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Journal articles on the topic 'Blister blight of tea'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 18 May 2024

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1

Zhang, Qiqi, Nini Guo, Yongheng Zhang, Youben Yu, and Shuyuan Liu. "Genome-Wide Characterization and Expression Analysis of Pathogenesis-Related 1 (PR-1) Gene Family in Tea Plant (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) in Response to Blister-Blight Disease Stress." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 3 (January 24, 2022): 1292. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23031292.

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Pathogenesis-related 1 (PR-1) proteins, which are defense proteins in plant–pathogen interactions, play an important role in the resistance and defense of plants against diseases. Blister blight disease is caused by Exobasidium vexans Massee and a major leaf disease of tea plants (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze). However, the systematic characterization and analysis of the PR-1 gene family in tea plants is still lacking, and the defense mechanism of this family remains unknown. In this study, 17 CsPR-1 genes were identified from the tea plant genome and classified into five groups based on their signal peptide, isoelectric point, and C-terminus extension. Most of the CsPR-1 proteins contained an N-terminal signal peptide and a conserved PR-1 like domain. CsPR-1 genes comprised multiple cis-acting elements and were closely related to the signal-transduction pathways involving TCA, NPR1, EDS16, BGL2, PR4, and HCHIB. These characteristics imply an important role of the genes in the defense of the tea plant. In addition, the RNA-seq data and real-time PCR analysis demonstrated that the CsPR-1-2, -4, -6, -7, -8, -9, -10, -14, -15, and -17 genes were significantly upregulated under tea blister-blight stress. This study could help to increase understanding of CsPR-1 genes and their defense mechanism in response to tea blister blight.

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2

Wan, Yuhe, Yuxin Han, Xinyi Deng, and Yingjuan Chen. "Metabolomics Analysis Reveals the Effect of Two Alpine Foliar Diseases on the Non-Volatile and Volatile Metabolites of Tea." Foods 12, no. 8 (April 7, 2023): 1568. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods12081568.

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Blister blight and small leaf spots are important alpine diseases that mainly attack tender tea leaves, affecting tea quality. However, there is limited information on the effect of these diseases on tea’s non-volatile and volatile metabolites. Metabolomic analysis based on UHPLC-Q-TOF/MS, HPLC and GC/MS was used to reveal the characteristic chemical profiles of tea leaves infected with blister blight (BB) and small leaf spots (SS). Flavonoids and monolignols were non-volatile metabolites that were enriched and significantly changed. Six main monolignols involved in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis were significantly induced in infected tea leaves. The accumulation of catechins, (−)-epigallocatechin gallate, (−)-epicatechin gallate, caffeine, amino acids and theanine were significantly decreased in both diseased tea leaves, while soluble sugar, (−)-epigallocatechin and phenol-ammonia were obviously increased. Among them, the amounts of sweet and umami-related soluble sugar, sucrose, amino acids and theanine were much higher in BB, while bitter and astringent taste-related catechins and derivatives were much higher in SS. Volatiles analysis showed that volatiles content in SS and BB was significantly decreased, and styrene was significantly induced in blister blight-infected tea leaves. The results indicate that the type and amount of volatiles were highly and differentially influenced by infection with the two alpine diseases.

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3

ITO, Yoko. "Behavior of the Tea Blister Blight Fungus on the Overwintering Buds of Tea." Chagyo Kenkyu Hokoku (Tea Research Journal), no. 84 (1997): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.5979/cha.1997.1.

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4

Sen, Surjit, Manjula Rai, Diptosh Das, Swarnendu Chandra, and Krishnendu Acharya. "Blister blight a threatened problem in tea industry: A review." Journal of King Saud University - Science 32, no. 8 (December 2020): 3265–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2020.09.008.

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5

Yang, Xiuju, Kunqian Cao, Xiaoli Ren, Guangyun Cao, Weizhi Xun, Jiayong Qin, Xia Zhou, and Linhong Jin. "Field Control Effect and Initial Mechanism: A Study of Isobavachalcone against Blister Blight Disease." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 12 (June 16, 2023): 10225. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms241210225.

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Blister blight (BB) disease is caused by the obligate biotrophic fungal pathogen Exobasidium vexans Massee and seriously affects the yield and quality of Camellia sinensis. The use of chemical pesticides on tea leaves substantially increases the toxic risks of tea consumption. Botanic fungicide isobavachalcone (IBC) has the potential to control fungal diseases on many crops but has not been used on tea plants. In this study, the field control effects of IBC were evaluated by comparison and in combination with natural elicitor chitosan oligosaccharides (COSs) and the chemical pesticide pyraclostrobin (Py), and the preliminary action mode of IBC was also investigated. The bioassay results for IBC or its combination with COSs showed a remarkable control effect against BB (61.72% and 70.46%). IBC, like COSs, could improve the disease resistance of tea plants by enhancing the activity of tea-plant-related defense enzymes, including polyphenol oxidase (PPO), catalase (CAT), phenylalanine aminolase (PAL), peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), β-1,3-glucanase (Glu), and chitinase enzymes. The fungal community structure and diversity of the diseased tea leaves were examined using Illumina MiSeq sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the ribosomal rDNA genes. It was obvious that IBC could significantly alter the species’ richness and the diversity of the fungal community in affected plant sites. This study broadens the application range of IBC and provides an important strategy for the control of BB disease.

