Journal articles on the topic 'Blood fatty acid'
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Wood, Jordan, Larry J. Minter, Michael K. Stoskopf, Doug Bibus, Dempsy Ange, Troy N. Tollefson, Vivek Fellner, and Kimberly Ange-van Heugten. "Investigation of Dried Blood Spot Cards for Fatty Acid Analysis Using Porcine Blood." Veterinary Medicine International 2021 (August 28, 2021): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6624751.
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Fatty acids, especially omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, are important for reproductive and cardiovascular health in animals. While monitoring fatty acids is traditionally conducted using frozen blood fractions such as serum and plasma, advancements in analytical technology have developed a method of collecting microsamples of dried whole blood on Ahlstrom 226 grade filter paper that can provide information on long-term fatty acid status of animals. Blood samples were collected from five male pigs in both the traditional frozen method and on dried blood spot cards (DBS). The DBS samples were collected with untreated syringes and tubes, and approximately 320 μL of blood was placed on each card with approximately 80 μL per spot (4 spots). Statistical analysis was performed to compare the two sample groups to each other using the Mann–Whitney U-test and determine if DBS samples were similar to traditional whole blood samples. Of the 30 fatty acids and fatty acid groups with measurable concentrations, only four individual fatty acids, behenic acid, omega-3 docosapentaenoic acid, nervonic acid, and adrenic acid, had statistical differences. Most of these differences were minor and could be due to analytical errors or contamination. Comparisons between sample types found similar concentrations of key omega fatty acids and PUFAs and support the use of DBS collection as a less invasive method of blood collection and fatty acid analysis.
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Wood, Jordan, Larry J. Minter, Doug Bibus, Michael K. Stoskopf, Vivek Fellner, and Kimberly Ange-van Heugten. "Comparison of African savanna elephant (Loxodonta africana) fatty acid profiles in whole blood, whole blood dried on blood spot cards, serum, and plasma." PeerJ 9 (December 14, 2021): e12650. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.12650.
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Background African elephants in managed care have presented differences in the balance between omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, a situation primarily thought to be due to dietary differences between the managed animals and their free-ranging counterparts. Because of this, circulating fatty acid status is included in routine monitoring of elephant health. A method of blood collection that requires only a few drops of whole blood, dried on filter paper (DBS) and can be used for analyzing full fatty acid profiles offers advantages in clinical application. Methods This study compared the use of whole blood, and whole blood DBS, serum or plasma for use in evaluating circulating fatty acid composition in African savannah elephants. Samples from six African elephants (two males and four females) were collected during the same week at the NC Zoo, Asheboro, NC. Results Results found only 2 of 36 individual fatty acids and none of the 10 fatty acid groupings were different when comparing the four blood fraction sample types to each other with Mann-Whitney U-Test pairwise comparisons. Myristic acid (14:0) was lower in the DBS samples than in whole blood, serum, and plasma and pentadecaenoic acid (15:1) was slightly more concentrated in DBS and whole blood. Discussion Results indicate that fatty acid profile of serum, plasma, whole blood, and DBS are comparable in African elephants. The DBS method offers advantages in acquisition and handling and may be preferable to other methods in both routine health assessment of captive animals and field research on free ranging animals.
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Sergeant, Susan, Ingo Ruczinski, Priscilla Ivester, Tammy C. Lee, Timothy M. Morgan, Barbara J. Nicklas, Rasika A. Mathias, and Floyd H. Chilton. "Impact of methods used to express levels of circulating fatty acids on the degree and direction of associations with blood lipids in humans." British Journal of Nutrition 115, no. 2 (November 30, 2015): 251–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114515004341.
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AbstractNumerous studies have examined relationships between disease biomarkers (such as blood lipids) and levels of circulating or cellular fatty acids. In such association studies, fatty acids have typically been expressed as the percentage of a particular fatty acid relative to the total fatty acids in a sample. Using two human cohorts, this study examined relationships between blood lipids (TAG, and LDL, HDL or total cholesterol) and circulating fatty acids expressed either as a percentage of total or as concentration in serum. The direction of the correlation between stearic acid, linoleic acid, dihomo-γ-linolenic acid, arachidonic acid and DHA and circulating TAG reversed when fatty acids were expressed as concentrationsv. a percentage of total. Similar reversals were observed for these fatty acids when examining their associations with the ratio of total cholesterol:HDL-cholesterol. This reversal pattern was replicated in serum samples from both human cohorts. The correlations between blood lipids and fatty acids expressed as a percentage of total could be mathematically modelled from the concentration data. These data reveal that the different methods of expressing fatty acids lead to dissimilar correlations between blood lipids and certain fatty acids. This study raises important questions about how such reversals in association patterns impact the interpretation of numerous association studies evaluating fatty acids and their relationships with disease biomarkers or risk.
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Van der Vusse, G. J., and T. H. Roemen. "Gradient of fatty acids from blood plasma to skeletal muscle in dogs." Journal of Applied Physiology 78, no. 5 (May 1, 1995): 1839–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1995.78.5.1839.
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In anesthetized dogs, the amount of fatty acyl moieties in the fatty acid, triacylglycerol, and phospholipid fractions of arterial blood and biceps femoris muscle has been determined to delineate the presence of a fatty acid gradient from blood to skeletal muscle tissue, if any. The content of fatty acids in biceps femoris muscle was found to be very low (approximately 0.1% of total amount of unesterified and esterified fatty acyl moieties in the tissue sample). The ratio of the content of fatty acids (nmol/ml) in arterial plasma and the tissue level of fatty acids (nmol/g wet weight) was approximately 17. This finding supports the notion that a fatty acid gradient from the vascular compartment to the skeletal muscle fibers might be one of the driving forces of net extraction of fatty acids by skeletal muscle.
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Superko, H. Robert, Scott M. Superko, Khurram Nasir, Arthur Agatston, and Brenda C. Garrett. "Omega-3 Fatty Acid Blood Levels." Circulation 128, no. 19 (November 5, 2013): 2154–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.113.002731.
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Dhillon, Varinderpal S., Permal Deo, Ann Chua, Phil Thomas, and Michael Fenech. "Telomere Length in Healthy Adults Is Positively Associated With Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids, Including Arachidonic Acid, and Negatively With Saturated Fatty Acids." Journals of Gerontology: Series A 76, no. 1 (September 7, 2020): 3–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glaa213.
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Abstract Lymphocyte telomere length (LTL) is a biomarker of aging that may be modified by dietary factors including fat. Red blood cell fatty acid status is a well-validated indicator of long-term dietary intake of fat from various sources. Recent findings from epidemiological studies of LTL in relation to fatty acids in red blood cells are not conclusive. The present study was carried out to investigate if red blood cell fatty acid status in 174 healthy older South Australians is associated with LTL. Lymphocyte telomere length was measured by real-time qPCR and fatty acid content in red blood cells was measured by gas chromatography. Our results indicate that the majority of saturated fatty acids and monounsaturated fatty acids are negatively associated with LTL, whereas polyunsaturated fatty acids are positively associated with LTL. Multiple regression analysis revealed that arachidonic acid (C20:4n-6) is significantly, independently, positively correlated with LTL (β = 0.262; p = .000). The significant association of fatty acids, particularly C20:4n-6, with telomere length warrants further research.
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FARNWORTH, E. R., and J. K. G. KRAMER. "THE EFFECTS OF CHANGING SOW DIETARY FATTY ACIDS ON FETAL PLASMA FATTY ACID PATTERNS." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 69, no. 3 (September 1, 1989): 813–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas89-094.
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Sows were fed a control diet or one with added tallow or soybean oil during gestation. Sow and fetal blood plasma fatty acids were determined at 57, 85 and 110 d gestation. The sow plasma fatty acid pattern, particularly 18:2n-6, was influenced by diet, but showed little change during gestation. High levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially 18:2n-6 and 20:4n-6, were found in sow plasma. Fetal blood fatty acids were not directly influenced by maternal diet, but showed changes as gestation progressed. In the fetal plasma, 20:4n-6 was the major long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid, but in addition, high levels of 22:6n-3 were also found. The percent n-6 fatty acids were in higher concentrations than the n-3 fatty acids in both maternal and fetal plasma. Key words: Fetus, blood, fatty acids, swine
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Panaroni, Cristina, Keertik Fulzele, Tomoaki Mori, Ka Tat Siu, Chukwuamaka Onyewadume, Allison Maebius, and Noopur Raje. "Multiple myeloma cells induce lipolysis in adipocytes and uptake fatty acids through fatty acid transporter proteins." Blood 139, no. 6 (February 10, 2022): 876–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.2021013832.
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Abstract Adipocytes occupy 70% of the cellular volume within the bone marrow (BM) wherein multiple myeloma (MM) originates and resides. However, the nature of the interaction between MM cells and adipocytes remains unclear. Cancer-associated adipocytes support tumor cells through various mechanisms, including metabolic reprogramming of cancer cells. We hypothesized that metabolic interactions mediate the dependence of MM cells on BM adipocytes. Here we show that BM aspirates from precursor states of MM, including monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance and smoldering MM, exhibit significant upregulation of adipogenic commitment compared with healthy donors. In vitro coculture assays revealed an adipocyte-induced increase in MM cell proliferation in monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance/smoldering MM compared with newly diagnosed MM. Using murine MM cell/BM adipocyte coculture assays, we describe MM-induced lipolysis in adipocytes via activation of the lipolysis pathway. Upregulation of fatty acid transporters 1 and 4 on MM cells mediated the uptake of secreted free fatty acids (FFAs) by adjacent MM cells. The effect of FFAs on MM cells was dose dependent and revealed increased proliferation at lower concentrations vs induction of lipotoxicity at higher concentrations. Lipotoxicity occurred via the ferroptosis pathway. Exogenous treatment with arachidonic acid, a very-long-chain FFA, in a murine plasmacytoma model displayed a reduction in tumor burden. Taken together, our data reveal a novel pathway involving MM cell–induced lipolysis in BM adipocytes and suggest prevention of FFA uptake by MM cells as a potential target for myeloma therapeutics.
