Academic literature on the topic 'Blockchain scalability'

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Journal articles on the topic "Blockchain scalability"

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Khan, Dodo, Low Tang Jung, and Manzoor Ahmed Hashmani. "Systematic Literature Review of Challenges in Blockchain Scalability." Applied Sciences 11, no. 20 (October 9, 2021): 9372. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11209372.

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Blockchain technology is fast becoming the most transformative technology of recent times and has created hype and optimism, gaining much attention from the public and private sectors. It has been widely deployed in decentralized crypto currencies such as Bitcoin and Ethereum. Bitcoin is the success story of a public blockchain application that propelled intense research and development into blockchain technology. However, scalability remains a crucial challenge. Both Bitcoin and Ethereum are encountering low-efficiency issues with low throughput, high transaction latency, and huge energy consumption. The scalability issue in public Blockchains is hindering the provision of optimal solutions to businesses and industries. This paper presents a systematic literature review (SLR) on the public blockchain scalability issue and challenges. The scope of this SLR includes an in-depth investigation into the scalability problem of public blockchain, associated fundamental factors, and state-of-art solutions. This project managed to extract 121 primary papers from major scientific databases such as Scopus, IEEE explores, Science Direct, and Web of Science. The synthesis of these 121 articles revealed that scalability in public blockchain is not a singular term. A variety of factors are allied to it, with transaction throughput being the most discussed factor. In addition, other interdependent vita factors include storages, block size, number of nodes, energy consumption, latency, and cost. Generally, each term is somehow directly or indirectly reliant on the consensus model embraced by the blockchain nodes. It is also noticed that the contemporary available consensus models are not efficient in scalability and thus often fail to provide good QoS (throughput and latency) for practical industrial applications. Our findings exemplify that the Internet of Things (IoT) would be the leading application of blockchain in industries such as energy, finance, resource management, healthcare, education, and agriculture. These applications are, however, yet to achieve much-desired outcomes due to scalability issues. Moreover, Onchain and offchain are the two major categories of scalability solutions. Sagwit, block size expansion, sharding, and consensus mechanisms are examples of onchain solutions. Offchain, on the other hand, is a lighting network.
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Cerezo Sánchez, David. "Pravuil: Global Consensus for a United World." FinTech 1, no. 4 (October 31, 2022): 325–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fintech1040025.

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The latest developments in blockchain technology have conceptualised very efficient consensus protocols that have not yet been able to overcome older technologies. This paper presents Pravuil, a robust, secure, and scalable consensus protocol for a permissionless blockchain suitable for deployment in an adversarial environment such as the Internet. Using zero-knowledge authentication techniques, Pravuil circumvents previous shortcomings of other blockchains: Bitcoin’s limited adoption problem (as transaction demand grows, payment confirmation times grow much less than that of other PoW blockchains); higher transaction security at a lower cost; more decentralisation than other permissionless blockchains; impossibility of full decentralisation; the blockchain scalability trilemma (decentralisation, scalability, and security can be achieved simultaneously); and Sybil resistance for free implementation of the social optimum. Pravuil goes beyond the economic limits of Bitcoin and other PoW/PoS blockchains, leading to a more valuable and stable cryptocurrency.
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Noh, Siwan, Sang Uk Shin, and Kyung-Hyune Rhee. "PyRos: A State Channel-Based Access Control System for a Public Blockchain Network." Security and Communication Networks 2020 (November 27, 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8891183.