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6

Han, Yuxin, Xinyi Deng, Huarong Tong, and Yingjuan Chen. "Effect of blister blight disease caused by Exobasidium on tea quality." Food Chemistry: X 21 (March 2024): 101077. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fochx.2023.101077.

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7

ITO, Yoko, and Nobuyoshi NARISAWA. "Infection of Exobasidium vexans, Causal Fungus of Blister Blight of Tea, into Young Tea Leaves." Chagyo Kenkyu Hokoku (Tea Research Journal), no. 80 (1994): 9–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5979/cha.1994.80_9.

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8

Krishnan, Jayapal Santhana. "An integrated fuzzy-rough set model for identification of tea leaf diseases." Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences 59, no. 06 (November 1, 2022): 947–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.21162/pakjas/22.1403.

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Tea is one of the major economic crops of India. People use tiny tea leaves to make beverages. The diseases in tea leaves affect the quality and yield of this cultivation. This paper proposes a disease classification model to prevent the major loss in crop yield.Tea leaf images are captured using a camera, and various image processing techniques are applied to the images to identify which disease is affected. The proposed model works for three major tea leaf diseases: blister blight, scab, and spot. The model extracts the Haralick features using Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM), and the most relevant features are selected with the help of the metaheuristic optimization technique. Fuzzy Rough Nearest Neighbor (FRNN) is used for classification techniques, and the model gave better accuracy than other existing techniques

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9

Kwon, Jin-Hyeuk, Seon-Gi Jeong, and Chang-Seuk Park. "Blister blight of Tea (Thea sinensis) Caused by Exobasidium vexans in Korea." Research in Plant Disease 9, no. 4 (December 1, 2003): 209–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5423/rpd.2003.9.4.209.

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10

Chandra, Swarnendu, Nilanjan Chakraborty, Amrita Chakraborty, Ripen Rai, Biswajit Bera, and Krishnendu Acharya. "Induction of defence response against blister blight by calcium chloride in tea." Archives Of Phytopathology And Plant Protection 47, no. 19 (February 5, 2014): 2400–2409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03235408.2014.880555.

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11

Saravanakumar, D., Charles Vijayakumar, N. Kumar, and R. Samiyappan. "PGPR-induced defense responses in the tea plant against blister blight disease." Crop Protection 26, no. 4 (April 2007): 556–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2006.05.007.

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12

Rahma Putri, Almira Ari ef, Achmadi Priyatmojo, and Ani Widiastuti. "Genetic Diversity of Exobasidium vexans, the Causal Agent of Blister Blight on Tea in Pagilaran, Central Java, Indonesia Using PCR-RAPD." Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science 45, no. 3 (August 9, 2022): 747–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.47836/pjtas.45.3.13.

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Indonesia is one of the ten largest tea-producing countries in the world, with a plantation area of 104,420 hectares and a production of 139,285 thousand tons in 2018. Blister blight can cause massive crop losses across tea-growing regions of Asia, particularly in India, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, and Japan. The infection causes a 40% yield loss. The study aimed to determine the genetic diversity in Exobasidium vexans that cause blister blight based on polymerase chain reaction-random amplified polymorphic DNA (PCR-RAPD). Sampling was conducted at Pagilaran, a tea plantation located in Central Java, Indonesia, with sampling based on altitude, Andongsili (>1,000 meters above sea level [masl]), Kayulandak (±1,000 masl), and Pagilaran (<1,000 masl) with clones TRI 2024, TRI 2025, Gambung 3, Gambung 7, Gambung 9, and Pagilaran 15. This study used the PCR method using internal transcribed spacers (ITS) 1F and ITS 4 primers. Four primers used in PCR-RAPD were OPA-02, OPA-03, OPA-05, and OPB-17. The characteristics of E. vexans observed were ellipse-shaped basidiospore, hyaline, unicellular with one septate, formed at the tip of the sterigma with hyaline and elliptical shapes, with a range size of 7–15.5 μm x 2.3–4.5 μm. PCR-RAPD method was able to show the diversity of E. vexans samples between clones, in which three clusters were formed at a coefficient of 0.63. Cluster I consisted of TRI 2024 Andongsili and PGL 15 Pagilaran; Cluster II consisted of TRI 2025 Andongsili and Gambung 3 Andongsili; Cluster III consisted of Gambung 7 Andongsili, Gambung 7 Kayulandak, and Gambung 9 Andongsili.

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13

Premkumar, R., P. Ponmurugan, and S. Manian. "Growth and photosynthetic and biochemical responses of tea cultivars to blister blight infection." Photosynthetica 46, no. 1 (March 1, 2008): 135–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11099-008-0021-0.

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14

Singh, H. Ranjit, Pranita Hazarika, Manab Deka, and Sudripta Das. "Study of Agrobacterium-mediated co-transformation of tea for blister blight disease resistance." Journal of Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology 29, no. 1 (May 17, 2019): 24–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13562-019-00508-0.

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15

Baby, U. I., S. Balasubramanian, D. Ajay, and R. Premkumar. "Effect of ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitors on blister blight disease, the tea plant and quality of made tea." Crop Protection 23, no. 9 (September 2004): 795–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2004.01.001.

