Relevant bibliographies by topics / Blended oil

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Blended oil'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 30 May 2022
Last updated: 31 May 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Blended oil"

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Dukhi, Veresha, Ajay Bissessur, Catherine Jane Ngila, and Nelson Mutatina Ijumba. "An Investigation into the Physico-chemical Properties of Transformer Oil Blends with Antioxidants extracted from Turmeric Powder." International Journal of Emerging Electric Power Systems 14, no. 4 (July 11, 2013): 297–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijeeps-2012-0020.

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Abstract The blending of transformer oil (used mainly as an insulating oil) with appropriate synthetic antioxidants, such as BHT (2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol) and DBP (2,6-di-tert-butylphenol) have been previously reported. This article is focused on the use of antioxidant extracts from turmeric (Curcuma longa), a natural source. Turmeric is well known for its antimicrobial, antioxidant and anticarcinogenic properties owing to the active nature of its components. Extracts from powdered turmeric were subsequently blended into naphthenic-based uninhibited virgin transformer oil, hereinafter referred to as extract-oil blends (E-OB). Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) of the oil blends revealed that five components extracted from turmeric powder were successfully blended into the oil. Subsequent gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis confirmed the presence of the compounds: curcumene, sesquiphellandrene, ar-turmerone, turmerone and curlone. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of the extract-oil blends, containing various levels of extracts, revealed an average temperature shift of ∼8.21°C in the initial onset of degradation in comparison to virgin non-blended oil. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay showed that an increase in the mass aliquot of turmeric extracts in the transformer oil increased the free radical scavenging activity of the oil. Electrical properties of the oil investigated showed that the dissipation factor in the blended oil was found to be lower than that of virgin transformer oil. Evidently, a lower dissipation value renders the oil blend as a superior insulator over normal virgin non-blended oil. This investigation elucidated improved physico-chemical properties of transformer oil blended with turmeric antioxidant extracts.
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Katpatal, Dhananjay C., Atul B. Andhare, and Pramod M. Padole. "Viscosity behaviour and thermal conductivity prediction of CuO-blend oil based nano-blended lubricant." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology 233, no. 8 (December 19, 2018): 1154–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1350650118819634.

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Lubricants play a major role in mechanical machines and studies on various nanolubricants are reported in the literature. This work deals with nanolubricants using blend of oils as base for nanolubricants. Nano-blended lubricants were prepared with a blend of ISO VG46 oil (mineral oil) and Jatropha oil (non-edible vegetable oil) and using them in proportions of 90:10 and 80:20 by dispersing 0.5–3 wt.% of surface-modified CuO nanoparticles by a two-step method. Various properties of these oils such as dispersion stability, viscosity and thermal conductivity were determined. Experimental values of viscosity were compared with the values predicted by using different viscosity models. Nano-blended lubricant 9010 was found more sensitive at lower concentration of nanoparticles compared to nano-blended lubricant 8020. It is observed that nano-blended lubricant 9010 with 1.5 wt.% CuO is more suitable for use in place of ISO VG46 oil compared to nano-blended lubricant 8020. Thermal conductivity values of all types of nano-blended lubricants have been found by thermal conductivity model to be approximately matching with the measured values.
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Pan, F., X. Wang, B. Wen, C. Wang, Y. Xu, W. Dang, and M. Zhang. "Development of walnut oil and almond oil blends for improvements in nutritional and oxidative stability." Grasas y Aceites 71, no. 4 (December 30, 2020): 381. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/gya.0920192.

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For the increase in oxidative stability and phytonutrient contents of walnut oil (WO), 5, 10, 20 and 30% blends with almond oil (AO) were prepared. The fatty acid compositions and the micronutrients of the oil samples such as tocopherol, phytosterol and squalene were measured by GC-MS and HPLC. It was found that the proportions of PUFAs/SFAs in blended oils with high AO contents were lowered, and the blends contained higher levels of tocopherols, phytosterols and squalene than those of pure WO. The 60 °C oven accelerated oxidation test was used to determine the oxidative stability of the blended oil. The fatty acid composition, micronutrients and oxidation products were determined. The results showed that the oxidation stability of the blended oil increased with an increasing proportion of AO. In addition, a significant negative correlation between micronutrient and oxidation products was observed as the number of days of oxidation increased.
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Adamu, Lake Belete, and Kamil Dino Adem. "Quality and Performance Evaluation of Jatropha Oil Blended with Kerosene for Cooking Stoves in Ethiopia." Journal of Renewable Energy 2020 (August 17, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/7610585.

