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Journal articles on the topic 'Block caving'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 11 February 2022

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1

Bakhtavar, E. "Op-Ug TD Optimizer Tool Based on Matlab Code to Find Transition Depth From Open Pit to Block Caving / Narzędzie Optymalizacyjne Oparte O Kod Matlab Wykorzystane Do Określania Głębokości Przejściowej Od Wydobycia Odkrywkowego Do Wybierania Komorami." Archives of Mining Sciences 60, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 687–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amsc-2015-0045.

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Abstract In this study, transition from open pit to block caving has been considered as a challenging problem. For this purpose, the linear integer programing code of Matlab was initially developed on the basis of the binary integer model proposed by Bakhtavar et al (2012). Then a program based on graphical user interface (GUI) was set up and named “Op-Ug TD Optimizer”. It is a beneficial tool for simple application of the model in all situations where open pit is considered together with block caving method for mining an ore deposit. Finally, Op-Ug TD Optimizer has been explained step by step through solving the transition from open pit to block caving problem of a case ore deposit.

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2

Potvin, Yves. "Special issue on block and sublevel caving." Mining Technology 119, no. 3 (September 2010): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/174328610x12851618482200.

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3

Xia, Zhi-Yuan, Zhuo-Ying Tan, and Lei Zhang. "Instability Mechanism of Extraction Structure in Whole Life Cycle in Block Caving Mine." Geofluids 2021 (April 14, 2021): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9932932.

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In the whole life cycle of the extraction structure in block caving mine from the beginning of roadways excavation to the end of ore drawing, there are many factors affecting the stability of the extraction structure. The investigation in the mine site shows that the extraction structure often presents the law of repeated instability. In order to reveal the mechanism of repeated instability of the extraction structure, the whole life cycle of extraction structure can be divided into three stages, namely, the formation stage of extraction structure, the undercutting stage without initial caving, and the ore caving and drawing stage. The three-dimensional finite difference software FLAC3D was used to establish the numerical model of the extraction structure in the whole life cycle in the block caving method. The process of ore caving and ore drawing was replaced by manual excavation of the caving area above the undercut space and applying stress on the major apex. The stress and displacement evolution laws of the extraction structure in three stages of the whole life cycle were studied and compared with the instability characteristics of the extraction structure on mine site. The whole life cycle instability mechanism of the extraction structure in Tongkuangyu mine is revealed; the research results show that the extraction structure near the advancing undercut front is prone to producing compressive stress concentration under the action of the surrounding rock stress arch in the stope; if the rock mass shear failure condition is reached, the instability of the extraction structure occurs. The extraction structure near the advancing undercut front is gradually transferred to the area under the undercut space with undercut increase, and the tensile stress concentration gradually appears in the sidewall of ore loading roadway and the tip of major apex; if the tensile strength of the rock mass in the extraction structure is exceeded, the instability occurs again. It is helpful to reduce the probability of the instability of the extraction structure to promote the overburden ore caving as soon as possible after the undercutting begins.

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4

Ugarte Zarate, Efrain, Yashar Pourrahimian, and Jeff Boisvert. "Optimizing block caving drawpoints over multiple geostatistical models." International Journal of Mining, Reclamation and Environment 34, no. 1 (October 21, 2018): 55–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17480930.2018.1532866.

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5

McNearny, R. L., and J. F. Abel. "Large-scale two-dimensional block caving model tests." International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts 30, no. 2 (April 1993): 93–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(93)90703-g.

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6

Mazhitov, A. M. "Assessment of the extent of man-induced transformation of a subsoil block in upward mining using ore and host rock caving." Mining Industry Journal (Gornay Promishlennost), no. 4/2021 (August 25, 2021): 113–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.30686/16099192-2021-4-113-118.

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The study provides a geomechanical assessment of the man-induced transformation of the 1st block at the Kamaganskoye deposit when the mining system is changed to sub-level caving of the ore and host rocks with no possibility of changing the order of reserve extraction. The relevance of the research results from detailed exploration activities that revealed changes in the ore body boundaries and a decrease in the ore grades. The possibility of partial mining of blocks in ore bodies No. 16 and 17 using the ore and host rock caving system has been assessed and the possibility of retaining the upward mining sequence has been established. The sequence of room mining is defined taking into account the changes in the ore body boundaries. The paper presents the results of assessing the stability of the undermined masses of ore bodies No. 16 and 17, as well as the stress-andstrain state of the rock mass at the assumed sequence of room mining. The results of mathematical modeling of the rock mass stress-and-strain state during room mining using the ore and host rocks caving system proved the technical feasibility of this solution.