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16

Adhikari, Karun, and Ashis Rai. "Invitro Efficacy of Trichoderma Isolates and Commercial Fungicides against Exobasidium vexans, Causal Agent of Blister Blight in Tea." International Journal of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology 10, no. 3 (October 1, 2022): 182–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijasbt.v10i3.47524.

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Blister blight is one of the most significant foliar fungal diseases of tea plant caused by Exobasidium vexans. An invitro experimentation on efficacy of biofungicides and chemical fungicides was carried out at Agriculture Research Station, Pakhribas from November 2020 to January 2021 to evaluate and analyze effectivity of two Trichoderma spp and five commonly used chemical fungicides against Blister Blight pathogen. Isolates of Trichoderma viride and Trichoderma harzianum were tested against E. vexans using dual culture technique. Five Chemical fungicides namely Copper oxychloride 50WP, Hexaconazole 5% EC, Metalaxyl 8% WP+ Mancozeb 64% WP, Carbendazim 50% WP, Carboxin 37.5% WS + Thiram 37.5% WS were tested at four different concentrations viz. 50 ppm, 100 ppm, 200 ppm and 500 ppm using poisoned food technique. The experiment was carried out in completely randomized design with three replications for each treatment. Both Trichoderma viride and Trichoderma harzianum demonstrated significant effect on mycelial growth reduction of E. vexans. Trichoderma viride and Trichoderma harzianum exhibited 70.87% and 66.98% inhibition in growth of E. vexans respectively. Similarly, Hexaconazole, Carbendazim, Carboxin + Thiram provided complete (100%) inhibition on pathogen growth regardless of concentration. Least inhibition (36%) on pathogen growth was recorded at 50 ppm of Copper Oxychloride. All chemical fungicides provided significant difference on reducing growth of pathogen in comparison to control at all concentration. It is recommended that Trichoderma spp be taken as a priority regarding its environmental benefit and furthermore if application of chemical fungicides is necessitated, rationalized use be done at lower dose and with appropriate timing.

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17

Sowndhararajan, K., S. Marimuthu, and S. Manian. "Biocontrol potential of phylloplane bacterium Ochrobactrum anthropi BMO-111 against blister blight disease of tea." Journal of Applied Microbiology 114, no. 1 (October 29, 2012): 209–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jam.12026.

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18

Liu, Shuyuan, Qiqi Zhang, Changfei Guan, Daying Wu, Tianshan Zhou, and Youben Yu. "Transcription factor WRKY14 mediates resistance of tea plants (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) to blister blight." Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology 115 (August 2021): 101667. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pmpp.2021.101667.

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19

Hazra, Anjan, Nirjhar Dasgupta, Chandan Sengupta, Rakesh Kumar, and Sauren Das. "On some biochemical physiognomies of two common Darjeeling tea cultivars in relation to blister blight disease." Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection 51, no. 17-18 (November 8, 2018): 915–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03235408.2018.1522696.

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20

Hazra, Anjan, Joyati Sengupta, Chandan Sengupta, and Sauren Das. "ROS mediated response in blister blight disease compatibility of tea [Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze]." Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection 55, no. 2 (November 16, 2021): 162–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03235408.2021.2004045.

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21

Gulati, Ashu, Arvind Gulati, S. D. Ravindranath, and Akshey K. Gupta. "Variation in chemical composition and quality of tea (Camellia sinensis) with increasing blister blight (Exobasidium vexans) severity." Mycological Research 103, no. 11 (November 1999): 1380–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0953756299008941.

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22

Zhou, Xiao-Lu, Nguyen-Huy Hoang, Fang Tao, Tian-Tian Fu, Si-Jian Guo, Cheng-Min Guo, Cai-Bi Zhou, Toan-Le Thanh, and Kumrai Buensanteai. "Transcriptomics and phytohormone metabolomics provide comprehensive insights into the response mechanism of tea against blister blight disease." Scientia Horticulturae 324 (January 2024): 112611. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2023.112611.

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23

Singh, H. Ranjit, Pranita Hazarika, Niraj Agarwala, Neelakshi Bhattacharyya, Prasenjit Bhagawati, Bornali Gohain, Tirthankar Bandyopadhyay, et al. "Transgenic Tea Over-expressing Solanum tuberosum Endo-1,3-beta-d-glucanase Gene Conferred Resistance Against Blister Blight Disease." Plant Molecular Biology Reporter 36, no. 1 (January 13, 2018): 107–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11105-017-1063-x.

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24

Hopfstock, Philipp, Pitumpe Appuhamilage Nimal Punyasiri, Mats Kiene, Jeevan Dananjava Kottawa-Arachchi, Recep Gök, and Peter Winterhalter. "Characterization and Quantitation of Anthocyanins of the Pigmented Tea Cultivar TRI 2043 (Camellia sinensis L.) from Sri Lanka." Separations 11, no. 5 (May 16, 2024): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/separations11050157.