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Al, Monique D. M., Adriana C. Van Houwelingen, Arnold D. M. Kester, Tom H. M. Hasaart, AndrÉ E. P. De Jong, and Gerard Hornstra. "Maternal essential fatty acid patterns during normal pregnancy and their relationship to the neonatal essential fatty acid status." British Journal of Nutrition 74, no. 1 (July 1995): 55–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19950106.
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Although essential fatty acids (EFA) and their longer chain, more unsaturated derivatives play a major role during pregnancy, hardly any information is available with respect to the course of the maternal EFA status during an uncomplicated pregnancy and its relationship to the neonatal EFA status. Therefore, a longitudinal study was started in which 110 pregnant women gave repeated blood samples from the 10th week of gestation until delivery. After birth a blood sample from the umbilical vein and a maternal venous blood sample were collected as well, and 6 months after delivery a final blood sample from the mother was taken. The absolute (mg/l) and relative (% total fatty acids) amounts of the fatty acids in plasma phospholipids were determined. The total amounts of fatty acids increased significantly during pregnancy. This pattern was similar for the individual fatty acids and fatty acid families. The relative amount of linoleic acid (18:2n−6) did not change during pregnancy, whereas the relative amount of arachidonic acid (20:4n−6) decreased. Despite maternal mobilization of docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n−3, DHA), suggested by a temporary increase in the DHA status until 18 weeks gestation, the DHA status steadily declined thereafter. This pattern was associated with a progressive increase in the DHA deficiency index in maternal blood throughout pregnancy and resulted in a sub-optimal neonatal DHA status. The overall maternal EFA status also declined steadily during pregnancy. Therefore, the question arises whether the mother, under the prevailing dietary conditions, is able to meet the high fetal requirement for EFA.
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Novitsky, V. V., R. S. Karpov, S. V. Klimenkov, A. B. Salmina, M. Yu Kotlovsky, S. V. Mashkovskaya, D. A. Kirichenko, et al. "Role of blood plasma fatty acids in pathogenesis of stable anginapectoris." Bulletin of Siberian Medicine 6, no. 4 (December 30, 2007): 41–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.20538/1682-0363-2007-4-41-45.
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In men and women suffering from stable angina pectoris of 1-2 functional classes and aged from 35 to 69 years old, decrease of C 23:0 and increase of C 18:1(11) fatty acids was observed regardless of sex, the content of the rest fatty acids changed depending on patients sex. Correlation was found that metabolism of fatty acids in this pathology group depends on patients sex: men in the control group showed decrease in the sum of omega-3 fatty acids as well as in the omega-3/omega-6 fatty acid ratio, while women showed decrease of omega-6 fatty acids at the constant sum of omega-3 fatty acids. Regardless of sex, the presence of this pathology is accompanied with decrease in correlations between fatty acids, as the number of correlations between saturated fatty acids increases and the number of correlations between not saturated and saturated fatty aсids decreases. Change in correlations between not saturated fatty acids depends on sex. In the number of patients having supernormal fatty acid contents, no pronounced differences were found between men and women.
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Laurant, Pascal, Michel Dalle, Alain Berthelot, and Yves Rayssiguier. "Time-course of the change in blood pressure level in magnesium-deficient Wistar rats." British Journal of Nutrition 82, no. 3 (September 1999): 243–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114599001427.
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To investigate the relationships between maternal, umbilical cord and piglet fatty acid status, multiparous sows (six per diet) were fed on diets containing supplements (30 g/kg) of either soyabean oil or tuna oil for the last 21 d of pregnancy. The proportions of most fatty acids differed between diets: in particular, the tuna-oil-containing diet supplied more 22:6n-3 and less 18:2n-6 fatty acids than the soyabean-oil-containing diet. Maternal plasma fatty acid concentrations (mg/l) were greater than those in umbilical plasma and 20:4n-6 and 22:6n-3 fatty acids were present in higher proportions (g/100 g fatty acids) in umbilical than maternal plasma. Feeding tuna oil increased the proportionate amounts (g/100 g fatty acids) of total n-3 fatty acids (particularly 22:6n-3) in umbilical cord, plasma and piglet tissues compared with feeding soyabean oil: in contrast, the proportion of 20:4n-6 was decreased by feeding tuna oil. Changes in piglet fatty acid proportions as a result of oil feeding were not influenced by piglet weight. While proportions of the long-chain n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in piglet liver, spleen and reproductive tract (ovaries plus uterus of the female, testes of the male) correlated well with those of umbilical plasma, those in brain and retina were poorly correlated. Therefore umbilical plasma cannot be used to predict the fatty acid status of piglet brain.
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Schleicher, Jana, Uta Dahmen, Reinhard Guthke, and Stefan Schuster. "Zonation of hepatic fat accumulation: insights from mathematical modelling of nutrient gradients and fatty acid uptake." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 14, no. 133 (August 2017): 20170443. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2017.0443.
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Intrinsic of non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases is an aberrant accumulation of triglycerides (steatosis), which occurs inhomogeneously within lobules. To improve our understanding of the mechanisms involved in this zonation patterning, we developed a mathematical multicompartment model of hepatic fatty acid metabolism accompanied by blood flow simulations. A model analysis determines the influence of the uptake process of fatty acids, the porto-central gradient of plasma fatty acid concentration, and the oxygen supply via blood on the zonation of triglyceride accumulation. From this theoretical perspective, the plasma oxygen gradient, but not the fatty acid gradient, leads the way to a zonated triglyceride accumulation by its decisive role in oxidative processes. In addition, the uptake mechanism of fatty acids seems to be fundamental for a pericentral dominance of steatosis. However, the mechanism of cellular fatty acid uptake from the blood is still under debate. Our theoretical approach supports the transporter-mediated uptake mechanism and reveals that the maximal velocity of fatty acid uptake affects the switching between a periportal and a pericentral triglyceride accumulation. Further research on hepatic fatty acid uptake is needed to push forward our understanding of aberrant triglyceride accumulation in diet-induced steatosis.
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Chen, Zhen, Yue Wu, Rojeet Shrestha, Zijun Gao, Yaoyao Zhao, Yusuke Miura, Akiko Tamakoshi, Hitoshi Chiba, and Shu-Ping Hui. "Determination of total, free and esterified short-chain fatty acid in human serum by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry." Annals of Clinical Biochemistry: International Journal of Laboratory Medicine 56, no. 2 (September 23, 2018): 190–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004563218801393.
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Background Short-chain fatty acids are primarily absorbed through the portal vein during lipid digestion, which is utilized as the energy source, as well as prevent type 2 diabetes and some cancers. However, reports on the determination of these short-chain fatty acids in human serum are limited. Methods Blood samples from human subjects ( n = 547, male/female = 246/301, age 58.85 ± 12.57) were collected. Saponification was applied to obtain total fatty acid. After derivatization by 2-nitrophenylhydrazine, fatty acid 4:0 and fatty acid 6:0 were measured by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Results The developed method exhibited good linearity (R2 = 0.9996 for both). All the coefficients of variation of reproducibility and accuracy for fatty acid 4:0 and fatty acid 6:0 ranged 3.0%−6.1%, with the average recoveries of 87.8%−102.4% and 92.2%−98.2%, respectively. In all the samples, the concentration of fatty acid 4:0 (162.4 ± 76.4 μmol/L) was significantly higher than fatty acid 6:0 (2.0 ± 2.5 μmol/L, P < 0.001). Furthermore, the esterified form was predominant in both fatty acid 4:0 and fatty acid 6:0 (98.2% and 82.4% of total fatty acids, respectively). Besides, short-chain fatty acids showed no significant differences with regard to sex or age differences. Conclusion This developed liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method is convenient and reliable, which might be useful for monitoring the variations of short-chain fatty acids in blood.
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Dannemiller, Nicholas G., Emily F. Christiansen, Craig A. Harms, Larry J. Minter, and Kimberly D. Ange-van Heugten. "Comparison of Whole Blood Fatty Acid Profiles between Lionfish (Pterois spp.) in Wild and Managed Care Environments." Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens 3, no. 3 (July 21, 2022): 357–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jzbg3030028.
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Suboptimal nutrition may contribute to lionfish (Pterois volitans and Pterois miles) health issues in managed care environments. This study’s objective was to establish and compare whole blood fatty acid profiles in wild and aquarium lionfish. Whole blood samples were dried onto specialized high-quality paper cards from wild, invasive lionfish harvested off the North Carolina coast (n = 16) and lionfish managed by the North Carolina Aquariums (n = 12). Blood fatty acid profiles were analyzed from dried blood spots. Aquarium lionfish had significantly (p < 0.05) higher linoleic (18:2ω6) and eicosapentaenoic (20:5ω3) acid levels than wild lionfish. Similarly, aquarium lionfish had significantly (p < 0.05) lower saturated fatty acids and arachidonic (20:4ω6) to eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5ω3) ratios than wild lionfish. Total omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, as well as the ratio of these two fatty acid groups, were similar between wild and aquarium lionfish. Gut content analysis of wild lionfish diets included reef-dependent and schooling fish while aquarium lionfish diets were pelagic fish, crustaceans, mollusks, and commercial gel diets with nutrient supplements. This study reports whole blood fatty acid profiles in lionfish, providing comparative macronutrient data that may be useful for improving their nutrition and welfare in aquariums.