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7

Pysmennyi, Serhii, Serhii Chukharev, Kyelgyenbai Khavalbolot, Iryna Bondar, and Jambaa Ijilmaa. "Enhancement of the technology of mining steep ore bodies applying the “floating” crown." E3S Web of Conferences 280 (2021): 08013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128008013.

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When mining ore bodies in Kryvyi Rih iron ore basin, underground mines apply open stoping or bulk caving systems in proportion of 55% to 45%. Most of underground mines prefer stoping with pillar caving. Yet, rock pressure contributes to growth of costs for workings maintenance and deterioration of extraction indices. Rock mass extraction indices can be enhanced by application of a protectve structure in the upper part of the block that will enable additional decrease in load on the draw level. There are a great many of methods for determining parameters of constructive elements of the protective structure that help keep its integrity for the whole period of block mining. The article suggests methods for determining parameters of the protective structure when mining steep ore bodies. The research conducted demonstrates that with the inclined protective structure, increase of unit load on it from 200 to 1200t/m2 leads to decrease of its thickness from 6.3-20.9m to 5.5-18.4m and increase of the crown length from 40m to 60m. The developed block caving system with application of the protective structure when mining steep ore bodies enables overall decrease of ore dilution in the block by 3%, increase of iron content in the mined ore by 1.3% without significant mining costs growth and decrease of loads on the workings of the receiving level.

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8

Prahastudhi, Septian, Achmad Muttaqi, Eric Sitorus, Erwin Riyanto, and Farid Gumilang. "APPLICATION OF MICROSEISMIC MONITORING IN UNDERGROUND BLOCK CAVING MINE." Jurnal Geosaintek 4, no. 1 (March 28, 2018): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.12962/j25023659.v4i1.3741.

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9

Encina, V., D. Méndez, C. Caballero, and H. Osorio. "New approach for rapid preparation of block caving mines." Mining Technology 119, no. 3 (September 2010): 162–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/174328610x12820409992372.

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10

Castro, R., R. Gómez, and A. Hekmat. "Experimental quantification of hang-up for block caving applications." International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 85 (May 2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2016.02.005.

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11

Galindo-Torres, S. A., S. Palma, S. Quintero, A. Scheuermann, X. Zhang, K. Krabbenhoft, M. Ruest, and D. Finn. "An airblast hazard simulation engine for block caving sites." International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 107 (July 2018): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2018.04.034.

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12

Zhang, Shixiong, and Guangxu Tong. "Influence of block boundary weakening on the caving process." Mining Science and Technology 13, no. 2 (September 1991): 157–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-9031(91)91319-d.

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13

Someehneshin, Javad, Behdeen Oraee-Mirzamani, and Kazem Oraee. "Analytical Model Determining the Optimal Block Size in the Block Caving Mining Method." Indian Geotechnical Journal 45, no. 2 (June 5, 2014): 156–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40098-014-0119-1.

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14

He, Rongxing, Huan Liu, Fengyu Ren, Guanghui Li, and Jing Zhang. "A Fuzzy Comprehensive Assessment Approach and Application of Rock Mass Cavability in Block Caving Mining." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2019 (July 7, 2019): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2063640.

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Cavability assessment is an important subject during the feasibility stages before determining whether to use block caving mining. This paper provides a fuzzy comprehensive assessment (FCA) approach based on the cavability assessment approaches and its influencing factors, which are all fuzzy. This approach combines the cavability influencing factors with engineering empirical approaches by fuzzy mathematics, which improves the applicability of the cavability assessment results. This approach is applied to assess the cavability via cores in the Luoboling copper molybdenum mine. The spatial distribution of the rock mass cavability at different depths of the borehole is obtained. The cavability ranks of various rocks are determined in different locations. These assessment results can provide a basis for demonstrating the feasibility of block caving mining in the Luoboling copper molybdenum mine. The study can also provide a basis for the design of mining engineering.

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15

Baiden, Greg, and Yassiah Bissiri. "AN INNOVATIVE APPROACH USING TELEROBOTICS FOR INTELLIGENT BLOCK CAVING OPERATIONS." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 40, no. 11 (2007): 393–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3182/20070821-3-ca-2919.00055.

