygen delivery calculation and decreasing oxygen consumption, if indicated. Several tools that aid in this assessment include pulmonary artery catheter–derived mixed venous oxygen saturation, central venous line–derived central venous saturation, cardiac ultrasonography, and laboratory values such as the arterial blood gas and lactate levels. The chapter also discusses hyperlactatemia. Hyperlactatemia can be due to anaerobic metabolism (type A lactic acidosis) or aerobic metabolism (type B lactic acidosis).
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Conference papers on the topic "Blood oxygen levels; Anaesthesia"

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Supraptomo, Rth. "A Case Report on Regional Anaesthesia in Pregnant Women with Severe Pre-Eclampsia, Partial Hellp Syndrome, Fetal Distress, and Type II Diabetes Mellitus." In The 7th International Conference on Public Health 2020. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.05.29.

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ABSTRACT Background: Maternal mortality in Indonesia is caused by multifactors that are both direct and indirect factors. Complications during pregnancy and after delivery, including preeclampsia is the direct cause of 90% of maternal deaths. This case report aimed to describe the anaesthesia management on the incidence of severe preeclampsia to prevent the complications. Subjects and Method: We reported a 33-year-old G3P2A0 woman with 33 weeks of gestational age, diagnosed with severe pre-eclampsia partial HELLP syndrome, fetal dis-tress, type II diabetes mellitus pro SCTP emergency with physical status ASA II. Regional anaesthesia with sub-arachnoid block was performed by using Lidodex 75 mg and fentanyl 25 mcg intrathecally. Results: From the operation process, a baby boy with birth weight 2.900 gram and APGAR Score 7-8-9 was born. Two-hour post operation examination on patient showed compos mentis (consciousness), blood pressure 121/ 80 mmHg, heart rate 64 bpm, respiration rate 20 breath per minute, blood oxygen saturation levels (SpO2) 99% with 3 L/min nasal cannula. Patient was administered to HCU post operation to be monitored vital sign and signs of impending eclampsia. Post-operative refeeding was performed after bowel sound was positive. Conclusion: Selection of appropriate anaesthetic management in severe preeclampsia cases can prevent complications. Keywords: severe preeclampsia, sectio caesaria, regional anesthesia, subarachnoid block Correspondence: R. Th. Supraptomo. Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy Dr. Moewardi Hospital. Jl Kolonel Sutarto 132 Jebres, Surakarta, Central Java, 57126. Email: ekasatrio-@gmail.com. Mobile: +6281329025599. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.05.29
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Nguyen, Quang, Cherie A. Fathy, Ozlem Kilic, and Aly E. Fathy. "Feasibility of blood oxygen saturation levels using non-contact microwave measurements at 60 GHz." In 2015 USNC-URSI Radio Science Meeting (Joint with AP-S Symposium). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/usnc-ursi.2015.7303601.

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Azuma, K., I. Uchiyama, M. Tanigawa, I. Bamba, M. Azuma, H. Takano, T. Yoshikawa, and K. Sakabe. "1716d Effects of olfactory stimulus by odour on cerebral blood flow and peripheral blood oxygen levels in multiple chemical sensitivity." In 32nd Triennial Congress of the International Commission on Occupational Health (ICOH), Dublin, Ireland, 29th April to 4th May 2018. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2018-icohabstracts.815.

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ElMoaqet, Hisham, Dawn M. Tilbury, and Satya-Krishna Ramachandran. "Predicting oxygen saturation levels in blood using autoregressive models: A threshold metric for evaluating predictive models." In 2013 American Control Conference (ACC). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/acc.2013.6579923.

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Müller, María L., Wences Arvelo, Kim A. Lindblade, Chris Bernart, Lissette Reyes, Juan C. Moir, Maria R. Lopez, et al. "Blood Oxygen Saturation Levels Associated With Respiratory Viruses In Children Hospitalized With Pneumonia In Guatemala, 2008-2011." In American Thoracic Society 2012 International Conference, May 18-23, 2012 • San Francisco, California. American Thoracic Society, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2012.185.1_meetingabstracts.a5484.