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Blockchain is a technology that enables the implementation of a decentralized system by replacing the role of the centralized entity with the consensus of participants in the system to solve the problem of subordination to the centralized entity. Blockchain technology is being considered for application in numerous fields; however, the scalability limitation of a public blockchain has led many researchers to consider private blockchains, which reduce the security of the system while improving scalability. A state channel represents a leading approach among several scalability solutions, intended to address public blockchain scalability challenges while ensuring the security of the blockchain network. Participants in the channel perform the process of updating the state of the channel outside the blockchain. This process can proceed very quickly because it does not require the consensus of the blockchain network, but still, like on-chain, it can guarantee features such as irreversibility. In this paper, we propose the PyRos protocol, an access control system that supports the trading and sharing of data between individuals on a public blockchain based on the state channel. As far as we know, the research using the off-chain state channel for access control has not been proposed yet, so PyRos is a new approach in this field. In PyRos, user-defined access control policies are stored off-chain, and policy updates are always rapid regardless of the performance of the blockchain network. Moreover, PyRos provides means to prevent malicious participants from arbitrarily using the channel’s previous state while resolving constraints due to scalability problems, along with privacy guarantees for the transaction content. To evaluate the efficiency and security of PyRos, we provide qualitative analysis of security requirements and analysis in terms of the performance of public blockchain platforms.
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Rožman, Nejc, Marko Corn, Gašper Škulj, Janez Diaci, and Primož Podržaj. "Scalability Solutions in Blockchain-Supported Manufacturing: A Survey." Strojniški vestnik - Journal of Mechanical Engineering 68, no. 10 (October 27, 2022): 585–609. http://dx.doi.org/10.5545/sv-jme.2022.355.

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Researchers in the field of smart manufacturing have recognized the benefits of blockchain technology, which solves the trust problem in the open network without relying on any trusted third party. Blockchain technology enables interaction between otherwise competing manufacturing entities to satisfy increasing customer demands in a trustful way. However, existing blockchain networks are facing limitations, which are defined by the trade-off between scalability, decentralization, and security. The scalability of the blockchain network is defined as the ability of the network to support an increasing load of transactions and it is lower compared to the non-blockchain systems. In order to omit the effects of the limitations, scalability solutions are being presented. This research reviews the literature in the field of blockchain-supported manufacturing concerning scalability solutions. The selected literature has been reviewed and classified according to the type of scalability solution. For each type of scalability solution, the main features of the concepts and connection between blockchain technology and manufacturing system are highlighted and discussed. The main findings of the study are that Layer 1 scalability solutions are better represented in the literature and are predominating in the case of general smart manufacturing systems, whereas Layer 2 scalability solutions are better represented in the case of specific smart manufacturing systems. Based on insights obtained from the presented analysis, future directions and open issues regarding the scalability limitations and solutions in blockchain-supported manufacturing are presented.
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Zheng, Xiaoying, Yongxin Zhu, and Xueming Si. "A Survey on Challenges and Progresses in Blockchain Technologies: A Performance and Security Perspective." Applied Sciences 9, no. 22 (November 6, 2019): 4731. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9224731.

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Blockchain naturally fits multiple industry sectors due its characteristics of decentralization, enhanced security, tamper-proof, improved traceability and transparency. However, there is a significant concern of blockchain’s performance, since blockchain trades off its performance for a completely distributed feature, which enhances its security. In this paper, we investigate the state-of-the-art progress of blockchain, mainly from a performance and security perspective. We extracted 42 primary papers from major scientific databases and 34 online technical articles. The objective is to understand the current research trends, challenges and future directions. We briefly introduce the key technologies of blockchain including distributed ledger, cryptography, consensus, smart contracts and benchmarks. We next summarize the performance and security concerns raised in the investigation. We discuss the architectural choices, performance metrics, database management enhancements, and hybrid blockchains, and try to identify the effort that the state-of-the-art has made to balance between the performance and security. We also make experiments on Ethereum and survey other popular blockchain platforms on the scalability feature of blockchain. We later discuss the potential applications and present the lessons learned. Finally, we attempt to identify the open issues and possible research directions.
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Antwi, Robert, James Dzisi Gadze, Eric Tutu Tchao, Axel Sikora, Henry Nunoo-Mensah, Andrew Selasi Agbemenu, Kwame Opunie-Boachie Obour Agyekum, Justice Owusu Agyemang, Dominik Welte, and Eliel Keelson. "A Survey on Network Optimization Techniques for Blockchain Systems." Algorithms 15, no. 6 (June 4, 2022): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/a15060193.