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In Ethiopia, the majority of rural household uses firewood with three-stone fire for cooking. Due to poor performance of the stove, there are major health issues created by indoor air pollution. To alleviate this problem, various efforts are undergoing such as the use of plant oil as an alternative fuel for cooking. This plant’s oils are available in the rural areas with minimal effort and water. In this study, Jatropha oil was blended with kerosene to present it as an alternative fuel for the rural poor in Ethiopia. The blends of varying proportions of Jatropha oil and kerosene were prepared, analyzed, and compared with the fuel properties of kerosene. The viscosity of Jatropha oil was reduced in ranges 86.3% to 4.5% by heating the oil from 30°C to 100°C. In order to understand the value of the blended fuel, the blended fuel was used for the evaluation of the performance of a stove for its thermal efficiency and indoor air pollution. Thermal efficiency of the newly designed bio-oil stove (Jatrok stove) was 52–66% with its specific fuel consumption ranging from 30 to 37 g/L and the fire power of the stove ranging from 1398 to 1433 watt using 10% to 40% Jatropha oil in the blend. In the case of emission, the Jatrok stove showed 11.5 to 9.5 grams of carbon monoxide (CO) and 352 to 289 grams of carbon dioxide (CO2) to boil 2.5 liters of water.The performance of the Jatrok stove using blended fuels was evaluated and compared with other domestic cooking stoves available in Ethiopia, making the stove comparable. A wider dissemination of such kind of plant oil blended with a kerosene-operated stove could reduce the environmental load in addition to lessoning the indoor air pollution in the kitchen.
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Al-Farga, A., M. Baeshen, F. M. Aqlan, A. Siddeeg, M. Afifi, H. A. Ali, A. Alayafi, S. Al-Dalali, and A. Alkaladi. "Chemical composition, oxidative stability, and sensory properties of Boerhavia elegana Choisy (alhydwan) seed oil/peanut oil blends." Grasas y Aceites 71, no. 3 (July 27, 2020): 367. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/gya.0463191.

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This study investigated the effects of blending alhydwan seed oil and peanut oil as a way of enhancing the stability and chemical characteristics of plant seed oils and to discover more innovative foods of high nutraceutical value which can be used in other food production systems. Alhydwan seed oil and peanut oil blended at proportions of 10:90, 20:80, 30:70, 40:60 and 50:50 (v/v) were evaluated according to their physi­cochemical properties, including refractive index, relative density, saponification value, peroxide value, iodine value, free fatty acids, oxidative stability index, and tocopherol contents using various standard and published methods. At room temperature, all of the oil blends were in the liquid state. The physicochemical profiles of the blended oils showed significant decreases (p < 0.05) in peroxide value (6.97–6.02 meq O2/kg oil), refractive index at 25 °C (1.462–1.446), free fatty acids (2.29–1.71%), and saponification value (186.44–183.77 mg KOH/g), and increases in iodine value and relative density at 25 °C (98.10–102.89 and 0.89–0.91, respectively), especially with an analhydwan seed oil to peanut oil ratio of 10:90. Among the fatty acids, oleic and linoleic acids were most abundant in the 50:50 and 10:90 alhydwan seed oil to peanut oil blends, respectively. Oxidative stability increased as the proportion of alhydwan oil increased. In terms of tocopherol contents (γ, δ, and α), γ-tocopherol had the highest values across all of the blended proportions, followed by δ-tocopherol. The overall acceptability was good for all blends. The incorporation of alhydwan seed oil into peanut oil resulted in inexpensive, high-quality blended oil that may be useful in health food products and pharmaceuticals without compromising sensory characteristics.
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Karthikumar, Sankar, V. Ragavanandham, S. Kanagaraj, R. Manikumar, A. Asha, and Anant Achary. "Preparation, Characterization and Engine Performance Characteristics of Used Cooking Sunflower Oil Based Bio-Fuels for a Diesel Engine." Advanced Materials Research 984-985 (July 2014): 913–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.984-985.913.

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This paper deals on bio-fuel, consisting of used sunflower oil and transesterified - used sunflower oil blended with diesel. They are prepared and tested as a fuel in a direct injection (DI) single cylinder four stroke diesel engine. The main fuel properties of these fuels are measured, the engine performance characteristics are investigated and compared with that of diesel fuel. Fuels are separately prepared, blended and tested for determining the characteristics and combustion in a single cylinder diesel engine. The main fuel properties such as the specific gravity, density, flash and fire points of the blended fuels are measured. The engine performance is investigated and compared with that of diesel fuel. The experimental results showed that the specific gravity of the hybrid bio-fuels is decreased and close to that of diesel fuel. The experimental results also showed that the engine efficiency is closer to the values obtained from the diesel fuel. It is found that among the various blends, transesterifed used sunflower oil with diesel, gives better efficiency. In addition it is found that, the blend of diesel with used sunflower oil gives the lowest fuel consumption as compared to that of other blended fuels. Nomenclatures w1- weight of specific gravity bottle (g) w2- weight of specific gravity bottle + water (g) w3- weight of specific gravity bottle + sample (g)
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Hossain, Abul K. "Combustion Characteristics of Waste Cooking Oil–Butanol/Diesel/Gasoline Blends for Cleaner Emission." Clean Technologies 2, no. 4 (November 9, 2020): 447–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cleantechnol2040028.

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Sustainable green biofuels could replace a significant amount of fossil fuels responsible for environmental pollution. In this study, waste cooking oil (WCO) was tested in a diesel engine either neat or blended separately with diesel, butanol and gasoline, with an additive concentration between 10% and 30% by volume. The heating values of the WCO were slightly decreased when blended with butanol, whereas they increased when blended with either gasoline or diesel. The flash point temperatures decreased. All fuel samples were non-corrosive and non-acidic. At full load, the brake specific fuel consumption of the WCO–additive fuels was approximately 1–3% higher than diesel. The thermal efficiency of the neat WCO, neat diesel and WCO–10% diesel were very close to each other, whereas, in the case of 20% butanol blend, the efficiency decreased by about 2% when compared to the neat diesel value. The WCO–butanol fuel gave the lowest NOx emission and a 0.6% lower CO2 emission than diesel. Combustion characteristics results showed stable engine operation for all blends. The combustion duration was maximal with WCO–butanol blends. The study concluded that the WCO with 10–20% butanol or fossil diesel exhibited similar performance and emission characteristics observed for neat fossil diesel.
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Hongratanaworakit, Tapanee. "Aroma-therapeutic Effects of Massage Blended Essential Oils on Humans." Natural Product Communications 6, no. 8 (August 2011): 1934578X1100600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1100600838.

