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Rahaghi, Farbod N. "Human blood glucose dynamics." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2007. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3259621.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2007.Title from first page of PDF file (viewed June 21, 2007). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 269-276).
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Eagles, O. D. "Non-invasive blood glucose monitoring." Thesis, Swansea University, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.636758.
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This Thesis covers the investigation into the feasibility of monitoring blood glucose non-invasively. The work carried out involved the development of an in-vitro instrument through a series of four stages, each stage of development being an improvement on the previous one. Using these instruments it was shown that by using an appropriate wavelength, glucose could be detected down to 156 mg/dL repeatedly in distilled water, saline and a non-opaque blood analogue. It was also demonstrated that this wavelength could be used to detect the difference between blood samples with different glucose levels. The instruments were also used to demonstrate that a appropriate wavelength could be used as a reference wavelength. In addition to the in-vitro instrument, a basic in-vivo instrument was developed so that physiological data could be taken from either a person's ear or little finger non-invasively. It was clearly demonstrated that the instrument could detect a physiological change in a person whilst the person carried out a 75 g oral glucose to tolerance test.
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Kumari, N. "Blood glucose levels and wellbeing." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.374804.
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Parekh, Bhavin. "Volatile biomarkers of blood glucose." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609459.
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Owren, Marit. "Automatic Blood Glucose Control in Diabetes." Thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Engineering Cybernetics, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-8974.
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In this thesis, a closed-loop control algorithm for regulating the blood glucose concentration in type 1 diabetic patients is developed. Two control criteria are imposed on the system, namely: -Avoidance of hypoglycemia. (blood glucose concentrations should always be above $3 frac{mmol}{L}$) -Reduction in the average blood glucose concentration compared to what is achieved with manual control. (average blood glucose concentrations should preferably be less than $7.0 frac{mmol}{L}$). The developed control algorithm manages to fulfill both these control criteria. Hypoglycemia is avoided, and average blood glucose concentrations is reduced by $20%$ and $22%$ to a level of $7.0 frac{mmol}{L}$ and $6.9 frac{mmol}{L}$ in the two test subjects. However, further experiments should be carried out to test the robustness of the control algorithm, and a thorough investigation of safety issues for the user needs to performed. As a basis for the implementation of closed-loop blood glucose control, data from three diabetic patients is used to identify the parameters of a proposed mathematical model of the human insulin-glucose regulatory system. The identification process reveals that there is large variations between individual patient's parameter values, and the difference in insulin sensitivity is found to be specially high, both between and within patients.
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Abel, Evan Dale. "Insulin and blood pressure." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.257939.
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Kultala, Henrik, and Simon Persson. "Blood-glucose prediction : Comparing insulin treatment methods." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-280324.
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Type 1 diabetes requires its patients to inject artificial insulin in their bodies to control their blood-glucose levels. This can to some extent be automated through the use of insulin pumps and continuous blood-glucose monitoring systems, enabling automatic insulin injections and automatic blood-glucose measurements. To inject an appropriate amount of insulin, a prediction of the future blood-glucose values has to be made, the accuracy of which dictates how autonomous such a system can be. In this paper, the performance of a machine learning model is examined, when using data from different insulin treatment methods. The two treatment methods compared are the closed-loop insulin pump system and the traditional insulin pump system. By training a convolutional recurrent neural network separately on the different datasets, the resulting models were compared on four different performance metrics; root-mean-square error, mean average relative difference, Matthews correlation coefficient for hypoglycemia, and Matthews correlation coefficient for hyperglycemia. While the results showed some indication of the closed-loop models being better, the differences were too small to be statistically significant. To get more conclusive results, a study involving more clinical patients would be needed.Typ 1 diabetes kräver insjuknade att injicera artificiellt framställt insulin för att kontrollera blocksockernivån. Processen kan till viss del automatiseras med hjälp av insulinpumpar och kontinuerliga glukosmätningssytem, vilka möjliggör automatiska insulininjektioner och automatiska blodsockermätningar. För att kunna injicera rätt mängd insulin behöver framtida glukosvärden förutspås, och noggrannheten i uppskattningen av glukosvärdena avgör hur autonomt ett sådant system kan agera. I denna rapport undersöks prestandan för en maskininlärningsmodell när data från olika insulinbehandlingsmetoder används. De två behandlingsmetoderna som jämförs är ett “closed-loop” system och ett traditionellt insulinpumpsystem. Genom att träna ett “convolutional recurrent neural network” separat på de olika datamängderna jämfördes de resulterande modellerna inom fyra olika prestandamått; “root-mean-square error”, “mean average relative difference”, “Matthews correlation coefficient” för hypoglykemi och “Matthews correlation coefficient” för hyperglykemi. Resultaten visade en viss indikation på att modellerna som hade tränats på data från “closed-loop” systemet var bättre, men skillnaderna var för små för att vara statistiskt signifikanta. För att få mer avgörande resultat skulle det behövas en studie med fler kliniska patienter.
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Talebi, Fard Sahba. "Glucose monitoring measuring blood glucose using vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs)." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/1509.
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Diabetes Mellitus is a common chronic disease that is an ever-increasing public health issue. Continuous glucose monitoring has been shown to help diabetes mellitus patients stabilize their glucose levels, leading to improved patient health. Hence, a glucose sensor, capable of continuous real-time monitoring, has been a topic of research for three decades. Current methods of glucose monitoring, however, require taking blood samples several times a day, hence patient compliance is an issue. Optical methods are one of the painless and promising methods that can be used for blood glucose predictions. However, having accuracies lower than what is acceptable clinically has been a major concern. To improve on the accuracy of the predictions, the signal-to-noise ratio in the spectrum can be increased, for which the use of thermally tunable vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs) as the light source to obtain blood absorption spectra, along with a multivariate technique (Partial Least Square (PLS) techniques) for analysis, is proposed.
VCSELs are semiconductor lasers with small dimensions and low power consumption, which makes them suitable for implants. VCSELs provide higher signal-to-noise ratio as they have high power spectral density and operate within a small spectrum. In the current research, experiments were run for the preliminary investigations to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed technique for glucose monitoring.
This research involves preliminary investigations for developing a novel optical system for accurate measurement of glucose concentration. Experiments in aqueous glucose solutions were designed to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed technique for glucose monitoring. In addition, multivariate techniques, such as PLS, were customized for various specific purposes of this project and its preliminary investigation. This research will lead to the development of a small, low power, implantable optical sensor for diabetes patients, which will be a major breakthrough in the area of treating diabetes patients, upon successful completion of this research and development of the device.
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Ekram, Fatemeh. "Blood glucose regulation in type II diabetic patients." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/57070.
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Type II diabetes is the most pervasive diabetic disorder, characterized by insulin resistance, β-cell failure in secreting insulin and impaired regulatory effects of the liver on glucose concentration. Although in the initial steps of the disease, it can be controlled by lifestyle management, but most of the patients eventually require oral diabetic drugs and insulin therapy. The target for the blood glucose regulation is a certain range rather than a single value and even in this range, it is more desirable to keep the blood glucose close to the lower bound.
Due to ethical issues and physiological restrictions, the number of experiments that can be performed on a real subject is limited. Mathematical modeling of glucose metabolism in the diabetic patient is a safe alternative to provide sufficient and reliable information on the medical status of the patient. In this thesis, dynamic model of type II diabetes has been expanded by incorporation of the pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model of different types of insulin and oral drug to study the impact of several treatment regimens. The most efficient treatment has been then selected amongst all possible multiple daily injection regimens according to the patient's individualized response.