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The increase of the Internet of Things (IoT) calls for secure solutions for industrial applications. The security of IoT can be potentially improved by blockchain. However, blockchain technology suffers scalability issues which hinders integration with IoT. Solutions to blockchain’s scalability issues, such as minimizing the computational complexity of consensus algorithms or blockchain storage requirements, have received attention. However, to realize the full potential of blockchain in IoT, the inefficiencies of its inter-peer communication must also be addressed. For example, blockchain uses a flooding technique to share blocks, resulting in duplicates and inefficient bandwidth usage. Moreover, blockchain peers use a random neighbor selection (RNS) technique to decide on other peers with whom to exchange blockchain data. As a result, the peer-to-peer (P2P) topology formation limits the effective achievable throughput. This paper provides a survey on the state-of-the-art network structures and communication mechanisms used in blockchain and establishes the need for network-based optimization. Additionally, it discusses the blockchain architecture and its layers categorizes existing literature into the layers and provides a survey on the state-of-the-art optimization frameworks, analyzing their effectiveness and ability to scale. Finally, this paper presents recommendations for future work.
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Lavaur, Thomas, Jérôme Lacan, and Caroline P. C. Chanel. "Enabling Blockchain Services for IoE with Zk-Rollups." Sensors 22, no. 17 (August 29, 2022): 6493. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22176493.

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The Internet of Things includes all connected objects from small embedded systems with low computational power and storage capacities to efficient ones, as well as moving objects like drones and autonomous vehicles. The concept of Internet of Everything expands upon this idea by adding people, data and processing. The adoption of such systems is exploding and becoming ever more significant, bringing with it questions related to the security and the privacy of these objects. A natural solution to data integrity, confidentiality and single point of failure vulnerability is the use of blockchains. Blockchains can be used as an immutable data layer for storing information, avoiding single point of failure vulnerability via decentralization and providing strong security and cryptographic tools for IoE. However, the adoption of blockchain technology in such heterogeneous systems containing light devices presents several challenges and practical issues that need to be overcome. Indeed, most of the solutions proposed to adapt blockchains to devices with low resources confront difficulty in maintaining decentralization or security. The most interesting are probably the Layer 2 solutions, which build offchain systems strongly connected to the blockchain. Among these, zk-rollup is a promising new generation of Layer 2/off-chain schemes that can remove the last obstacles to blockchain adoption in IoT, or more generally, in IoE. By increasing the scalability and enabling rule customization while preserving the same security as the Layer 1 blockchain, zk-rollups overcome restrictions on the use of blockchains for IoE. Despite their promises illustrated by recent systems proposed by startups and private companies, very few scientific publications explaining or applying this barely-known technology have been published, especially for non-financial systems. In this context, the objective of our paper is to fill this gap for IoE systems in two steps. We first propose a synthetic review of recent proposals to improve scalability including onchain (consensus, blockchain organization, …) and offchain (sidechain, rollups) solutions and we demonstrate that zk-rollups are the most promising ones. In a second step, we focus on IoE by describing several interesting features (scalability, dynamicity, data management, …) that are illustrated with various general IoE use cases.
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Coladangelo, Andrea, and Or Sattath. "A Quantum Money Solution to the Blockchain Scalability Problem." Quantum 4 (July 16, 2020): 297. http://dx.doi.org/10.22331/q-2020-07-16-297.