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16

Catalan, Alex, and Italo Onederra. "Modelling of preconditioning by blasting in block and panel caving." Mining Technology 126, no. 2 (November 14, 2016): 59–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14749009.2016.1252556.

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17

Ge, Qifa, Wenlu Fan, Weigen Zhu, and Xiaowei Chen. "Application and research of block caving in Pulang copper mine." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 108 (January 2018): 042006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/108/4/042006.

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18

Sánchez, Vanessa, Raúl L. Castro, and Sergio Palma. "Gravity flow characterization of fine granular material for Block Caving." International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 114 (February 2019): 24–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2018.12.011.

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19

Zhang, S., and G. Tong. "Influence of irregular boundary weakening on the block caving process." International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts 32, no. 2 (February 1995): 135–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(94)00040-a.

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20

Orellana, L. F., R. Castro, A. Hekmat, and E. Arancibia. "Productivity of a Continuous Mining System for Block Caving Mines." Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering 50, no. 3 (October 12, 2016): 657–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00603-016-1107-9.

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21

Gómez, René, Raúl L. Castro, Aldo Casali, Sergio Palma, and Asieh Hekmat. "A Comminution Model for Secondary Fragmentation Assessment for Block Caving." Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering 50, no. 11 (July 3, 2017): 3073–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00603-017-1267-2.

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22

Chitombo, Gideon. "Importance of Geology in Cave Mining." SEG Discovery, no. 119 (October 1, 2019): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5382/geo-and-mining-05.

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Editor’s note: The Geology and Mining series, edited by Dan Wood and Jeffrey Hedenquist, is designed to introduce early-career professionals and students to a variety of topics in mineral exploration, development, and mining, in order to provide insight into the many ways in which geoscientists contribute to the mineral industry. Abstract Cave mining methods (generically referred to as block caving) are becoming the preferred mass underground mining options for large, regularly shaped mineral deposits that are too deep to mine by open pit. The depth at which caving is initiated has increased over the past few decades, and operational difficulties experienced in these new mines have indicated the need for a much improved geologic and geotechnical understanding of the rock mass, if the low-cost and high-productivity objectives of the method are to be maintained and the mines operated safely. Undercuts (the caving initiation level immediately above the ore extraction level) are now being developed at depths of >1,000 m below surface, with the objective of progressively deepening to 2,000 and, eventually, 3,000 m. Many of the deeper deposits now being mined by caving have lower average metal grades than previously caved at shallower depths and comprise harder and more heterogeneous rock masses, and some are located in higher-stress and higher-temperature environments. As a result, larger caving block heights are required for engineering reasons; mining costs (capital and operating) are also escalating. In these deeper cave mining environments, numerous hazards must be mitigated if safety, productivity, and profitability are not to be adversely affected. Fortunately, potential hazards can be indicated and evaluated during exploration, discovery, and deposit assessment, prior to mine design and planning. Major hazards include rock bursts, air blasts, discontinuous surface subsidence, and inrushes of fines. These hazards are present during all stages of the caving process, from cave establishment (tunnel and underground infrastructure development, drawbell opening, and undercutting) through cave propagation and cave breakthrough to surface, up to and including steady-state production. Improved geologic input into mine design and planning will facilitate recognition and management of these risks, mitigating their consequences.

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23

Liu, Hong Tao, Ji Li, Li Shuai Jiang, and Long Fan. "Research on the Relationship between the Thickness of the Hard Strata and the Roof Caving Hidden Danger Level." Advanced Materials Research 557-559 (July 2012): 813–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.557-559.813.

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In order to find out the cause of the mining roadway of mine test roof fall in the excavation period, to based roof stability partition method, The main research methods is using RFPA software numerical simulation, according to the specific condition roof strata of the mine test, build 6 different thickness of medium sandstone model, get the corresponding characteristics of roof deformation and roof caving hidden danger level. The results of the study show that under the condition roof strata of the mine test, At the stratigraphic horizon is certain, Thickness decrease of medium sandstone is the main cause of roof fall, when the thickness of medium sandstone less than 1.5m,the roof is unstable, roof caving hidden danger level depend on its upper strata; 1.5m is constant critical value of roof caving hidden danger level, the middle of roadway have be deformation, but articulate between rock block can also keep the roadway stable; when the thickness of medium sandstone more than 1.5m, it can be loading layer, roof caving hidden danger risk is low, the type rock is Ⅰ level, the roadway is basically never collapse.

