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1
Dukhi, Veresha, Ajay Bissessur, Catherine Jane Ngila, and Nelson Mutatina Ijumba. "An Investigation into the Physico-chemical Properties of Transformer Oil Blends with Antioxidants extracted from Turmeric Powder." International Journal of Emerging Electric Power Systems 14, no. 4 (July 11, 2013): 297–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijeeps-2012-0020.
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Abstract The blending of transformer oil (used mainly as an insulating oil) with appropriate synthetic antioxidants, such as BHT (2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol) and DBP (2,6-di-tert-butylphenol) have been previously reported. This article is focused on the use of antioxidant extracts from turmeric (Curcuma longa), a natural source. Turmeric is well known for its antimicrobial, antioxidant and anticarcinogenic properties owing to the active nature of its components. Extracts from powdered turmeric were subsequently blended into naphthenic-based uninhibited virgin transformer oil, hereinafter referred to as extract-oil blends (E-OB). Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) of the oil blends revealed that five components extracted from turmeric powder were successfully blended into the oil. Subsequent gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis confirmed the presence of the compounds: curcumene, sesquiphellandrene, ar-turmerone, turmerone and curlone. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of the extract-oil blends, containing various levels of extracts, revealed an average temperature shift of ∼8.21°C in the initial onset of degradation in comparison to virgin non-blended oil. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay showed that an increase in the mass aliquot of turmeric extracts in the transformer oil increased the free radical scavenging activity of the oil. Electrical properties of the oil investigated showed that the dissipation factor in the blended oil was found to be lower than that of virgin transformer oil. Evidently, a lower dissipation value renders the oil blend as a superior insulator over normal virgin non-blended oil. This investigation elucidated improved physico-chemical properties of transformer oil blended with turmeric antioxidant extracts.
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Katpatal, Dhananjay C., Atul B. Andhare, and Pramod M. Padole. "Viscosity behaviour and thermal conductivity prediction of CuO-blend oil based nano-blended lubricant." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology 233, no. 8 (December 19, 2018): 1154–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1350650118819634.
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Lubricants play a major role in mechanical machines and studies on various nanolubricants are reported in the literature. This work deals with nanolubricants using blend of oils as base for nanolubricants. Nano-blended lubricants were prepared with a blend of ISO VG46 oil (mineral oil) and Jatropha oil (non-edible vegetable oil) and using them in proportions of 90:10 and 80:20 by dispersing 0.5–3 wt.% of surface-modified CuO nanoparticles by a two-step method. Various properties of these oils such as dispersion stability, viscosity and thermal conductivity were determined. Experimental values of viscosity were compared with the values predicted by using different viscosity models. Nano-blended lubricant 9010 was found more sensitive at lower concentration of nanoparticles compared to nano-blended lubricant 8020. It is observed that nano-blended lubricant 9010 with 1.5 wt.% CuO is more suitable for use in place of ISO VG46 oil compared to nano-blended lubricant 8020. Thermal conductivity values of all types of nano-blended lubricants have been found by thermal conductivity model to be approximately matching with the measured values.
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Pan, F., X. Wang, B. Wen, C. Wang, Y. Xu, W. Dang, and M. Zhang. "Development of walnut oil and almond oil blends for improvements in nutritional and oxidative stability." Grasas y Aceites 71, no. 4 (December 30, 2020): 381. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/gya.0920192.
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For the increase in oxidative stability and phytonutrient contents of walnut oil (WO), 5, 10, 20 and 30% blends with almond oil (AO) were prepared. The fatty acid compositions and the micronutrients of the oil samples such as tocopherol, phytosterol and squalene were measured by GC-MS and HPLC. It was found that the proportions of PUFAs/SFAs in blended oils with high AO contents were lowered, and the blends contained higher levels of tocopherols, phytosterols and squalene than those of pure WO. The 60 °C oven accelerated oxidation test was used to determine the oxidative stability of the blended oil. The fatty acid composition, micronutrients and oxidation products were determined. The results showed that the oxidation stability of the blended oil increased with an increasing proportion of AO. In addition, a significant negative correlation between micronutrient and oxidation products was observed as the number of days of oxidation increased.
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Adamu, Lake Belete, and Kamil Dino Adem. "Quality and Performance Evaluation of Jatropha Oil Blended with Kerosene for Cooking Stoves in Ethiopia." Journal of Renewable Energy 2020 (August 17, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/7610585.
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In Ethiopia, the majority of rural household uses firewood with three-stone fire for cooking. Due to poor performance of the stove, there are major health issues created by indoor air pollution. To alleviate this problem, various efforts are undergoing such as the use of plant oil as an alternative fuel for cooking. This plant’s oils are available in the rural areas with minimal effort and water. In this study, Jatropha oil was blended with kerosene to present it as an alternative fuel for the rural poor in Ethiopia. The blends of varying proportions of Jatropha oil and kerosene were prepared, analyzed, and compared with the fuel properties of kerosene. The viscosity of Jatropha oil was reduced in ranges 86.3% to 4.5% by heating the oil from 30°C to 100°C. In order to understand the value of the blended fuel, the blended fuel was used for the evaluation of the performance of a stove for its thermal efficiency and indoor air pollution. Thermal efficiency of the newly designed bio-oil stove (Jatrok stove) was 52–66% with its specific fuel consumption ranging from 30 to 37 g/L and the fire power of the stove ranging from 1398 to 1433 watt using 10% to 40% Jatropha oil in the blend. In the case of emission, the Jatrok stove showed 11.5 to 9.5 grams of carbon monoxide (CO) and 352 to 289 grams of carbon dioxide (CO2) to boil 2.5 liters of water.The performance of the Jatrok stove using blended fuels was evaluated and compared with other domestic cooking stoves available in Ethiopia, making the stove comparable. A wider dissemination of such kind of plant oil blended with a kerosene-operated stove could reduce the environmental load in addition to lessoning the indoor air pollution in the kitchen.
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Al-Farga, A., M. Baeshen, F. M. Aqlan, A. Siddeeg, M. Afifi, H. A. Ali, A. Alayafi, S. Al-Dalali, and A. Alkaladi. "Chemical composition, oxidative stability, and sensory properties of Boerhavia elegana Choisy (alhydwan) seed oil/peanut oil blends." Grasas y Aceites 71, no. 3 (July 27, 2020): 367. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/gya.0463191.
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This study investigated the effects of blending alhydwan seed oil and peanut oil as a way of enhancing the stability and chemical characteristics of plant seed oils and to discover more innovative foods of high nutraceutical value which can be used in other food production systems. Alhydwan seed oil and peanut oil blended at proportions of 10:90, 20:80, 30:70, 40:60 and 50:50 (v/v) were evaluated according to their physicochemical properties, including refractive index, relative density, saponification value, peroxide value, iodine value, free fatty acids, oxidative stability index, and tocopherol contents using various standard and published methods. At room temperature, all of the oil blends were in the liquid state. The physicochemical profiles of the blended oils showed significant decreases (p < 0.05) in peroxide value (6.97–6.02 meq O2/kg oil), refractive index at 25 °C (1.462–1.446), free fatty acids (2.29–1.71%), and saponification value (186.44–183.77 mg KOH/g), and increases in iodine value and relative density at 25 °C (98.10–102.89 and 0.89–0.91, respectively), especially with an analhydwan seed oil to peanut oil ratio of 10:90. Among the fatty acids, oleic and linoleic acids were most abundant in the 50:50 and 10:90 alhydwan seed oil to peanut oil blends, respectively. Oxidative stability increased as the proportion of alhydwan oil increased. In terms of tocopherol contents (γ, δ, and α), γ-tocopherol had the highest values across all of the blended proportions, followed by δ-tocopherol. The overall acceptability was good for all blends. The incorporation of alhydwan seed oil into peanut oil resulted in inexpensive, high-quality blended oil that may be useful in health food products and pharmaceuticals without compromising sensory characteristics.
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Karthikumar, Sankar, V. Ragavanandham, S. Kanagaraj, R. Manikumar, A. Asha, and Anant Achary. "Preparation, Characterization and Engine Performance Characteristics of Used Cooking Sunflower Oil Based Bio-Fuels for a Diesel Engine." Advanced Materials Research 984-985 (July 2014): 913–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.984-985.913.