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Tea leaves are rich in diverse bioactive compounds. The tea accession TRI 2043 is unique due to its pigmented leaves caused by anthocyanins, clonal origin, resistance to blister blight disease, and high pubescence density. Because of its peculiarity, TRI 2043 is used to produce high-quality silver tip tea, a premium type of tea that commands high prices. This study was carried out to clarify and elucidate the types of anthocyanins in this particular accession. Four different anthocyanin species were identified and quantitated as cyanidin-3-O-β-d-galactoside and delphinidin-3-O-β-d-galactoside equivalents for leaf blades and stems of the cultivar TRI 2043. The characterization was performed by comparison with commercially available reference substances and further confirmed using ion mobility high-resolution time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (IMS-HRTOF-MS). Quantitation was carried out using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography ultraviolet–visible detection (UHPLC-UV-vis) with cyanidin-3-O-β-d-glucoside as an internal standard. E- and Z-geometric isomers of 6-p-coumaroyl derivates of delphinidin and cyanidin-3-O-β-d-galactopyranosides were observed, and collision cross section (CCS) values were determined for all four different anthocyanidin species. The content of anthocyanins in leaf blades of cultivar TRI 2043 was 856.32 ± 41.56 µg/g dry weight, with cyanidin being the more abundant anthocyanin (69.8%). Conversely, the stem material contained an anthocyanin amount of 459.5 ± 44.7 µg/g dry weight, with a higher content of delphinidin (69.6%). In summary, an enrichment strategy using analytical membrane chromatography was established to fully elucidate and quantify the anthocyanin profile of plant samples such as the special tea variety TRI 2043.

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25

Nisha, Sam Nirmala, Gajjeraman Prabu, and Abul Kalam Azad Mandal. "Biochemical and molecular studies on the resistance mechanisms in tea [Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze] against blister blight disease." Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants 24, no. 5 (June 18, 2018): 867–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12298-018-0565-9.

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26

GUNASEKERA, T. S., N. D. PAUL, and P. G. AYRES. "The effects of ultraviolet‐B (UV‐B: 290–320 nm) radiation on blister blight disease of tea ( Camellia sinensis )." Plant Pathology 46, no. 2 (February 1997): 179–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3059.1997.d01-216.x.

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27

Singh, Gagandeep, Gopal Singh, Romit Seth, Rajni Parmar, Pradeep Singh, Vikram Singh, Sanjay Kumar, and Ram Kumar Sharma. "Functional annotation and characterization of hypothetical protein involved in blister blight tolerance in tea (Camellia sinensis (L) O. Kuntze)." Journal of Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology 28, no. 4 (March 19, 2019): 447–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13562-019-00492-5.

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28

Sowndhararajan, K., S. Marimuthu, and S. Manian. "Integrated control of blister blight disease in tea using the biocontrol agent Ochrobactrum anthropi strain BMO-111 with chemical fungicides." Journal of Applied Microbiology 114, no. 5 (February 18, 2013): 1491–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jam.12159.

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29

Barman, Ananya, Archana Nath, and Debajit Thakur. "Identification and characterization of fungi associated with blister blight lesions of tea (Camellia sinensis L. Kuntze) isolated from Meghalaya, India." Microbiological Research 240 (November 2020): 126561. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.micres.2020.126561.

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30

Sinniah, G. D., K. L. Wasantha Kumara, D. G. N. P. Karunajeewa, and M. A. B. Ranatunga. "Development of an assessment key and techniques for field screening of tea (Camellia sinensis L.) cultivars for resistance to blister blight." Crop Protection 79 (January 2016): 143–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2015.10.017.

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31

Singh, H. Ranjit, Manab Deka, and Sudripta Das. "Enhanced resistance to blister blight in transgenic tea (Camellia sinensis [L.] O. Kuntze) by overexpression of class I chitinase gene from potato (Solanum tuberosum)." Functional & Integrative Genomics 15, no. 4 (March 14, 2015): 461–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10142-015-0436-1.

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32

Fauziyah, Norma, Bambang Hadisutrisno, and Achmadi Priyatmojo. "Waktu Pemencaran dan Pengaruh Jenis Air terhadap Perkecambahan Basidiospora Exobasidium vexans, Penyebab Penyakit Cacar Daun Teh." Jurnal Perlindungan Tanaman Indonesia 22, no. 1 (July 27, 2018): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jpti.23047.

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Blister blight caused by Exobasidium vexans is one of the important diseases in the tea crop. This disease could decrease the production of tea between 20−90%, so that it required a proper and eco-friendly strategy for managing the development of plant disease epidemics. This study was aimed to determine the daily dispersal time of basidiospores of E. vexans, and to study the effect of dew, rain water, and sterile water to the germination of basidiospores of E. vexans. The method used was trapping basidiospores using a spore trap Kiyosawa type on which the object glasses were successively placed for 4 hours at 6:00 a.m., 10:00 a.m., 2:00 p.m., 6:00 p.m., 10.00 p.m., and 2.00 a.m.. The germination of basidiospores was observed with three treatments; i.e. sterile water, rain water and dew. The results revealed that the dispersal of basidiospores of E. vexans mostly occured between 2:00 to 6:00 a.m. Basidiospores of E. vexans could germinate in all kinds of water, but they germinated very well in dew and rain water.IntisariPenyakit cacar daun teh yang disebabkan oleh Exobasidium vexans merupakan salah satu penyakit penting pada tanaman teh. Penyakit ini dapat menurunkan produksi teh antara 20−90%, sehingga perlu ada strategi yang tepat dan dapat diterima lingkungan untuk mengelola perkembangan epideminya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui waktu pemencaran harian basidiospora E. vexans, dan mengetahui pengaruh embun, air hujan, dan air steril terhadap perkecambahan basidiospora E. vexans. Metode yang digunakan adalah penangkapan basidiospora menggunakan alat spore trap tipe kiyosawa yang dipasang gelas benda pada setiap 4 jam sekali, yaitu pada pukul 06.00, 10.00, 14.00, 18.00, 22.00, dan 02.00. Metode yang dipakai dalam mengamati perkecambahan basidiospora menggunakan tiga perlakuan; embun, air hujan, dan air steril. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pemencaran basidiospora E. vexans paling banyak terjadi antara pukul 02.00−06.00. Basidiospora E. vexans dapat berkecambah pada embun, air hujan, dan air steril namun perkecambahan paling baik terjadi pada embun dan air hujan.