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We put forward the idea that classical blockchains and smart contracts are potentially useful primitives not only for classical cryptography, but for quantum cryptography as well. Abstractly, a smart contract is a functionality that allows parties to deposit funds, and release them upon fulfillment of algorithmically checkable conditions, and can thus be employed as a formal tool to enforce monetary incentives. In this work, we give the first example of the use of smart contracts in a quantum setting. We describe a simple hybrid classical-quantum payment system whose main ingredients are a classical blockchain capable of handling stateful smart contracts, and quantum lightning, a strengthening of public-key quantum money introduced by Zhandry [55]. Our hybrid payment system employs quantum states as banknotes and a classical blockchain to settle disputes and to keep track of the valid serial numbers. It has several desirable properties: it is decentralized, requiring no trust in any single entity; payments are as quick as quantum communication, regardless of the total number of users; when a quantum banknote is damaged or lost, the rightful owner can recover the lost value.
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Gopalan, Aditya, Abishek Sankararaman, Anwar Walid, and Sriram Vishwanath. "Stability and Scalability of Blockchain Systems." Proceedings of the ACM on Measurement and Analysis of Computing Systems 4, no. 2 (June 9, 2020): 1–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3392153.

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Gopalan, Aditya, Abishek Sankararaman, Anwar Walid, and Sriram Vishwanath. "Stability and Scalability of Blockchain Systems." ACM SIGMETRICS Performance Evaluation Review 48, no. 1 (July 8, 2020): 71–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3410048.3410090.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Blockchain scalability"

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Duong, Tuyet. "BLOCKCHAIN SCALABILITY AND SECURITY." VCU Scholars Compass, 2018. https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/5559.

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Cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin have proven to be a phenomenal success. The underlying techniques hold huge promise to change the future of financial transactions, and eventually the way people and companies compute, collaborate, and interact. At the same time, the current Bitcoin-like proof-of-work based blockchain systems are facing many challenges. In more detail, a huge amount of energy/electricity is needed for maintaining the Bitcoin blockchain. In addition, their security holds if the majority of the computing power is under the control of honest players. However, this assumption has been seriously challenged recently and Bitcoin-like systems will fail when this assumption is broken. This research proposes novel blockchain designs to address the challenges. We first propose a novel blockchain protocol, called 2-hop blockchain, by combining proof-of-work and proof-of-stake mechanisms. That said, even if the adversary controls more than 50% computing power, the honest players still have the chance to defend the blockchain via honest stake. Then we revise and implement the design to obtain a practical cryptocurrency system called Twinscoin. In more detail, we introduce a new strategy for difficulty adjustment in the hybrid blockchain and provide an analysis of it. We also show how to construct a light client for proof-of-stake cryptocurrencies and evaluate the proposal practically. We implement our new design. Our implementation uses a recent modular development framework for blockchains, called Scorex. It allows us to change only certain parts of an application leaving other codebase intact.
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Zhang, Ray. "Blockchain Scalability: Prospective Solutions for Bitcoin, Ethereum, and other Blockchain Networks." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2018. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1900.

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The problem of scalability of blockchain platforms has raised a considerable amount of attention in the recent months. With the rise of the use of blockchain platforms and the prices of various cryptocurrencies hitting an all-time high in December of 2017, blockchain has now entered the eyes of the general public. Often seen as the future of digital transactions and applications, the decentralized platform faces many struggles in building networks capable of supporting the vast number of financial transactions modern systems currently handle, let alone serving as a replacement for the client-server model of the Internet. This paper introduces the basic structure of blockchain platforms that exist today, introduces the scalability problem, and examines the solutions that developers have proposed or implemented.
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Scherer, Mattias. "Performance and Scalability of Blockchain Networks and Smart Contracts." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-136470.