In this thesis, the feedback control strategy is applied in this thesis to determine the proper insulin dosage continuously infused through insulin pump to regulate the blood glucose level. The logarithm of blood glucose concentration has been used as the controlled variable to reduce the nonlinearity of the glucose-insulin interactions. Also, the proportional-integral controller has been modified by scheduling gains calculated by a fuzzy inference system.
Model predictive control strategy has been proposed in this research for the time that sufficient measurements of the blood glucose are available. Multiple linear models have been considered to address the nonlinearity of glucose homeostasis. On the other hand, the optimization objective function has been adjusted to better fulfill the objectives of the blood glucose regulation by considering asymmetric cost function and soft constraints. The optimization problem has been solved by the application of multi-parametric quadratic programming approach which reduces the on-line optimization problem to off-line function evaluation.Applied Science, Faculty of
Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department of
Graduate
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Araujo, Cespedes Fabiola. "RF Sensing System for Continuous Blood Glucose Monitoring." Scholar Commons, 2017. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/6998.
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The purpose of this research was to design a blood glucose sensing system based on the induced shift in the resonant frequency of an antenna patch operating in the ISM band (5.725 – 5.875 GHz). The underlying concept is the fact that when a person has variations in their blood glucose levels, the permittivity of their blood varies accordingly. This research analyzed the feasibility of using an antenna patch as a blood glucose sensing device in three configurations: 1) as an implantable active sensor, 2) as an implantable passive antenna sensor, and 3) as a non-invasive sensor. In the first arrangement, the antenna is to be implanted inside the body as an active antenna, requiring that its power supply and internal circuitry to be implanted. In the second arrangement, the antenna is also implanted, but would not require a power supply or internal circuity since it would be passive. For the third arrangement, the non-invasive sensing approach, the antenna is placed facing the upper arm while mounted outside the body. In order to evaluate the best approach all the three approaches were simulated using the electromagnetic field tool simulator ANSYS EM15.0 HFSSTM, along with a human tissue model. The tissue model included physiological and electrical characteristics of the human abdomen for simulating the active and passive approaches, and the upper arm for the non-invasive approach. The electromagnetic boundaries were set with perfectly matched layers to eliminate any reflections which would cause a non-physical resonance in the results. Simulation of the active sensing configuration resulted in a resonant frequency shift from 5.76 to 5.78GHz (i.e., a 20 MHz shift) for a simulated blood permittivity variation of 62.0 to 63.6. This corresponds, theoretically, to an approximate glucose shift of 500 mg/dL. The passive configuration simulations did not yield conclusive variations in resonant frequency and this approach was abandoned early on in this research. Thirdly, the non-invasive approach resulted in a simulated shift of resonant frequency from 5.797 to 5.807 (i.e., a 10MHz shift) for simulated blood permittivity variation of 51.397 to 52.642 (an approximate variation of 2000 mg/dL in glucose). In the literature planar, continuous blood-rich layers are used to simulate RF sensing of glucose, which is not applicable when measuring glucose in actual human veins, which are tubular in geometry and of finite extent. Therefore the model employed assumed a 1.8 mm diameter blood vessel, buried under a fatty layer that was capped with skin. The above results, both simulated and verified experimentally, used this more realistic model which is further proof that a practical non-invasive blood glucose measurement system should be possible.
The non-invasive approach was tested experimentally by using oil in gel phantoms to mimic the electrical properties of skin, fat, blood and muscle. A fat phantom was placed over a muscle phantom, with a strip of blood phantom within and a skin phantom was placed on top. The blood phantom had a 2000mg/dL variation of D-glucose in the phantom mixture which decreased the relative permittivity from 52.635 to 51.482 and resulted in a shift of resonant frequency from 5.855 to 5.842 (i.e., a 13MHz shift). This is consistent with the non-invasive simulated results thus validating our model of the non-invasive sensing approach. While this variation in blood glucose is non-physical (typical human glucose range can range in the extremes from 30 to 400 mg/dL, where healthy glucose levels vary from 70mg/dL to 180mg/dL) it was necessary to provide a high confidence fit between the simulated and experimental data. This is because the level of precision with which the physical phantoms could be fabricated with was insufficient to match the highly precise simulated data.
Analysis on the effect of lateral displacement of the antenna from the blood vessel, its elevation above the skin and variations caused by different skin thickness, and blood vessel depth were evaluated. A calibration technique to correct physical misalignment by the user is proposed in which two additional antennas, located diagonally with respect to the sensing antenna, serve as reference point for placement over the upper arm in line of sight with the blood vessel.
Once the non-invasive sensor approach was shown to be viable for continuous glucose monitoring, a sensor platform was designed whereby an RF generator was used to drive the antenna with a frequency sweep between 5.725 to 5.875GHz. A fraction of its output power was coupled to both the antenna and the system analysis circuitry through a directional coupler. The transmitted and received power were then processed with demodulating logarithmic amplifiers which convert the RF signal to a corresponding voltage for downstream processing. Both inputs were then fed into a microcontroller and the measured shift in resonant frequency, fO, converted to glucose concentration which was displayed on glucose meter display.
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Boorsma, JoAnn, and University of Lethbridge Faculty of Arts and Science. "Hot flashes, blood glucose and diabetic postmenopausal women." Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, School of Health Sciences, 2008, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/652.
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This ex post facto correlational study seeks to identify if a relationship between blood glucose values and vasomotor instability intensity exists. The population consisted of a convenience sample of seven type 2 diabetic postmenopausal women experiencing vasomotor instability living in Southern Alberta. This study hypothesizes that a significant negative correlation would be identified between these two variables based on research done by Dormire and Reame (2003).
The correlational results suggest that a small to moderate significant positive relationship exists between blood glucose and vasomotor instability: increased vasomotor instability was associated with increased blood glucose values.
Overall, this study suggests a relationship exists between blood glucose and vasomotor instability but causality or direction of this relationship cannot be determined. Further research studies are recommended to clarify and validate this research. In particular, such a study should include type 1 diabetic postmenopausal women, a larger sample size, and sampling a wider geographical area.ix, 109 leaves ; 29 cm.
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Owens, D. S. "The relationship between blood glucose and psychological functioning." Thesis, Swansea University, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.638385.
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Glucose is the primary source of energy for the brain. It seemed possible that fluctuations in the supply of glucose might influence the functioning. A series of studies considered the influence of glucose drinks, and increasing blood glucose, on self-reported mood. High blood glucose levels were associated with lower tension and greater subjective energy. A frustrating situation resulted in fewer negative behavioural responses in glucose drinkers who had fasted overnight. Mood-blood glucose relationships were examined in 12 healthy adults; relationships were idiosyncratic, however, high blood glucose tended to be related to the positive mood states of energy and calmness. Subjects whose blood glucose was rising recalled more items from a work list. Blood glucose was correlated with the number of words recalled. The glucose-induced improvement in memory occurred throughout the range of blood glucose and not just in those whose levels were low. Delayed recall of a Wechsler story was better in subjects whose blood glucose was maintained at higher levels rather than falling. Increasing blood glucose levels resulted in faster decision times and lower variability when reaction times were measured and faster responses during the incongruent test of the Stroop Task. Two different underlying mechanisms are discussed. Serotonin may be involved in the mood effects of glucose, and acetylcholine in the cognitive effects. However, as glucose is the primary fuel of the brain, it may not be possible to implicate a single transmitter.
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Fernando, Warnakulasuriya Chandima. "Blood Glucose Prediction Models for Personalized Diabetes Management." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2018. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/28179.