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Woodard, Vanessa, Melissa Thoene, Matthew Van Ormer, Maranda Thompson, Corrine Hanson, Sathish Natarajan, Maheswari Mukherjee, et al. "Intrauterine Transfer of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Mother–Infant Dyads as Analyzed at Time of Delivery." Nutrients 13, no. 3 (March 19, 2021): 996. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13030996.
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Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are essential for fetal development, and intrauterine transfer is the only supply of PUFAs to the fetus. The prevailing theory of gestational nutrient transfer is that certain nutrients (including PUFAs) may have prioritized transport across the placenta. Numerous studies have identified correlations between maternal and infant fatty acid concentrations; however, little is known about what role maternal PUFA status may play in differential intrauterine nutrient transfer. Twenty mother–infant dyads were enrolled at delivery for collection of maternal and umbilical cord blood, and placental tissue samples. Plasma concentrations of PUFAs were assessed using gas chromatography (GC-FID). Intrauterine transfer percentages for each fatty acid were calculated as follows: ((cord blood fatty acid level/maternal blood fatty acid level) × 100). Kruskal–Wallis tests were used to compare transfer percentages between maternal fatty acid tertile groups. A p-value < 0.05 was considered significant. There were statistically significant differences in intrauterine transfer percentages of arachidonic acid (AA) (64% vs. 65% vs. 45%, p = 0.02), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) (41% vs. 19% vs. 17%, p = 0.03), and total fatty acids (TFA) (27% vs. 26% vs. 20%, p = 0.05) between maternal plasma fatty acid tertiles. Intrauterine transfer percentages of AA, EPA, and TFA were highest in the lowest tertile of respective maternal fatty acid concentration. These findings may indicate that fatty acid transfer to the fetus is prioritized during gestation even during periods of maternal nutritional inadequacy.
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Kanakri, Khaled, Beverly Muhlhausler, John Carragher, Robert Gibson, Reza Barekatain, Carolyn Dekoning, Kelly Drake, and Robert Hughes. "Relationship between the fatty acid composition of uropygial gland secretion and blood of meat chickens receiving different dietary fats." Animal Production Science 58, no. 5 (2018): 828. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an16268.
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Manipulation of the fatty acid composition of chicken feed has been shown to be effective for improving the nutritional value of chicken products. Currently, however, evaluation of the effectiveness of this approach requires invasive blood sampling or post mortem tissue sampling of the birds. Preen oil can be collected non-invasively from live birds. So this study aimed to test the hypothesis that the fatty acid composition of preen oil reflects that of the blood. Male and female meat chickens (Cobb 500) were fed a diet supplemented with 4% (w/w) flaxseed oil (high n-3 polyunsaturates) or beef tallow (mostly monounsaturates and saturates) for 6 weeks. Preen oil and whole blood samples (n = 9 birds per sex/diet treatment group) were collected freshly post mortem for fatty acid analysis. Preen oil analysis showed that ~97% of fatty acids were saturates, with a small percentage of n-6 polyunsaturates and traces of other types. There were negligible n-3 polyunsaturates in preen oil. Proportions of some saturated fatty acids were slightly, but significantly, affected by diet (C16:0 (P < 0.05) and C17:0 (P < 0.01)) or by gender (C10:0 and C18:0) (P < 0.05). Some fatty acids with odd numbers of carbon atoms (e.g. C17:0 and C19:0) were found in relatively high concentrations in preen oil, despite not being detectable in either the diet or blood. In conclusion, the fatty acid composition of preen oil does not accurately reflect the fatty acid profile of the blood; it is not, therefore, a suitable alternative for determining fatty acid status of meat chickens.
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Ochi, Eisuke, and Yosuke Tsuchiya. "Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) and Docosahexaneoic Acid (DHA) in Muscle Damage and Function." Nutrients 10, no. 5 (April 29, 2018): 552. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu10050552.
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Nutritional supplementation not only helps in improving and maintaining performance in sports and exercise, but also contributes in reducing exercise fatigue and in recovery from exhaustion. Fish oil contains large amounts of omega-3 fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5 n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6 n-3). It is widely known that omega-3 fatty acids are effective for improving cardiac function, depression, cognitive function, and blood as well as lowering blood pressure. In the relationship between omega-3 fatty acids and exercise performance, previous studies have been predicted improved endurance performance, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory responses, and effectivity against delayed-onset muscle soreness. However, the optimal dose, duration, and timing remain unclear. This review focuses on the effects of omega-3 fatty acid on muscle damage and function as evaluated by human and animal studies and summarizes its effects on muscle and nerve damage, and muscle mass and strength.
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Best, Catherine A., Joanne E. Cluette-Brown, Miho Teruya, Ami Teruya, and Michael Laposata. "Red blood cell fatty acid ethyl esters." Journal of Lipid Research 44, no. 3 (January 1, 2003): 612–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1194/jlr.m200398-jlr200.
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Panaroni, Cristina, Keertik Fulzele, Tomoaki Mori, Chukwuamaka Onyewadume, and Noopur S. Raje. "Multiple Myeloma Cells Induce Lipolysis in Adipocytes and Uptake Fatty Acids through Fatty Acid Transporter Proteins." Blood 136, Supplement 1 (November 5, 2020): 41–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2020-142625.
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Multiple myeloma (MM) originates in the bone marrow where adipocytes occupy 65% of the cellular volume in a typical myeloma patient. Cancer associated adipocytes support the initiation, progression, and survival of solid tumors via mechanisms including adipokine secretion, modulation of the tumor microenvironment, and metabolic reprogramming of cancer cells. Although MM cells are surrounded by abundant bone marrow adipocytes (BMAd), the nature of their interaction remains unclear. Recent studies have elucidated the role of BMAds in supporting the survival of MM cells, in part, through secreted adiponectin. Increased fatty acid (FA) metabolism may result in metabolic reprogramming of cancer cells impacting their growth and survival. Here, we hypothesize that MM cells extract FA from adipocytes for their growth. We first characterized mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from MGUS, smoldering MM (SMM), and newly diagnosed MM (NDMM) patients by flow cytometry analysis. MSCs showed significant increase in Pref1, leptin receptor and perilipin A, suggesting increased adipogenic commitment. MSCs from healthy donors (HD), MGUS, SMM, and NDMM patients were induced to differentiate into adipocytes and then co-cultured with human MM MM.1S cells. After 72 hr of co-culture, CyQUANT assay demonstrated significant increase in proliferation of MM.1S cells in the presence of BMAd from HD; this was further increased in the presence of BMAd from MGUS/SMM and NDMM. These data suggest that the BMAd support the growth of MM cells and this effect is more pronounced in patient derived BMAd. A PCR-array targeting lipid metabolism on BM fat aspirates showed significant deregulation of genes involved in FA synthesis and lipolysis. Taken together, our data suggest that BMAd in MM patients are altered to further support the aggressive expansion of MM cells. The proliferative-supportive role of adipocytes was further validated in co-culture of OP9 murine BM stromal preadipocytes with 5TGM1 murine MM cells. To study the bidirectional interaction of MM/ BMAd, mature OP9 adipocytes were co-cultured with 5TGM1 or human OPM2 MM cells for 24 hr. Intracellular lipid droplets were labelled with Deep Red LipidTox stain. The lipid droplet sizes were significantly decreased in the presence of both 5TGM1 and OPM2 cells compared to OP9 alone. The decrease in lipid size suggested that MM cells may induce lipolysis in adipocytes. Indeed, 24hr co-culture of 5TGM1 cells with OP9 mature adipocytes significantly increased lipolysis 3-fold as measured by glycerol secretion in conditioned media. Co-culture of OP9 adipocytes with other MM cell lines of human origin, MM.1S, INA6, KMS-12 PE, and OPM2 also significantly increased the glycerol production as much as 4-fold. Taken together these data indicate that MM cells induce lipolysis in adipocytes. In contrast, treatment of 5TGM1 cells with synthetic catecholamine isoproterenol did not induce lipolysis, or glycerol production, indicating lack of triglyceride storage. Next, we hypothesized that the free FAs released from adipocytes are taken up by MM cells for various biological processes. To test this, 5TGM1, MM.1S and OPM2 cells were incubated with BODIPY-C12 and BODIPY-C16, the BODIPY-fluorophore labelled 12-carbon and 16-carbon long chain FA. All MM cells showed saturated uptake of the FA within 10 minutes suggesting that MM cells have efficient FA transporters. To confirm this uptake, unstained 5TGM1, OPM2 and KMS12 PE cells were co-cultured with the LipidTox-labelled OP9 mature adipocytes. After 24 hours, flow cytometric analysis showed LipidTox signal in MM cells. These data demonstrate that FAs released by MM induced adipocyte lipolysis are taken up by MM cells. Long-chain FAs such as BODIPY-C12 and BODIPY-C16 are transported into cells through FA transporter protein (FATP) family of lipid transporters. We therefore analyzed patient samples which showed that CD138+ plasmacells and myeloma cells expressed high levels of FATP1 and FATP4 whereas, their expression was absent in lineage-sibling T-cells. Moreover, pretreatment with Lipofermata, a FATP inhibitor, was able to decrease the uptake of BODIPY-C12 and -C16 in 5TGM1 cells. Taken together, our data show that myeloma cells induce lipolysis in adipocytes and the released free FAs are then uptaken by myeloma cells through FATPs. Inhibiting myeloma cell induced lipolysis or uptake of FA through FATPs may be a potential anti-tumor strategy. Disclosures Fulzele: FORMA Therapeutics, Inc: Current Employment, Other: Shareholder of Forma Therapeutics. Raje:Amgen: Consultancy; bluebird bio: Consultancy, Research Funding; Caribou: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Immuneel: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Bristol Myers Squibb: Consultancy; Celgene: Consultancy; Immuneel: Consultancy; Janssen: Consultancy; Karyopharm: Consultancy; Takeda: Consultancy.