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The blockchain technology started as the innovation that powered the cryptocurrency Bitcoin. But in recent years, leaders in finance, banking, and many more companies has given this new innovation more attention than ever before. They seek a new technology to replace their system which are often inefficient and costly to operate. However, one of the reasons why it not possible to use a blockchain right away is because of the poor performance. Public blockchains, where anyone can participate, can only process a couple of transaction per second and is therefore far from usable in the world of finance. Permissioned blockchains is another type of blockchain where only a restricted set of users have the rights to decide what will be recorded in the blockchain. This allows permissioned blockchains to have a number of advantages over public blockchains. Most notably is the ability to split the network into segments where only a subset of nodes needs to validate transactions to aparticular application, allowing the use of parallel computing and better scaling. Moreover, the validating nodes can be trusted, allowing the use of consensus algorithm which offer much more through put. In this paper, we compare public blockchain with permissioned blockchain and address the notable trade-offs: decentralization, scalability and security, in the different blockchain networks. Furthermore, we examine the potential of using a permissioned blockchain to replace the old systems used in financial institutes and banks by launching a Hyperledger Fabric network and run stress tests. It is apparent that with less decentralization, the performance and scalability of Hyperledger Fabric network is improved and it is feasible that permissioned blockchain can be used in finance.
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CONOSCENTI, MARCO. "Capabilities and Limitations of Payment Channel Networks for Blockchain Scalability." Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2764132.

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Dahlquist, Olivia, and Louise Hagström. "Scaling blockchain for the energy sector." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Avdelningen för systemteknik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-326006.

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p.p1 {margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; font: 10.0px Helvetica} Blockchain is a distributed ledger technology enabling digital transactions without the need for central governance. Once transactions are added to the blockchain, they cannot be altered. One of the main challenges of blockchain implementation is how to create a scalable network meaning verifying many transactions per second. The goal of this thesis is to survey different approaches for scaling blockchain technologies. Scalability is one of the main drivers in blockchain development, and an important factor when understanding the future progress of blockchain. The energy sector is in need of further digitalisation and blockchain is therefore of interest to enhance the digital development of smart grids and Internet of Things. The focus of this work is put on a case study in the energy sector regarding a payment system for electrified roads. To research those questions a qualitative method based on interviews with blockchain experts and actors in electrified roads projects was applied. The interviews were processed and summarised, and thereafter related to map current developments and needs in the blockchain technology. This thesis points to the importance of considering the trilemma, stating that blockchain can be two of three things; scalable, decentralised, secure. Further, Greenspan’s criteria are applied in order to recognise the value of blockchain. These criteria together with the trilemma and understanding blockchain’s placement in the hype cycle, are of value when implementing blockchain. The study shows that blockchain technology is at an early stage and questions remain regarding future business use. Scalability solutions are both technical and case specific and it is found that future solutions for scaling blockchain are emerging.
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Eckey, Lisa [Verfasser], Sebastian [Akademischer Betreuer] Faust, and Matteo [Akademischer Betreuer] Maffei. "Blockchain Scalability through Secure Optimistic Protocols / Lisa Eckey ; Sebastian Faust, Matteo Maffei." Darmstadt : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1223618528/34.

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Kendric, Hood A. "Improving Cryptocurrency Blockchain Security and Availability Adaptive Security and Partitioning." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1595038779436782.

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Morselli, Enrico. "Radix DLT: un'alternativa scalabile alle Blockchain." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2020.

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La tecnologia Blockchain, introdotta inizialmente come registro distribuito per le transazioni della moneta digitale Bitcoin nel 2008, ha suscitato grande interesse nel corso degli ultimi anni. In poco tempo si è capito come tale tecnologia potesse essere applicata ai campi più disparati, e non soltanto alle monete elettroniche. Fra le tante applicazioni che si prospettano per le blockchain vi sono, ad esempio, il settore energetico, il sistema sanitario, e la tracciabilità delle catene di fornitura di beni, servizi o prodotti alimentari. Il futuro insomma, sembra orientato verso un'adozione delle blockchian su scala globale. Tuttavia, è necessario risolvere una serie di problematiche affinchè ciò possa avvenire. Il difetto forse più importante da questo punto di vista, è che la tecnologia blockchain, per come è stata progettata, non è scalabile. Non sarebbe pertanto capace di supportare un volume di transazioni pari o superiore a quello di circuiti di pagamento globali come Visa o MasterCard (si pensi ad esempio che Visa ha circa 736 milioni di utenti attivi, contro i circa 5,8 milioni di Bitcoin). Mentre vengono studiate possibili soluzioni per aggirare il problema nelle blockchain esistenti, sono nate piattaforme alternative alle blockchain che promettono una maggiore scalabilità, nonchè facilità nel costruire applicazioni basate su esse. E' il caso di Radix DLT. In questa tesi ho deciso di concentrarmi su Radix DLT e di realizzare una piccola applicazione per provare con mano gli strumenti di sviluppo a disposizione.
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Komarnytska, Oksana. "Bitcoin: limiti e soluzioni tecniche della scalabilità." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2017. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/13828/.