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Effective blood glucose (BG) control is essential for patients with diabetes. This calls for an immediate need to closely keep track of patients' BG level all the time. However, sometimes individual patients may not be able to monitor their BG level regularly due to all kinds of real-life interference. To address this issue, in this paper we propose machine-learning based prediction models that can automatically predict patients BG level based on their historical data and known current status. We take two approaches, one for predicting BG level only using individual's data and second is to use a population data. Our experimental results illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed model.
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Pears, John Stuart. "Glucose-6-phosphatase : its structure, function and regulation in relation to blood glucose homeostasis." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/20100.
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Hepatic glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) catalyses the final step in blood glucose production by the liver. It is a multicomponent system: the catalytic subunit is on the luminal surface of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane; there are transport proteins for glucose-6-phosphate, inorganic phosphate and glucose across the ER membrane; and there is a calcium-binding stabilising protein associated to the catalytic subunit. In fasted and diabetic humans (and rat models) kinetic analysis has shown that the capacity of the glucose-6-phosphate transport protein is the rate-limiting step in G6Pase activity, making this protein vital in controlling hepatic glucose output. However, deficiency of any part of this system will lead to hypoglycaemia and other possible metabolic upsets (type 1 glycogen storage diseases). The structure and known regulation of the G6Pase system are reviewed in the introduction to this thesis. The aims of the work presented here are to investigate the human glucose-6-phosphatase system by studying adult patients newly diagnosed with abnormalities of the G6Pase system, and tissues not previously proven to contain G6Pase in healthy adults thereby improving understanding of the enzyme, its regulation and physiological role and to look for a tissue more accesible than liver in which to study human G6Pase activity. A unique series of eight adult patients each with an abnormality of hepatic G6Pase (two with previously unrecorded defects) is presented and the features of these cases are discussed with reference to the existing literature on type 1 glycogen storage diseases. The cases demonstrate how difficult it can be to prove hypoglycaemia in adults; the diversity of presenting symptoms and signs; the use of a screening test (blood glucose response to a 1mg intramuscular dose of glucagon) for such patients; and the benefits of developing reliable assays for the protein components of the G6Pase system. This series of patients also give further clues to the physiological role of glucose-6-phosphatase in extra-hepatic tissues and the regulation of the hepatic G6Pase system. The diagnosis and subsequent follow-up of the above patients would have been eased by being able to study a more accessible tissue than liver. Intestinal mucosa and neutrophils have been described as abnormal in G6Pase deficiencies. Therefore G6Pase activity was sought in these tissues from normal adult humans.
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Russell, Morgan D. "The Effect of Caffeine Gum Administration on Blood Glucose and Blood Lactate during Cycling to Exhaustion." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1217006383.
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Ste, Marie Linda. "Role of norepinephrine in glucose homeostasis /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/9258.
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Peterson, Jyme Lynn Peterson. "Psyllium lowers blood glucose and insulin concentrations in horses." Thesis, Montana State University, 2010. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2010/peterson/PetersonJ0510.pdf.
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The metabolic effect of feeding psyllium daily to horses is unknown. Eight 11- to 16-yr-old (Trial 1) and sixteen 7- to 16-yr-old (Trial 2; Trial 3) light breed stock horses were used in a completely randomized design to determine the effects of psyllium supplementation on BW, BCS, neck circumference, tailhead fat, plasma glucose, insulin, leptin, ghrelin, and adiponectin concentrations. An intravenous glucose challenge was also performed and the same variables were measured (Trial 3). Horses were stratified by sex and BW and put on trial for 42 d (Trial 1) and 60 d (Trial 2). Horses were individually fed a grain ration at 0.5% BW (Trial 1) and 0.25% BW (Trial 2), hay at 1.5% BW (Trial 1;Trial 2), and a psyllium treatment. Psyllium treatment levels for Trial 1 were: 1) 90 g/d psyllium or 2) an isocaloric control and 0 g/d psyllium. In Trial 2 levels of 180 and 270 g/d psyllium were added. Trial 3 took place the day after Trial 2 ended; horses were administered an intravenous dextrose solution at 0.5% BW after a 12 h fasting period. In Trial 1, horses fed psyllium had a greater (P = 0.01) increase in neck circumference than those not fed psyllium. Trial 2 revealed treatment by time interactions for glucose (P < 0.001) and insulin (P = 0.03). Glucose was lower 90 min (P = 0.05) and 120 min (P < 0.001) after a meal in horses fed psyllium compared to those not fed psyllium. Insulin concentrations were lower 90 min (P = 0.002) and 300 min (P < 0.001) in horses fed psyllium compared to those that were not. There was no difference in glucose (P = 0.48) or insulin (P = 0.15) concentrations between horses on 90, 180, or 270 g psyllium treatments. In Trial 3, horses fed psyllium had lower glucose (P = 0.03) and adiponectin (P = 0.02) concentrations than horses not fed psyllium. Supplementing horses with any level of psyllium appears to lower concentrations of plasma glucose and serum insulin after a meal.
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Lee, Chi-yeung. "Estimation of blood glucose variations using noninvasive metabolic measurements." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2007. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B39330680.
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Lee, Chi-yeung, and 李子洋. "Estimation of blood glucose variations using noninvasive metabolic measurements." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2007. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B39330680.
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Ciréfice, Morgane. "Engineering of a monospecific protease for blood glucose diagnostics." Strasbourg, 2009. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2009/CIREFICE_Morgane_2009.pdf.
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Le dosage sanguin de la glycémie via le taux d´hémoglobine glyquée (HbA1c) est un paramètre-clé de la surveillance du diabète à long terme. Roche Diagnostics GmbH s´est engagé avec la Fédération Internationale de Chimie Clinique et de Médecine de Laboratoire (IFCC) à développer un système standard de référence international de contrôle de la glycémie. L´endopeptidase glutamique (GluC) de la souche V8 de Staphylococus aureus (EC 3. 4. 21. 19) est utilisée pour la digestion de l´HbA1c. L´objectif de cette thèse de doctorat est d´augmenter la vitesse d´hydrolyse de la GluC par évolution moléculaire tout en préservant ses caractéristiques enzymatiques originelles (spécificité et stabilité) dans les conditions standardisées du test fonctionnel de l´HbA1c. La construction de librairies de plusieurs milliers de variants, couplée à un criblage multiparamètre, a permis d’isoler un mutant de la GluC qui comporte les propriétés recherchées. Ce variant a été exprimé chez B. Subtilis par sécrétion extracellulaire et purifié par chromatographie d’affinité Ni-NTA. Il a été ensuite caractérisé après activation par autoprotéolyse. Le variant présente une activité spécifique 3 fois supérieure et une constante d’affinité (Km) trois fois meilleure à celle de la GluC sauvage pour le substrat synthétique: Z-Phe-Leu-Glu-pNa dans un tampon de Tris-HCl à pH 7. 8. Le variant est 4 fois plus actif dans un tampon d´acétate d´ammonium à pH 4. 3 avec l´hexapeptide de l´hémoglobine pour substrat. Il est également plus stable à 50°C. Bien que plus actif que la GluC sauvage en présence de substrats synthétiques, le variant isolé est moins performant d’un point de vue activité, affinité et spécificité de coupure pour l´hexapeptide de l´hémoglobine entièreThe blood glucose determination via the rate of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is a key-parameter for long-term diabetes care. Roche Diagnostics GmbH committed itself with the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (IFCC) to develop an international reference standard system for blood sugar control. The glutamyl endopeptidase (GluC) from the V8 strain of Staphylococus aureus (EC 3. 4. 21. 19) is used for the HbA1c digestion. The aim of this phD project is to increase the hydrolysis speed of the GluC by directed evolution by keeping its original enzymatic characteristics (specificity and stability) in the standard conditions of the functional hemoglobin test. A variant with the improved enzymatic features was isolated and identified after the construction and the multiparameter screening of libraries of thousands of mutants. This variant of the glutamyl endopeptidase was expressed in B. Subtilis by extracellular secretion, and then purified by Ni-NTA affinity chromatography. It was then characterized after activation by autoproteolysis. The specific activity of the variant is three times enhanced and the affinity constant (Km) is 3 times improved in a Tris-HCl buffer at pH 7. 8, compared to the wild type glutamyl endopeptidase. The specific activity is four times better in ammonium acetate buffer at pH 4. 3 with the hemoglobin hexapeptide as substrate. It is also more stable at 50°C. However, although the variant is more active with synthetic substrate, it is less competitive than the wild type V8-Glutamyl endopeptidase regarding the activity, affinity and cutting specificity for the hexapeptide of the whole hemoglobin. Experiments are still discussed to optimize the conditions of the HbA1c test
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Spyer, Ghislaine. "The role of glucokinase in glucose sensing in man." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.248314.