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Yuan, Tai-Yi, Alicia R. Jackson, Chun-Yuh Huang, and Weiyong Gu. "Strain Dependent Oxygen Diffusivity in Bovine Annulus Fibrosus." In ASME 2008 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2008-192842.

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Intervertebral disc (IVD) is the largest avascular structure in the human body and nutrition supply into IVD is mainly through diffusion from the peripheral blood vessels. Poor nutrition supply to the disc is believed to be one of the causes for disc degeneration. While many studies have aimed at studying and analyzing the effect of mechanical loading on water content, chemical composition, and nutritional levels in IVD [1–3], no study has been reported to investigate the effect of mechanical compression on oxygen diffusion in the IVD tissue. The objective of this study was to determine oxygen diffusivity in annulus fibrosus (AF) samples under different levels of compression.
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Hossain, Md Shahadat, Bhavin Dalal, Ian S. Fischer, Pushpendra Singh, and Nadine Aubry. "Modeling of Blood Flow in the Human Brain." In ASME 2010 3rd Joint US-European Fluids Engineering Summer Meeting collocated with 8th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm-icnmm2010-30554.

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The non-Newtonian properties of blood, i.e., shear thinning and viscoelasticity, can have a significant influence on the distribution of Cerebral Blood Flow (CBF) in the human brain. The aim of this work is to quantify the role played by the non-Newtonian nature of blood. Under normal conditions, CBF is autoregulated to maintain baseline levels of flow and oxygen to the brain. However, in patients suffering from heart failure (HF), Stroke, or Arteriovenous malformation (AVM), the pressure in afferent vessels varies from the normal range within which the regulatory mechanisms can ensure a constant cerebral flow rate, leading to impaired cerebration in patients. It has been reported that the change in the flow rate is more significant in certain regions of the brain than others, and that this might be relevant to the pathophysiological symptoms exhibited in these patients. We have developed mathematical models of CBF under normal and the above disease conditions that use direct numerical simulations (DNS) for the individual capillaries along with the experimental data in a one-dimensional model to determine the flow rate and the methods for regulating CBF. The model also allows us to determine which regions of the brain would be affected relatively more severely under these conditions.
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Ford, I., P. G. Newrick, R. Malik, F. E. Preston, J. D. Ward, and M. Greaves. "HAEMOSTATIC PARAMETERS, ENDONEURIAL OXYGEN TENSION AND SURAL NERVE HISTOLOGY IN DIABETES MELLITUS." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1643107.

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We have examined coagulation parameters in 15 neuropathic (Group A) and 10 complication-free diabetic patients (Group B). Venesection and sample testing were performed under standard conditions. Group A underwent sural nerve biopsy and 14 also had measurements of endoneurial oxygen tension. Factor VIII related antigen was higher in Group A (l-617u/ml ± 0.67) compared to Group B (0.944u/ml ± 0.26); (mean ± SD; p<.0.05) perhaps suggesting endothelial cell damage, although this did not correlate with capillary basement membrane thickness or endothelial cell number nor with endoneurial oxygen levels. Platelets from Group A were more sensitive to arachidonate than those of Group B, showing aggregation thresholds in platelet rich plasma of 0.36 ± 0.17mM and 0.57 ± 0.9mM respectively compared with 0.65 ± 0.37mM in non-diabetic controls.Platelets from Group A subjects also produced more thromboxane B2 in response to arachidonate than Group B or normal controls (37.95 ± 27.5; 25.5 ± 13.0; 16.55 ± 15-5pmol/107 platelets). Blood fibrinolytic capacity measured by euglobulin clot lysis time, was diminished in NIDDs (post-occlusion ECLT 165.7 mins ± 116.0), compared to IDDs (55.5 ± 34.5) (p<0.05) due at least in part to excess of tissue plasminogen-activator inhibitor, although we found no significant difference in ECLT between Group A and Group B. Interaction between haemostatic and microvascular abnormalities in diabetes may contribute to the pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy.
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Wilson, J., P. J. Grant, M. Boothby, J. A. Davis, and C. R. M. Prentice. "ENDOGENOUS VASOPRESSIN RELEASE CONTRIBUTES TO THE THROMBOTIC RISK OF HIP SURGERY." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1643695.