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This paper deals on bio-fuel, consisting of used sunflower oil and transesterified - used sunflower oil blended with diesel. They are prepared and tested as a fuel in a direct injection (DI) single cylinder four stroke diesel engine. The main fuel properties of these fuels are measured, the engine performance characteristics are investigated and compared with that of diesel fuel. Fuels are separately prepared, blended and tested for determining the characteristics and combustion in a single cylinder diesel engine. The main fuel properties such as the specific gravity, density, flash and fire points of the blended fuels are measured. The engine performance is investigated and compared with that of diesel fuel. The experimental results showed that the specific gravity of the hybrid bio-fuels is decreased and close to that of diesel fuel. The experimental results also showed that the engine efficiency is closer to the values obtained from the diesel fuel. It is found that among the various blends, transesterifed used sunflower oil with diesel, gives better efficiency. In addition it is found that, the blend of diesel with used sunflower oil gives the lowest fuel consumption as compared to that of other blended fuels. Nomenclatures w1- weight of specific gravity bottle (g) w2- weight of specific gravity bottle + water (g) w3- weight of specific gravity bottle + sample (g)
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Hossain, Abul K. "Combustion Characteristics of Waste Cooking Oil–Butanol/Diesel/Gasoline Blends for Cleaner Emission." Clean Technologies 2, no. 4 (November 9, 2020): 447–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cleantechnol2040028.
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Sustainable green biofuels could replace a significant amount of fossil fuels responsible for environmental pollution. In this study, waste cooking oil (WCO) was tested in a diesel engine either neat or blended separately with diesel, butanol and gasoline, with an additive concentration between 10% and 30% by volume. The heating values of the WCO were slightly decreased when blended with butanol, whereas they increased when blended with either gasoline or diesel. The flash point temperatures decreased. All fuel samples were non-corrosive and non-acidic. At full load, the brake specific fuel consumption of the WCO–additive fuels was approximately 1–3% higher than diesel. The thermal efficiency of the neat WCO, neat diesel and WCO–10% diesel were very close to each other, whereas, in the case of 20% butanol blend, the efficiency decreased by about 2% when compared to the neat diesel value. The WCO–butanol fuel gave the lowest NOx emission and a 0.6% lower CO2 emission than diesel. Combustion characteristics results showed stable engine operation for all blends. The combustion duration was maximal with WCO–butanol blends. The study concluded that the WCO with 10–20% butanol or fossil diesel exhibited similar performance and emission characteristics observed for neat fossil diesel.
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Hongratanaworakit, Tapanee. "Aroma-therapeutic Effects of Massage Blended Essential Oils on Humans." Natural Product Communications 6, no. 8 (August 2011): 1934578X1100600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1100600838.
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Although blended essential oils are increasingly being used for the improvement of the quality of life and for the relief of various symptoms in patients, the scientific evaluation of the aroma-therapeutic effects of blended essential oils in humans is rather scarce. In this study, we hypothesized that applying blended essential oil would provide a synergistic effect that would have a chance for success in treating depression or anxiety. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to investigate the effects of the blended essential oil on autonomic parameters and on emotional responses in humans following transdermal absorption. The blended essential oil consisted of lavender and bergamot oils. Human autonomic parameters, i.e. blood pressure, pulse rate, breathing rate, and skin temperature, were recorded as indicators of the arousal level of the autonomic nervous system. In addition, subjects had to rate their emotional condition in terms of relaxation, vigor, calmness, attentiveness, mood, and alertness in order to assess subjective behavioral arousal. Forty healthy volunteers participated in the experiments. Blended essential oil was applied topically to the skin of the abdomen of each subject. Compared with placebo, blended essential oil caused significant decreases of pulse rate, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure, which indicated a decrease of autonomic arousal. At the emotional level, subjects in the blended essential oil group rated themselves as ‘more calm’ and ‘more relaxed’ than subjects in the control group. This finding suggests a decrease of subjective behavioral arousal. In conclusion, our investigation demonstrates the relaxing effect of a mixture of lavender and bergamot oils. This synergistic blend provides evidence for its use in medicine for treating depression or anxiety in humans.
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Rai, Ashutosh Kumar, Bhupendra Singh Chauhan, Naveen Kumar, Haeng Muk Cho, and Amrita Pandey. "Physico Chemical Analysis of Linseed Oil and its Blends as a Potential Fuel for Diesel Engine." Advanced Materials Research 724-725 (August 2013): 405–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.724-725.405.
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To address the twin problems of fast depletion of fossil fuels and environmental degradation, there is an urgent need to reduce dependence on petroleum derived fuels for better economy and environment. Adaptation of bio-origin alternative fuels can address both these issues. Liquid bio-origin fuels are renewable fuels coming from biological sources and have proved to be a good substitute for petroleum derived oil and environmentally-sustainable solution. To sustain agricultural and agro-engineering needs blends of linseed oil with diesel is a better solution. Present study shows the comparative assessment of physical and chemical analysis of Linseed oil and its blends asa potential fuel for internal combustion diesel engine. To understand diesel engines fuel properties of vegetable oils and comparable physico-chemical properties such as calorific value, kinematic viscosity and density were measured for different fuel blends to predict its suitability as replacement or extender of mineral diesel. The fatty acid composition was measured by using a chromatograph. From the results, it is clear that the physico-chemical properties of linseed oil lies in close resemblance with lower calorific value high viscosity. When blended in the v/v ratio of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% its calorific value decreases with increase of percentage blends, whereas viscosity and density increases with increase of blend ratio. Linseed oil hence can be recommended as a potential fuel for Diesel engine in neat or blended form without any major change in present design, in the hour of energy need.
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Amirnordin, Shahrin Hisham, Nurudeen Ihsanulhadi, Ahmad Jais Alimin, and Amir Khalid. "Effects of Palm Oil Biodiesel Blends on the Emissions of Oil Burner." Applied Mechanics and Materials 315 (April 2013): 956–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.315.956.
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Biodiesel is one of the alternative fuels used in oil burner. In order to determine the quality of this biodiesel produced at UTHM Biodiesel Pilot Plant, it is tested in crucible furnace system. This study is focused on the effects of biodiesel on emissions from an oil burner. It uses 5 % (B5), 10 % (B10) and 15 % (B15) biodiesel blended with diesel. 100 % diesel is used as a comparison. Emissions from the combustion of diesel burner were measured using gas analyzer and smoke detector. Measured parameters were carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC), carbon dioxide (CO2) and opacity. Results show a significant improvement up to 87 % of harmful emissions showed by blended fuel compared to 100 % diesel. The overall results indicate the potential of palm oil biodiesel blend in reducing harmful emissions from the burner system.
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Ramadan, M. F., M. M. Afify Amer, S. S. El-Saadany, R. Abd El-Fatah El-Masry, and A. El-Said Awad. "Changes in Lipid Profile by Vegetable Oil Blends Rich in Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Rats with Hypercholesterolemia." Food Science and Technology International 15, no. 2 (April 2009): 119–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1082013208105167.
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The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of different blended vegetable oils having different levels and profiles of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on hypercholesterolemia by analyzing the changes in lipid profile in high-cholesterol diet fed rats. Three vegetable oils (soy oil, sunflower oil, and the nonconventional flaxseed oil) were blended to obtain blends rich in PUFA. Thirty albino rats were used over the 2-month period. The animals were divided into five groups, wherein group 5 represents negative control, where rats were fed basal diet, while rats in group 4 received high cholesterol diet and served as positive controls. The other three groups were fed hypercholesterolemic diet (1% cholesterol + 0.25% colic acid) supplemented with blended oils. Generally, rats fed blended oils showed significantly lower levels of total cholesterol (TC), triacylglycerol (TG), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol as well as higher levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, in comparison with animals fed high-cholesterol diet and cholesterol-free diet. Thus, oil blends under study may be useful formulations for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. In addition to improving the lipid profile by lowering TC, total TG, and total LDL and increasing HDL, blending of vegetable oils can result in an economic advantage of lower prices.
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Prahmana, Rico Aditia. "Effects of Bioadditives and Commercial Additive on the Performance and Exhaust Emissions of a Gasoline Engine." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 830, no. 1 (September 1, 2021): 012077. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/830/1/012077.