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Laurell, Thomas. "Microdialysis and continuous glucose monitoring towards wafer integration /." Lund : Lund Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Measurements, 1995. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/37932770.html.
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Zachrisson, Ingmar. "Diabetes and puberty : studies on hormonal factors of importance to the blood glucose control /." Stockholm, 2000. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2000/91-628-4455-5/.
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Felton, C. V. "Design of glucose analysis procedures suitable for incorporation into a microprocessor controlled regulator of blood glucose in the newborn." Thesis, University of Wolverhampton, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.377551.
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Olsson, Joanna. "Swedish Elite Swimmers Blood Glucose Levels During Recovery : A Descriptive Study Using Continuous Glucose Monitoring Systems." Thesis, Gymnastik- och idrottshögskolan, GIH, Institutionen för idrotts- och hälsovetenskap, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:gih:diva-4770.
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Aim The aim of this study is to form a descriptive picture of Swedish national elite (SNLE) swimmers blood glucose (BG) levels in relation to their nutritional intake. - Do SNLE swimmers have BG level in a normal range of ≥3.9 mmol/L when measured during a six-day period? - Is there a relationship between the SNLE swimmers blood glucose levels and how often or when they eat, and how they perceive their workout effort? Method Four test subjects, three females and one male, were recruited based on their competitive level, National Championship qualifying cut, geographical location, in Stockholm, and amount of swimming workouts completed weekly, seven on average. The test subjects wore a Continuous Glucose Monitor for a week and in addition a brief meal journal and perceived effort (ranking) of each workout was recorded. The data gathered was analyzed based on three main variables; time spent LOW (blood glucose level below 3.9mmol/L), amount of meals, and ranking. Results This study found that three out of four test subjects had occurrences of a LOW during the week. The test subjects spent on average 1.75 ±1.26 days with a LOW, the average time spent with a LOW per day was 37.3 ±29.7 minutes, the average amount during the whole week was 224 ±177 minutes, and the percent of the whole week spent with a LOW was 2.59 ±0.02%. In addition to this a correlation was found between (total) time spent LOW and (total) amount of meals with an R-value of 0.99, an R2 of 0.979, and P-value of 0.044. Conclusions The results showed that three test subjects spent time with a LOW and indicates similar results should be found in the general population of SNLE swimmers, however, this is definitely in need of further research. The results also indicated that there is a relationship between the amount of meals ingested and the BG level over the full six-day period but not on a daily basis. A regression analysis between (total) time spent LOW and (total) number of meals showed correlations with statistical significance, however, there was too small of a data sample (N=4) to draw conclusions based from this. This study forms a descriptive picture of the situation, which could serve as a platform for further research in this field, and give a first glance at the possible potential use of CGM systems within the sports nutrition field.
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Eskaf, Khaled Ahmed. "Blood glucose level prediction for diabetic patients using intelligent techniques." Thesis, University of Salford, 2011. http://usir.salford.ac.uk/26665/.
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Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common chronic diseases. The number of cases of diabetes in the world is likely to increase more than two fold in the next 30 years; from 115 million in 2000 to 284 million in 2030. This work is concerned with helping diabetic patients to manage themselves by trying to predict their blood glucose level (BGL) after 30 minutes on the basis of the current levels in order that they can administer insulin. This will enable the diabetic patient to continue living a normal day life activities as much as is possible. In order to achieve this objective, three techniques were developed and evaluated: a Numerical Analysis algorithm, an Artificial Neural Network (ANN), and a Genetic Algorithm (GA). In the case of the ANN and the GA, the variation in Blood Glucose Levels was modelled as a Mass Spring Damper, treating the food intake as a bolus injection of glucose, and thus the impulse force F (f), and the effects of exercise and hypoglycaemic medication were represented by the damping factor, p. The values of F, f$ and the differences in BGL every 5 minutes were used as knowledge features in the training and prediction phases for the ANN and GA. Data was derived for a virtual diabetic patient from a web-based educational simulation package for glucose-insulin levels in human body using the AIDA software. The Dexcom SEVEN System was used to capture the BGLs of two diabetic patients and a normal person for 24 hours with a sampling frequency of 5 minutes. The two databases were used in all prediction algorithms. Newton's Interpolatory Divided Difference (Numerical Analysis) algorithm was used to predict the future BGLs and found to be able to predict the level after 5 minutes from the current value of BGL with a RMSE less than 0.5 mmol/1. Unfortunately, the RMSE increased above 2.5 mmol/1 when trying to predict 15 or 20 minutes ahead. The ANN using Feed Forward Back Propagation was able to predict the BGL after 30 minutes with a RMSE between 0.49 mmol/1 to 1.8 mmol/1, while the GA was found to predict the BGL 30minutes ahead with a RMSE between 0.15 mmol/1 to 0.42 mmol/1. It is concluded that the GA provided the best technique for prediction in this application.
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Hawdon, Jane Melinda. "Metabolic adaptation and disordered blood glucose homeostasis in the neonate." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.240735.
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Walmsley, A. R. "The kinetics of glucose transport in human red blood cells." Thesis, University of Manchester, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.377727.
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Patchava, Krishna Chaitanya. "Sensing and signal processing for non-invasive blood glucose monitoring." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2018. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/19823/.
Full textAbstract:
Remote monitoring is required in several applications and generically, a remote monitoring architecture can be separated into 3 distinct but inter-related layers namely: sensing, signal processing and communications. However, this study focuses on the sensing and signal processing aspects in healthcare. In particular, the research is to investigate sensing and signal processing techniques for a non-invasive approach to type-1 diabetic patients monitoring. Diabetes mellitus is a long-lasting disease and the number of people with diabetes is increasing rapidly worldwide. Managing this disease requires continuous monitoring of blood glucose levels. It is stipulated that avoiding the traditional finger prick method could help improve the adherence and overall management. The present research is concerned with using Fourier transform near infrared spectrometer for the non-invasive measurement of the blood glucose levels. This research has focused on the signal processing and data analysis aspects where a near infrared spectrophotometer has been employed for the sensing to collect practical representative test data. In the signal processing aspects, most of the researchers to date have tended to employ linear regression techniques are the Partial Least Squares Regression (PLSR) and the Principal Component Regression (PCR) based methods and their variants. However, these methods have limitations in practice and have not been translated into a clinical tool. In this project, we target to overcome the current drawbacks of these techniques and in particular their inability to detect the components with low variance by investigating the potential of certain non-linear regression techniques; one of the promising techniques proposed in this research is based on combining a Local Linear Embedded Regression (LLER) with pre-processing. The coupling of bandpass filtering with the novel LLER has been shown to achieve better prediction results than existing methods. A novel regression model called improved support vector regression coupled with Fourier self-deconvolution is also proposed and compared with the linear calibration models under the same conditions. The other proposed model is Partial Least Squares Regression coupled with Frequency self-deconvoluted ReliefF (FSDR-PLSR) which is based on the variance adjustment according to the importance of the features. Finally, two novel pre-processing methods are introduced in this work; i) pre-processing based on Hilbert haung transformation and ii) pre-treatment technique based on coupling digital bandpass filtering with scatter correction techniques.