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24

Xia, Zhi-Yuan, and Zhuo-Ying Tan. "Study on Instability Mechanism of Extraction Structure under Undercut Space Based on Thin Plate Theory in Block Caving Method." Shock and Vibration 2021 (February 27, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5548213.

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The instability of extraction structure under the undercut space in the block caving stope presents specific characteristics: rib spalling and floor heave in ore-loading roadway and collapse of major apexes. In order to study the stress and displacement evolution law of extraction structure under undercut space and reveal the instability mechanism of extraction structure, the numerical simulation model of block caving stope was established using the finite difference software FLAC3D. According to the postundercutting strategy in Tongkuangyu Mine in China, extraction structure was formed first in the simulation process, and then the undercut level was divided into eight units for excavation step by step. The stress and displacement of extraction structure after each step of undercutting were monitored and analyzed. Based on the thin plate theory, the mechanism of stress change and deflection deformation of extraction structure was revealed. The research results show that, under the action of high horizontal tectonic stress and vertical stress, the extraction structure under undercut space produces vertical upward bending deformation after undercutting during the block caving. The tension stress concentration gradually appears in the side wall of the ore-loading roadway and the tip of the major apexes; with the increase of the undercutting area, the degree of tensile stress concentration gradually becomes strong; when the tensile strength of the rock mass in extraction structure is exceeded, extraction structure presents instability. It is necessary to make the overlying ore collapse on extraction structure as soon as possible after undercutting, which is beneficial to release the tension stress in the extraction structure under undercutting space.

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25

Wang, Rong Chao, Chun Qiu Wang, and Lei Zhang. "The Analysis of the Bolted Roadway Stability with Discrete Element Method." Applied Mechanics and Materials 121-126 (October 2011): 1504–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.121-126.1504.

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The model is generated in the paper taking the fully mechanized caving face in Yang-village mine, Yima group as engineering background, using UDEC software to analyze the influence of joint characteristics parameters on surrounding rock stability of fully-mechanized caving roadway, and from the aspects of the horizontal compressive stress between joint surfaces of roof, the roof sinking magnitude and surrounding rock failure, the fully-mechanized caving roadway is simulated with different anchorage forms and bolt length, with pallet and steel belt or not, different block sizes and different buried depths[1]. Through improved roadway supporting technology, the supporting effect was increased, the damage and destruction of the supporting to rock mass was reduced. The computed results were consistent with practical application. This shows that the technology has some directive significance for mining under the same geological conditions, and supports theoretical and practical basis for the mine's safety in production and sustainable development.

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26

Cahyono, Yudho Dwi Galih. "Technical Planning of Ventilation System to Support Development W Undercut in 2021 at PT. Freeport Indonesia Underground Mining." Journal of Earth and Marine Technology (JEMT) 1, no. 1 (September 3, 2020): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.31284/j.jemt.2020.v1i1.1141.

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Ventilation is an attempt to drain clean air into the mine and remove dirty air out of the mine. The main components of a mine ventilation system are intake, working, and exhaust. Intake is a tunnel and wells system where air flows from the surface into the mine. The purpose of the ventilation system in an underground mine is to provide and drain clean air into the mine for breathing and comfort of mine workers. Based on the Ventilation Design Criteria used by PTFI, the minimum airflow level required for every mine worker is 0.033 m3 / s / worker. Based on PTFI Ventilation Design Criteria, the minimum level in diluting smoke of heavy equipment diesel engine is 5 m3 / min or 0.08 m3 / s / kW. PT Freeport Indonesia is currently developing new underground mines namely Grasberg Block Caving (GBC) and Deep Mill Level Zone (DMLZ) which will be mined using the block caving method.

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27

Wang, Hong-Sheng, Hai-Qing Shuang, Lei Li, and Shuang-Shuang Xiao. "The Stability Factors’ Sensitivity Analysis of Key Rock B and Its Engineering Application of Gob-Side Entry Driving in Fully-Mechanized Caving Faces." Advances in Civil Engineering 2021 (May 24, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9963450.