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Bitcoin è una moneta virtuale priva di un ente centrale. Essa si basa sul principio del peer-to-peer (p2p) ed è un protocollo open source. Ciò che la distingue dalle valute di tipo tradizionale è il fatto che essa è una moneta che utilizza un database distribuito tra i nodi della Rete i quali tengono traccia delle transazioni e con l’aiuto della crittografia gestisce gli aspetti funzionali, come la generazione di nuova moneta e l’attribuzione di proprietà. Attualmente esiste un limite tecnologico nella dimensione dei blocchi di Bitcoin che corrisponde a 1 MB, che permette di raggiungere un limite al massimo di sette transazioni per secondo, impostato per evitare che la rete venga ingolfata da tante transazioni di scarso valore. Con la crescita di Bitcoin il numero di transazioni effettuate ha raggiunto il limite di capacità del blocco e la barriera di 1 MB si sta traducendo in un collo di bottiglia. L’aumento delle commissioni e troppi ritardi rischiano di spostare il mercato di Bitcoin verso le altre criptovalute. Pertanto oggigiorno scalabilità rappresenta uno dei maggiori rischi al futuro di Bitcoin. La tesi si propone di analizzarne il fenomeno di scalabilità, partendo dalle prime proposte fino alle possibili evoluzioni future. Vengono introdotti i concetti e i meccanismi del funzionamento del sistema Bitcoin. In seguito viene fatta un’analisi del problema della scalabilità e vengono discussi i vantaggi e i limiti dell’aumento del limite massimo della dimensione del blocco. Viene fatta un’analisi su quanto incide l’aumento di Block Size sul consumo di risorse e sul tempo di propagazione dei blocchi. Viene esaminato il sistema Bitcoin in un insieme di livelli di astrazione ai fini di esplorare tutte le problematiche della scalabilità in diversi settori del protocollo Bitcoin. Vengono infine analizzati i progetti recenti del settore: “Segregated Witness” e “Bitcoin Unlimited”.
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Moca, Francesco. "State Channel su tecnologie blockchain: un caso di studio sui giochi multiutente." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2019. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/19160/.

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Lo sviluppo di applicazioni decentralizzate basate su Blockchain è ostacolato dagli attuali limiti di scalabilità della tecnologia che ne impediscono l'adozione in larga scala. In questo lavoro di tesi vengono analizzate alcune soluzioni per migliorare l'efficienza della blockchain, in particolare riferite alla piattaforma Ethereum, per poi presentare un'applicazione web basata su una di queste tecniche. Il progetto di tesi consiste in un esempio di gioco decentralizzato per due giocatori basato sugli state channel: un protocollo peer-to-peer regolato da smart contract che consente di aggiornare uno stato di gioco condiviso tra più giocatori riducendo il più possibile il numero di interazioni dirette con la blockchain necessarie. Solamente quando i due giocatori non concordano sull'avanzamento dello stato di gioco è necessario interrogare la blockchain che viene impiegata come giudice imparziale. Una funzionalità che caratterizza la nostra implementazione degli state channel è la possibilità di generare numeri casuali, elemento molto importante in molti giochi ma solitamente difficile da implementare all'interno di soluzioni basate su blockchain. L'applicazione presentata ha un'architettura modulare per permettere facilmente l'implementazione di nuovi giochi differenti basandosi sempre sullo stesso protocollo sviluppato. Per dimostrare i vantaggi della nostra soluzione rispetto ad un'applicazione decentralizzata basata esclusivamente su smart contract sono stati effettuati alcuni test su reti di test pubbliche Ethereum per misure i costi e le tempistiche delle transazioni necessarie per completare una partita.
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Books on the topic "Blockchain scalability"

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Gramoli, Vincent. Blockchain Scalability and its Foundations in Distributed Systems. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-12578-2.