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Shulga, Yelena A. "Model-based calibration of a non-invasive blood glucose monitor." Digital WPI, 2006. https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/etd-theses/58.
Full textAbstract:
This project was dedicated to the problem of improving a non-invasive blood glucose monitor being developed by the VivaScan Corporation. The company has made some progress in the non-invasive blood glucose device development and approached WPI for a statistical assistance in the improvement of their model in order to predict the glucose level more accurately. The main goal of this project was to improve the ability of the non-invasive blood glucose monitor to predict the glucose values more precisely. The goal was achieved by finding and implementing the best regression model. The methods included ordinary least squared regression, partial least squares regression, robust regression method, weighted least squares regression, local regression, and ridge regression. VivaScan calibration data for seven patients were analyzed in this project. For each of these patients, the individual regression models were built and compared based on the two factors that evaluate the model prediction ability. It was determined that partial least squares and ridge regressions are two best methods among the others that were considered in this work. Using these two methods gave better glucose prediction. The additional problem of data reduction to minimize the data collection time was also considered in this work.
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Kong, Chae-Ryon. "Clinical feasibility of Raman spectroscopy for quantitative blood glucose measurement." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/66013.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2011.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 167-175).
Diabetes mellitus is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and close monitoring of blood glucose levels is crucial for its diagnosis and management. Currently, blood glucose monitoring is done by blood withdrawal or through invasive access to the interstitial fluid. While Raman spectroscopy has been studied as a possible non-invasive optical technique for measuring blood glucose, it still faces several practical difficulties. These include tissue turbidity and autofluorescence, the lag between blood and interstitial fluid glucose concentrations, and the inherently weak intensity of aqueous glucose Raman signatures with respect to those of the interfering tissue. This thesis investigates the feasibility of using Raman spectroscopy as a non-invasive technique for blood glucose monitoring, and studies different strategies to overcome the barriers to clinical application. In particular, the study proposes a dynamic concentration correction scheme to correct for the calibration errors arising from the lag between glucose concentrations in the bloodstream and the interstitial fluid. In addition, Monte Carlo simulations were employed to study the differences in the distribution of Raman scattered photons along the depth of the tissue between backscattered and transmission mode Raman spectroscopy. Finally, a portable clinical Raman spectroscopy unit was developed utilizing a non-imaging optical element called a compound hyperbolic concentrator (CHC). The CHC coupled with a matching focusing lens efficiently collects and collimates Raman light from highly scattering tissues, while maintaining much smaller physical dimensions than a compound parabolic concentrator. Using the clinical instrument, skin Raman spectra were collected from healthy human subjects undergoing oral glucose tolerance tests, while the corresponding reference blood glucose concentrations were measured simultaneously with a conventional finger-stick glucose meter. From these datasets, linear and non-linear multivariate calibration techniques were used to relate the Raman spectral intensities to the glucose concentrations. The calibrated algorithms were then tested to demonstrate clinical accuracy as required by the Food and Drug Administration and the International Organization for Standardization. Despite the remaining challenges, the promising results obtained in this study provide important insights required in the clinical translation of Raman spectroscopy for non-invasive blood glucose monitoring.
by Chae-Ryon Kong.
Ph.D.
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Strahm, Anna Marie. "Psychological Stress, Stress Reactivity and Blood Glucose Metabolization During Pregnancy." Diss., North Dakota State University, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/31859.
Full textAbstract:
Gestational diabetes mellitus impacts between 3-10% of pregnancies, and increases the risk of pregnancy complications and lifelong health effects for mother and child (Bellamy, Casas, Hingorani, & Williams, 2009; Ross, 2006; Ryser Rüetschi et al., 2016). About half of cases occur without an evident risk factor (American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG), 1994; Dode & Santos, 2009). The present study was designed to examine possible psychophysiological connections linking psychological stress and stress reactivity, the magnitude of an individual’s response to stress, to blood sugar metabolization during mid-pregnancy between 24-28 weeks gestation. Participants were recruited from Sanford Health in Fargo, where patients underwent routine Oral Glucose Tolerance Testing (OGTT) a diagnostic assessment in which higher results indicate less blood sugar metabolization. They also completed a Virtual Trier Social Stress Task while psychological and physiological markers of stress reactivity were assessed. Additionally, maternal stress and stress reactivity were assessed using psychosocial questionnaires. There was support for proposed psychophysiological connections, including models in which positive associations between OGTT and maternal stress and anxiety were moderated by psychological stress reactivity. Results suggest that both the presence of stress and a women’s responses to that stress are influential over blood glucose metabolization during pregnancy. Continuing research in this area may have implications for improving outcomes of women at higher risk of GDM and other adverse pregnancy and perinatal outcomes.
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Dlugasch, Lucie. "The Experiences of Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose Usage of Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus who are not using Insulin." Scholarly Repository, 2009. http://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/oa_dissertations/262.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this study was to analyze the experiences of self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) usage of adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) who are not using insulin. The sample consisted of 11 women and 8 men who were Caucasian Americans, 38 to 79 years of age. Data were analyzed using the grounded theory method including open and axial coding and the constant comparative method. The theory of "SMBG as a Cue in T2DM Self-Care" emerged from the data and is composed of four categories (a) Engaging, (b) Checking, (c) Responding, and (d) Establishing a Pattern. Engaging marks the beginning of SMBG. Participants began on the recommendation of their physician and monitored between 2-6 times a day. Participants monitored because of curiosity and over time reduced or kept their initial frequency. Checking occurs when the blood glucose is obtained. Two subcategories emerged: Evaluating and Validating. The main items participants evaluated or validated were the effects of foods in relation to blood glucose levels. Responding involves reacting to SMBG. Two subcategories emerged: Taking Action and Experiencing Emotion. Most actions involved changing foods consumed. Participants described feeling conflicted and "being bad" when not following through with an action. Emotions such as blame and fear were experienced when blood glucose levels were higher than normal, while happiness was experienced with normal levels. Establishing a Pattern occurs when participants decide on how often to monitor. Two subcategories emerged: Using Regularly and Using Sporadically. The pattern developed was based on obtaining "normal" blood glucose patterns or on the absence of ill symptoms of T2DM. Healthcare provider disinterest in SMBG and fingertip pain contributed to a decreased monitoring frequency. Participants described cyclical, iterative episodes of Checking, Responding, and varying their established patterns throughout their experiences with monitoring. Participants discussed the value and struggles of SMBG in a T2DM self-care regimen. The theory of SMBG as a Cue in T2DM Self-Care could be used to guide the development of effective intervention strategies to help individuals with T2DM achieve blood glucose control which, in turn, leads to avoidance of ill symptoms and complications of T2DM.