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33

Gunasekera, T. S., and N. D. Paul. "Ecological impact of solar ultraviolet-B (UV-B: 320?290�nm) radiation on Corynebacterium aquaticum and Xanthomonas sp. colonization on tea phyllosphere in relation to blister blight disease incidence in the field." Letters in Applied Microbiology 44, no. 5 (May 2007): 513–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-765x.2006.02102.x.

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34

Ikeda, Namiko, and Young-Goo Park. "Resistance of Korean Tea Landrace Populations, to Tea Anthracnose, Tea Gray Blight and Tea Bacterial Shoot Blight." Breeding Research 7, no. 1 (2005): 35–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1270/jsbbr.7.35.

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35

Pandian, J. Arun, Sam Nirmala Nisha, K. Kanchanadevi, Abhay K. Pandey, and Samira Kabir Rima. "Grey Blight Disease Detection on Tea Leaves Using Improved Deep Convolutional Neural Network." Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2023 (January 17, 2023): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/7876302.

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We proposed a novel deep convolutional neural network (DCNN) using inverted residuals and linear bottleneck layers for diagnosing grey blight disease on tea leaves. The proposed DCNN consists of three bottleneck blocks, two pairs of convolutional (Conv) layers, and three dense layers. The bottleneck blocks contain depthwise, standard, and linear convolution layers. A single-lens reflex digital image camera was used to collect 1320 images of tea leaves from the North Bengal region of India for preparing the tea grey blight disease dataset. The nongrey blight diseased tea leaf images in the dataset were categorized into two subclasses, such as healthy and other diseased leaves. Image transformation techniques such as principal component analysis (PCA) color, random rotations, random shifts, random flips, resizing, and rescaling were used to generate augmented images of tea leaves. The augmentation techniques enhanced the dataset size from 1320 images to 5280 images. The proposed DCNN model was trained and validated on 5016 images of healthy, grey blight infected, and other diseased tea leaves. The classification performance of the proposed and existing state-of-the-art techniques were tested using 264 tea leaf images. Classification accuracy, precision, recall, F measure, and misclassification rates of the proposed DCNN are 98.99%, 98.51%, 98.48%, 98.49%, and 1.01%, respectively, on test data. The test results show that the proposed DCNN model performed superior to the existing techniques for tea grey blight disease detection.

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36

Tan, Rongrong, Long Jiao, Danjuan Huang, Xun Chen, Hongjuan Wang, and Yingxin Mao. "Comparative Transcript Profiling of Resistant and Susceptible Tea Plants in Response to Gray Blight Disease." Agronomy 14, no. 3 (March 11, 2024): 565. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14030565.

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Gray blight disease stands as one of the most destructive ailments affecting tea plants, causing significant damage and productivity losses. However, the dynamic roles of defense genes during the infection of gray blight disease remain largely unclear, particularly concerning their distinct responses in resistant and susceptible cultivars. In the pursuit of understanding the molecular interactions associated with gray blight disease in tea plants, a transcriptome analysis unveiled that 10,524, 17,863, and 15,178 genes exhibited differential expression in the resistant tea cultivar (Yingshuang), while 14,891, 14,733, and 12,184 genes showed differential expression in the susceptible tea cultivar (Longjing 43) at 8, 24, and 72 h post-inoculation (hpi), respectively. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses highlighted that the most up-regulated genes were mainly involved in secondary metabolism, photosynthesis, oxidative phosphorylation, and ribosome pathways. Furthermore, plant hormone signal transduction and flavonoid biosynthesis were specifically expressed in resistant and susceptible tea cultivars, respectively. These findings provide a more comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying tea plant immunity against gray blight disease.

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Chen, Yingjuan, Liang Zeng, Na Shu, Maoyuan Jiang, Han Wang, Yunjin Huang, and Huarong Tong. "Pestalotiopsis-Like Species Causing Gray Blight Disease on Camellia sinensis in China." Plant Disease 102, no. 1 (January 2018): 98–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-05-17-0642-re.