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Abstract One of our era’s greatest scourges is air pollution, on account not only of its impact on climate change but also its impact on public and individual health due to increasing morbidity and mortality. However, future climate change may exacerbate such human health impacts by increasing the frequency and duration of weather conditions that enhance the exposure to air pollution. Jakarta’s expanding fleet of motor vehicles is a key target of urgently needed actions to curb the hazardous air pollution in the city. This paper highlights the technologies and policies to reduce direct emissions from new and in-use cars, trucks, and buses in the city. Such policies, coupled with the promotion of mass transit, non-motorized transport, and other smart growth measures aimed at reducing transport demand, can significantly diminish the adverse effects of transportation on local air quality and public health in Jakarta, and spur similar actions across Indonesia. One of them is the addition of bioadditives (essential oils) and commercial additives that are widely sold in the market. In this study, the effects of essential oils (citronella oil and clove oil) as bioadditives and commercial additive on the performance and exhaust emissions of a single-cylinder, four-stroke gasoline engine was investigated, where both oils were blended with gasoline with a research octane number of 88. Based on the results, the maximum reduction in fuel consumption (33.33%) was obtained at an engine load of 43% when pure gasoline (G88) was blended with 0.1% of citronella oil and 0.1% of clove oil. This test fuel was labelled as BA2. The average reduction in fuel consumption was 18.54% for this test fuel. The thermal efficiency of the BA2 blend was higher even though it had the lowest volumetric efficiency compared with other blends. The unburned hydrocarbon (HC) and carbon monoxide emissions for the G88 fuel were 7 ppm and 0.202%, respectively, whereas the values were 20 ppm and 0.289%, respectively for the G88 fuel blended with Cleanoz commercial additive (CA1 blend). The HC and CO emissions were 11 ppm and 0.386%, respectively, for the G88 fuel blended with 0.1% of patchouli oil and 0.1% of clove oil (BA1 blend) whereas the values were 26 ppm and 0.631%, respectively, for the BA2 blend. Even though the BA2 blend had the highest HC and CO emissions, the values were still below the permissible limits for automotive vehicles in Indonesia.
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Bhikuning, Annisa, and Jiro Senda Senda. "The Properties of Fuel and Characterization of Functional Groups in Biodiesel -Water Emulsions from Waste Cooking Oil and Its Blends." Indonesian Journal of Science and Technology 5, no. 1 (January 29, 2020): 95–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/ijost.v5i1.23103.
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Studying biodiesel as an alternative fuel is important for finding the most suitable fuel for the future. Biodiesel from waste cooking oil is one of the alternative fuels to replace fossil oil. Waste cooking oil is the used oil from cooking and is taken from hotels or restaurants. The emulsion of waste cooking oil and water is produced by adding water to the oil, as well as some additives to bind the water and the oil. In this study, the fuel properties of 100% biodiesel waste cooking oil are compared to several blends by volume: 5% of biodiesel waste cooking oil blended with 95% diesel oil (BD5), 10% of biodiesel waste cooking oil blended with 90% of diesel oil (BD10), 5% of biodiesel waste cooking oil blended with 10% of water and 18.7% of additives (BDW18.7), and 5% of biodiesel waste cooking oil blended with 10% of water and 24.7% of additives (BDW24.7). The objectives of this study are to establish the properties and characteristics of the FTIR (Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy) of biodiesel-water emulsions from waste cooking oil and to compare them to other fuels. The chemical properties of the fuels are analyzed by using the ASTM D Method and FTIR to determine the FAME (fatty acid methyl ester) composition of biodiesel in diesel oil. The results showed that the addition of additives in the water-biodiesel oil increases the viscosity, density, and flash point. However, it decreased the caloric value due to the oxygen content in the fuel.
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Kaseke, Tafadzwa, Umezuruike Linus Opara, and Olaniyi Amos Fawole. "Blending of Sunflower Oil with Pomegranate Seed Oil from Blanched Seeds: Impact on Functionality, Oxidative Stability, and Antioxidant Properties." Processes 9, no. 4 (April 5, 2021): 635. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9040635.
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Seed oil blending is a novel approach that may enhance the oil antioxidant capacity. The study evaluated the effect of blending sunflower oil (SO) with pomegranate seed oil (BPSO) from blanched seeds (95 °C/ 3 min) on oxidative stability and antioxidant properties of the oil blends. SO and pomegranate seed oil from unblanched seeds (PSO) were used as controls. Blending SO with BPSO and PSO was assessed in the following respective proportions: 90:10, 85:15, and 80:20 (w/w) with respect to total phenolic content, total carotenoids content, tocopherols content, and fatty acid composition to establish the best blending ratio. An accelerated storage test was conducted using the best blending ratio (85:15) at 60 ± 2 °C for 20 days. The evolution of peroxide value, ρ-anisidine value and, total oxidation value, together with the depletion of the oils’ 2.2-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and 2.2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) and radicals scavenging capacity were evaluated. Volatile oxidation compounds (VOCs) were assessed at the end of the accelerated storage test. Blended oils exhibited better oxidative stability than SO. Nevertheless, the oxidative stability of SO:PSO and SO:BPSO blends did not significantly vary. Additionally, blended oils showed a lower rate of DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging capacity depletion than SO, although this did not significantly vary between the oil blends. The concentration of VOCs was significantly higher in SO than blended oils. No significant difference in the content of VOCs was observed between SO:PSO and SO:BPSO blends. The findings of this study are valuable to the food industry, which is presently interested in nonconventional oils and functional foods to improve health and human nutrition.
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Thilagavathi, G., and C. Praba Karan. "Investigations on oil sorption capacity of nettle fibrous assembly and 100% nettle and nettle/kapok blended needle-punched nonwovens." Journal of Industrial Textiles 49, no. 4 (July 9, 2018): 415–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1528083718787532.
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The oil sorption capacity of nettle fibrous assembly and needle-punched nonwoven structures of 100% nettle and nettle/kapok blends 50/50 and 75/25 were investigated. The porosity of nettle fibrous assembly was varied from 91 to 99% and a maximum oil sorption capacity was 56 g/g and 23.90 g/g for high-density oil and diesel oil, respectively. Porosity of fibrous assembly significantly influenced the oil sorption capacity. It has been observed that an increase in the proportion of kapok fibers in the nettle/kapok blended nonwoven structure increased the oil sorption capacity and reduced water sorption than that of 100% nettle nonwoven. This is because of the inherent hydrophobic property of kapok. However, 100% kapok could not be made into needle-punched nonwoven and hence it has been blended with nettle; 50/50 nettle/kapok blended structure showed maximum oil sorption capacity of 28.5 g/g and 22.5 g/g for high-density oil and diesel oil, respectively, which is higher oil sorption capacity than the commercial polypropylene-based nonwoven. The presence of kapok improved the sorption capacity by 13 to 18% when compared to 100% nettle nonwoven.
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Sapee, Syazwana, Ahmad Fitri Yusop, Mohammad Nazri Mohd Jaafar, Rizalman Mamat, Wan Asma Ibrahim, Hazir Farouk, Norwazan Abdul Rahim, Ilyia Syafira Ab Razak, Muhammad Syahiran Abdul Malik, and Zhang Bo. "Synthesis of non-edible biodiesel from crude jatropha oil and used cooking oil." MATEC Web of Conferences 225 (2018): 06008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201822506008.
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This study focuses on a feasibility study of alternative nonedible crude oil such as jatropha and used cooking oil in biodiesel production. Crude jatropha oil (CJO) and used cooking oil (UCO) were converted to biodiesel using a two-step transesterification process with presents of acid-based and alkaline-based catalysts. Each three biodiesel blends (B5, B15 and B25) have been produced by blended with conventional diesel fuel (CDF). Determination of the fuel properties for each blend including CDF, Jatropha Methyl Ester (JME) and Used Cooking Oil Methyl Ester (UCOME) have been carried out. The average yield for jatropha and used cooking oil biodiesels production was 94.3% and 92% respectively. The increment of the percentage of JME or UCOME in its blends is proportional to fuels physical properties such as density, specific gravity, kinematic viscosity and surface tension, however inversely proportional to fuels calorific value. Based on the results of this study, it is acceptable to conclude that non-edible CJO and UCO are viable alternatives to edible oil as feedstock to renewable fuel in order to reduce the greenhouse gases produced.
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Bahari, Adli, Roger Lewis, and Tom Slatter. "Friction and wear response of vegetable oils and their blends with mineral engine oil in a reciprocating sliding contact at severe contact conditions." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology 232, no. 3 (May 24, 2017): 244–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1350650117712344.