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Jones, Hayley S., Larry J. Minter, Craig Harms, Doug Bibus, Liz Koutsos, and Kimberly Ange-van Heugten. "Fatty Acid Profiles in Managed Care Green and Kemp’s Ridley Turtles over Time." Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens 3, no. 4 (October 31, 2022): 545–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jzbg3040040.
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To understand fatty acid status and the potential impact of sample storage, dried blood spot (DBS) samples were collected from fourteen green turtles and ten Kemp’s ridleys undergoing rehabilitation. Half the DBS samples from each animal species were collected in 2021 and sent for immediate analysis while the other half were collected in 2017 from different animals and stored at −80 °C for 4 years before analysis. The blood fatty acid profiles in both species during rehabilitation differed visually from prior wild turtle data. Essential fatty acids linoleic (18:2w6) and linolenic acid (18:3w3) were higher in green turtles than in Kemp’s ridleys but both were approximately half of the percentage previously found in wild turtles. No difference in arachidonic acid between species in rehabilitation were found but percentages were approximately 10% of wild representatives. Sea turtle diets in rehabilitation management may need to be evaluated to ensure species-specific fatty acid balance. Twenty-eight of the 36 individual fatty acids tested were found and all seven fatty acid groupings were detected. When analyzed by storage time, 11 individual fatty acids and four fatty acid groups differed (p = 0.05). When compared by species, 14 individual fatty acids and three groups differed. Current data suggest DBS samples may be best utilized when analyzed immediately.
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ALI, FATIMA YOUSAF. "TRANS FATTY ACID;." Professional Medical Journal 20, no. 01 (December 10, 2012): 035–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2013.20.01.593.
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Objectives: To find out the correlation between the consumption of trans fatty acid and fasting lipid profile & body mass index(BMI) in patients suffering from coronary heart disease. Study Design: Prospective, comparative clinical study. Study Site & Duration:This study was conducted at Shafakhana Sahib az Zaman Medical Hospital Quetta from April, 2007 to May, 2008. Material & Methods:This comparative clinical trial was conducted on 50 patients (n=50) to find out the correlation between the consumption of trans fattyacid and fasting lipid profile & body mass index (BMI) in patients suffering from coronary heart disease. Detail history about the use ofTrans fats containing products was recorded. Patient’s height and weight was recorded by standard calibrated standiometer. The fastingglucose and lipid profile was performed by overnight fasting of 12 hours. The patients was divided into group I (n=18), who used Transfats free oil/ghee and group II (n=32), who used trans fats containing ghee. The results of the two groups were compared and correlationof different variables was determined. Results: The study result shows that mean age 58.428 ±9.67721 years, mean height 5.476±.5899 feet, mean weight 61.5 ±4.8793 Kg and mean BMI was 22.35 ±5.24195 Kg/m2. There was slightly higher value of BMI in groupII. The comparison of serum lipid profile and glucose among the two groups shows that there is a correlation of Trans fatty acid withcertain parameters like high density lipoprotein (HDL) and total lipid with p-value of 0.027 & 0.014 respectively. Similarly serumcholesterol and low density lipoprotein (LDL) correlated with Trans fats lipid having both p- value of 0.000. Conclusions: There is acorrelation of Trans fatty acid with serum cholesterol, LDL, HDL and total lipid. The consumption of Trans fatty acid has shown positivecorrelation of certain parameters with each others like weight shows correlation with serum cholesterol, LDL and total lipid, LDL showscorrelation with diastolic blood pressure, triglyceride shows correlation with systolic blood pressure while BMI shows negativecorrelation with HDL.
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Maciejewska, Dominika, Joanna Palma, Karolina Dec, Karolina Skonieczna-Żydecka, Izabela Gutowska, Małgorzata Szczuko, Karolina Jakubczyk, and Ewa Stachowska. "Is the Fatty Acids Profile in Blood a Good Predictor of Liver Changes? Correlation of Fatty Acids Profile with Fatty Acids Content in the Liver." Diagnostics 9, no. 4 (November 19, 2019): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics9040197.
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Background: Existing data show a correlation between the profile of fatty acids, liver, and blood. Therefore, the aim of our study was to investigate the correlation between the fatty acids profile in blood pallets and the liver. Methods: The experiment was performed on 60 eight-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats. The study group (n = 30, 5 groups, 6 rats each) received a cholesterol diet; the control group (n = 30, 5 groups, 6 rats each) received standard food for laboratory rats. The rats from both the study and control groups were sacrificed after 2, 4, 8, 12, and 16 weeks of dietary exposure. The fatty acids profile was measured using gas chromatography (GC). Results: In both the control and study group, the highest correlations were observed in palmitoleic acid (RHO = 0.68), heptadecanoic acid (RHO = 0.65), vaccenic acid (RHO = 0.72), eicosapentaenoic acid (RHO = 0.68), docosapentaenoic acid (RHO = 0.77), and docosahexaenoic (RHO = 0.77). Among liver indexes, the highest correlations were desaturase-18 (0.61). Conclusions: Fatty acids profile is a sensitive marker of the development of potentially pathological changes in the liver. The potential markers of fatty liver are: oleic acid, vaccenic acid, EPA, DHA, docosapentaenoic acid, and desaturase index (SCD-18 index).
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Liu, Z. L., D. P. Yang, P. Chen, S. B. Lin, X. Y. Jiang, W. S. Zhao, J. LiM, and W. X. Dong. "Effect of dietary sources of roasted oilseeds on blood parameters and milk fatty acid composition." Czech Journal of Animal Science 53, No. 5 (May 16, 2008): 219–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/309-cjas.
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The aim of this experiment was to investigate the effect of supplementing the basal diet with oilseeds on blood parameters and composition of milk fatty acids, especially conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). Forty-eight lactating Holstein cows in early lactation were used in a randomized block design. The cows in each group were fed the control basal diet (the control diet) or diets containing roasted soybean (RSB), roasted linseed (RLS), roasted sunflower seed (RSS), hulled roasted peanut (HRP) and roasted cottonseed (RCS), respectively. Milk yield and dry matter intake (DMI) were not significantly different. Milk fat percentage and yield decreased (<I>P</I> < 0.05) in RLS, RSS and RCS diets compared with the control. Feeding various oilseeds had no effect on plasma parameters, but it tended to increase concentrations of <I>trans</I> C18:1 and C18:2 in plasma. In milk fat, the concentrations of short and medium fatty acids decreased while C<sub>18</sub> unsaturated fatty acids increased when the cows were fed oilseed diets. <I>Ci</I>s-9, <I>trans </I> -11 CLA content increased (<I>P</I> < 0.01) in the milk fat of cows fed oilseeds. RSB treatment produced the highest (<I>P</I> < 0.01) content of<I> cis</I>-9, <I>trans </I> -11 CLA, which was a 60% increase compared with the control. The results indicate that the diets supplemented with oilseeds improve the content of C<sub>18</sub> unsaturated fatty acids and CLA in milk fat, and soybeans seem to be the optimal source to improve the nutritive value of milk compared with other oilseeds.
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Dass, Khushboo, Gregory A. Lewbart, Juan Pablo Muñoz-Pérez, Maryuri I. Yépez, Andrea Loyola, Emile Chen, and Diego Páez-Rosas. "Whole blood fatty acid concentrations in the San Cristóbal Galápagos tortoise (Chelonoidis chathamensis)." PeerJ 9 (June 30, 2021): e11582. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11582.
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To continue releasing San Cristóbal Galápagos tortoises housed in managed-care facilities at the Giant Tortoise Breeding Center of Galápagos National Park (Galapaguera de Cerro Colorado) to the Otoy Ecological Farm, health assessments and physical examinations were conducted. As a part of these wellness examinations, blood was drawn from 11 tortoises to analyze fatty acid concentrations. Fatty acid levels can provide insight into the nutritional profiles, immune status, and reproductive health of vertebrates. To the co-author’s knowledge, there is no current information about fatty acids in this species. It was hypothesized that there would be inherent differences based on the different geographic ranges, diets, sex, and age of turtles. It was noted that the ω-6/ω-3 ratio was higher for the breeding center than for the ecological farm and that overall polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) did not have any significant differences. The ω-6/ω-3 findings can contribute to a global picture of these fatty acids across taxa, as reptiles are underrepresented in this area of research. Additional results are a resourceful starting point for future investigations into how fatty acids are affected in Galápagos tortoises.
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Kucska, Balázs, András Szabó, Chris Blake, Csaba Hancz, and Dániel Varga. "Effect of feed restriction on fatty acid profile, body composition and selected blood parameters of intensive reared pike (Esox lucius)." Acta Agraria Kaposváriensis 25, no. 1 (July 1, 2021): 29–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.31914/aak.2505.
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This study investigated the effects of a six-week starvation period on the fatty acid profile, body composition and blood parameters of intensively reared pike (Esox lucius). 150 pike were stocked in an experimental recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) and feed was completely withdrawn. Body composition, fatty acid composition and blood parameters (serum protein, albumin, triacylglycerol, cholesterol concentration and Lactate dehidrigenase and alkaline phosphatase activity) were measured and somatic indices were calculated. A significant decline in bodyweight, crude fat content and somatic indices was accompanied by a significant decrease of blood triacylglycerol content. The relative proportion of saturated fatty acids in the fillet decreased, while polyunsaturated fatty acids increased. There was also a significant increase in the average chain length and unsaturation index of fatty acids found in the fillet flesh.
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Gonçalves de Albuquerque, Cassiano Felippe, Patrícia Burth, Mauricio Younes Ibrahim, Diogo Gomes Garcia, Patrícia Torres Bozza, Hugo Caire Castro Faria Neto, and Mauro Velho Castro Faria. "Reduced Plasma Nonesterified Fatty Acid Levels and the Advent of an Acute Lung Injury in Mice after Intravenous or Enteral Oleic Acid Administration." Mediators of Inflammation 2012 (2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/601032.