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To reveal the critical factors of the main roof influencing stability of surrounding rocks of roadways driven along goaf in fully-mechanized top-coal caving faces, this paper builds a structural mechanics model for the surrounding rocks based on geological conditions of the 8105 fully-mechanized caving face of Yanjiahe Coal Mine, and the stress and equilibrium conditions of the key rock block B are analyzed, and focus is on analyzing rules of the key rock block B influencing stability of roadways driven along goaf. Then, the orthogonal experiment and the range method are used to confirm the sensitivity influencing factors in numerical simulation, which are the basic main roof height and the fracture location, the length of the key rock block B, and the main roof hardness in turn. It is revealed that the basic main roof height and its fracture location have a greater influence on stability of god-side entry driving. On the one hand, the coal wall and the roof of roadways driven along goaf are damaged, and the deformation of surrounding rocks of roadways and the vertical stress of narrow coal pillars tend to stabilize along with the increase of the basic main roof height. On the other hand, when the gob-side entry is located below the fracture line of the main roof, the damage caused by gob-side entry is the most serious. Therefore, on-site gob-side entry driving should avoid being below the fracture line of the main roof. At last, industrial tests are successfully conducted in the fully-mechanized top-coal caving faces, 8105 and 8215, of Yanjiahe Coal Mine.

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28

Tu, Jingzhi, Yanlin Zhang, Gang Mei, and Nengxiong Xu. "Numerical Investigation of Progressive Slope Failure Induced by Sublevel Caving Mining Using the Finite Difference Method and Adaptive Local Remeshing." Applied Sciences 11, no. 9 (April 23, 2021): 3812. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11093812.

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Slope failure induced by sublevel caving mining is a progressive process, resulting in the large deformation and displacement of rock masses in the slope. Numerical methods are widely used to investigate the above phenomenon. However, conventional numerical methods have difficulties when simulating the process of progressive slope failure. For example, the discrete element method (DEM) for block systems is computationally expensive and possibly fails for large-scale and complex slope models, while the finite difference method (FDM) has a mesh distortion problem when simulating progressive slope failure. To address the above problems, this paper presents a finite difference modeling method using the adaptive local remeshing technique (LREM) to investigate the progressive slope failure induced by sublevel caving mining. In the proposed LREM, (1) the zone of the distorted mesh is adaptively identified, and the landslide body is removed; (2) the updated mesh is regenerated by the local remeshing, and the physical field variables of the original computational model are transferred to the regenerated computational model. The novelty of the proposed method is that (1) compared with the DEM for block systems, the proposed LREM is capable of modeling the progressive slope failure in large-scale rock slopes; (2) the proposed method is able to address the problem of mesh distortion in conventional FDM modeling; and (3) compared with the errors induced by the frequent updating of the mesh of the entire model, the adaptive local remeshing technique effectively reduces calculation errors. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed LREM, it is first used to investigate the failure of a simplified slope induced by sublevel caving mining. Moreover, the proposed LREM is applied in a real case, i.e., to investigate the progressive slope failure induced by sublevel caving mining in Yanqianshan Iron Mine.

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29

SAGAWA, Yoshihiro, and Jiro YAMATOMI. "Technology of Block Caving Mining Method in Northparkes E48 Mine, Australia." Journal of MMIJ 125, no. 8 (2009): 409–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2473/journalofmmij.125.409.

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30

Castro, R. L. "Geotechnical characterization of ore related to mudrushes in block caving mining." Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy 117, no. 3 (2017): 275–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n3a9.

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31

Vallejos, J. "Methodology for evaluation of mud rush risk in block caving mining." Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy 117, no. 5 (2017): 491–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2017/v117n5a11.

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32

Hurtado, Juan P., Nicolás Díaz, Enrique I. Acuña, and Joaquín Fernández. "Shock losses characterization of ventilation circuits for block caving production levels." Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 41 (March 2014): 88–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2013.11.010.

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33

Palma, Sergio, S. A. Galindo-Torres, A. Delonca, M. Ruest, A. Scheuermann, and D. Finn. "Universal laws for air velocities in airblast events during block caving." International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 113 (January 2019): 303–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2018.12.007.

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34

Castro, Raúl, René Gómez, Matthew Pierce, and Juan Canales. "Experimental quantification of vertical stresses during gravity flow in block caving." International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 127 (March 2020): 104237. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2020.104237.