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Although blended essential oils are increasingly being used for the improvement of the quality of life and for the relief of various symptoms in patients, the scientific evaluation of the aroma-therapeutic effects of blended essential oils in humans is rather scarce. In this study, we hypothesized that applying blended essential oil would provide a synergistic effect that would have a chance for success in treating depression or anxiety. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to investigate the effects of the blended essential oil on autonomic parameters and on emotional responses in humans following transdermal absorption. The blended essential oil consisted of lavender and bergamot oils. Human autonomic parameters, i.e. blood pressure, pulse rate, breathing rate, and skin temperature, were recorded as indicators of the arousal level of the autonomic nervous system. In addition, subjects had to rate their emotional condition in terms of relaxation, vigor, calmness, attentiveness, mood, and alertness in order to assess subjective behavioral arousal. Forty healthy volunteers participated in the experiments. Blended essential oil was applied topically to the skin of the abdomen of each subject. Compared with placebo, blended essential oil caused significant decreases of pulse rate, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure, which indicated a decrease of autonomic arousal. At the emotional level, subjects in the blended essential oil group rated themselves as ‘more calm’ and ‘more relaxed’ than subjects in the control group. This finding suggests a decrease of subjective behavioral arousal. In conclusion, our investigation demonstrates the relaxing effect of a mixture of lavender and bergamot oils. This synergistic blend provides evidence for its use in medicine for treating depression or anxiety in humans.
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Rai, Ashutosh Kumar, Bhupendra Singh Chauhan, Naveen Kumar, Haeng Muk Cho, and Amrita Pandey. "Physico Chemical Analysis of Linseed Oil and its Blends as a Potential Fuel for Diesel Engine." Advanced Materials Research 724-725 (August 2013): 405–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.724-725.405.

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To address the twin problems of fast depletion of fossil fuels and environmental degradation, there is an urgent need to reduce dependence on petroleum derived fuels for better economy and environment. Adaptation of bio-origin alternative fuels can address both these issues. Liquid bio-origin fuels are renewable fuels coming from biological sources and have proved to be a good substitute for petroleum derived oil and environmentally-sustainable solution. To sustain agricultural and agro-engineering needs blends of linseed oil with diesel is a better solution. Present study shows the comparative assessment of physical and chemical analysis of Linseed oil and its blends asa potential fuel for internal combustion diesel engine. To understand diesel engines fuel properties of vegetable oils and comparable physico-chemical properties such as calorific value, kinematic viscosity and density were measured for different fuel blends to predict its suitability as replacement or extender of mineral diesel. The fatty acid composition was measured by using a chromatograph. From the results, it is clear that the physico-chemical properties of linseed oil lies in close resemblance with lower calorific value high viscosity. When blended in the v/v ratio of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% its calorific value decreases with increase of percentage blends, whereas viscosity and density increases with increase of blend ratio. Linseed oil hence can be recommended as a potential fuel for Diesel engine in neat or blended form without any major change in present design, in the hour of energy need.
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Amirnordin, Shahrin Hisham, Nurudeen Ihsanulhadi, Ahmad Jais Alimin, and Amir Khalid. "Effects of Palm Oil Biodiesel Blends on the Emissions of Oil Burner." Applied Mechanics and Materials 315 (April 2013): 956–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.315.956.

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Biodiesel is one of the alternative fuels used in oil burner. In order to determine the quality of this biodiesel produced at UTHM Biodiesel Pilot Plant, it is tested in crucible furnace system. This study is focused on the effects of biodiesel on emissions from an oil burner. It uses 5 % (B5), 10 % (B10) and 15 % (B15) biodiesel blended with diesel. 100 % diesel is used as a comparison. Emissions from the combustion of diesel burner were measured using gas analyzer and smoke detector. Measured parameters were carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC), carbon dioxide (CO2) and opacity. Results show a significant improvement up to 87 % of harmful emissions showed by blended fuel compared to 100 % diesel. The overall results indicate the potential of palm oil biodiesel blend in reducing harmful emissions from the burner system.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Blended oil"

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Ananieva, Valeriya, and Anna Belinska. "Investigation of the influence of sesame antioxidants on the oxidative stability of provitamin A." Thesis, Scientific Route, Estonia, 2019. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/48207.

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Microbiological oil solutions of provitamin A (β-carotene) as a dietary supplement are not widely used due to their low oxidation stability. The aim of research is determination of the effect of sesame antioxidants on the oxidative stability of provitamin A in oil solutions. The peroxide number of vegeTable oils is determined by the standard method by the titrimetric method. The value of the period of induction of oil oxidation is determined graphically from the growth curves of peroxide numbers. The content of tocopherols in oils is determined by spectrophotometric method. The content of sesamol and sesamoline in oils is determined by the colorimetric method. The oxidative stability of oils is determined using the accelerated "active oxygen" method. To plan the experiment and process the data, mathematical methods are applied using the software Microsoft Office Excel 2003. The oxidation stability of blended oils (a mixture of sesame, high oleic, sunflower and corn refined oils) and its components is investigated. Blended oil has a lower oxidative stability than sesame oil, but higher than corn and high oleic sunflower. The oxidative stability of the blend is enhanced by the antioxidant content of sesamol and sesamoline. The content of the above antioxidants, as well as the amount of tocopherols, is studied in blended oils. The oxidation stability of the obtained solution of provitamin A in blended oils is investigated. The period of induction of oxidation of blended oils with the addition of 0.2 % β-carotene increases by 1.3 times compared with the period of induction of the original blended oil. Blended long-life oil is recommended to be used to stabilize fat-soluble biologically active compounds.
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Mbarawa, M. "Performance, emission and economic assessment of clove stem oil–diesel blended fuels as alternative fuels for diesel engines." Elsevier, 2007. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1000685.