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Gramoli, Vincent. Blockchain Scalability and Its Foundations in Distributed Systems. Springer International Publishing AG, 2022.

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Allende, Marcos. LACChain Framework for Permissioned Public Blockchain Networks: From Blockchain Technology to Blockchain Networks. Edited by Alejandro Pardo and Marcelo Da Silva. Inter-American Development Bank, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003747.

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Over the past decade, different blockchain technologies have contributed to the creation of thousands of blockchain networks which have hosted thousands of proofs of concepts and pilots, with generally satisfactory results for stakeholders. However, scalability has been a big roadblock for most of these projects. We believe that the reasons why most blockchain-based solutions do not scale well are that they are built on ledgers that are not properly designed as the instrumental piece of architecture needed by these projects and that it is not clear who is liable for what. There is rarely an upfront discussion about governance, data management and privacy, technical support, operational fees (e.g., tx fees), maintenance, regulatory risks, or sustainability in these decentralized networks. This framework is a set of recommendations that enables the creation of multipurpose network of networks that are robust, reliable, sustainable, compliant, scalable, and have clear definition of accountabilities. The framework can also be applied to both permissionless public and permissioned private blockchain networks, but can only be fully realized in a permissioned public infrastructure. The framework builds on the idea that in order to develop scalable blockchain projects and solutions, it is necessary to switch the conversation from blockchain technologies to blockchain networks.
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Book chapters on the topic "Blockchain scalability"

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Pandey, Anova Ajay, Terrance Frederick Fernandez, Rohit Bansal, and Amit Kumar Tyagi. "Maintaining Scalability in Blockchain." In Intelligent Systems Design and Applications, 34–45. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-96308-8_4.

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Raman, Ravi Kiran, and Lav R. Varshney. "Information-Theoretic Approaches to Blockchain Scalability." In Handbook on Blockchain, 257–96. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-07535-3_8.

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Gramoli, Vincent. "Blockchain Fundamentals." In Blockchain Scalability and its Foundations in Distributed Systems, 17–39. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-12578-2_3.

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Pawar, Manjula K., Prakashgoud Patil, and P. S. Hiremath. "A Study on Blockchain Scalability." In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 307–16. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8289-9_29.

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Tanwar, Sudeep. "Consensus Scalability in Blockchain Network." In Studies in Autonomic, Data-driven and Industrial Computing, 251–72. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-1488-1_9.

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Dutta, Bhaskar, Barnita Maity, Abhik Banerjee, and Tamoghna Mandal. "ASIC-Based Mining System in Blockchain for IoT Environment to Increase Scalability and Security." In Blockchain, 107–21. Boca Raton: Chapman and Hall/CRC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003203957-9.

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Gramoli, Vincent. "Consensus in Blockchain." In Blockchain Scalability and its Foundations in Distributed Systems, 5–16. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-12578-2_2.

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Darisi, Maneesh, Om Modi, Vasu Mistry, and Dhiren Patel. "MapReduce-Based Framework For Blockchain Scalability." In IC-BCT 2019, 119–32. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4542-9_11.

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Khan, Kashif Mehboob, Junaid Arshad, Muhammad Mubashir Khan, and Muhammad Hassan Nasir. "An Empirical Investigation of Blockchain Scalability." In Trust Models for Next-Generation Blockchain Ecosystems, 105–33. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-75107-4_5.