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Although exerting valuable functions in living organisms, nonesterified fatty acids (NEFAs) can be toxic to cells. Increased blood concentration of oleic acid (OLA) and other fatty acids is detected in many pathological conditions. In sepsis and leptospirosis, high plasma levels of NEFA and low albumin concentrations are correlated to the disease severity. Surprisingly, 24 h after intravenous or intragastric administration of OLA, main NEFA levels (OLA inclusive) were dose dependently decreased. However, lung injury was detected in intravenously treated mice, and highest dose killed all mice. When administered by the enteral route, OLA was not toxic in any tested conditions. Results indicate that OLA has important regulatory properties on fatty acid metabolism, possibly lowering circulating fatty acid through activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. The significant reduction in blood NEFA levels detected after OLA enteral administration can contribute to the already known health benefits brought about by unsaturated-fatty-acid-enriched diets.
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Cerovic, Aleksandra, Ivanka Miletic, Dusko Blagojevic, Sladjana Sobajic, Miodrag Colic, Milijana Vasiljevska, and Milica Poznanic. "The effect of zinc diet on distribution of fatty acid in blood plasma chylomicrons." Jugoslovenska medicinska biohemija 24, no. 1 (2005): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jmh0501015c.
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The effect of dietary zinc on the distribution of fatty acids in blood plasma chylomicrons was studied. The experiment was performed on male Mongolian Gerbils, fed ad libitum for 3 weeks with standard diet, containing 8 or 38 mg of Zn per kg of food (low zinc diet group, LZ, and saturated zinc diet group, SZ, respectivelly). At the 21st day gerbils were given sunflower oil by gavage. After 2.5 hours, blood was collected from abdominal vein, and samples were pooled (five animals per one sample). Chylomicron fractions were isolated by ultracentrifugation and mass of dried chylomicrons was measured. Fatty acid composition was analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography. Significantly higher amount of chylomicrons in blood plasma of SZ than in LZ group was found. In chylomicrons, following fatty acids were found: 16:0, 16:1, 17:0, 17:1, 18:0, 18:1, 18:2, 18:3, 20:0, 21:0 and 20:4. The amount of individual fatty acids in chylomicrons in both groups was similar, except 20:4 where lower amount in SZ group was found. Zinc diet did not affect fatty acid distribution in chylomicrons of both groups. Animals fed with zinc saturated diet had higher amount of fatty acids in blood plasma. Observed results suggest that dietary zinc influences the quantity of fatty acids absorption but not its distribution in chylomicrons.
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BROUWERS, Jos F. H. M., Cornelis VERSLUIS, Lambert M. G. van GOLDE, and Aloysius G. M. TIELENS. "5-Octadecenoic acid: evidence for a novel type of fatty acid modification in schistosomes." Biochemical Journal 334, no. 2 (September 1, 1998): 315–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj3340315.
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The lipid metabolism of schistosomes is characterized by several intriguing adaptations to a parasitic way of living. The surface of the parasite consists of two closely apposed phospholipid bilayers, a structure unique to blood flukes. Schistosomes do not synthesize fatty acids de novo, but are able to modify fatty acids, which they obtain from the host, by chain elongation. Here we present evidence that schistosomes are capable of another type of fatty acid modification, resulting in the formation of 5-octadecenoic acid [C18:1(5)]. This highly unusual fatty acid, which is absent in the blood of the host, was shown to be almost exclusively located in the outer membrane complex of the schistosome. Within these membranes, it was almost exclusively present in one molecular phospholipid species, 1-palmitoyl-2,5-octadecenoyl phosphatidylcholine [C16:0–18:1(5)PtdCho]. Apart from dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine, this was the most abundant phosphatidylcholine species in the outer membrane complex. The specific synthesis by the schistosome of C18:1(5) and the highly specific localization of this fatty acid to the tegumental membranes suggest an important tegument-mediated role for this lipid.
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Weili, Zhang. "Comparative Long-chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Levels in Blood, Placenta and Cord Blood of Pregnant Women with or without Pre-eclampsia." BIOMEDICA 36, no. 4 (December 31, 2020): 379–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.51441/biomedica/5-83.
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Background and Objective: Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) play an important role in the regulation of fat metabolism in the placenta and fetus. Changes in placental function in pre-eclampsia affect the transport of fatty acids and affect fetal nutrition. The aim of the study was to compare LCPUFA levels in blood, placenta and cord blood of pregnant women with or without pre-eclampsia. Methods: The blood, placenta and umbilical cord blood of pregnant women (n = 30 each) who were normotensive and with pre-eclampsia were collected. The levels of fatty acids in maternal blood, placenta and umbilical cord blood were determined by the quartz capillary gas chromatography technique. Results: The average age of normal pregnant women was 27.0±4.5 years and that of pre-eclampsia pregnant women was 30±4.0 years (P > 0.05). The levels of total fatty acids, arachidonic acid (AA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were higher in pregnant women with pre-eclampsia than in normal women. The level of linoleic acid in cord blood and placenta was significantly higher in pre-eclampsia group than in the normal pregnant women while linoleic acid content in maternal blood being lower in pre-eclampsia group compared to the normal maternal group. Conclusion: The changes of LCPUFA in blood, placenta and umbilical blood of pre-eclampsia may be related to the changes of LCPUFA in placenta. These changes may be involved in the pathophysiological process of pre-eclampsia. Maternal supplement of LCPUFA, such as DHA, in early gestation may be helpful in improving morbidity associated with maternal eclampsia.
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Khamagaeva, I. S., N. A. Zambalova, A. V. Tsyzhipova, and A. T. Bubeev. "The development of a biologically active additive to reduce the blood cholesterol level." E3S Web of Conferences 161 (2020): 01093. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202016101093.
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The relationship between the content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) of flaxseed oil and the cholesterol-metabolizing activity of various strains of bifidobacteria was studied. The optimum dose of linseed oil in a nutrient medium for the cultivation of bifidobacteria was selected to provide high cholesterol destruction compared to the control. Of all the studied strains of bifidobacteria, the most pronounced destructive activity against cholesterol is displayed by the strain Bifidobacterium longum DK-100, which, with the biomass growth in a nutrient medium of linseed oil destroys 74% of the total cholesterol. When studying the fatty acid composition of the biomass of bifidobacteria, the oleic acid was found to predominate among monounsaturated fatty acids, and the α-linolenic acid to prevail among polyunsaturated fatty acids, that amounted to 44-45%. A decrease in the content of linolenic acid during the cultivation of bifidobacteria was noted, which is probably due to their participation of bifidobacteria in the metabolism. As a result of the studies, the optimum conditions for the cultivation of bifidobacteria were selected and the technological parameters of producing dietary supplements were justified.
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Suleimanova, Roza, Dmytro Melnychuk, and Liliia Kalachniuk. "INDICES OF FATTY ACIDS SPECTRUM OF LIPIDS IN THE BLOOD SERUM OF STERLET OF DIFFERENT AGE." EUREKA: Life Sciences 2 (March 30, 2018): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.21303/2504-5695.2018.00578.
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As the only sturgeon living in freshwater, sterlet is important for breeding in industrial fish farms, where lately cases of early mortality of this species have been detected. Hence, in order to preserve the species, it is important to study the parameters of fatty acid (FA) composition of lipid fractions of the blood serum of sterlet. Here we present changes of fatty acid composition in different lipid fractions of the blood serum of sterlets of different age (namely two-, three- and nine-year-old) with the masses 0.3–0.4, 0.5–0.6 and 5–6 kgfor the age-groups of fish, respectively. Fatty acid (FA) composition was determined using gas-chromatography on HRGC 5300 (Italy) in Palladin Institute of Biochemistry of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (NASU). Fatty acid composition of starlet blood serum is presented by saturated and unsaturated high-molecular weight carboxylic acids, mostly palmic, stearic, oleic and linoleic. In the phospholipids fraction, there was a moderate increase in saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids and a slight decrease in polyunsaturated fatty acids depending on the age of fish. As for free fatty acids, there was a drop in the saturated ones depending on the starlet age. Among the free fatty acids of sterlet blood serum, we identified 28 acids, of them 39 %, 35 % and 30 % were saturated in 2-, 3-year-old and mature fish, respectively. Monounsaturated FA content was 14 %, 23 % and 23 % in 2-, 3-year-old and adult sterlet fish, and polyunsaturated FA content –46 %, 41 % and 36 %, respectively. The data can be used for the theoretical verification of correcting supplementary feed and premixes.
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Heniff, Ashlyn C., Larry J. Minter, Craig A. Harms, Doug Bibus, Elizabeth A. Koutsos, and Kimberly D. Ange-van Heugten. "Whole Blood Fatty Acid Profiles of Cold-Stunned Juvenile Green, Kemp’s Ridley, and Loggerhead Sea Turtles." Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens 4, no. 1 (December 26, 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jzbg4010001.