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Rees, Philip. "The role of insulin in blood glucose abnormalities in canine babesiosis." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/24887.
Full textAbstract:
Abnormal carbohydrate metabolism is a commonly encountered feature of malaria in people, and similar derangements have been detected in veterinary patients with canine babesiosis. Glucose, the major metabolic fuel source, is a key resource in critically ill patients as they mount an immunological response to infection and inflammation. The ability of the individual to effectively mobilise, distribute and utilise glucose is a major determinant of morbidity and mortality. Hypoglycaemia has been identified as a life threatening metabolic complication in almost 20% of severely ill dogs suffering from babesiosis due to Babesia rossi infection. Insulin and glucagon are the primary hormones involved in glucose homeostasis. Insulin lowers blood glucose concentration by facilitating cellular uptake and utilisation of glucose. Hyperinsulinaemia as a result of inappropriate insulin secretion may precipitate hypoglycaemia, and has been identif ed as a cause of hypoglycaemia in human and murine malaria. A similar phenomenon may exist in canine babesiosis. This prospective, cross-sectional, observational study, including 94 dogs with naturally acquired virulent babesiosis, sought to investigate and characterise the relationship between blood glucose concentrations and insulin concentrations in cases of canine babesiosis. Pre-treatment jugular blood samples were collected for simultaneous determination of plasma glucose and insulin concentrations. Animals were retrospectively divided into three groups: hypoglycaemic (plasma glucose concentration < 3.3 mmol/L; n=16), normoglycaemic (3.3-5.5 mmol/L; n=62), and hyperglycaemic (> 5.5 mmol/L; n=16). The median plasma insulin concentrations (IQR in parentheses) for the hypoglycaemic, normoglycaemic and hyperglycaemic groups were 10.7 pmol/L (10.7-18.8 pmol/L), 10.7 pmol/L (10.7-29.53 pmol/L; i.e below the detection limit of the assay), and 21.7 pmol/L (10.7-45.74 pmol/L), respectively. Statistical analysis revealed no significant difference in insulin concentration between the three groups. These results suggest that insulin secretion was appropriately suppressed in these dogs. Only two dogs had elevated insulin concentrations, one of which was hypoglycaemic. The median time since last meal (available for 87 dogs) was 24 hours (IQR 2-4 days), constituting a significant period of illness-induced starvation. We conclude that hyperinsulinaemia is not a cause of hypoglycaemia in virulent canine babesiosis. It is speculated that prolonged fasting due to disease-induced anorexia, in addition to increased glucose consumption, depletion of hepatic glycogen stores, and hepatic dysfunction with impaired gluconeogenesis, may play important roles in the pathophysiology of hypoglycaemia in canine babesiosis.Dissertation (MMedVet)--University of Pretoria, 2010.
Companion Animal Clinical Studies
unrestricted
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Lammertyn, Leandi. "Blood glucose and nocturnal blood pressure in African and Caucasian men : the SABPA study / L. Lammertyn." Thesis, North-West University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/4649.
Full textAbstract:
Motivation
Hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus are common in the black population of South Africa.
The literature also shows that elevated blood glucose concentrations can lead to an increase in
blood pressure and a blunted decline in nocturnal blood pressure. Therefore, the motivation for
this study was to determine if blood glucose may play a role regarding the blunted nocturnal
decline in blood pressure in African and Caucasian men.
Aim
The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between a blunted nocturnal decline in
blood pressure and blood glucose in African and Caucasian men.
Methodology
A comparative population study was preformed that consisted of 202 school teachers (101
African and 101 Caucasian) between the ages of 25–60 years from the North West Province,
South Africa. Subjects were excluded if their body temperature was elevated, had a
dependence or abuse of psychotropic substances, were regular blood donors and/or vaccinated
in the previous three months. Ambulatory systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP)
were measured. Blood samples from the antebrachial vein were collected in sodium fluoride
tubes to determine the serum glucose level and glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c)
percentage. Estimated average glucose (eAG) was determined from the percentage HbA1c by
means of a regression formula. Means and proportions were compared by standard t–test and
the chi–square test, respectively. Pearson correlations were used to determine unadjusted
associations and multiple regression analysis to determine adjusted associations between
variables.
Results and Conclusion
African men had an elevated HbA1c (p<0.001), eAG (p<0.001), nighttime SBP (p<0.001) and
DBP (p<0.001). These results remained similar when non–dipping African and Caucasian men
were compared. The Africans also smoked more (p=0.012), consumed more alcohol (p=0.049), had a higher percentage of non–dippers (p=0.054), HIV infected subjects (p<0.001) and a larger
number of subjects that used anti–hypertensive medication (p=0.049). The unadjusted analysis
showed positive correlations between all the blood pressure measurements and serum glucose,
HbA1c and eAG in the African non–dipper men. While in the non–dipper Caucasian men, only
daytime SBP and nighttime SBP (22:00–06:00) correlated positively with serum glucose, HbA1c
and eAG. Furthermore, when viewing the relationship between carotid intima–media thickness
(CIMT) and the blood pressure measurements in the African population, only nighttime (00:00–
04:00) SBP (r=0.581, p<0.001) and DBP (r=0.566, p<0.001) showed positive associations. After
adjustments were made for age and body mass index the associations between the various
blood pressure measurements and blood glucose disappeared in the non–dipper Caucasian
men. However, in the non–dipper African men both nighttime (22:00–06:00) SBP and (00:00–
04:00) SBP showed positive correlations with serum glucose, HbA1c and eAG. After full
adjustments (age, BMI, smoking, alcohol intake, physical activity, C–reactive protein and
baroreceptor sensitivity) were made, nighttime (00:00–04:00) SBP was the only measure of
blood pressure that correlated positively with HbA1c (p=0.069) and eAG (p<0.001) in the nondipper
African men. No significant relationships were found for Caucasian men. Furthermore, to
determine if the association between nighttime (00:00–04:00) SBP and eAG were independent
of CIMT, we adjusted for CIMT. By doing so the positive association between SBP and eAG
remained significant in the non–dipper African men (R2=0.617; =0.438; p=0.008) and nonsignificant
in the non–dipper Caucasian men (R2=0.423; =0.169; p=0.33). However, the
relationship between CIMT and eAG disappeared when we adjusted for SBP, suggesting that
the SBP and eAG relationship drives CIMT.
In conclusion, the association between the early morning SBP (00:00–04:00) and the blood
glucose in non–dipping African men suggests that the blunted decline in nocturnal blood
pressure during the early morning hours is associated with chronically elevated blood glucose.Thesis (M.Sc. (Physiology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.
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Vezouviou, Evangelia. "A near infrared holographic glucose sensor for diabetes management." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.648782.
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Lau, Chuk-ping, and 劉祝屏. "The effect of antipsychotics on blood glucose level/lipid level of patients with mental illness." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/206545.
Full textAbstract:
Objective
The study is to explore the relationship between antipsychotics and blood glucose level or lipid level of patients with mental illness in psychiatric outpatient clinic of Queen Mary Hospital.
Participants and Methods
Case reviews through Clinical Management System were carried out. Total 108 psychotic cases involved in the study. 24 were excluded as the patients did not have any treatment of antipsychotics. 84 patients were qualified for review. 40 females and 68 males involved. Their ages are between 13 and 68.
Patients’ demographics information, blood glucose level or lipid level were retrieved. Some important findings are also noted. Data collection carried in May 2014.