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35

Gong, Peilin, Tong Zhao, Kaan Yetilmezsoy, and Kang Yi. "Mechanical Modeling of Roof Fracture Instability Mechanism and Its Control in Top-Coal Caving Mining under Thin Topsoil of Shallow Coal Seam." Advances in Civil Engineering 2019 (October 27, 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/1986050.

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This study aimed to explore the safe and efficient top-coal caving mining under thin topsoil of shallow coal seam (SCS) and realize the optimization of hydraulic support. Numerical simulation and theoretical analysis were used to reveal the stress distribution of the topsoil, the structure characteristics of the main roof blocks, and the development of the roof subsidence convergence. Step subsidence of the initial fractured main roof after sliding destabilization frequently existed, which seriously threatened the safety of the hydraulic supports. Hence, a mechanical model of the main roof blocks, where the topsoil thickness was less than the minimum height of the unloading arch, was established, and the mechanical criterion of the stability was achieved. The working resistance of the hydraulic support was calculated, and the reasonable type was optimized so as to avoid crushing accident. Findings of the present analysis indicated that the hydraulic support optimization was mainly affected by fractured main roof blocks during the first weighting. According to the block stability mechanical model based on Mohr–Coulomb criterion, the required working resistance and the supporting intensity were determined as 4899 kN and 0.58 MPa, respectively. The ZZF5200/19/32S low-position top-coal caving hydraulic support was selected for the studied mine and support-surrounding rock stability control of thin-topsoil SCS could be achieved without crushing accident.

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36

Milic, Vitomir, Igor Svrkota, and Dejan Petrovic. "Analysis of block stability for semi - level caving method with lateral loading." Mining and Metallurgy Engineering Bor, no. 2 (2013): 21–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/mmeb1302021m.

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37

Eremenko, A. A., I. V. Mashukov, and V. A. Eremenko. "Geodynamic and Seismic Events under Rockburst-Hazardous Block Caving in Gornaya Shoria." Journal of Mining Science 53, no. 1 (January 2017): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1062739117011859.

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38

Castro, Raúl, Diego Garcés, Andrés Brzovic, and Francisco Armijo. "Quantifying Wet Muck Entry Risk for Long-term Planning in Block Caving." Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering 51, no. 9 (May 24, 2018): 2965–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00603-018-1512-3.

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39

Volchenko, G. N., V. M. Seryakov, and V. N. Fryanov. "Geomechanical substantiation of the resource-saving alternatives of the induced block caving method." Journal of Mining Science 48, no. 4 (July 2012): 709–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1062739148040168.

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40

Khodayari, Firouz, and Yashar Pourrahimian. "Mathematical programming applications in block-caving scheduling: a review of models and algorithms." International Journal of Mining and Mineral Engineering 6, no. 3 (2015): 234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijmme.2015.071174.

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41

Melo, F., F. Vivanco, and C. Fuentes. "Calculated isolated extracted and movement zones compared to scaled models for block caving." International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 46, no. 4 (June 2009): 731–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2008.09.012.

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42

Rafiee, R., M. Ataei, and R. KhalooKakaie. "A new cavability index in block caving mines using fuzzy rock engineering system." International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 77 (July 2015): 68–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2015.03.028.

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43

SOKOLOV, Igor, Yury ANTIPIN, and Artem ROZHKOV. "MODERNIZATION OF THE MINING SYSTEM OF SMALL DEPOSITS OF RICH COPPER PYRITE ORES." Sustainable Development of Mountain Territories 12, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 444–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.21177/1998-4502-2020-12-3-444-453.