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When subjected to cold environmental temperatures, cheloniid sea turtles can experience debilitating lethargy, anorexia, and potential mortality in a phenomenon known as cold-stunning. Every year, hundreds to thousands of cold-stunned sea turtles are transported to rehabilitation centers for medical and nutritional care. The objective of this study was to investigate one aspect of nutritional status in cold-stunned sea turtles: fatty acid profiles. Blood was collected from eleven green (Chelonia mydas), twelve Kemp’s ridley (Lepidochelys kempii), and three loggerhead (Caretta caretta) juvenile sea turtles found cold-stunned along the coast of North Carolina, USA. Whole blood (~160 µL) was dried onto specialized paper spot cards, frozen, and subsequently analyzed via gas chromatography to quantify fatty acid percentages. Significant differences among species were identified for 19 out of 36 individual fatty acids analyzed and six out of seven fatty acid groups evaluated (P < 0.5). The whole blood fatty acid profiles of cold-stunned green and Kemp’s ridley sea turtles were similar to prior published profiles of healthy conspecifics. Marginal numerical differences noted upon visual comparison included that cold-stunned sea turtles had lower proportions of total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and monoenes and higher proportions of total saturated fatty acids relative to healthy conspecifics. These differences may reflect acute impacts of cold-stunning on circulating plasma fatty acids or may be the result of natural seasonal variations. These data provide practical information to aid in the diet design of sea turtles in rehabilitation settings.
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Şengü, A. Y., and S. Çalişlar. "Effect of partial replacement of soybean and corn with raw or processed chickpea." South African Journal of Animal Science 50, no. 3 (August 27, 2020): 461–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/sajas.v50i3.13.
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This study was conducted to investigate the effects of using raw and processed chickpeas in various ways and levels in rations of egg-laying quail on egg yolk fat content, egg yolk fatty acid profile and some blood parameters. Chickpeas were used raw, autoclaved, and microwaved, and were included in the rations on two levels (20% and 40%). The treatments were designed as seven groups, consisting of control, 20% and 40% raw, 20% and 40% autoclaved, and 20% and 40% microwaved. Each group was designed as three repetitions. Quail were housed in multi-storey cages for nine weeks. As a result, the differences between the control and treatment groups were significant (P <0.05, P <0.01) in terms of the ratios of linoleic acid, α-linoleic acid, total saturated fatty acids, and palmitic acid among the egg yolk fatty acids and significant in the ALT levels of the blood parameters (P <0.01), and not significant for the other parameters.Keywords: blood parameters, chickpeas, cholesterol, fatty acids, quail
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See, Valene H. L., Emilie Mas, Susan L. Prescott, Lawrence J. Beilin, Sally Burrows, Anne E. Barden, Rae-Chi Huang, and Trevor A. Mori. "Effects of prenatal n-3 fatty acid supplementation on offspring resolvins at birth and 12 years of age: a double-blind, randomised controlled clinical trial." British Journal of Nutrition 118, no. 11 (November 27, 2017): 971–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114517002914.
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AbstractResolution of inflammation is an active process involving specialised pro-resolving mediators (SPM) generated from the n-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA. n-3 Fatty acid supplementation during pregnancy may provide an intervention strategy to modify these novel SPM. This study aimed to assess the effect of n-3 fatty acid supplementation in pregnancy on offspring SPM at birth and 12 years of age (12 years). In all, ninety-eight atopic pregnant women were randomised to 3·7 g daily n-3 fatty acids or a control (olive oil), from 20 weeks gestation until delivery. Blood was collected from the offspring at birth and at 12 years. Plasma SPM consisting of 18-hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid (18-HEPE), E-series resolvins, 17-hydroxydocosahexaenoic acid (17-HDHA), D-series resolvins, 14-hydroxydocosahexaenoic acid (14-HDHA), 10 S,17S-dihydroxydocosahexaenoic acid, maresins and protectin 1, were measured by liquid chromatography-tandem MS. We identified the resolvins RvE1, RvE2, RvE3, RvD1, 17R-RvD1 and RvD2 for the first time in human cord blood. n-3 Fatty acids increased cord blood 18-HEPE (P<0·001) derived from EPA relative to the control group. DHA-derived 17-HDHA at birth was significantly increased in the n-3 fatty acid group relative to the controls (P=0·001), but other SPM were not different between the groups. n-3 Fatty acid supplementation during pregnancy was associated with an increase in SPM precursors in the offspring at birth but the effects were not sustained at 12 years. The presence of these SPM, particularly at birth, may have functions relevant in the newborn that remain to be established, which may be useful for future investigations.
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Aardema, H., F. Lolicato, B. A. J. Roelen, P. L. A. M. Vos, J. B. Helms, and B. M. Gadella. "1 CUMULUS CELLS PROTECT OOCYTES AGAINST POTENTIAL LIPOTOXICITY FROM ELEVATED FREE FATTY ACID CONCENTRATIONS IN FOLLICULAR FLUID." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 25, no. 1 (2013): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv25n1ab1.
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Metabolic conditions characterized by elevated free fatty acid levels in the blood are often associated with reduced fertility performance. Increased concentrations of saturated free fatty acids can induce lipotoxicity in cumulus–oocyte-complexes in vitro, while unsaturated fatty acids like oleic acid are mostly harmless and able to counteract the impact of saturated fatty acids (Aardema et al. 2011 Biol. Reprod. 85, 62–69). This study investigates the impact of elevated free fatty acids in the blood on the follicular fluid and the lipid of cumulus and oocytes derived from these follicles. Furthermore, in vitro maturing oocytes were exposed to free fatty acid concentrations measured in follicles of control and metabolically stressed animals from this study to determine the impact on oocyte developmental competence. Cyclic heifers (n = 12) were synchronized (7 days CIDR®) and superstimulated from Day 10 of the synchronized cycle [4 days of Folltropin-V® (Bioniche Animal Health Inc., Belleville, ON, Canada) in decreasing doses; in total 200 mg]. Heifers received ad libitum grass silage, apart from the experimental group (n = 6), which was metabolically stressed during the period of superstimulation. Ovaries were collected by ovariectomy at final maturation, 22 h after the induced LH peak. Follicular fluids and cumulus–oocyte complexes (COC) were collected from follicles of ≥8 mm. To determine the free fatty acid and lipid composition, blood, follicular fluid, cumulus cells, and oocytes were analyzed with mass spectrometry. The COC (4 runs, 400 per group) derived from slaughterhouse ovaries were in vitro matured in a standard medium without or with the dominating free fatty acids, saturated palmitic and stearic and unsaturated oleic acid, in concentrations measured in follicular fluid of control (80, 70, and 100 µM) and experimental heifers (150, 100, and 200 µM) and fertilized and cultured until the blastocyst stage. Culture data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and lipid data by two-sample t-test (P ≤ 0.05 considered significant). Procedures were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. Metabolic stress resulted in elevated free fatty acid levels in blood (from 430 ± 70 to 1048 ± 190 µM) and follicular fluid (from 357 ± 72 to 670 ± 133 µM), with relatively high oleic acid concentrations in follicular fluid (+10%). The increased levels of free fatty acids in follicular fluid resulted in a massive increase of fatty acids in the cumulus cells, but oocytes did only show marginal changes. In line with this, maturation in the presence of elevated palmitic, stearic, and oleic acid did not impair oocyte developmental competence and resulted in comparable blastocyst rates for the standard medium and the free fatty acid control and metabolic stress medium (31 ± 8.7, 34 ± 7.8, and 28 ± 1.7%). Thus, cumulus cells appear to protect oocytes against potential lipotoxicity from elevated free fatty acid concentrations by the accumulation of these fatty acids. This work was funded by Pfizer Animal Health.
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Kabagambe, Edmond K., Michael Y. Tsai, Paul N. Hopkins, Jose M. Ordovas, James M. Peacock, Ingrid B. Borecki, and Donna K. Arnett. "Erythrocyte Fatty Acid Composition and the Metabolic Syndrome: A National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute GOLDN Study." Clinical Chemistry 54, no. 1 (January 1, 2008): 154–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2007.095059.
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Abstract Background: Different fatty acids may vary in their effect on the metabolic syndrome (MetS). We tested whether fatty acid classes measured in erythrocytes are associated with the MetS or its components. Methods: Included were men [n = 497; mean (SD) age, 49 (16) years] and women [n = 539; age, 48 (16) years] from 187 families in a National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) family study of the Genetics of Lipid-Lowering Drugs and Diet Network (GOLDN) conducted in Utah and Minnesota. We used gas chromatography to measure erythrocyte fatty acids and obtained data on potential confounding variables from interviewer-administered questionnaires. Results: The prevalence of the MetS as defined by the updated Adult Treatment Panel III criteria was 36.8% in Utah and 39.6% in Minnesota (P >0.05). In a multivariate model that included 4 fatty acid classes, covariates, and pedigree as a random effect, the odds ratios (95% confidence interval) for the MetS in the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th quartile of polyunsaturated fatty acids were 1.00, 0.72 (0.47–1.10), 0.67 (0.43–1.05), and 0.39 (0.24–0.64), respectively (P for trend = 0.0002). For the corresponding quartiles of saturated fatty acids, the odds ratios were 1.00, 1.19 (0.77–1.84), 1.48 (0.94–2.34), and 1.63 (1.01–2.63), respectively (P for trend = 0.03). Unlike n6 fatty acids, which showed an inverse association (P <0.05) with MetS, n3, trans, and monounsaturated fatty acids were not associated with the MetS (P >0.05). We observed significant correlations (P <0.05) between fatty acid classes, insulin, and components of the MetS. Conclusions: Polyunsaturated fats are inversely associated with the MetS, whereas saturated fatty acids are positively associated with the MetS, probably through their effect on lipids, adiposity, insulin, and blood pressure.
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Ekici, Merve, Ucler Kisa, Senay Arikan Durmaz, Elif Ugur, and Reyhan Nergiz-Unal. "Fatty acid transport receptor soluble CD36 and dietary fatty acid pattern in type 2 diabetic patients: a comparative study." British Journal of Nutrition 119, no. 2 (January 23, 2018): 153–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114517003269.