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Although many studies investigating the tribological performance of pure vegetable oils have been conducted, a better understanding of vegetable oil tribological performance at extreme conditions is still needed. Similarly, little work has been carried out to study the influence of the vegetable oils on the performance of a lubricant formed from a blend of vegetable oil and conventional mineral engine oil. This work presents the tribological performance of vegetable oils, and their blends with mineral oil, in a high temperature and contact pressure reciprocating contact. Palm- and soybean-based vegetable oils were mixed with a commercial mineral engine oil at a 1:1 ratio by volume. The conventional mineral oil was also tested to provide a benchmark. The pure palm oil exhibited lower friction than soybean oil, but for the wear performance, this was reversed. The friction performance of the palm oil was competitive to that of the mineral engine oil. The mineral engine oil was far superior in wear resistance over both vegetable oils. When blended with mineral engine oil, both vegetable oils demonstrated a reduction in coefficient of friction when compared to their pure oil states. An improvement in the wear performance was observed for both a blend of palm oil and mineral engine oil (25% improvement) and that of soybean and mineral engine oil (27% improvement). This work shows that for palm oil and soybean oil, the performance of a blended oil is influenced by its vegetable oil component and that tribological characteristics of vegetable oils are dominant. That said, the significant limitation of these vegetable oils is their ability to provide a satisfactory level of wear resistance. It is suggested that any future work in this area should have a greater emphasis on the enhancement of wear resistance.
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Garg, Meenakshi, Surabhi Wason, Prem Lata Meena, Rajni Chopra, Susmita Dey Sadhu, and Akriti Dhyani. "Effect of frying on physicochemical properties of sesame and soybean oil blend." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 13, no. 3 (September 15, 2021): 820–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v13i3.2744.
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Most common cooking oil, such as soybean oil, can not be used for high-temperature applications, as they are highly susceptible to oxidation. Sesame seed oil rich in natural antioxidants provides high oxidative stability. Therefore, blending sesame oil with soybean oil offer improved oxidative stability. This study aims to determine the effect of frying on the physicochemical properties of sesame and soyabean oil blend. Soybean oil (SO) was blended with sesame seed oil (SSO) in the ratio of A-40:60, B-60:40 and C-50:50 so as to enhance its market acceptability. The changes occurring in soybean and sesame seed oil blend during repeated frying cycles were monitored. The parameters assessed were: Refractive index, specific gravity, viscosity, saponification value, free fatty acid (FFA) , peroxide value, and acid value. Fresh and fried oil blends were also characterised by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). No significant changes were observed for refractive index and specific gravity values in oil blends. Viscosity of blend B blend was the least, making it desirable for cooking purposes. However, FFA, acid value and peroxide value increased after each frying cycle. The increment of FFA and AV was found low for blend A (10% and 10%,) than blend B (27%,13%) and blend C (13%,13%). The peroxide value of all samples was within the acceptable range. The results of the present study definitely indicated that blending sesame oil with soybean oil could produce an oil blend which is economically feasible and provide desirable physicochemical properties for cooking purposes.
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Nuortila, Carolin, Riikka Help, Katriina Sirviö, Helena Suopanki, Sonja Heikkilä, and Seppo Niemi. "Selected Fuel Properties of Alcohol and Rapeseed Oil Blends." Energies 13, no. 15 (July 25, 2020): 3821. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13153821.
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The alcohols ethanol and 1-butanol are interesting options as blending components for renewable fuels. We studied whether it is possible to mix these alcohols with a little refined material, rapeseed oil, to obtain stable fuel samples. At room temperature, the stable samples consisted of rapeseed oil blended with butanol at 5 vol-%, 10 vol-%, 20 vol-%, 30 vol-% and one sample of rapeseed oil with 5 vol-% of ethanol. The samples’ fuel properties analysed were kinematic viscosity (at 40 °C), density (at 15 °C) and surface tension. Cold filter plugging point was measured for rapeseed oil with 20 vol-% and 30 vol-% of butanol. Stability of butanol or ethanol and rapeseed oil blends can be achieved at the studied volumes. The density of neat rapeseed oil and all the alcohol–rapeseed oil blends met the requirements set for residual marine fuels. The 30 vol-% butanol–rapeseed oil blend met the requirements for distillate marine oil for density, and almost for kinematic viscosity. The blends appeared most suitable for power plants and marine engines. More detailed analyses of their properties are needed before recommendations for use can be given.
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Godeša, Tone, Viktor Jejčič, and Tomaž Poje. "Characteristics of a tractor engine using mineral and biodiesel fuels blended with rapeseed oil." Scientia Agricola 67, no. 5 (October 2010): 510–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162010000500003.
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One of the most unfavourable characteristics of crude vegetable oil when used as the fuel is the high viscosity. To improve this weakness, oil can be blended with mineral diesel or biodiesel fuels. This study was designed to evaluate how the use of mineral diesel or biodiesel blend with cold pressed rapeseed (Brassica napus) oil affects the engine power, torque and fuel consumption. A tractor equipped with direct injection, water cooling system and three-cylinder diesel engine was used for the experiment. Fuels used were standard diesel fuel (diesel), rapeseed oil methyl ester - biodiesel (B100) and their mixtures with 10, 30 and 50 vol. % of cold pressed rapeseed oil (RO). Increased portion of RO in diesel fuel blends had almost no effect on the torque measured on the tractor PTO shaft; it however decreased the maximal power. Fuel blends with B100 and rising RO content (up to 50%) gave a positive correlation with maximal torque and power. By increasing the portion of RO from 0 to 50%, the minimal specific fuel consumption increased by 6.65% with diesel and decreased by 2.98% with B100 based fuel.
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Li, Genbao, Longbao Zhou, Shenghua Liu, and Keyu Pan. "Experimental study on vapour pressure of dimethyl ether blended in diesel oil." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 221, no. 7 (July 1, 2007): 889–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544070jauto477.
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Experiments have been conducted to determine the vapour pressure of dimethyl ether (DME) blended in diesel oil in a thermophysical property measurement system with high accuracy. Based on previous research on the viscosity of DME blends, three blends at 10, 20, and 30 wt% DME in diesel oil were chosen for this study. Experimental results indicate that DME can be soluble in diesel oil at room temperature. The vapour pressure of blends is lower than that of pure DME at a certain temperature and decreases with increase in diesel oil in DME, which helps to eliminate vapour lock in the fuel supply system of the engines. In addition, the cloud point of blends decreases as the fraction of DME in the diesel oil increases, which is beneficial to the operation of the engines at a lower ambient temperature.
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Vinod, R., N. R. Banapurmath, Y. H. Basavarajappa, P. A. Harari, V. S. Yaliwal, N. Varunkumar Reddy, and H. Arun Kumar. "Effect of injection timing on the performance of CRDI diesel engine fuelled with fish oil biodiesel and its blends doped with pyrogallol antioxidants." Journal of Mines, Metals and Fuels 69, no. 12A (April 28, 2022): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.18311/jmmf/2021/30094.
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In the present study an experimental work has been conducted to characterize the fish oil biodiesel and their blends with diesel and Pyrogallol antioxidant respectively. Fish oil biodiesel (FHOBD) is blended with diesel to produce FHOBD B20. Further to study the effect of antioxidant addition to FHOBD B20, three blends with varied dosage of pyrogallol are prepared. Accordingly, FHOBD B20 is infused with 1, 2, and 3 grams of pyrogallol antioxidant per liter to produce FHOBD B20PG1, FHOBD B20PG2 and FHOBD B20PG3 respectively. Beyond 3 gm deterioration in the blend homogeneity is observed. For the CRDI engine performance evaluation only FHOBD B20PG3 is considered. Advancing the injection timing to 17o BTDC resulted into improved CRDI engine performance powered with fish oil biodiesel. Further adding Pyrogallol antioxidant into FHOBD B20 blends higher BTE, lower emissions of smoke, HC and CO emissions were obtained for the CRDI engine respectively.
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Li, Gen Bao. "Dimethyl Ether (DME): A New Alternative Fuel for Diesel Vehicle." Advanced Materials Research 156-157 (October 2010): 1014–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.156-157.1014.
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To use dimethyl ether as fuel for compression ignition engine to partially replace fossil oil, this study developed a city bus operating on DME blended with diesel oil. Considering fuel lubricity, viscosity, and calorific value, the optimized mixing ratio for blend fuel was chosen as 20 wt% DME in diesel oil (D20). Vapor pressure experiments carried out using a highly accurate thermophysical property measurement system showed that the backpressure for blended fuels must not be lower than 0.6Mpa to avoid vapor block in the engine fuel supply system. Moreover, because DME attacks conventional polymer sealants in the fuel system, new sealants made of nitrile rubber (NBR) were used to replace those original one. Experiments demonstrated that these were resistant to swelling by DME. For engine performance, it was found that fueled with D20, the rated engine power output can be comparable to that of diesel engine after increasing the supplied fuel amount per cycle, while the overall fuel economy was improved simultaneously. Moreover, for load characteristics at 1800r/min, over 70% reduction in smoke and 20% reduction in nitrogen oxides (NOx) emission were achieved, indicating that using DME blends as fuel can significantly improve the engine emissions.