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Gray blight of tea, caused by several Pestalotiopsis-like species, is one of the most destructive foliar diseases in tea cultivation yet the characteristics of these pathogens have not been confirmed until now. With morphological and multigene phylogenetic analyses, we have identified the gray blight fungi as Pseudopestalotiopsis camelliae-sinensis, Neopestalotiopsis clavispora, and Pestalotiopsis camelliae. Phylogenetic analyses derived from the combined internal transcribed spacer, β-tubulin, and translation elongation factor 1-α gene regions successfully resolved most of the Pestalotiopsis-like species used in this study with high bootstrap supports and revealed three major clusters representing these three species. Differences in colony appearance and conidia morphology (shape, size, septation, color and length of median cells, and length and number of apical and basal appendages) were consistent with the phylogenetic grouping. Pathogenicity tests validated that all three species isolated from tea leaves were causal agents of gray blight disease on tea plant (Camellia sinensis). This is the first description of the characteristics of the three species Pseudopestalotiopsis camelliae-sinensis, N. clavispora, and Pestalotiopsis camelliae as causal agents of tea gray blight disease in China.

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Chen, Yingjuan, Wenjun Qiao, Liang Zeng, Dahang Shen, Zhi Liu, Xiaoshi Wang, and Huarong Tong. "Characterization, Pathogenicity, and Phylogenetic Analyses of Colletotrichum Species Associated with Brown Blight Disease on Camellia sinensis in China." Plant Disease 101, no. 6 (June 2017): 1022–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-12-16-1824-re.

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Brown blight disease caused by Colletotrichum species is a common and serious foliar disease of tea (Camellia sinensis). Fungal isolates from several tea plantations causing typical brown blight symptoms were identified as belonging to the Colletotrichum acutatum species complex and the Colletotrichum gloeosporioides species complex based on morphological characteristics as well as DNA analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). Colletotrichum acutatum, a new causal agent associated with C. sinensis, showed high phenotypic and genotypic diversity compared with the more commonly reported C. gloeosporioides. Phylogenetic analysis derived from individual and combined ITS and GAPDH sequences clearly clustered C. acutatum and C. gloeosporioides into separate species. Pathogenicity tests validated that both species were causal agents of tea brown blight disease and were highly pathogenic to tea leaves. However, the two groups of C. gloeosporioides with low levels of variability within their ITS and GAPDH regions differed in their virulence. This study reports for the first time the characterization of C. acutatum and C. gloeosporioides causing brown blight disease on tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) in China.

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TAKEDA, Yoshiyuki. "Genetic Analysis of Tea Gray Blight Resistance in Tea Plants." Japan Agricultural Research Quarterly: JARQ 36, no. 3 (2002): 143–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.6090/jarq.36.143.

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Zheng, Shiqin, Zhenghua Du, Xiaxia Wang, Chao Zheng, Zonghua Wang, and Xiaomin Yu. "Metabolic Rewiring in Tea Plants in Response to Gray Blight Disease Unveiled by Multi-Omics Analysis." Metabolites 13, no. 11 (November 1, 2023): 1122. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo13111122.

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Gray blight disease, which is caused by Pestalotiopsis-like species, poses significant challenges to global tea production. However, the comprehensive metabolic responses of tea plants during gray blight infection remain understudied. Here, we employed a multi-omics strategy to characterize the temporal transcriptomic and metabolomic changes in tea plants during infection by Pseudopestalotiopsis theae, the causal agent of gray blight. Untargeted metabolomic profiling with ultra-performance liquid chromatography–quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOFMS) revealed extensive metabolic rewiring over the course of infection, particularly within 24 h post-inoculation. A total of 64 differentially accumulated metabolites were identified, including elevated levels of antimicrobial compounds such as caffeine and (−)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate, as well as oxidative catechin polymers like theaflavins, theasinensins and theacitrins. Conversely, the synthesis of (+)-catechin, (−)-epicatechin, oligomeric proanthocyanidins and flavonol glycosides decreased. Integrated omics analyses uncovered up-regulation of phenylpropanoid, flavonoid, lignin biosynthesis and down-regulation of photosynthesis in response to the pathogen stress. This study provides novel insights into the defense strategies of tea plants against gray blight disease, offering potential targets for disease control and crop improvement.

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Lala, F., H. Cahyaningrum, Y. Hidayat, H. B. Aji, and B. Suwitono. "Effect of Paclobutrazol on Leaf and Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) Flowering." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1246, no. 1 (September 1, 2023): 012002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1246/1/012002.

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Abstract The purpose of this study was to ascertain paclobutrazol’s impact on clove flowering and leaves. The study was carried out in Talaga Jaya, South Wasile, and East Halmahera between April 2019 and June 2020. On 7-year-old clove trees, the study used a randomized block design with five dosages of paclobutrazol (6 ml, 8 ml, 10 ml, 12 ml, and 14 ml) and a control (0 ml). On each tree, a 1 m2 area was examined to determine the amount of eugenol, gibberellin acid (GA), abscisic acid (ABA), chlorophyll, and leaf thickness and blister blight. On the other hand, primordial blossoming of cloves was noted. The findings revealed that while 8 ml of paclobutrazol could lessen blister blight, 14 ml of paclobutrazol boosted leaf thickness and chlorophyll content. Paclobutrazol extension at higher doses can boost ABA and quicken generative development. From December 2019 until June 2020, the primordial phase lasts until the blossoming phase. Except for the control plant, which demonstrated the impact of paclobutrazol on the flowering process, flowering persisted in the paclobutrazol-treated plants.