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Buldas, Ahto, Dirk Draheim, and Märt Saarepera. "Secure and Efficient Implementation of Electronic Money." In Future Data and Security Engineering. Big Data, Security and Privacy, Smart City and Industry 4.0 Applications, 34–51. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-8069-5_3.

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AbstractDuring the last years, central banks have discussed possible use of central bank digital currencies (CBDC) – electronic cash. Besides the financial and economic factors also the security and scalability of technical implementation of CBDC have been studied. Blockchain technology provides high level of security independent of the technical infrastructure and enables central banks to outsource most of the CBDC operations to the private sector while still having full control over the total amount of CBDC in circulation. Scalability of blockchain solutions depends on the possibility of decomposing (sharding) the blockchain. Electronic money and payments can be represented and organized in several ways, including accounts, bills/coins, and also unspent transaction outputs (UTXOs). We show how the representation of money and payments influences the existence of secure and decomposable blockchain implementations of electronic money. We show that the bill money scheme can be securely and efficiently implemented as sharded blockchains.
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Conference papers on the topic "Blockchain scalability"

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Chauhan, Anamika, Om Prakash Malviya, Madhav Verma, and Tejinder Singh Mor. "Blockchain and Scalability." In 2018 IEEE International Conference on Software Quality, Reliability and Security Companion (QRS-C). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/qrs-c.2018.00034.

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Sadath, Lipsa, Deepti Mehrotra, and Anand Kumar. "Scalability in Blockchain." In 2021 12th International Conference on Computing Communication and Networking Technologies (ICCCNT). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icccnt51525.2021.9579630.

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Seo, Jungbeom, and Jong Kim. "Enhancing Scalability with Payment Requests Aggregation in Lightning Network." In 2022 IEEE International Conference on Blockchain (Blockchain). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/blockchain55522.2022.00054.

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Goel, Aayush, and G. Suseela. "A Step towards Blockchain Scalability Resolution." In International Research Conference on IOT, Cloud and Data Science. Switzerland: Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-6287yh.

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After mainframes, people computers, the internet, mobile communications, and social media, blockchain has been dubbed the sixth disruptive technology. For system decentralization, it is referred to as a distributed peer-to-peer (P2P) database enabler. There is a scalability issue that is a major roadblock to widespread Blockchain adoption. The goal of this study is to overcome the barriers that are preventing this technology from becoming as widely accepted as it was designed to be. This research provides the groundwork for an improved blockchain by identifying the right balance between block size and block interval, switching to a better consensus mechanism like PoS, and indicating sharding.
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Capretto, Margarita, Martin Ceresa, Antonio Fernandez Anta, Antonio Russo, and Cesar Sanchez. "Setchain: Improving Blockchain Scalability with Byzantine Distributed Sets and Barriers." In 2022 IEEE International Conference on Blockchain (Blockchain). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/blockchain55522.2022.00022.

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Eklund, Peter W., and Roman Beck. "Factors that Impact Blockchain Scalability." In MEDES '19: 11th International Conference on Management of Digital EcoSystems. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3297662.3365818.

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Tyagi, Shobha, and Madhumita Kathuria. "Study on Blockchain Scalability Solutions." In IC3 '21: 2021 Thirteenth International Conference on Contemporary Computing. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3474124.3474184.

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Kuzlu, Murat, Manisa Pipattanasomporn, Levent Gurses, and Saifur Rahman. "Performance Analysis of a Hyperledger Fabric Blockchain Framework: Throughput, Latency and Scalability." In 2019 IEEE International Conference on Blockchain (Blockchain). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/blockchain.2019.00003.

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Sohrabi, Nasrin, and Zahir Tari. "On The Scalability of Blockchain Systems." In 2020 IEEE International Conference on Cloud Engineering (IC2E). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ic2e48712.2020.00020.

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Yang, Di, Chengnian Long, Han Xu, and Shaoliang Peng. "A Review on Scalability of Blockchain." In ICBCT'20: 2020 The 2nd International Conference on Blockchain Technology. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3390566.3391665.

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