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Ng, Siauw H., Nicole E. Heshka, Ying Zheng, Hao Ling, Jinsheng Wang, Qianqian Liu, Edward Little, Fuchen Ding, and Hui Wang. "Virgin Heavy Gas Oil from Oil Sands Bitumen as FCC Feed." Catalysts 10, no. 3 (March 1, 2020): 277. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10030277.
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This study deals with a systematic investigation of the fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) performance of a bitumen-derived virgin heavy gas oil (HGO) in the presence of its counterpart from bitumen-derived synthetic crude oil (SCO). The objective is to determine the amelioration effect on yield and product slate by the addition of the premium SCO HGO. The 343–525 °C cut virgin bitumen HGO was obtained from distillation of a raw Athabasca oil sands bitumen. It was then blended with different amounts of the 343 °C+ fraction of commercial SCO. Four HGO blends were prepared containing 75, 64, 61, and 48 v% of SCO HGO. Each HGO blend, as well as 100% SCO HGO, were catalytically cracked at 500 and 520 °C using a bench-scale Advanced Cracking Evaluation (ACE) unit. The results show acceptable FCC performance of bitumen virgin HGO when an adequate amount of SCO HGO is added. However, the resulting liquid product may need some quality improvement before use. Several observations, including catalyst poisoning by feed nitrogen and the refractory nature of virgin HGO, are evident and help to explain some observed cracking phenomena.
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K., Vijaya Kumar, and Ravi Kumar Puli. "Study of plastic oil blended with ethanol-gasoline on three cylinder petrol engine." World Journal of Engineering 15, no. 1 (February 12, 2018): 82–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/wje-02-2017-0033.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to present the influence of plastic pyrolysis oil blended with gasoline at 10 per cent with and without ethanol additive at 5 per cent in a three-cylinder petrol engine. Design/methodology/approach The engine is running at standard working processes. The result of 10PPO is compared with pure petrol and additive-added blend. The outcomes clears that, the engine performance is reduced by using plastic oil blended with petrol and NOx emission rates are increasing substantially. Findings To control the emission rate, ethanol is added, and corresponding performance reveals that brake thermal efficiency is 4.52 per cent increase compared to pure petrol and 7.03 per cent increase compared to without additive blend. Originality/value Emissions such as CO and NOx are considerably controlled with additive blend.
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Mohd Ismail, Mohd Shuisma, Mohammad Nazri Mohd Jaafar, S. M. Fauzi, Muhamad Roslan Rahim, Mazlan Said, Norazila Othman, Mohd Kamal Ariffin, and Muhammad Syahiran Abdul Malik. "Prestasi Pembakaran Adunan Biodiesel Berasaskan Jatropha Dalam Pembakar Minyak." Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences 79, no. 1 (December 18, 2020): 36–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/arfmts.79.1.3643.
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In this study, pure Jatropha oil (inedible plant oil) was converted into biodiesel (Jatropha Methyl-Ester or JME) through an esterification and trans-esterification process. It is then blended with commercial diesel in various ratios to produce four different blends. The ratio of Jatropha biodiesel to diesel (Jatropha:diesel) is 5:95% (B5), 10:90% (B10), 15:85% (B15) and 20:80% (B20). The letter B indicates the total volume of biodiesel in a mixture with diesel. Each batch of the fuel blend was then tested for their physical properties compared to diesel. Combustion performance tests were performed and temperature and emission (NOx and CO) profiles were measured at five different equivalence ratios. Experimental results are presented and they show that the temperature profile of each mixture does not exceed the value of diesel, and results in lower emissions (NOx and CO) than diesel.
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Konada, Naresh Kumar, K. N. S. Suma, and B. B. Ashok Kumar. "Experimental investigation on performance, smoke and exhaust gas analysis of four stroke diesel engine using pongomia/neem oil biodiesel." International Journal of Engineering, Science and Technology 12, no. 4 (March 19, 2021): 23–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijest.v12i4.3.
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Increase in energy demand, stringent emission norms and depletion of oil resources led to the discovery of alternative fuels forinternal combustion engines. Many alternative fuels like alcohols, petroleum gas, and compressed natural gas have been alreadycommercialized in the transport sector. In the present work, Pongomia oil and Neem oil are blended with diesel and used as analternate fuel for CI engines. The Pongomia oil and Neem oil can be converted into bio diesel using a chemical process of trans- esterification.Different proportions of fuel blends have been produced by the process of blending bio diesel consisting of 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30% (B10, B15, B20, B25, B30). The fuel properties of each blend are determined. The load test along with smoke and exhaust gas analysis of 4- Stroke Diesel engine using the blends of Pongomia oil and Neem oil with diesel are done in this study. The performance parameters of an engine are calculated for different blends. The sustainability of using alternate fuels in Diesel engines, especially the potential use of Pongomia oil and Neem oil as biodiesel have been brought to the fore through this work and suitable blends of bio diesel is suggested from the results.
Keywords: 4-Stroke Diesel Engine, Pongomia and Neem oil Bo diesel, Performance, Smoke and exhaust gas analysis.
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Ismail, H., N. Z. Noimam, H. W. Woon, and J. N. M. Ridhwan. "The Effects of Carbon Black, Silica and Calcium Carbonate in Virgin PE/Recycle PE/EPDM Blends: Thermal Properties & Swelling Analysis." Advanced Materials Research 795 (September 2013): 372–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.795.372.
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The effects of carbon black (CB), silica and calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in virgin polyethylene (vPE)/recycle polyethylene (rPE)/ethylene propylene diene terpolymer (EPDM) blends were investigated. rPE was melt blended with EPDM in different ratio by using a Haake Rheomix. The characterization such as swelling analysis and thermal properties were examined. Results indicated that, vPE/rPE/EPDM blend with CB show best oil (ASTM IRM 903) and toluene resistant and also thermal properties compared with silica and CaCO3.
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Tadtong, Sarin, Supatcha Suppawat, Anchalee Tintawee, Phanida Saramas, Suchada Jareonvong, and Tapanee Hongratanaworakit. "Antimicrobial Activity of Blended Essential Oil Preparation." Natural Product Communications 7, no. 10 (October 2012): 1934578X1200701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1200701041.
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Antimicrobial activities of two blended essential oil preparations comprising lavender oil, petigrain oil, clary sage oil, ylang ylang oil and jasmine oil were evaluated against various pathogenic microorganisms. Both preparations showed antimicrobial activity in the agar disc diffusion assay against the Gram-positive bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC6538 and S. epidermidis isolated strain, the fungus, Candida albicans ATCC10231, and the Gram-negative bacterium, Escherichia coli ATCC25922, but showed no activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC9027. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of these preparations was evaluated. By the broth microdilution assay, preparation 1, comprising lavender oil, clary sage oil, and ylang ylang oil (volume ratio 3:4:3), exhibited stronger antimicrobial activity than preparation 2, which was composed of petigrain oil, clary sage oil, and jasmine oil (volume ratio 3:4:3). Moreover, the sum of the fractional inhibitory concentrations (Σfic) of preparation 1 expressed a synergistic antimicrobial effect against the tested microorganisms (Σfic<1). The blended essential oil preparations, characterized for their components by GC/MS, contained linalyl acetate, and linalool as major components. Our experiments showed that the differential antimicrobial effect of either blended oil preparations or single/pure essential oils may be influenced by the amount of linalool and linalyl acetate, and the number of active components in either the blended preparations or single/pure essential oils. In addition, blended oil preparations expressed synergistic antimicrobial effect by the accumulation of active components such as linalool and linalyl acetate and combining active constituents of more than one oil.
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Ajiboye, Tajudeen, and Adam Olalekan Abdulsalam. "Mechanical Characteristics of Heat-Treated Medium Carbon Steel Quenched using Blending Different Types of Vegetable Oils." International Journal of Engineering Materials and Manufacture 4, no. 4 (December 15, 2019): 146–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.26776/ijemm.04.04.2019.02.