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The purpose work. Substantiation and selection of a safe and effective option of mining technology of the experimental block in the pilot industrial mining of the Skalistoe deposit. Method of research. Analysis and synthesis of project solutions, experience in mining inclined low-thickness ore bodies, economic and mathematical modeling and optimization of the parameters of options mining systems in the conditions of the experimental block. Results of research. As a result of research it was established: - the sublevel caving mining system with the parameters adopted in the project does not guarantee the completeness of the extraction of reserves and the effectiveness of mining operations. Project indicators of extraction by sublevel caving technology with frontal ore drawing are overestimated and difficult to achieve in these geological and technical conditions (combination of low thickness and angle of ore body); project scheme for the delivery and transportation of rock mass seems impractical due to the significant volume of heading workings and increased transportation costs; - eight technically rational options of various mining systems were constructed, most relevant to the geological and technical conditions of the deposit. Five variants of the sublevel chamber system and pillar caving, a project variant of sublevel caving technology with frontal ore drawing and two options flat-back cut-and-fill system were considered; - for mining the Skalistoe deposit, according to the results of economic and mathematical modeling, optimal by the criterion of profit per 1 ton of balance reserves of ore is a option of the technology of chamber extraction with dual chambers, frontal drawing of ore by remote-controlled load-haul-dump machine and subsequent pillars caving, as having the greatest profit; - the calculations justified stable spans of dual chambers (25.3 m) and the width of panel pillars (3 m). With an allowable span of 25.3 m, the roof of the dual chambers will be stable with a safety factor of 1.41, and a panel pillar with a width of 3 m has a sufficient margin of safety (more than 1.6) in the whole range of ore body thickness variation; - the proposed scheme of delivery and transportation of rock mass, which allows to reduce the volume of tunnel works by 26% and the average length of transportation by 10-15% compared with the project. Findings. Developed in the process of modernization the technology sublevel chamber system with double-chamber, compared with the project technology, it is possible to significantly increase the efficiency of mining of the low thickness deposit of rich ores Skalistoe by reducing the specific volume of preparatory-rifled work by 34%, the cost of mined ore by 12%, losses and ore dilution – by 2 and 2.9 times, respectively.

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Cheng, Qingying, Bingxiang Huang, Luying Shao, Xinglong Zhao, Shuliang Chen, Haoze Li, and Changwei Wang. "Combination of Pre-Pulse and Constant Pumping Rate Hydraulic Fracturing for Weakening Hard Coal and Rock Mass." Energies 13, no. 21 (October 22, 2020): 5534. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13215534.

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The weakening of hard coal–rock mass is the core common problem that is involved in the top coal weakening in hard and thick coal seams, the hard roof control during the initial mining stage in the longwall mining face, and the hanging roof control in the gob of non-coal mine. Based on the characteristics of pulse hydraulic fracturing and constant pumping rate hydraulic fracturing, a weakening method for hard coal–rock mass by combining pre-pulse and constant pumping rate hydraulic fracturing is proposed. A complete set of equipment for the combined pulse and constant pumping rate hydraulic fracturing construction in the underground coal mine is developed. The pulse and constant pumping rate hydraulic fracturing technology and equipment were applied in the top coal weakening of the shallow buried thick coal seam. Compared with no weakening measures for top coal, the average block size of the top coal caving was reduced by 42% after top coal hydraulic fracturing. The recovery rate of the top coal caving mining face reached 85%, and it increased by 18% after hydraulic fracturing.

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45

Noriega, Roberto, Yashar Pourrahimian, and Eugene Ben-Awuah. "A two-step mathematical programming framework for undercut horizon optimization in block caving mines." Resources Policy 65 (March 2020): 101586. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2020.101586.

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46

Eremenko, V. A., V. N. Karpov, V. V. Timonin, N. G. Barnov, and I. O. Shakhtorin. "Basic trends in development of drilling equipment for ore mining with block caving method." Journal of Mining Science 51, no. 6 (November 2015): 1113–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s106273911506037x.

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47

Sepúlveda, E., P. A. Dowd, and C. Xu. "The optimisation of block caving production scheduling with geometallurgical uncertainty – a multi-objective approach." Mining Technology 127, no. 3 (March 12, 2018): 131–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/25726668.2018.1442648.

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Khodayari, F., and Y. Pourrahimian. "Long-term production scheduling optimization and 3D material mixing analysis for block caving mines." Mining Technology 128, no. 2 (January 4, 2019): 65–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/25726668.2018.1563742.

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49

Rafiee, R., M. Ataei, R. KhalooKakaie, S. E. Jalali, F. Sereshki, and M. Noroozi. "Numerical modeling of influence parameters in cavabililty of rock mass in block caving mines." International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 105 (May 2018): 22–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2018.03.001.

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50

Rafiee, R., Mohammad Ataei, Reza KhaloKakaie, S. M. E. Jalali, and F. Sereshki. "A fuzzy rock engineering system to assess rock mass cavability in block caving mines." Neural Computing and Applications 27, no. 7 (August 22, 2015): 2083–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00521-015-2007-8.

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