Results
There are no significant changes in fasting blood glucose or lipid level for either typical or atypical antipsychotics. We found that the frequency of checking blood glucose or lipid level was too low and not regular.
Risperidone and Olanzapine are the most commonly used in this psychiatric outpatient clinic. Moreover, 9 cases change from psychosis to Paranoid type schizophrenia. The most frequent diagnosis in the clinic is Paranoid type schizophrenia. 36 cases, one third of the samples, are diagnosed as Paranoid type schizophrenia.
Conclusions
Although we cannot conclude the effect of antipsychotics on blood glucose level or lipid level of patients with mental illness, there is an increasing concern about antipsychotics leading to metabolic problems through the case reviews. We suggest that routine physical health screening, guidelines setting up, predictors should be carried out in the clinic.published_or_final_version
Psychological Medicine
Master
Master of Psychological Medicine
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Mbu, Desiree Lem. "Expression of circulating Microrna’s (Mirnas) in blood of mixed ancestry subjects with glucose intolerance." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2816.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (MSc (Biomedical Sciences))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2018.Background: Early detection of individuals who are at risk of developing Glucose Intolerance would decrease the morbidity and mortality associated with this disease. MicroRNA is one of the most widely studied biomolecules involved in epigenetic mechanisms, hence it offers unique opportunities in this regard. Circulating microRNAs are associated with disease pathogenesis during the asymptomatic stage of disease. This has therefore attracted a lot of attention as a potential biomarker for identifying individuals who have an increased risk of developing Glucose Intolerance. The identification of high risk biomarkers for Glucose Intolerance will go a long way to eliminate the possible complications that arise due to late diagnosis and treatment of Glucose Intolerance. This could ultimately lead to better ways to prevent, manage and control the Glucose Intolerance epidemic that is rampant worldwide. The aim of the study is to investigate expression of circulating microRNA’s in blood of mixed ancestry subjects with glucose intolerance. Methods: A quantitative cross-sectional study design involving 36 individuals [who were age, gender and BMI (Body Mass Index) matched] from a total population of 1989 participants of mixed ancestry descent, residing in Bellville South, South Africa was used. Participants were classified as controls (normoglycemic), pre-diabetic (preDM) and diabetic (DM) (screen detected diabetic) according to WHO criteria of 1998. MicroRNAs were extracted from serum using the Qiagen miRNeasy Serum/Plasma Kit (ThermoFisher). The purified micro RNAs were reverse-transcribed to cDNA (complementary deoxyribonucleic acid) using the Qiagen RT2 First Strand Kit. Then, using Qiagen miScript SYBR Green PCR kit and miScript miRNA PCR arrays (ThermoFisher), the real time polymerase chain reaction was done to determine the expression profile the circulating micro RNAs present in the serum of the participants. Results: The 36 participants were evenly divided into 3 groups of 12 participants each as mentioned earlier. There were significant differences between groups in the waist (cm) (p=0.0415) and waist/hip ratio (p=0.0011) with highest values in the DM group and lowest in the normal group. Clinical parameters varied significantly according to glycemic status. As expected, the FBG (mmol/L) (p<0.0001), 2 HRs Post Glucose (mmol/L) (p<0.0001), HbA1c (%) (p=0.0009), Fasting Insulin (mIU/L) (p=0.0039), were all highest in the DM and lowest in the control group. In contrast, the 2 HRs Post Insulin (mIU/L) (p = 0.0027) was highest in the preDM group and lowest in the normal group, while the Glucose/Insulin ratio (p=0.0477) was highest in the normal group and lowest in the preDM group. Triglycerides (mmol/L) (p=0.0043) and Total Chol (mmol/L) (p=0.0429) were significantly increased through the three groups, with highest values in the DM group and lowest in the normal group. Furthermore, 12 of the 84 miRNAs studied were expressed through all the 3 groups and they exhibited both inverse and positive correlations between the clinical parameters, especially the glucose parameters (Fasting blood glucose, 2 hours post glucose, Fasting blood insulin, 2 hours post insulin and Glycated Hemoglobin).
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Rudenski, A. "Development of a model of insulin/glucose regulation to assist elucidation of the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.382881.
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Zhao, Z. (Zuomin). "Pulsed photoacoustic techniques and glucose determination in human blood and tissue." Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 2002. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9514266900.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract
Determination of blood glucose level is a frequently occurring procedure in diabetes care. As the most common method involves collecting blood drops for chemical analysis, it is invasive and liable to afflict a degree of pain and cause a skin injury. To eliminate these disadvantages, this thesis focuses on pulsed photoacoustic techniques, which have potential ability in non-invasive blood glucose measurement.
The fundamental theory of photoacoustics in liquid and soft tissue was studied systematically. The distributions of photoacoustic sources in a near-infrared optical skin model were simulated by the Monte Carlo method. Expansion coefficient and specific heat of glucose solution were measured by thermodynamic method, while the sound velocity in it was determined by photoacoustic approach. The effect of glucose on blood optical scattering was studied by a picosecond pulsed laser together with a streak camera. A photoacoustic apparatus comprising a pulsed laser diode and a piezoelectric transducer was built and applied to measure glucose concentration in water and scattering media. Moreover, this apparatus was also used to non-invasive experiment on human fingers.
The measurements showed that the expansion coefficient, specific heat and acoustic velocity change by 1.2%, -0.6% and 0.28%, respectively, in response to a 1% change in glucose concentration. The sum effect of these parameters to photoacoustic signal was much larger than that of optical absorption of glucose in near infrared wavelengths, which provided photoacoustic technique a higher degree of sensitivity than offered by the optical absorption method. At the wavelength of 905 nm, the measured glucose detection sensitivity in a 3% milk solution, a tissue sample and whole human blood was 5.4%, 2.5% and 14%, respectively. Each figure is higher than that of glucose in water, about 2%, for a one percent change in glucose concentration. This was supported by the temporal dispersion curves of glucose in blood samples, which demonstrated that glucose decreased the optical scattering of tissues. The currently photoacoustic apparatus could detect the minimal glucose concentration of 100 mg/dl in whole blood samples. It is sensitive to physiological changes in non-invasive measurement, but insufficient for evaluating change in the physiological glucose concentration.
Current photoacoustic techniques have apparently advantages in study of scattering media and made great progress in tissue imaging and diagnosis. However, in non-invasive blood glucose measurement they met similar problems as optical approaches based on scattering effect.
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Heath, David. "Non-invasive blood glucose monitoring by novel investigation with electromagnetic radiation." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.549386.
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Yilmaz, Tuba. "Wearable RF sensors for non-invasive detection of blood-glucose levels." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2013. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/8765.
Full textAbstract:
Radio frequency (RF) techniques have the potential to provide blood glucose readings through sensing the glucose dependent change in dielectric properties of the biological tissue. Such technique can enable much desired non-invasive and continuous monitoring of blood glucose level. In this work, we present realistic glucose dependence of dielectric properties as well as basic understanding of resonator behaviour while radiating towards the lossy biological tissue. To investigate the potential of RF techniques, two resonators, operating at microwave frequencies when placed radiating towards the biological tissue, are designed and fabricated. The spiral resonator is tested with liquid and semi-solid phantoms containing different amounts of sugar. An analytical formulation to retrieve the dielectric properties of the biological tissues is improved. In order to perform realistic tests, novel tissue mimicking materials for an extremely wide frequency range are proposed. Glucose dependance of the blood mimicking material dielectric properties are further investigated by adding realistic glucose amounts to the blood mimicking material and dielectric spectroscopy is performed. Next, a single pole Cole-Cole model is fitted to the median of the dielectric property measurements. In addition, a patch resonator is simulated with four-layered digital phantom and tested with the four-layered physical tissue mimicking phantom. Finally, a double parameter measurement platform is constructed by combining the patch resonator and a commercial force sensor to perform controlled experiments with humans. Also, the force dependant response of the patch resonator is quantified. Soda tests is performed on five subjects with the platform, all subjects were asked to apply the same level of force. Spiral resonator is also applied to examine the glucose changes of two human subjects during the soda test. The results suggests that, although the glucose-dependance of the dielectric properties is relatively small, the input impedance of a microwave resonator is still sensitive to such small alterations.