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Quenching and tempering are processes that strengthen and harden materials like steel and other iron-based alloys. Conventional heat treatment procedures for producing martensitic steels generally involve continuous and rapid cooling of an austenitized specimen in some types of quenching media such as water, oil, or air, in which the properties of steel quenched depends largely on the properties of these quenching media. Four vegetable oils: Cotton seed oil, Neem seed oil, Shea butter oil and Palm kernel oil, were blended into two different samples, namely Blend A: Cotton seed oil and Neem seed oil and Blend B: Cotton seed oil, Neem seed oil, Palm kernel oil and Shear butter oil. These were mixed in different ratios. Samples of Medium Carbon Steel were heated to 850°C and soaked for 10 minutes inside a Muffle Furnace before quenching in the prepared quenching media. The Microstructure and mechanical properties of the samples were investigated to determine the quenching performance of the Vegetable Oil Blends. The results showed that Blend A1 produced best properties for the Impact Strength and Yield Strength with values of 0.82 J/mm² and 429.71N/mm² respectively. On the other hands, Blend A2 quenched Steel had best properties for the Hardness and Tensile Strength with 52.8 HRA and 892 N/mm² respectively. Microstructure analysis also confirms improved hardness and toughness exhibiting more martensite for blend containing the four oils than blend with only two oils.
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Iranloye, Y. M., O. O. Fapojuwo, V. F. Abioye, and A. F. Olaniran. "Potentials of moringa (Moringa oleifera) seed oil in enhancing the nutritional quality and stability of soybean oil." Agrosearch 20, no. 1 (August 19, 2020): 59–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/agrosh.v20i1.6s.
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Partial hydrogenation method has been used to improve the stability of soybean oil, though it results in the production of trans-fatty acid. The objective of this study was to establish the potential of moringa oil to improve the stability and nutritional quality of soybean oil. Oil samples were extracted from sundried soybean and Moringa seeds using Soxhlet extraction techniques. Soybean powder was mixed with Moringa powder at ratio 50:50 and 70:30, and the oil was extracted afterward. The fatty acid profile of the extracted oil from these blends was studied using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrophotometry (GC-MS) technique. The results showed that commercial soybean oil and the blended soybean/moringa oil of ratio 50:50 and 70:30 had a polyunsaturated fatty acid of 52.70%, 22.18% and 35.73 % respectively; monounsaturated fatty acid 27.22%, 46.61% and 58.79% respectively; saturated fatty acid 19.01%, 19.02% and 17.86% respectively. Also, trans-fatty acid (0.003-0.395%) was obtained in the commercial soybean oil sample. The blended soybean/moringa oil offers a better option than the use of partially hydrogenation in commercial soybean oil.
Keywords: Moringa seed oil, soybean oil, partial hydrogenation, trans-fatty acid, Oil blending.
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Liu, Jieqiong, Shi Cai, Danni Chen, Ke Wu, Yang Liu, Ruqian Zhang, Mei Chen, and Xianchun Li. "Behavioral and Neural Changes Induced by a Blended Essential Oil on Human Selective Attention." Behavioural Neurology 2019 (October 15, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/5842132.
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Selective attention refers to the selecting and preferential processing of specific information while simultaneously suppressing irrelevant distractors, activities linked to various cognitive skills and academic achievements. The influence of essential oils on the cognition of humans has been extensively explored. However, the effects of essential oils on human selective attention and the underlying neural mechanisms remain unclear. In the present study, participants were divided into a “blended essential oil” group and a “no essential oil” group and enrolled on a negative priming task, including a control condition and a negative priming condition. The event-related potential technique was used to examine the brain mechanisms underlying the blended essential oil effects on human selective attention. Behavioral results showed that individuals responded more quickly in the negative priming condition when exposed to the blended essential oil. In addition, the blended essential oil eliminated the differences in the P300 amplitude in the postcentral area of the brain between the negative priming condition and the control condition. Moreover, the blended essential oil led to stronger functional connectivity during the task. The present study thus suggests that blended essential oil can significantly change brain activity and functional connections in human beings, which may improve human selective attention.
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Callejas Campioni, Nicolás, Leopoldo Suescun Pereyra, Ana Paula Badan Ribeiro, and Iván Jachmanián Alpuy. "Zero-trans fats designed by enzyme-catalyzed interesterification of rice bran oil and fully hydrogenated rice bran oil." OCL 28 (2021): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ocl/2021036.
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Zero-trans edible fats attractive to be used for shortenings or margarines were designed solely from rice bran oil (RBO). For this purpose, RBO was fully hydrogenated, blended with the original oil at different percentages, and finally, blends were interesterified by an enzyme-catalyzed process. The interesterification process reduced the concentration of trisaturated and triunsaturated triglycerides and increased the concentration of medium saturation degree molecules, thus increasing their compatibility and causing the moderation of the melting point, as compared with blends. Conversely to blends, products showed a high tendency to crystallize under the β’ polymorph, which is the preferred one for products destined for many edible applications. Results demonstrated that the proper combination of different technologies (total hydrogenation, blending and interesterification) is a versatile and useful technology for designing zero-trans fats from RBO, attractive for the confection of shortenings or margarines for different applications depending on the proportion of each component in the starting blend. This strategy offers an attractive alternative for the diversification of RBO utilization, a valuable vegetable oil still underexploited, providing attractive fats useful for structuring different type of foods.
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Callejas Campioni, Nicolás, Leopoldo Suescun Pereyra, Ana Paula Badan Ribeiro, and Iván Jachmanián Alpuy. "Zero-trans fats designed by enzyme-catalyzed interesterification of rice bran oil and fully hydrogenated rice bran oil." OCL 28 (2021): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ocl/2021036.
Full textAbstract:
Zero-trans edible fats attractive to be used for shortenings or margarines were designed solely from rice bran oil (RBO). For this purpose, RBO was fully hydrogenated, blended with the original oil at different percentages, and finally, blends were interesterified by an enzyme-catalyzed process. The interesterification process reduced the concentration of trisaturated and triunsaturated triglycerides and increased the concentration of medium saturation degree molecules, thus increasing their compatibility and causing the moderation of the melting point, as compared with blends. Conversely to blends, products showed a high tendency to crystallize under the β’ polymorph, which is the preferred one for products destined for many edible applications. Results demonstrated that the proper combination of different technologies (total hydrogenation, blending and interesterification) is a versatile and useful technology for designing zero-trans fats from RBO, attractive for the confection of shortenings or margarines for different applications depending on the proportion of each component in the starting blend. This strategy offers an attractive alternative for the diversification of RBO utilization, a valuable vegetable oil still underexploited, providing attractive fats useful for structuring different type of foods.
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Zullo, Biagi Angelo, and Gino Ciafardini. "Differential Microbial Composition of Monovarietal and Blended Extra Virgin Olive Oils Determines Oil Quality during Storage." Microorganisms 8, no. 3 (March 13, 2020): 402. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8030402.
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Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) contains a biotic fraction, which is characterized by various microorganisms, including yeasts. The colonization of microorganisms in the freshly produced EVOO is determined by the physicochemical characteristics of the product. The production of blended EVOO with balanced taste, which is obtained by blending several monovarietal EVOOs, modifies the original microbiota of each oil due to the differential physico-chemical characteristics of the blended oil. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of microbial composition on the stability of the quality indices of the monovarietal and blended EVOOs derived from Leccino, Peranzana, Coratina, and Ravece olive varieties after six months of storage. The yeasts survived only in the monovarietal EVOOs during six months of storage. Barnettozyma californica, Candida adriatica, Candida diddensiae, and Yamadazyma terventina were the predominant yeast species, whose abundance varied in the four monovarietal EVOOs. However, the number of yeasts markedly decreased during the first three months of storage in all blended EVOOs. Thus, all blended EVOOs were more stable than the monovarietal EVOOs as the abundance and activity of microorganisms were limited during storage.
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Ge, Jun Cong, Sam Ki Yoon, and Jun Hee Song. "Comparative Evaluation on Combustion and Emission Characteristics of a Diesel Engine Fueled with Crude Palm Oil Blends." Applied Sciences 11, no. 23 (December 4, 2021): 11502. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app112311502.
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Vegetable oil as an alternative fuel for diesel engine has attracted much attention all over the world, and it is also expected to achieve the goal of global carbon neutrality in the future. Although the product after transesterification, biodiesel, can greatly reduce the viscosity compared with vegetable oil, the high production cost is one of the reasons for restricting its extensive development. In addition, based on the current research on biodiesel in diesel engines, it has been almost thoroughly investigated. Therefore, in this study, crude palm oil (CPO) was directly used as an alternative fuel to be blended with commercial diesel. The combustion, engine performance and emissions were investigated on a 4-cylinder, turbocharged, common rail direct injection (CRDI) diesel engine fueled with different diesel-CPO blends according to various engine loads. The results show that adding CPO to diesel reduces the maximum in-cylinder pressure and maximum heat release rate to 30 Nm and 60 Nm. The most noteworthy finding is that the blend fuels reduce the emissions of hydrocarbons (HC), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and smoke, simultaneously. On the whole, diesel fuel blended with 30% CPO by volume is the best mixing ratio based on engine performance and emission characteristics.