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Wang, Shuangshuang, Xiaozeng Mi, Zhiran Wu, Lixin Zhang, and Chaoling Wei. "Characterization and Pathogenicity of Pestalotiopsis-Like Species Associated With Gray Blight Disease on Camellia sinensis in Anhui Province, China." Plant Disease 103, no. 11 (November 2019): 2786–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-02-19-0412-re.

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Gray blight disease, caused by Pestalotiopsis-like fungi, is one of the deadliest threats to tea (Camellia sinensis) production. However, little information is known about the traits and characteristics of this pathogen. Here, a systematic survey was performed, and a total of 20 representative isolates were obtained from the leaves of tea plants affected by gray blight in two main tea plantations located in Anhui Province, China. Further analyses showed that two isolates were identified as Neopestalotiopsis ellipsospora, three isolates were regarded as Pseudopestalotiopsis chinensis, one isolate was considered as Pseudopestalotiopsis camelliae-sinensis, and the remaining isolates belonged to Pseudopestalotiopsis spp., on the basis of morphological characteristics and multigene phylogenetic analyses of the internal transcribed spacer, β-tubulin, and translation elongation factor 1-α. Pathogenicity tests indicated that there were significant differences in virulence among the Neopestalotiopsis and Pseudopestalotiopsis isolates when inoculated on the leaves of the tea plant (C. sinensis ‘Shuchazao’). Furthermore, varied pathogenicity was also observed for the same isolate when inoculated on different varieties of tea plants. To our knowledge, this is the first record of Neopestalotiopsis ellipsospora and Pseudopestalotiopsis chinensis causing gray blight disease of tea plants in China.

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Bhagat, Indramani, and Bishwanath Chakraborty. "Biocontrol agents of sclerotial blight in tea." Nepalese Journal of Biosciences 3, no. 1 (December 1, 2013): 54–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njbs.v3i1.41445.

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One of the important fungal pathogens Sclerotium rolfsii, causing seedling blight disease in tea was found to be predominant in the nursery grown plants. In vitro interaction of S. rolfsii with Trichoderma harzianum and T. viride was studied. Both bioagents inhibited the growth of S. rolfsii.

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Hairah, Ummul, Anindita Septiarini, Novianti Puspitasari, Andi Tejawati, Hamdani Hamdani, and Surya Eka Priyatna. "Classification of tea leaf disease using convolutional neural network approach." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 14, no. 3 (June 1, 2024): 3287. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v14i3.pp3287-3294.

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Leaf diseases on tea plants affect the quality of tea. This issue must be overcome since preparing tea drinks requires high-quality tea leaves. Various automatic models for identifying disease in tea leaves have been developed; however, their performance is typically low since the extracted features are not selective enough. This work presents a classification model for tea leaf disease that distinguishes six leaf classes: algal spot, brown, blight, grey blight, helopeltis, red spot, and healthy. Deep learning using a convolutional neural network (CNN) builds an effective model for detecting tea leaf illness. The Kaggle public dataset contains 5,980 tea leaf images on a white background. Pre-processing was performed to reduce computing time, which involved shrinking and normalizing the image prior to augmentation. Augmentation techniques included rotation, shear, flip horizontal, and flip vertical. The CNN model was used to classify tea leaf disease using the MobileNetV2 backbone, Adam optimizer, and rectified linear unit (ReLU) activation function with 224×224 input data. The proposed model attained the highest performance, as evidenced by the accuracy value 0.9455.

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Bhagat, Indramani, and Bishwanath Chakraborty. "Efficacy of Fungicides against Sclerotial Blight of Tea Plant." Our Nature 11, no. 2 (January 14, 2014): 208–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/on.v11i2.9601.

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Tea, Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze is the most important hot beverage in the world today and one of the major cash crops of Nepal. Being a perennial, the tea plant possibly interacts with, more environmental problems than do most other plants. Sclerotial blight caused by Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. is polyphagus fungal diseases which appears in the nursery grown tea seedlings.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/on.v11i2.9601 Our Nature 2013, 11(2): 208-210

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ANDO, Yasuo, and Nobuyoshi NARISAWA. "Influence of tea brown blight fungus Glomerella cingulata on the occurrence of tea gray blight caused by Pestalotia longiseta on leaves of tea plants." Japanese Journal of Phytopathology 55, no. 3 (1989): 267–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3186/jjphytopath.55.267.

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Kinloch, Bohun B. "Developing Blister Rust Resistance in White Pines." HortTechnology 10, no. 3 (January 2000): 546. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.10.3.546.

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After a century since introduction to North America from Europe, white pine blister rust, caused by Cronartium ribicola J.C. Fisch., is recognized as one of the catastrophic plant disease epidemics in history. It has not yet stabilized and continues to spread and intensify. Its nine native white pine hosts comprise major timber producers, important watershed protectors, keystone ecological species, and the oldest trees on earth. All are highly susceptible and some have been damaged severely in parts of their native range, as well as where they have been planted as exotics. Resistance, the most promising approach to control, requires understanding of genetic interactions between hosts and pathogen, a quest that has been ongoing for half a century. Unlike other hosts of spectacular exotic diseases, such as chestnut blight [caused by Cryphonectria parasitica (Murrill) M.E. Barr] and dutch elm disease [caused by Ophiostoma ulmi (Buisman) Nannf.], white pines (Pinus L.) exhibit a surprising number of resistance mechanisms to blister rust, if at only low frequencies. There are three main kinds:

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Zhou, Zehua, Yicai Wang, Yabing Duan, Yannan He, Shuang Liu, Yan Chen, Wucheng Deng, et al. "Inhibitory Effect and Control Efficacy of Picoxystrobin against Neopestalotiopsis clavispora, Causing Vine Tea Leaf Blight." Agronomy 13, no. 5 (May 10, 2023): 1340. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13051340.