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Barman, Ishan. "Unraveling the puzzles of spectroscopy-based non-invasive blood glucose detection." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/67575.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2011.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references.
Disorders of glucose homeostasis, including types 1 and 2 diabetes, represent a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring of diabetes requires direct measurement of blood glucose. Regardless of the clinical test performed, however, withdrawal of blood is currently required for measurement of blood glucose levels. Non-invasive measurement of blood glucose levels is highly desired, given the large number of diabetics who must undergo glucose testing several times each day. In this context, near-infrared (NIR) Raman spectroscopy has shown substantial promise by providing successful predictions of glucose at physiologically relevant concentrations in vitro and even in individual human volunteers at single sittings. Nevertheless, prospective application of a spectroscopic calibration model - over a larger population or over several sittings - has proven to be challenging. This thesis investigates the optical and physiological challenges that impede calibration transfer by introducing non-analyte specific variances. Specifically, we present major advances in four research directions. First, the effects of sample-to-sample turbidity induced variations in quantitative spectroscopy are studied. To account for these variations, a novel method, based on the photon migration theory, is proposed. We demonstrate that the proposed method can extract intrinsic line shapes and intensity information from Raman spectra acquired in a turbid medium thereby improving quantitative predictions significantly. Second, we quantify the sensitivity of Raman calibration models to endogenous fluorescence and its temporal quenching. Application of shifted subtracted Raman spectroscopy is proposed to reduce the possibility of spurious models developed on the basis of chance correlation between the concentration dataset and quenched fluorescence levels. Third, we solve the problem of physiological lag between blood and interstitial fluid glucose levels, which creates inconsistencies in calibration, where blood glucose measurements are used as reference but the acquired spectra are indicative of ISF glucose levels. To overcome this problem, we introduce a mass transfer-based concentration correction scheme and demonstrate its effectiveness in clinical studies. Finally, we propose a new design for fabricating a handheld Raman glucose monitor by employing excitation and detection of wavelengths selected on the basis of their spectral information content. Based on the advances in instrumentation and methodology outlined in this thesis, we anticipate that our current clinical studies will establish the viability of Raman spectroscopy for non-invasive blood glucose detection.
by Ishan Barman.
Ph.D.
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Christison, Graham B. "The determination of blood glucose concentrations by infrared laser photoacoustic spectroscopy." Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/1982.
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Walters, Robert P. "Frontal Regulation of Blood Glucose Levels as a Function of Hostility." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/35310.
Full textAbstract:
From a neuropsychological perspective, hostile men have displayed dysregulation of right cerebral systems as evidenced through an exaggerated sympathetic stress response, with cardiovascular reactivity for blood pressure and heart rate. Altered right cerebral functioning, with hostility and anger, has been demonstrated within functional cerebral systems to include auditory (Demaree & Harrison, 1997), visual (Harrison & Gorelczenko, 1990; Herridge, Harrison, Mollet, & Shenal, 2003), somatosensory (Herridge, Harrison, & Demaree, 1997; Rhodes, Harrison, & Demaree, 2002), motor (Demaree, Higgins, Williamson, & Harrison, 2002) and premotor systems (Williamson & Harrison, 2003). Each of these studies has demonstrated cardiovascular reactivity (blood pressure and heart rates measures) concurrently with altered sensory or motor functional correlates of the right hemisphere. However, the neuropsychological mechanisms and functional regulation for the mobilization of glucose have not been examined.Master of Science
46
Kan, Shugen. "Novel control system for blood glucose using a model predictive method." Kyoto University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/148493.
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Nishida, Danielle. "A Wearable 1.6GHz Non-Invasive Midfield Wave-Based Blood Glucose Sensor." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2015. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/1367.
Full textAbstract:
A non-invasive glucose sensor has been sought after by millions of Americans living with diabetes and scientists alike. Current blood glucose sensors approved by the FDA involve an invasive collection technique coupled with costly chemical analysis materials, which continue to bring pain to the growing diabetic population in America. Previous research of non-invasive sensing methods has shown promise, but the difficulty of transmitting power through tissue has degraded the sensing consistency and accuracy needed to reach the consumer market. This has been overcome with recent research in midfield wave power transmission at Stanford University, which has provided an opportunity for investigating a new, non-invasive glucose sensing technique. The design proposed in this thesis uses a slot array antenna transmitting through the human arm in the UHF (Ultra High Frequency) range at a wavelength absorbed by glucose to investigate the relationship between blood glucose levels and received power from a loop antenna receiver. The complete system incorporates an RF mixer, a Wilkinson power divider, and an RF detector to enable use with Cal Poly’s lab equipment. Changes in blood glucose levels are tracked within an R value of 0.91 when the testing setup maintains consistency in physical placement of the transmitter and receiver. Ten measurements over the course of seven hours accurately sensed changes in the subject’s blood glucose levels with two outlier data points. The system provides a vehicle for further investigation into a new, non-invasive blood glucose sensing method to improve the quality of life for millions around the world.
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Lucca, Julie Ann. "ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION AND FASTING BLOOD GLUCOSE IN YOUNG ADULTS." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2013. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/1057.
Full textAbstract:
Current research shows moderate alcohol consumption is associated with decreased risk of diabetes and excessive consumption or binge drinking can cause insulin resistance and diabetes. In 2010, diabetes was the seventh leading cause of death in the United Statesand was responsible for significant health complications: blindness, kidney failure, and limb amputations, and is a large national economic burden. Fasting blood glucose (FBG) is a tool used to help diagnose diabetes. Abnormally high FBG, ≥100 mg/dl, is indicative of diabetes and pre-diabetes. Few studies have observed diabetic prevalence among young adults or college students. Studying young adults can help provide added information about early risk factors for diabetes and pre-diabetes, facilitating public health efforts to stem the rising tide of the diabetes epidemic. This study aimed to research the associations between alcohol consumption (numbers of days alcohol consumed in the past month and binge alcohol consumption in the past month) and FBG in a college population as part of the FLASH cohort study. FBG levels were measured in 141 young adult participants and alcohol consumption was determined by self report. Other individual-level characteristics and potential confounding variables were also collected. The association between alcohol consumption and FBG followed a J-shaped curve whereby students who reported drinking 6-8 days within the last 30 days showed significantly lower FBG levels than those who did not drink and those who consumed alcohol on nine or more days (p=0.04). Binge drinking did not have a significant association with FBG (p=0.4). Sex and body mass index were also significantly associated with FBG. In conclusion, moderate frequency of alcohol consumption is found to have an inverse relationship with FBG and excessive drinking can reverse these effects.
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Yu, Fei. "Sonophoretic effects on transdermal glucose extraction with reverse iontophoresis /." View abstract or full-text, 2007. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?MECH%202007%20YU.
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McClung, Melanie J. Jean B. Randall. "Calibration methodology for a microwave non-invasive glucose sensor." Waco, Tex. : Baylor University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2104/5164.
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