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In this study the performance, emission and economic evaluation of using the clove stem oil (CSO)–diesel blended fuels as alternative fuels for diesel engine have been carried out. Experiments were performed to evaluate the impact of the CSO–diesel blended fuels on the engine performance and emissions. The societal life cycle cost (LCC) was chosen as an important indicator for comparing alternative fuel operating modes. The LCC using the pure diesel fuel, 25% CSO and 50% CSO–diesel blended fuels in diesel engine are analysed. These costs include the vehicle first cost, fuel cost and exhaust emissions cost. A complete macroeconomic assessment of the effect of introducing the CSO–diesel blended fuels to the diesel engine is not included in the study. Engine tests show that performance parameters of the CSO–diesel blended fuels do not differ greatly from those of the pure diesel fuel. Slight power losses, combined with an increase in fuel consumption, were experienced with the CSO–diesel blended fuels. This is due to the low heating value of the CSO–diesel blended fuels. Emissions of CO and HC are low for the CSO–diesel blended fuels. NOx emissions were increased remarkably when the engine was fuelled with the 50% CSO–diesel blended fuel operation mode. A remarkable reduction in the exhaust smoke emissions can be achieved when operating on the CSO–diesel blended fuels. Based on the LCC analysis, the CSO–diesel blended fuels would not be competitive with the pure diesel fuel, even though the environmental impact of emission is valued monetarily. This is due to the high price of the CSO.
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Анан'єва, Валерія Вікторівна. "Технологія майонезних соусів підвищеної біологічної цінності." Thesis, НТУ "ХПІ", 2017. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/31736.

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Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата технічних наук за спеціальністю 05.18.06 – технологія жирів, ефірних масел і парфумерно-косметичних продуктів. – Національний технічний університет "Харківський політехнічний інститут" Міністерства освіти і науки України, Харків, 2017. Дисертація присвячена науковому обґрунтуванню та розробці технології майонезних соусів підвищеної біологічної цінності. Обгрунтовано склад купажованої жирової основи для виробництва майонезних соусів підвищеної біологічної цінності. Запропоновано і обгрунтовано вибір рослинної сировини для введення в рецептуру емульсійної продукції підвищеної біологічної цінності. Встановлено кількісні залежності вмісту поліфенолів в порошку шкірки винограду двох сортів від взаємного впливу температури і часу зберігання. Обґрунтовано раціональні температурні параметри і концентрація оцтової кислоти для переводу протопектинів порошку виноградної шкірки в розчинний стан і зміни структурно-механічних властивостей майонезних соусів з додаванням даного виду рослинної сировини. Обґрунтовано і розроблено комплексний загусник некрохмальної природи для виробництва емульсійної продукції підвищеної біологічної цінності. Визначено кількісні залежності ефективної в'язкості емульсії від концентрації складових загусника. Визначено кількісні залежності смакових якостей емульсії від концентрації складових комплексного підкислювача з мінімальним вмістом оцтової кислоти і максимально можливим вмістом цитринової та яблучної кислот для створення характерного ненав'язливого кислого присмаку. Знайдено технологічне рішення щодо зниження показників мікробіологічного та окиснювального псування при зберіганні майонезних соусів без додавання штучних антиоксидантів і консервантів. Запропоновано структурну схему виробництва майонезних соусів підвищеної біологічної цінності.
Dissertation for a candidate degree of technical sciences (Ph.D.) by speciality 05.18.06 – fats, essential oils and parfume-cosmetic products technology. National Technical University "Kharkov Polytechnic Institute" Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine, Kharkov, 2017. The dissertation is devoted to the scientific substantiation and development of the mayonnaise sauces with enhanced biological value technology. Was substantiated the composition of blended oil for the production mayonnaise sauces with enhanced biological value. It was proposed and proved choice of vegetable raw materials for the compounding of emulsion production with enhanced biological value. Established quantitative dependences of the content of polyphenols in grapes skin powder of two varieties from mutual influence of temperature and storage time. Were substantiated the rational parameters of temperature and concentration of acetic acid for transferring from protopectin of grape skin powder to soluble form and changes in the structural and mechanical properties of the mayonnaise sauce with the addition of this species of plant raw materials. Substantiated and developed a сomplex thickener of non-starch nature for the production emulsion products with enhanced biological value. Was defined the quantitative dependence of the effective viscosity and stability of the emulsion from the thickener components concentration. Was defined the quantitative dependences of tastes of an emulsion on concentration of components of a complex acidifier with the minimum content of an acetic acid and the greatest possible content of citric and malic acids for creation of the reference unobtrusive sour smack. Was detected the technology decision for decrease of indexes of microbiological and oxidative spoilage at storage mayonnaise sauces without addition of syntetic antioxidants and preservatives. Was proposed the structural diagram of the production of mayonnaise sauces with enhanced biological value.
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Анан'єва, Валерія Вікторівна. "Технологія майонезних соусів підвищеної біологічної цінності." Thesis, НТУ "ХПІ", 2017. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/31735.