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Nakajima, Shigeo, Marie Takai, Chieko Hayashi, Takuo Tsuno, and Yasushi Endo. "Autoxidation of Fish Oil Blended with Rice Bran Oil." Journal of Oleo Science 66, no. 6 (2017): 573–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5650/jos.ess17030.
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Wongsukkasem, Nuntapol, Orawan Soynark, Montira Suthakitmanus, Emprang Chongdiloet, Chidchanok Chairattanapituk, Peamjit Vattanikitsiri, Tapanee Hongratanaworakit, and Sarin Tadtong. "Antiacne-causing Bacteria, Antioxidant, Anti-Tyrosinase, Anti-Elastase and Anti-Collagenase Activities of Blend Essential Oil comprising Rose, Bergamot and Patchouli Oils." Natural Product Communications 13, no. 5 (May 2018): 1934578X1801300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1801300529.
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Blended essential oil comprising rose, bergamot and patchouli (RBP) oils with the volume ratio of 6:3:1, respectively have been tested for various biological activities. The blended oil showed antimicrobial activity against Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.003125 %v/v and 0.125 %v/v, respectively. For antioxidant, blended oil showed the half inhibitory concentration (IC50) at 0.67 %v/v and 0.14 %v/v while tested with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6 sulphonic acid) (ATBS) assays, respectively. Blended oil also has anti-tyrosinase activity with 45±4.6%tyrosinase inhibition at 4 mg/mL concentration using modified dopachrome method. However it has no activity on anti-collagenase and anti-elastase.
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Li, Qi, Xiaosheng Liu, Huidong Su, An Mao, and Hui Wan. "Improving Performance of Phenol-Formaldehyde Resins Modified/Blended with Phenol-Rich Pyrolysis Bio-Oil." Forest Products Journal 70, no. 4 (November 1, 2020): 387–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.13073/fpj-d-20-00026.
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Abstract In this study, we compare the panel performance of plywood made with phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resins modified and blended with phenol-rich bio-oil produced from pyrolysis of biomass. The modified PF resins were synthesized with phenol-rich bio-oil at phenol substitutions of 10, 25, 50, and 75 percent. The blended PF resins were prepared by blending control PF resin with phenol-rich bio-oil at 4, 13, 23, and 38 percent by weight. These resins were examined with Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and evaluated as plywood binders. The results indicated that the apparent viscosities of modified PF resins were similar to those of control PF resin, while the apparent viscosities of blended PF resins increased with the addition of phenol-rich bio-oil. As the amount of phenol-rich bio-oil increased, the gel times of both modified and blended PF resins decreased first and then increased. FTIR results showed that modified PF resins with up to 25 percent substitution had FTIR spectra similar to those of control PF resin, while blended PF resins with a higher amount of added bio-oil had spectra more like those of bio-oil. TGA results showed that at temperatures of 25°C to 400°C, both modified and blended PF resins with high bio-oil content had better thermal stability than the control PF resin. Panel tests showed that modifying or synthesizing PF resin with phenol-rich bio-oil up to 50 percent increased both dry and wet bond strength. Blending PF resin with phenol-rich bio-oil up to 13 percent increased both dry and wet bond strength compared with control PF resin.
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Kavalli, Kiran, Gurumoorthy S. Hebbar, Jayachamarajapura Pranesh Shubha, Syed Farooq Adil, Mujeeb Khan, Mohammad Rafe Hatshan, Adibah Mukhlid Almutairi, and Baji Shaik. "Green Synthesized ZnO Nanoparticles as Biodiesel Blends and their Effect on the Performance and Emission of Greenhouse Gases." Molecules 27, no. 9 (April 29, 2022): 2845. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27092845.
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Pollution and global warming are a few of the many reasons for environmental problems, due to industrial wastes and greenhouse gases, hence there are efforts to bring down such emissions to reduce pollution and combat global warming. In the present study, zinc oxide nanoparticles are green synthesized using cow dung as fuel, through combustion. Synthesized material was characterized by FTIR, XRD, UV, and FESEM. The as-prepared ZnO-GS NPs were employed as a transesterification catalyst for the preparation of biodiesel from discarded cooking oil. The biodiesel obtained is termed D-COME (discarded cooking oil methyl ester), which is blended with 20% commercial diesel (B20). Additionally, this blend, i.e., B20, is further blended with varying amounts of as-prepared ZnO-GS NPs, in order to ascertain its effects on the quality of emissions of various greenhouse gases such as hydrocarbons, COx, NOx. Moreover, the brake thermal efficiency (BTHE) and brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) were studied for their blends. The blend (B20) with 30 mg of ZnO-GS, i.e., B20-30, displays the best performance and reduced emissions. Comparative studies revealed that the ZnO-GS NPs are as efficient as the ZnO-C NPs, indicating that the green synthetic approach employed does not affect the efficiency of the ZnO NPs.
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Jabal, Mohammed Hassan, and Muhannad Zaidan Khalefa. "Tribological Characteristics Evaluation of Mustard Oil Blends." Journal of Engineering 24, no. 3 (March 1, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2018.03.01.
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A progressive increase in the desire for environmentally friendly lubricants by users and strict government regulations for the use of these lubricants has provided an opportunity to use plant oils as biodegradable lubricants, therefore vegetable oils have been investigated to replace oil lubricants because of their maintaining the conditions of nature (environment) properties. In this paper, the influences of the blending ratio of mustard seeds oil with commercial mineral oil (SAE40) on the tribological characteristics were investigated and compared with mineral oil using the four-ball tribotester. Mustard seeds oil was blended with mineral oil at a volumetric ratio ranging from 22.5 to 90%. All experimental works were confirmed to ASTM D4172-B standard. The results exhibit that some blends of mustard seeds oil with mineral oil have lower wear scar diameter, friction torque, Friction coefficient and a higher parameter of flash temperature value compared to mineral oil and neat mustard seed oil. In conclusion, the mustard seed oil blend (MU22.5) shows a better anti-wear and anti-friction performance compared to oil samples. Therefore, mustard seeds oil has the potential to be used as a lubricant of mating surfaces.
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Shao, Ming Wei, and Ying Jeh Huang. "A Study on Feasibility Test of Application of Waste Rubber-Derived Renewable Fuel Improved Biodiesel in Diesel Engine." Applied Mechanics and Materials 529 (June 2014): 387–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.529.387.
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This study applied the environmentally-friendly fuel oil blended with biodiesel to combustion in diesel engines to solve waste tire contamination, save fuel oil and reduce energy consumption, and thus fossil fuel replacing oil product is feasible. Also, blended environmentally-friendly fuel oil is proposed to improve application of biodiesel in diesel engine. Relevant feasibility tests of diesel engine were conducted to ensure the blended environmentally-friendly diesel can be used for combustion in various commercial oil engines. This solution can control combustion efficacy, ensure cleanness and stability of emissions, maintain the best combustion efficiency, reduce pollution emission, fulfill energy efficiency and emission reduction carbon, and prevent pollution of existing wastes.
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Čedík, Jakub, Martin Pexa, Michal Holúbek, Jaroslav Mrázek, Hardikk Valera, and Avinash Kumar Agarwal. "Operational Parameters of a Diesel Engine Running on Diesel–Rapeseed Oil–Methanol–Iso-Butanol Blends." Energies 14, no. 19 (September 27, 2021): 6173. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14196173.
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This contribution focuses on utilizing blended biofuels of rapeseed oil and methanol with diesel. Rapeseed is one of the most cultivated energy crops in Europe, and its purpose in the blends is to increase the bio-content in test fuels. The purpose of methanol in the blends is to increase bio-content and compensate for the higher viscosity of the rapeseed oil. As methanol is almost insoluble in diesel and rapeseed oil, iso-butanol is used as a co-solvent. The fuel blends were tested in volumetric concentrations of diesel/rapeseed oil/methanol/iso-butanol 60/30/5/5, 50/30/10/10, and 50/10/20/20. Diesel was used as a reference. The measurements were performed on a turbocharged diesel engine Zetor 1204, loaded using the power-takeoff shaft of the Zetor Forterra 8641 tractor. In this paper, the effect of the blended fuels on performance parameters, engine efficiency, production of soot particles, and regulated and unregulated emissions are monitored and analyzed. It was found that engine power decreased by up to 27%, efficiency decreased by up to 5.5% at full engine load, emissions of NOX increased by up to 21.9% at 50% engine load, and production of soot particles decreased; however, the mean size of the particles was smaller.