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AbstractRecently, it has been remarked that dietary fatty acids and fatty acid receptors might be involved in the aetiology of diabetes. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the relationship between dietary fatty acid pattern, fatty food preferences and soluble CD36 (sCD36) and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). The study was carried out with thirty-eight newly diagnosed type 2 DM patients and thirty-seven healthy volunteers, aged 30–65 years. In the study, socio-demographic characteristics, dietary fat type and fatty acid pattern of individuals were recorded. After anthropometric measurements were taken, blood CD36, glucose, TAG and insulin levels were analysed. The results showed that although the type of fatty acid intake did not differ between the groups (P>0·05), the consumption of olive oil in the type 2 DM group was lower than the control group (P<0·05). Mean blood glucose, insulin, insulin resistance, TAG and sCD36 levels were determined to be higher in the type 2 DM group (P<0·05). However, there was no correlation between sCD36 levels and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) value, blood insulin and TAG levels, waist circumference, dietary fatty acid pattern and food preferences in the type 2 DM group (P>0·05). Crucially, elevated sCD36 levels increased the type 2 DM risk (OR 1·21, P<0·05). In conclusion, sCD36 level may be a possible biomarker, independent from the dietary fatty acid pattern, for type 2 DM owing to its higher levels in these patients. Therefore, the new insights make CD36 attractive as a therapeutic target for diabetes.
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Corrigan, Frank, Ron Gray, Amanda Strathdee, Roy Skinner, Anton Van Rhijn, and David Horrobin. "Fatty acid analysis of blood from violent offenders." Journal of Forensic Psychiatry 5, no. 1 (May 1994): 83–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09585189408410899.
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Spector, Reynold. "Fatty Acid Transport Through the Blood-Brain Barrier." Journal of Neurochemistry 50, no. 2 (February 1988): 639–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1988.tb02958.x.
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Miyake, Teruki, Shinya Furukawa, Bunzo Matsuura, Osamu Yoshida, Masumi Miyazaki, Akihito Shiomi, Sayaka Kanzaki, et al. "Plasma Fatty Acid Composition Is Associated with Histological Findings of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis." Biomedicines 10, no. 10 (October 12, 2022): 2540. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10102540.
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The relationship between advanced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and plasma fatty acid composition remains unknown. We aimed to examine the plasma fatty acid composition in biopsy-confirmed nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and evaluate the relationship between histological findings and fatty acid composition. Overall, 235 patients (134 women) with NAFLD were enrolled. Comprehensive blood chemistry tests and histological examinations of liver samples were conducted. Multivariate analyses adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, alanine aminotransferase, hemoglobin A1c, creatinine, total cholesterol, triglyceride, and NAFLD Activity Score values showed that lower levels of arachidic, behenic, α-linolenic, eicosatetraenoic, docosapentaenoic, and docosahexaenoic acids and higher levels of mead acid were associated with fibrosis stage 3–4. Furthermore, higher lauric acid, myristic acid, and palmitic acid levels and monounsaturated fatty acids such as palmitoleic acid and oleic acid were significantly associated with high NAS in analyses adjusted for the same factors and fibrosis stage. The plasma fatty acid composition was associated with the histological evidence of NASH. Increased synthesis of fatty acids is associated with NASH; insufficient intake of n-3 essential fatty acids and reduced elongation of fatty acids are associated with fibrosis in NASH. These features may help clinicians to understand and treat advanced NASH cases.
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Frayn, K. N., S. Shadid, R. Hamlani, S. M. Humphreys, M. L. Clark, B. A. Fielding, O. Boland, and S. W. Coppack. "Regulation of fatty acid movement in human adipose tissue in the postabsorptive-to-postprandial transition." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 266, no. 3 (March 1, 1994): E308—E317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1994.266.3.e308.
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There is net outward flow of fatty acids from adipose tissue in the fasted state but net inward flow and storage in the postprandial state. We investigated how this is regulated. Arteriovenous differences were measured across a subcutaneous adipose depot in six normal subjects before and for 5 h after a meal containing 80 g fat and 80 g carbohydrate. In five further experiments, insulin was infused at 40 mU.m-2.min-1 from 30 min after the meal, clamping the plasma glucose. Net transcapillary fatty acid flow changed from negative (outward flow from tissue to capillaries) in the postabsorptive state to consistently positive (net inward flow, implying fat storage) after the meal despite continued net efflux of fatty acids into venous blood. In the "clamped" experiments (with additional insulin), net fatty acid efflux in the venous blood was suppressed and positive transcapillary flux (storage) was more marked. Regulation of fatty acid flow appeared to depend on coordinated changes in hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) action and fatty acid esterification. Additional insulin caused no further suppression of HSL or activation of LPL but markedly stimulated fatty acid retention (presumed to represent esterification). In the absence of additional insulin, a high proportion of the fatty acids liberated by LPL are released into the venous plasma in both postabsorptive and postprandial states. We hypothesize that this "loss" of fatty acids is necessary to give precise control to the pathway of fat storage.
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Ferraz Porto Junior, Antonio, Fabiano Ferreira da Silva, Robério Rodrigues Silva, Dicastro Dias de Souza, Edvaldo Nascimento Costa, Evely Giovanna Leite Costa, Bismarck Moreira Santiago, and Geónes Da Silva Gonçalves. "Perfil de ácidos grasos de la leche de vacas Holstein x Cebú alimentadas con pasta de licuri." Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Pecuarias 12, no. 1 (June 15, 2021): 72–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.22319/rmcp.v12i1.4764.
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The objective was to evaluate the inclusion level of licuri cake (LC) in the diet of confined cows on fatty acid profile and milk cholesterol. Four cows with a blood level of ½ to ¾ Holstein x Zebu blood were used, distributed in a 4 x 4 Latin square, where the inclusion levels of the cake in the total diet were 0.0, 5.5, 11.0 and 16.5%, replacing soybean meal in the diet. There was a linear decreasing effect for the fatty acids Lauric, Elaidic, Gamma-Linolenic and conjugated linoleic acid isomers (C18:2cis9trans11; C18:2trans10cis12) from the inclusion levels of LC. The inclusion of licuri cake negatively influenced the concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acid isomers, in addition to the fatty acids of the Omega-6 series, which is not interesting from the human nutrition point of view.
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Onay-Besikci, Arzu, and Nandakumar Sambandam. "Malonyl CoA control of fatty acid oxidation in the newborn heart in response to increased fatty acid supply." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 84, no. 11 (November 2006): 1215–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y06-062.
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The concentration of fatty acids in the blood or perfusate is a major determinant of the extent of myocardial fatty acid oxidation. Increasing fatty acid supply in adult rat increases myocardial fatty acid oxidation. Plasma levels of fatty acids increase post-surgery in infants undergoing cardiac bypass operation to correct congenital heart defects. How a newborn heart responds to increased fatty acid supply remains to be determined. In this study, we examined whether the tissue levels of malonyl CoA decrease to relieve the inhibition on carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT) I when the myocardium is exposed to higher concentrations of long-chain fatty acids in newborn rabbit heart. We then tested the contribution of the enzymes that regulate tissue levels of malonyl CoA, acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC), and malonyl CoA decarboxylase (MCD). Our results showed that increasing fatty acid supply from 0.4 mmol/L (physiological) to 1.2 mmol/L (pathological) resulted in an increase in cardiac fatty acid oxidation rates and this was accompanied by a decrease in tissue malonyl CoA levels. The decrease in malonyl CoA was not related to any alterations in total and phosphorylated acetyl CoA carboxylase protein or the activities of acetyl CoA carboxylase and malonyl CoA decarboxylase. Our results suggest that the regulatory role of malonyl CoA remained when the hearts were exposed to high levels of fatty acids.
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Ng, Leung, Kawasaki, Ho, Chow, Chow, Lee, and Wong. "Dietary Habits, Fatty Acids and Carotenoid Levels Are Associated with Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration in Chinese." Nutrients 11, no. 8 (July 25, 2019): 1720. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11081720.
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The role of diet and circulatory carotenoids and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) are implicated in age-related macular degeneration (AMD) but not well studied in Chinese. However, other fatty acids were not comprehensively evaluated if it had additional consequence on AMD. This study investigated the relationship among dietary habits, fatty acids levels, carotenoids and AMD in Hong Kong Chinese adults. In this cross-sectional case-controlled study, plasma fatty acids including, saturated fatty acids (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), and carotenoids levels were quantified between patients with neovascular AMD (n = 99) and age-gender-matched controls (n = 198). A food frequency questionnaire was also conducted. Low blood carotenoid levels and omega-3 PUFAs namely DHA, EPA and -linolenic acid increased the odds ratio of developing neovascular AMD. High blood omega-6 PUFAs specifically arachidonic acid and eicosadienoic acid, oleic acid (a MUFA) and SFA levels increased the odds ratio of having neovascular AMD. Neovascular AMD group had significantly less omega-3 PUFA rich food (vegetables, nuts, seafood) intake and higher SFA (meat) intake than controls. In short, neovascular AMD was associated with lower circulatory levels of carotenoids and omega-3 PUFAs, and higher level of omega-6 PUFAs, oleic acid and SFAs in the Hong Kong Chinese population. These findings enhance the understandings of dietary impacts on neovascular AMD and provide a context for future nutritional intervention studies.
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Mita, Masatoshi, Mariko Deguchi, and Yuichi Sasayama. "Lipid composition of the trophosome in the beard worm, Oligobrachia mashikoi (Pogonophora)." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 86, no. 2 (March 13, 2006): 283–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315406013130.
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A large quantity of triglyceride was detected histochemically in nutrient-deposit cells of the trophosome in the beard worm (Oligobrachia mashikoi). The lipid extracted from the trophosome was composed of triglyceride, several kinds of phospholipid, free fatty acid, cholesterol, and cholesterol ester. The fatty acid of the triglyceride was comprised mainly of a monoenoic type, such as palmitoleic acid (16:1) and oleic acid (18:1), which accounted for 31% and 37% of the total fatty acids, respectively. In addition, in blood triglyceride, the fatty acid composition was almost the same.