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Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата технічних наук за спеціальністю 05.18.06 – технологія жирів, ефірних масел і парфумерно-косметичних продуктів. – Національний технічний університет "Харківський політехнічний інститут" Міністерства освіти і науки України, Харків, 2017. Дисертація присвячена науковому обґрунтуванню та розробці технології майонезних соусів підвищеної біологічної цінності. Обгрунтовано склад купажованої жирової основи для виробництва майонезних соусів підвищеної біологічної цінності. Запропоновано і обгрунтовано вибір рослинної сировини для введення в рецептуру емульсійної продукції підвищеної біологічної цінності. Встановлено кількісні залежності вмісту поліфенолів в порошку шкірки винограду двох сортів від взаємного впливу температури і часу зберігання. Обґрунтовано раціональні температурні параметри і концентрація оцтової кислоти для переводу протопектинів порошку виноградної шкірки в розчинний стан і зміни структурно-механічних властивостей майонезних соусів з додаванням даного виду рослинної сировини. Обґрунтовано і розроблено комплексний загусник некрохмальної природи для виробництва емульсійної продукції підвищеної біологічної цінності. Визначено кількісні залежності ефективної в'язкості емульсії від концентрації складових загусника. Визначено кількісні залежності смакових якостей емульсії від концентрації складових комплексного підкислювача з мінімальним вмістом оцтової кислоти і максимально можливим вмістом цитринової та яблучної кислот для створення характерного ненав'язливого кислого присмаку. Знайдено технологічне рішення щодо зниження показників мікробіологічного та окиснювального псування при зберіганні майонезних соусів без додавання штучних антиоксидантів і консервантів. Запропоновано структурну схему виробництва майонезних соусів підвищеної біологічної цінності.
Dissertation for a candidate degree of technical sciences (Ph.D.) by speciality 05.18.06 – fats, essential oils and parfume-cosmetic products technology. National Technical University "Kharkov Polytechnic Institute" Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine, Kharkov, 2017. The dissertation is devoted to the scientific substantiation and development of the mayonnaise sauces with enhanced biological value technology. Was substantiated the composition of blended oil for the production mayonnaise sauces with enhanced biological value. It was proposed and proved choice of vegetable raw materials for the compounding of emulsion production with enhanced biological value. Established quantitative dependences of the content of polyphenols in grapes skin powder of two varieties from mutual influence of temperature and storage time. Were substantiated the rational parameters of temperature and concentration of acetic acid for transferring from protopectin of grape skin powder to soluble form and changes in the structural and mechanical properties of the mayonnaise sauce with the addition of this species of plant raw materials. Substantiated and developed a сomplex thickener of non-starch nature for the production emulsion products with enhanced biological value. Was defined the quantitative dependence of the effective viscosity and stability of the emulsion from the thickener components concentration. Was defined the quantitative dependences of tastes of an emulsion on concentration of components of a complex acidifier with the minimum content of an acetic acid and the greatest possible content of citric and malic acids for creation of the reference unobtrusive sour smack. Was detected the technology decision for decrease of indexes of microbiological and oxidative spoilage at storage mayonnaise sauces without addition of syntetic antioxidants and preservatives. Was proposed the structural diagram of the production of mayonnaise sauces with enhanced biological value.
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Kässi, Jonna. "Modeling of Base Oil Blends." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för kemivetenskap (CHE), 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-90704.

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Nynas AB is a company that refines oil  for different applications such as insulating oils  for the electrical industry and base oils for both the lubricant and chemical industry. Different types of base oils are produced for the lubricant industry in order to provide required properties such as good viscosity, solvency, volatility, etc. But sometimes, the oils produced in the refineries (known as “straight cut” oils) do not have the all properties required by a customer, and a way for achieving those properties is to blend different straight cut base oils. To save money and time, empirical correlations are used to facilitate the prediction of the properties of those blends.Those correlations are adapted to products from a single site produced from certain crude oils. The company has recently decided to introduce a new stream of products with different characteristics, which means that the new properties of the products and blends can not be predicted by using the existing empirical correlations. The objective of this project was to analyze blends containing these new products and find the new correlations. The names of the oils are classified information and were renamed in the report and also number of the tables with result in appendices has been reduced to protect Nynas AB.  The correlations were surprisingly good for most of the blends. The differences between the values obtained by the blending program (which was calculating the properties) and the experimental values were very small. But the calculated values for properties such as flash point and pour point, were quite different from the experimental ones for some of the samples. Finally, there was one type of blends, between the Naphthenic oil 2 (N 2) and Paraffinic oil B (P (B)), were it was not possible to get any results with the blending program, because the viscosities at 40 °C of those oils (N 2 and P(B)) were too similar. As mentioned before, the property that was most difficult to predict was the pour point, specially for blends containing paraffinic oil blend with a naphtenic oil. However, suggestions were made based on the experimental values of how to get correlations based on. Anyhow, empirical correlations were developed based on the experimental data.
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Carlat, Jon Douglas. "Oxidative stability of Menhaden/Soybean oil blends." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/42066.

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Sinuka, Yonwaba. "Performance testing of a diesel engine running on varying blends of jatropha oil, waste cooking oil and diesel fuel." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2436.