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Khan, T. M. Yunus. "Direct Transesterification for Biodiesel Production and Testing the Engine for Performance and Emissions Run on Biodiesel-Diesel-Nano Blends." Nanomaterials 11, no. 2 (February 6, 2021): 417. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11020417.
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In the current research, the biodiesel was prepared from feedstocks of Neem oil and Karanja oil employing a single step direct transesterification method using acid-base catalysts simultaneously. The fuel properties of both Neem and Karanja biodiesel along with different biodiesel-diesel blends were studied and compared. Biodiesel produced from Neem oil was found better in terms of kinematic viscosity, calorific value and cloud point for all its blends with diesel compared to Karanja biodiesel-diesel blends. Experiments were conducted to study the effects of addition of graphene nano particles on fuel properties of biodiesel-diesel blends. The B20 biodiesel-diesel blend was selected, which was blended with graphene nano particles in different proportions (35, 70, 105 ppm) to get different stable and symmetric B20-nano blends. The fuel properties except kinematic viscosity were further improved with higher dosages of nano particles with the biodiesel-diesel blend. The performance and emissions tests were conducted on 4-stroke variable compression ratio diesel engine. Higher concentrated B20-nano blends of Neem (NOME20GO105) and Karanja (KOME20GO105) resulted in 31 and 30.9% of brake thermal efficiency, respectively, compared with diesel of 32.5%. The brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) was reduced by 10 and 11% for NOME20GO105 and KOME20GO105, respectively, compared to their respective B20 blends. Similarly, carbon monoxide (CO) was reduced significantly by 27 and 29% for NOME20GO105 and KOME20GO105, respectively.
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Adekunle, Adebayo Surajudeen, Adekunle Akanni Adeleke, Peter Pelumi Ikubanni, Peter Olorunleke Omoniyi, Tajudeen Adelani Gbadamosi, and Jamiu Kolawole Odusote. "Mechanical properties and microstructural evaluation of heat-treated aluminum alloy using formulated bio-quenchants." International Review of Applied Sciences and Engineering 11, no. 3 (November 12, 2020): 243–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/1848.2020.00087.
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AbstractHeat treatment industries require various quenching media to improve the properties of the materials to be quenched. Petroleum based mineral (PBM) oil, a non-biodegradable oil, is popular amongst others quenchants in heat treatment processes. Recently, biodegradable oils mostly in their raw, unblended and unbleached forms have been employed for quenching of various engineering materials. Therefore, the present study examined the effects of some selected bio-quenchants in blended raw (BR) and blended bleached (BB) forms on the mechanical properties and microstructure of solution heat treated aluminum (Al)-alloy. Edible vegetable oil (70% by volume) was blended with 30% by volume of jatropha oil to form the bio-quenchant oils. Another set of bio-quenchants were formed by bleaching the raw oils before mixing so as to reduce the oxidation level and contaminations in the oil. The Al-alloy is solution heat treated at 500 °C and soaked for 15 min in an electric muffle furnace before quenching in the various established bio-quenchants. Results showed that samples treated in blended raw melon (BRM) oil have higher tensile strength of 151.76 N/mm2 while samples quenched in blended bleached melon (BBM) oil have higher hardness value of 61.00 HRC. In accordance to the results obtained the bio-quenchants were found to be effective replacement to the PBM oil.
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Govinda Rao, B., Y. Datta Bharadwaz, Chukka Virajitha, and V. Dharma Rao. "Effect of injection parameters on the performance and emission characteristics of a variable compression ratio diesel engine with plastic oil blends – An experimental study." Energy & Environment 29, no. 4 (January 29, 2018): 492–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958305x17753208.
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Due to the depleting fossil fuel reserves and increasing environmental concerns, researchers have been studying the effect of adding different types of oils to diesel and more recently plastic oil. The present paper is an experimental study of the effect of compression ratio and injection parameters such as injection pressures and injection timing on the performance and emission characteristics of a variable compression ratio diesel engine fuelled with blends of plastic oil. Various proportions of ethanol and diesel are blended with plastic oils for the preparation of test fuels. It is observed from the experimental study that P90D5E5 blend gives the highest brake thermal efficiency yielding an increase of 16% and 38% compared with pure diesel and pure plastic oil, respectively. Smoke emissions are found to be the lowest for P90D5E5 than diesel and P100. Brake-specific fuel consumption, carbon monoxide and smoke values are reduced for all blends with an increase in injection timing, pressure and compression ratio. Combustion analysis of the blends indicates higher values of cylinder pressures and net heat release rates for P90D5E5 and P100, respectively.
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El Anany, A. M., and F. M. Ali Rehab. "Physicochemical studies on sunflower oil blended with cold pressed tiger nut oil during deep frying process." Grasas y Aceites 63, no. 4 (October 26, 2012): 455–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/gya.057612.
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Sirviö, Katriina, Seppo Niemi, Sonja Heikkilä, Jukka Kiijärvi, Michaela Hissa, and Erkki Hiltunen. "Feasibility of New Liquid Fuel Blends for Medium-Speed Engines." Energies 12, no. 14 (July 20, 2019): 2799. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12142799.
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Several sustainable liquid fuel alternatives are needed for different compression ignition (CI) engine applications. In the present study, five different fuel blends were investigated. Rapeseed methyl ester (RME) was used as the basic renewable fuel, and it was blended with low-sulfur light fuel oil (LFO), kerosene, marine gas oil (MGO), and naphtha. Of these fuels, MGO is a circulation economy fuel, manufactured from used lubricants. Naphtha is renewable as it is a by-product of renewable diesel production process using tall oil as feedstock. In addition to RME, naphtha was also blended with LFO. The aim of the current study was to determine the most important properties of the five fuel blends in order to gather fundamental knowledge about their suitability for medium-speed CI engines. The share of renewables within these five blends varied from 20 to 100 vol.%. The properties that were investigated and compared were the cetane number, distillation, density, viscosity, cold properties, and lubricity. According to the results, all the studied blends may be operable in medium-speed engines. Blending of new, renewable fuels with more conventional ones will help ease the technical transitional period as long as the availability of renewable fuels is limited.
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Mat, Ramli, Wan Nurul Aini Wan Nor Yuhaidi, Mohd Johari Kamaruddin, and Onn Hassan. "Evaluation of Palm Biodiesel - Diesel Blending Properties, Storage Stability and Corrosion Behavior." Applied Mechanics and Materials 695 (November 2014): 265–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.695.265.
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Palm Biodiesel, which can be produced from transesterification palm oil with methanol, is an alternative fuel for diesel engines. It can be mixed with diesel fuels and used in diesel engines with no or slight modification. Therefore, in this study, commercially available diesel fuel was blended with biodiesel produced from transesterification of palm oil. The stability of the pure palm biodiesel (B100) was investigated over a storage time of 2, 4 and 6 months. The study assessed the corrosion rate of metals exposed to palm biodiesel. The kinematic viscosity, density and flash points of the blends increased with biodiesel amount in the fuel blend. However, pour point of the blends decreased as the amount of biodiesel in the blends is increased. Kinematic viscosity, pour point and flash point slightly increased with storage time. The average corrosion rate for copper is 0.5341 mpy, 0.2438 mpy for aluminium and 0.1802 mpy for mild steel.
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Abu-Hamdeh, Nidal H., and Khaled A. Alnefaie. "Bio-Diesel from Almond Oil as an Alternative Fuel for Diesel Engines." Applied Mechanics and Materials 575 (June 2014): 624–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.575.624.
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Different fuel blends containing 10, 30 and 50% almond oil with diesel fuel were prepared and the influence of these blends on emissions and some performance parameters were inspected using a diesel engine. The blends and the diesel fuel were examined under various load conditions and the results showed that almond-blended fuels have slightly different properties than diesel fuel. Measured engine performance parameters have generally showed a slight increase in exhaust gas temperature and in brake specific fuel consumption, and a slight reduction in brake thermal efficiency. Blending of almond oil with diesel fuel reduced the engine CO and increased NOx percentages.