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Vine tea (Ampelopsis grossedentata) is a traditional herb widely consumed in southwestern China that possesses paramount potential for human health. In 2021, the outbreak of typical leaf blight disease was observed in almost all vine tea plantations in Zhangjiajie of Hunan province, resulting in significant economic losses of vine tea production. In this study, we identified Neopestalotiopsis clavispora as the causal agent of vine tea leaf blight via its morphological characteristics and molecular identification. The sensitivity distribution of N. clavispora isolates to picoxystrobin were determined based on mycelial growth and spore germination inhibition assays. The EC50 values for mycelial growth ranged from 0.0062 to 0.0658 µg/mL, with a mean of 0.0282 ± 0.0148 µg/mL. The EC50 values for spore germination ranged from 0.0014 to 0.0099 µg/mL, and the mean value was 0.0048 ± 0.0022 µg/mL. Picoxystrobin increased fungal cell membrane permeability, but inhibited fungal ATP biosynthesis. Moreover, picoxystrobin exhibited good in planta control efficacy on vine tea leaves. Three picoxystrobin-resistant mutants were obtained in the current study, but no mutations were detected in the N. clavispora Cytb gene. Competitive ability assays showed that the conidium production and pathogenicity of all picoxystrobin-resistant mutants decreased as compared to their progenitors, indicating that picoxystrobin-resistant mutants suffer fitness penalty. These findings provide important evidence for picoxystrobin in vine tea leaf blight management and increase understanding of the resistance mechanism of picoxystrobin against N. clavispora.

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Akbar, Asma, Gul Shad Ali, Brian Pearson, Farrukh Hamid, and Sonia Sumreen. "Screening Camelia sinensis Germplasm Against Grey Leaf Blight of Tea." Journal of Agricultural Studies 5, no. 4 (November 20, 2017): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jas.v5i4.11991.

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Grey blight is a foliar disease of tea plants (Camellia sinensis) caused by Pestalotiopsis. The grey blight pathogen was isolated from infected leaves of tea plants in the National Tea and High Value Crop Research Institute (NTHRI), Shinkiari, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Eight different varieties, Indonesian, Roupi, Jue King, P-5, P-3, Qi man, Chuy and P-1, were investigated for yield loss and resistance against the grey blight disease. All varieties displayed considerably different levels of resistance to Pestalotiopsis (p<0.05). The most resistant variety was Indonesian, which showed the lowest number of lesions (1.5 leaf-1) and the smallest lesion diameter (3.0 cm), whereas the most susceptible variety was P-1 which showed the highest number of lesions (3.83 leaf-1) and the largest lesion diameter (15.0 cm). The grey leaf blight pathogen significantly affected biomass and dry matter of the tested varieties. Compared to non-inoculated control, inoculation with Pestalotiopsis reduced the number of leaves by 40% (p<0.05), fresh leaf weight by 31% (p<0.05) and dry leaf weight by 59% (p<0.05). Whereas, the Indonesian variety was the least affected showing only 11% (p<0.05), 19% (p<0.05), and 28% (p<0.05) reduction in number of leaves, fresh weight and dry weight, respectively, over control. These results showed that Pestalotiopsis significantly reduced tea yield and that this disease can be managed by growing resistant varieties.

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Chanda, Dhritiman, G. D. Sharma, D. K. Jha, Nikkan Chakraborty, and Raja Kumar. "Isolation and Identification of Indigenous Bacteria for the Control of Horse Hair Blight disease of tea." Ecology, Environment and Conservation 28, no. 08 (2022): S431—S436. http://dx.doi.org/10.53550/eec.2022.v28i08s.065.

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Tea plantation is covered by 434,000 hectares of land, which is further divided into two distinct regions - the North Indian tea belt and the South Indian tea belt. North-East India produces 75% of the total Indian tea. Present study is carried out to understand the various agro-climatic conditions of Barak valley like temperature, humidity, rainfall etc which are responsible for occurrence of various diseases in tea plant. Six genera of fungi were isolated and identified as Aspergillus niger, Trichoderma sp., Penicillium sp., Cladosporium sp., Helminthosporium sp. and Fusarium sp. Percentage of relative abundance of all the isolated fungi also estimated and it is found that Aspergillus niger shows high percentage of relative abundance (30%), followed by Trichoderma sp. (22%), Penicillium sp. (12%), Cladosporium sp.(18%), Helminthosporium sp. (8%) and Fusarium sp.(10%). The isolated bacterial strain (Bacillus sp) screened for their antagonistic potential against the pathogen Marasmius equicrinis by dual culture technique. The study indicated that biocontrol agents (Bacillus sp.) are very effective to control the horse hair blight disease in tea plant under in vitro conditions. Our preliminary investigations provided a key concept to use the inoculums of Bacillus sp as biocontrol equipment in the tea gardens of N.E. region to get control over horse hair blight disease of tea.

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