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Thesis (MTech (Mechanical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2016.
The high cost of fossil fuels and the fact that the world has arguably reached its peak oil production, has driven the need to seek alternative fuel sources. The main objective of the current study is to determine the performance of a laboratory-mounted diesel engine when fuelled with varying laboratory prepared biofuel and biodiesel and whether the advancement of the injection timing parameters will improve the engine power output and improve the smoke effect of these different fuel blends. The laboratory prepared biofuels used in this project range from 100% bio-fuel (BF100) to 50%, 30% and 10% biodiesel blends (BF50, BF30 and BF10, respectively). It should be noted that these blends are not commercially available, since they were blended in the laboratory specifically for these tests. The overall results of the study show that there is a distinct opportunity for using certain bio-fuel blends in specific applications as the power outputs are no more than one quarter less than that of base diesel. Concomitantly, the smoke opacity in all of the blends is lower than that of base diesel, which is a significant benefit in terms of their overall air emissions.
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Ali, Mohamed Khadar. "Applying Value at Risk (VaR) analysis to Brent Blend Oil prices." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för ekonomi, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-10798.

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The purpose with this study is to compare four different models to VaR in terms of accuracy, namely Historical Simulation (HS), Simple Moving Average (SMA), Exponentially Weighted Moving Average (EWMA) and Exponentially Weighted Historical Simulation (EWHS). These VaR models will be applied to one underlying asset which is the Brent Blend Oil using these confidence levels 95 %, 99 % and 99, 9 %. Concerning the return of the asset the models under two different assumptions namely student t-distribution and normal distribution will be studied
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LaFountain, Andrew Richard. "The behaviour of lubricant blends in elastohydrodynamic contacts." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/62723.

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Blends of lubricant base stocks are commonly employed to produce lubricants with optimised performance. However, the influence of blending on lubricant behaviour within high pressure, mechanical contacts, particularly the film forming capacity and friction, have largely gone unstudied. This thesis examines both of these aspects for a range of base fluids and their blends. Film thickness generation and fluid friction are reviewed in the context of elastohydrodynamic (EHD) lubrication. Various models addressing the origin and mechanism of liquid viscosity are reviewed. The derivation of viscosity as a thermodynamic property is also reviewed and its relevance to the current study is discussed. Consideration is also given to two commonly accepted yet contrasting models of EHD traction, resulting in one being adopted for this research. The relationship of molecular structure to film generation is examined experimentally by studying a number of single component fluids with widely varying chemical structures. It is shown that pressure-viscosity coefficients derived from film thickness are strongly related to the respective chemical “family” of the lubricant. EHD friction (traction) measurements are also made and analysed in order to establish a reliable method for comparing the influence of fluid composition on traction. The method, based on a well regarded fluid model, allows accurate description of full fluid traction by means of the Eyring stress and pressure-viscosity coefficient in the central EHD contact. Binary blends of well-defined base fluids are studied. It is found that the pressure- viscosity coefficient, as derived by the aforementioned methods, varies nonlinearly with the composition and tends toward the lower value of the individual components, at times attaining values lower than either of the individual components.
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Prasman, Elisabeth. "Morophology and mechanical behavior of oriented blends of styrene-isoprene-styrene triblock copolymer and mineral oil." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/43444.

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Books on the topic "Blended oil"

1

The essential oils book: Creating personal blends for mind & body. Pownal, Vt: Storey Communications, 1996.

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Magical oils by moonlight: Understand essential oils; their blends and uses; discover the power of the moon phases; learn the meanings of oils; choose the appropriate day and time. Franklin Lakes, NJ: New Page Books, 2004.

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Ruiz, Victoria. Essential Oils: 30 Essential Oil Blends For Colds And Flu. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2017.

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Guerre, Rose De. Oily Warning System : Essential Oils Journal: A Workbook for Creating, Organizing & Tracking Your Aromatherapy and Essential Oil Blend Recipes. Independently published, 2019.

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Tomczyk, John. Alternative Refrigerant Blends & Oils. Esco Pr, 2003.

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Helstab, Celeste Rayne. Weiser Encyclopedia of Magical Oils: A Comprehensive and Practical Guide to Essential Oil Blends. Red Wheel/Weiser, 2010.

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Castillo, Wilson. My Essential Oils Journal: Journal to Write and Organize Your Favorite Oil Blends Collection, 150 Pages. Independently Published, 2020.

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Ogle, Raymond. My Essential Oils Journal: Journal to Organize Your Best Oil Blends, Collection, and Inventory, 150 Pages. Independently Published, 2020.

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Nelson, Mary. My Essential Oils Journal: Journal to Organize Your Best Oil Blends, Collection, and Inventory, 150 Pages. Independently Published, 2020.

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Courtenay, Daisy. DIY Aromatherapy: 40 Spring Essential Oil Blends for Diffuser. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2018.

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Book chapters on the topic "Blended oil"

1

Agarwal, Avinash Kumar, and Atul Dhar. "Performance, Emission and Combustion Characteristics of Preheated and Blended Jatropha Oil." In Jatropha, Challenges for a New Energy Crop, 491–508. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-4806-8_26.

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Sonkar, Pradeep Kumar, and Rajneesh Kaushal. "Performance Analysis of Soybean Oil Blended Diesel Fuelled DI Engine by Varying Compression Ratio." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 355–70. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5996-9_27.

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Bakrutheen, M., M. Willjuice Iruthayarajan, and S. Senthil Kumar. "Investigation on the Properties of Natural Esters Blended with Mineral Oil and Pyrolysis Oil as Liquid Insulation for High Voltage Transformers." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 187–96. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-4852-4_17.