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Zhang, R. H., A. F. Mustafa, and X. Zhao. "Blood metabolites and fatty acid composition of milk and cheese from ewes fed oilseeds." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 86, no. 4 (December 1, 2006): 547–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a06-038.
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Sixteen lactating Dorset ewes were used in a completely randomized design to determine the effects of oilseed supplementation on milk yield and composition, blood metabolites, cheese yield and composition and fatty acid profile of milk and cheese. Four iso-nitrogenous diets were formulated: a control diet (CT) with no oilseed supplementation, a flaxseed supplemented diet (FS), a sunflower seed supplemented diet (SF), and a canola seed supplemented diet (CS). Oilseed-supplemented diets were formulated to contain 7% fatty acids. Feeding oilseeds had no effect on dry matter intake. Milk yield was similar for ewes fed CT, FS and SF and was higher (P < 0.05) than that of ewes fed CS. Ewes fed oilseed-supplemented diets produced milk with higher (P < 0.05) protein and total solid percentages than those fed CT. However, milk fat percentage was only higher (P < 0.05) in the milk of ewes fed FS and SF relative to those fed CT. Actual cheese yield was higher (P < 0.05) from milk of ewes fed oilseed-supplemented diets relative to those fed CT. However, cheese composition was not affected by dietary treatments. Plasma concentrations of fatty acids and cholesterol were increased (P < 0.05) while plasma concentration of β-hydroxybutyrate (βHBA) was decreased (P < 0.05) by oilseed supplementation. However, plasma concentrations of glucose and mammary extraction rate of plasma metabolites were not influenced by oilseed feeding. Oilseed supplementation increased (P < 0.05) concentrations of unsaturated fatty acids in milk fat. The order of increase was SF > FS > CS. Feeding SF, FS and CS increased (P < 0.05) conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) concentration in milk by 83.5, 39.2 and 16.5%, respectively. Concentration of linolenic acid in milk was only increased (P < 0.05) by feeding FS. Changes in milk fatty acid profiles were reflected in the cheese. Key words: Ewes, oilseeds, milk, cheese, fatty acids
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Verduci, Elvira, Patrizia Risé, Elisabetta Di Profio, Laura Fiori, Sara Vizzuso, Dario Dilillo, Savina Mannarino, et al. "Blood Fatty Acids Profile in MIS-C Children." Metabolites 11, no. 11 (October 22, 2021): 721. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo11110721.
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MIS-C (multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children) linked to SARS-CoV-2 infection, is a pathological state observed in subjects younger than 21 years old with evidence of either current SARS-CoV-2 infection or exposure within the 4 weeks prior to the onset of symptoms, the presence of documented fever, elevated markers of inflammation, at least two signs of multisystem involvement, and, finally, lack of an alternative diagnosis. They share with adult COVID-19 patients the presence of altered markers of inflammation, but unlike most adults the symptoms are not pulmonary but are affecting several organs. Lipid mediators arising from polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) play an important role in the inflammatory response, with arachidonic acid-derived compounds, such as prostaglandins and leukotrienes, mainly pro-inflammatory and ω3 PUFA metabolites such as resolvins and protectins, showing anti-inflammatory and pro-resolution activities. In order to assess potential alterations of these FA, we evaluated the blood fatty acid profile of MIS-C children at admission to the hospital, together with biochemical, metabolic and clinical assessment. All the patients enrolled showed altered inflammatory parameters with fibrinogen, D-dimer, NT-proBNP, ferritin, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), C-reactive protein (CRP) and TrygIndex levels over the reference values in all the subjects under observation, while albumin and HDL-cholesterol resulted below the normal range. Interestingly, linoleic acid (LA), arachidonic acid (AA) and the ω3 PUFA docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) results were lower in our study when compared to relative amounts reported in the other studies, including from our own laboratory. This significant alteration is pointing out to a potential depletion of these PUFA as a result of the systemic inflammatory condition typical of these patients, suggesting that LA- and AA-derived metabolites may play a critical role in this pathological state, while ω3 PUFA-derived pro-resolution metabolites in these subjects may not be able to provide a timely, physiological counterbalance to the formation of pro-inflammatory lipid mediators. In conclusion, this observational study provides evidence of FA alterations in MIS-C children, suggesting a significant contribution of ω6 FA to the observed inflammatory state, and supporting a potential dietary intervention to restore an appropriate balance among the FAs capable of promoting the resolution of the observed inflammatory condition.
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Scharrer, E., and W. Langhans. "Control of food intake by fatty acid oxidation." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 250, no. 6 (June 1, 1986): R1003—R1006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1986.250.6.r1003.
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The role of fatty acid oxidation in the control of food intake was studied using mercaptoacetate (MA), an inhibitor of fatty acid oxidation. Food intake, plasma free fatty acids (FFA) and ketone bodies, and blood glucose were measured. Rats were fed either a low-fat (LF, 3.33% fat) or a medium-fat (MF, 18% fat) diet. At the onset of the dark phase of the lighting cycle, MA did not affect food intake in LF rats but increased it 74% in MF rats in comparison to control. Four hours after the injection the effect of MA on food intake disappeared. In the middle of the bright phase of the lighting cycle, MA increased food intake in MF rats approximately 120% up to 6 h postinjection. After MA, plasma FFA concentration was elevated, and plasma 3-hydroxybutyrate concentration was lowered, indicating that fatty acid oxidation had been successfully reduced. MA did not affect blood glucose. These results indicate fatty acid oxidation is involved in the control of food intake, at least when the dietary fat level is relatively high.
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Moslehi, Amir, Ali Asghar Sadeghi, Parvin Shawrang, and Mehdi Aminafshar. "Blood Lipid Components and SREBP-1 Gene Expression in Broiler Chickens Fed Different Dietary Lipid Sources." Acta Scientiae Veterinariae 44, no. 1 (March 19, 2018): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/1679-9216.81168.
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Background: Liver plays an important role in energy homeostasis. Intense liver diseases are accompanied with lower concentrations of n-3 and n-6 poly unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). It has been found that n-3 PUFA play importantly protective roles in the liver. There was limited information about the effects of lipid sources on serum lipid components and liver sterol regulatory element binding-1 (SREBP-1) gene expression. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the effects of fish oil, corn oil, olive oil and tallow, respectively, as dietary sources of n-3, n-6, n-9 and saturated fatty acid on serum lipid compound and liver SREBP-1 gene expression in broiler chicks.Materials, Methods & Results: In a completely randomized design, 240 one-day-old broiler chicks were allocated to five dietary treatments, four replicates and 12 chicks per each. Dietary treatments included of: control (diet without lipid supplementation) and diet supplemented with fish oil as a n-3 fatty acid source, corn oil as a n-6 fatty acid source, olive oil as a n-9 fatty acid source and tallow as a saturated fatty acid which were added to diets at 1.5, 3 and 4% in the starter, grower and finisher, respectively. At days 28 and 42 of age, liver tissue was dissected out and samples were placed in liquid nitrogen, also blood samples were collected. The SREBP-1 mRNA expression in liver tissue was quantitated using RT-PCR. Broilers fed diets containing fish oil, corn oil and olive oil as unsaturated fatty acid sources had lower concentrations of triacylglycerol than those fed other diets. Also, diets containing fish oil and tallow showed the lowest low density lipoprotein (LDL) levels at day 28 of age. Diets containing corn oil and olive oil showed higher levels of cholesterol and high density lipoprotein (HDL) than other diets but, these differences were not significant at days 28 and 42 of age (P ≥ 0.05). In both sampling periods, the chickens fed diets containing tallow expressed higher (P < 0.05) SREBP-1 gene as compared to those fed other dietary lipids. Broilers fed diet containing corn oil had higher (P < 0.05) SREBP-1 gene expression than those fed diet containing fish oil and olive oil.Discussion: Serum lipids were affected by dietary fat source. Lower concentration of serum triacylglycerols was found in broilers fed fish oil and corn oil diets as dietary n-3 and n-6 fatty acid sources. It was shown that dietary PUFA, especially n-6 and n-3 fatty acids could reduce hepatic fatty acid and triacylglycerol synthesis. Broilers fed corn oil diet showed elevated LDL levels respect with those fed fish oil or tallow at day 28 of age. The results showed that dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids and saturated fatty acids substantially affected on SREBP-1 gene expression at days 28 and 42 of age. The birds fed fish oil as n-3 PUFA source expressed lower SREBP-1 gene compared with other groups at day 28 of age. Longer chain length, high number of double bonds, and the presence of the first double bond gives these fatty acids distinct and unique properties that separate them and their metabolic products from the more common n-6 and n-9 fatty acids. The finding of this study indicated lipogenic effects of tallow and then corn oil. The results confirmed that each of dietary lipid sources had different effect on serum lipid components. It was also found that SREBP-1 gene expression is age-dependent and it increased as age of broilers increased.
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Vashan, S. J. Hosseini, N. Afzali, A. Golian, M. Malekaneh, and A. Allahressani. "Modifying egg fatty acid content by supplementation of laying hen diets with palm olein oil (POO)." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2009 (April 2009): 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200030519.
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Palm oil is the most abundant of all oils produced globally. It is very high in saturated fatty acids specifically palmitic acid, but other fatty acids (monounsaturated (MUFA) and polyunsaturated) are presented at low concentrations. In the processing plant some high amount of oleic acid with some other unsaturated fatty acids are extracted and marketed as Palm olein oil, and used to reduce blood or egg cholesterol (Rievelles et al., 1994). The objective of this study was to determine the optimum level of dietary palm olein oil required to enrich the mono-unsaturated fatty acid content of yolk, egg cholesterol and antibody titre.