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Vasopressin (aVP) infusions in man that simulate physiological concentrations in plasma produce increases inboth factor VIII and plasminogen activator activity (PAA) and we have found evidence that aVP release contributes to the activation of coagulation during abdominal surgery. The aimof this study was to investigate whether aVP has a similar role in theregulation of haemostasis during hipsurgery. Venous blood samples were taken for FVIII:C, FVIII RiCof, vWF:Ag,fibrinopeptide A (FPA), ECLT, platelet aggregation in whole blood andaVPfrom separate venepuncture sites in 7 patients undergoing elective hip surgery. Samples were taken pre-operatively, post induction of anaesthesia, at skin incision, during divisionof the femoral neck, reaming of the acetabulum, cementing of the prosthesisand on thefirst post-operative day. FVIII:C increased during the operation from a geometric mean of 70%pre-operativelyto 109% (p < 0.05) post-operativgly.vWF:Ag and FVIII RiCof rose in a similar manner. PAA (106 /ECLT2) rose significantly from 12 units pre-operatively to a peak value of 167 units(p< 0.001) at prosthesis cementing,andpost-operatively fell to subnoral levels. FPA concentrations followed a similar pattern rising from13 pmol/ml to 58 psmol/ml (p < 0.02)atprosthesis cementing, and falling to9pmol/ml post-operatively. PlasmaaVP rosefrom 0.5pg/ml pre-operatively to 40pg/ml (p < 0.01) at division of the femoral neck, and returned to0.5 pg/ml post-operatively. There were no changes in platelet aggregation in whole blood using a single doseof 1.5 μM ADP. These results are similarto those we have observed duringabdominal surgery. They confirm thaduring surgery, thrombin generation occurs with increased PAA,both of which are preceded by a risein aVP. This isconsistent with the hypothesisthat aVP is an important mediatorof changes in haemostatic function occurringduring surgery, and we are now investigating the relationship between intra-operative changesin haemostaticfunctionand risk of post-operative DVT.
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Walker, Isobel D., J. F. Davidson, D. J. Wheatley, K. MacArthur, and T. J. Spyt. "EFFECTS OF CONSTANT INFUSION OF ILOPROST, A STABLE PROSTACYCLIN DERIVATIVE DURING CARDIOPULMONARY BYPASS." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1643585.

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Prostacyclin (PGI2) is a potent inhibitor of platelet aggregation but it is highly unstable. Iloprost (Schering A.G.) is a stable carbacyclin derivative of PGI2 which is also a potent inhibitor of platelet aggregation. The effect of constant Iloprost infusion during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) on blood loss, platelet numbers, secretory proteins and platelet sequestration was studied in 50 adult males undergoing CPB for elective coronary vein bypass graft surgery.In a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled study (25 patients in each group) intravenous infusion of Iloprost was commenced at 5ng/kg/min immediately after the induction of anaesthesia and increased to 10ng/kg/min when the patient was established on CPB. The infusion was discontinued on completion of CPB. Blood loss and units of blood transfused were not significantly different in the two treatment groups. During CPB, mean platelet numbers fell significantly in both groups but were significantly higher (P<.001) in the Iloprost group than in the placebo group at the end of CPB and until 18-24 hours post CPB (P<.05). Mean plasma thromboxane B2 and β thromboglobulin levels were marginally lower (P<.05 and P<.02) in the Iloprost group but the distribution of platelet factor 4 results were similar in both groups. Post operative spontaneous platelet aggregation was similar in both groups. Platelet sequestration in oxygenators and arterial line filters was assessed using Indium labelled patients’ platelets reinjected immediately after commencing Iloprost infusion. Platelet sequestration was significantly greater in the placebo group than in the Iloprost group both in the oxygenators (placebo 9.2%, Iloprost 3.4% : P<.001) and in the arterial line filters (placebo 4.8%, Iloprost 0.6% : PC.05).Blood pressure was significantly lower in the Iloprost group than in the placebo group throughout the infusion period.Constant infusion of Iloprost during CPB is associated with significantly less platelet sequestration. The importance of this is not only in the conservation of platelet numbers but also the potential reduction in risk of platelet aggregate embolisation.
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