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Shaladi, Ramzi J., Megat Azmi Megat Johari, Zainal Arifin Ahmad, and M. J. A. Mijarsh. "Compressive Strength and Microstructural Characteristics of Binary Blended Cement Mortar Containing Palm Oil Fuel Ash." In Proceedings of AICCE'19, 1513–22. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32816-0_116.

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Baskar, S., S. Arumugam, G. Sriram, and Venkata Sai Satyanarayana Sastry Sistla. "Tribological Investigation of Waste Plastic Oil-Based Methyl Ester Blended Synthetic Lubricant Using Four-Ball Tribometer." In Springer Proceedings in Materials, 587–93. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6267-9_66.

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Das, Amar Kumar, Achyut Kumar Panda, and Dulari Hansdah. "Energetic and Exergetic Performance Analysis of a CI Engine Fuelled with Diesel-Blended Plastic Pyrolytic Oil." In Renewable Energy and its Innovative Technologies, 155–71. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2116-0_13.

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Lee, Seokhwan, Yongrae Kim, and Kernyong Kang. "Combustion and Emission Characteristics of Wood Pyrolysis Oil and N-Butanol-Blended Fuel in a Diesel Engine." In The Role of Exergy in Energy and the Environment, 171–87. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-89845-2_13.

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Babu, S., K. Kavin, and S. Niju. "Performance and Emission Characteristics of CI Engine Fueled with Plastic Oil Blended with Jatropha Methyl Ester and Diesel." In Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Advances in Energy Research, 1275–86. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5955-6_122.

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Mat Zin, Mazni, Mohd Fadzil Arshad, Nadia Zalikha Saifullizam, Adrina Rosseira, and Nurliyana Ismail. "Blended Binder System Containing Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) for Solidification/Stabilization (S/S) Method in Treating Ceramic Sludge." In Regional Conference on Science, Technology and Social Sciences (RCSTSS 2016), 353–60. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0074-5_34.

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Usmansha, G. Shaik, K. Senthil Kumar, Praveen Maruthur, R. Rejumon, and S. Dhanesh. "Experimental Investigation of Exhaust Emission Reduction in a CI Engine by Using Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticle-Blended Methyl-Esterified Neem Oil Biodiesel." In Springer Proceedings in Materials, 193–99. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8319-3_21.

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Conference papers on the topic "Blended oil"

1

Kalam, Md Abul, Masjuki Hj Hassan, and Edzrol Niza Mohamad. "Wear and Lubrication Characteristics of a Multi-Cylinder Diesel Engine Using Vegetable Oil Blended Fuel." In World Tribology Congress III. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/wtc2005-63414.

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This paper presents experimental results carried out to evaluate wear and lubrication characteristics of a multi cylinder diesel engine when operated on vegetable oil blended fuels. The blended fuels consist of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% coconut oil (COIL) (in volume basis) with diesel fuel (DF2). Pure DF2 was used for comparison purposes. The engine was operated at constant speed of 2000 rpm with 50% throttle load for a period of 100 hours for each test fuel. The engine was operated for a total period of 600 hours for six fuels. The same lubricating oil equivalent to SAE 40 was used for all the fuels system. The sample of lube oil was collected through a one way valve connected to the crankcase sump at 50 hour intervals. The first sample was collected immediately after the engine had warmed up. The effect of blended fuel on engine component wear and lubrication characteristics in terms of viscosity, total base number (TBN), moisture content, oxidation, wear metals, contaminant elements and lubricant additive depletions were analyzed. The results showed that wear metals, contaminant elements increase with increasing COIL with DF2. An increasing COIL in blends reduces additive elements; and the reduction rate during blends of up to 30% COIL is quite similar to DF2. Soot and sulfation reduce with increasing COIL in blended fuels due to reducing aromatics and sulfur in comparison to DF2. The water concentration increases from above 30% COIL blended fuels. The TBN and viscosity changes are found almost normal. The engine did not have any starting and combustion noise problems when operating on COIL blended fuels. These lubricating oil analysis data will help to select tribological components and compatible lubricating oil for coconut oil or biofuel operated diesel engines.
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Kim, Insu, Gisoo Hyun, Shinichi Goto, and Ryoji Ehara. "Spray Characteristics of DME Blended Biodiesel Oil." In SAE International Fall Fuels & Lubricants Meeting & Exhibition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2001-01-3636.

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Karthik, M., M. Willjuice Iruthayarajan, and M. Bakrutheen. "Investigation of vegetable oil blended with antioxidant." In 2015 IEEE International Conference on Electrical, Computer and Communication Technologies (ICECCT). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icecct.2015.7225935.

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Hansen, Samuel, and Amin Mirkouei. "Bio-Oil Upgrading via Micro-Emulsification and Ultrasound Treatment: Examples for Analysis and Discussion." In ASME 2019 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2019-97182.

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Abstract Blended fuels allow biofuels (e.g., bio-oil, ethanol, and biodiesel) to be commercialized by mixing them with petroleum-based fuels and address their deficiencies, such as compatibility with existing engine systems. Traditional blends (e.g., B20, E15, and E85) rely on mechanical mixing and use of surfactants (stabilizing chemicals) to prevent mixture separation, however, in many cases bio-blends suffer from reduced performance. Bio-oil, a low-grade liquid biofuel, has high potential in blended fuels production and addresses its deficiencies, such as high upgrading cost due to high oxygen-carbon ratio and H2O content. Emulsion technology is a relatively immature process, which relies on microscopic H2O blended with fuel for increased performance and stability. This study explores how residual H2O in bio-oil may increase performance and compensate for its deficiencies by using bio-oil in diesel emulsion. Our research shows that (a) H2O emulsion fuel has received little attention yet, which can offer many benefits to reduce fuel consumption and emissions, (b) H2O content in bio-oil may be significant enough to impact performance in a diesel engine if stability concerns are addressed, and (c) the stability of bio-oil derived diesel emulsions may be increased over conventional practice, using ultrasonic cavitation. It is concluded that emulsified bio-oil in diesel is able to address common upgrading challenges by skipping H2O removing operation and using H2O in bio-oil to enhance blended fuel performance. Ultimately, bio-oil can be used to supplement diesel fuel and develop a commercial market similar to the strategy’s used earlier with ethanol production from corn.
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Schoo, Reilly, Alison Hoxie, and Joel Braden. "Combustion Characteristics of Butanol-Soybean Oil Blended Droplets." In ASME 2014 8th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2014 12th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2014-6320.

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The combustion characteristics of single fuel droplets of soybean oil (SBO) and butanol binary blends simply mixed by volume were experimentally examined. The droplets were supported at an intersection of microfibers in a 100°C combustion chamber at atmospheric pressure in normal gravity. Ignition was achieved via a hot wire igniter. Ignition characteristics and burning behaviors including burning to completion, burning with microexplosion and incomplete combustion were analyzed for initial concentrations ranging from 25–75% butanol. Droplet size and temperature measurements were analyzed throughout the droplet lifetimes. Relative concentrations prior and during combustion were estimated. Temperature measurements at ignition and above the burning droplet were analyzed. The addition of butanol significantly lowered the droplet ignition temperature. All mixtures studied ignited similarly to pure butanol droplets. The results showed consistency with closed-cup flashpoint temperatures of butanol-soybean oil blends. A three-staged burn including a microexplosion was observed for all mixed droplets, which burned completely. The disruptive burning proved to be a result of a diffusion limited gasification mechanism that has been previously linked to bi-component droplets with high volatility differentials. Microexplosions occur as a result of homogeneous nucleation due to superheating of the more volatile component trapped within the droplet at flame shrinkage. Results show that more butanol is burned in the first stage for Bu75 droplets resulting in microexplosions occurring late in the combustion process. For droplets of near equal initial concentrations, the microexplosions occur earlier resulting in less fuel burned in the first stage of combustion and therefore higher concentrations of butanol trapped within the droplet at flame shrinkage. Consequently these mixtures experience more microexplosions and at a greater intensity. The reduced tendency for Bu75 droplets to experience microexplosions suggest that the maximum droplet surface temperature may be depressed compared to droplets of near equal concentrations reducing the possibility for superheating of the droplet interior. Blends of near equal concentrations by volume proved to exhibit the most favorable combustion characteristics. Bu40 exhibited the most violent microexplosions of all mixtures studied.
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Banania, Amarlo, Edwin N. Quiros, and Jose Gabriel E. Mercado. "Experimental Study on Performance of a Single-Cylinder Engine Fuelled With Diesel and Vegetable Oil-Diesel Blends." In ASME 2019 13th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2019 Heat Transfer Summer Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2019-3830.

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Abstract Continuous demand for energy in order to provide to an ever-increasing global population calls for use of or integration of other alternative sources of fuel other than fossil fuels. Many countries all over the world use vegetable oils blended with neat diesel as alternative and using these biofuels can help alleviate lessen the emissions releases on the environment as well as the country’s dependency on fossil fuels. In the Philippines Coconut Methyl Ester (CME) is the primary vegetable oil used, however in this study we used four other vegetable oils which are RCO (Refined Corn Oil), RPO (Refine Palm Oil), JFO (Jahtropa Filtered Oil) and JME (Jathropa Methyl Ester) in order to investigate the possibility of their use in diesel engines. A 6.3 kW single-cylinder, four stroke cycle, direct injection engine was used for the study. This kind of engine is typically used in the Philippines for different purposes such as backup power for households, for boats, pumps and for agriculture use. The specific fuel consumption of the biodiesel blends compared to neat diesel fuel ranged from −15% to 15% with RCO and JME having higher SFC and JFO and RPO having lower SFC. Fuel conversion efficiency of the varied from −12% to 12% with JFO and RPO having higher efficiency and RCO and JME having lower efficiency. The power of the varied from −7% to 6% with RPO having lower power output, JFO having higher power output and JME and RCO having similar power output to neat diesel fuel. At full load condasition Neat Diesel Fuel blended with 15% Refined Palm Oil showed the greatest improvement in SFC while Neat Diesel Fuel blended with 10% Jathropa Filtered Oil showed the best power output.
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Kamarudin, Kamarul Azhar, Nor Shahida Akma Mohd Sazali, Mas Fauzi Mohd Ali, Ahmad Jais Alimin, Saffiah Abdullah Khir, M. A. Wahid, S. Samion, N. A. C. Sidik, and J. M. Sheriff. "Performance of Diesel Engine Using Blended Crude Jatropha Oil." In THE 10TH ASIAN INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON FLUID MACHINERY. AIP, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3464863.

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Damayanthi, M. "Oil Sorption behavior of Nettle /Kapok blended Nonwoven Fabrics." In Proceedings of the First International Conference on Combinatorial and Optimization, ICCAP 2021, December 7-8 2021, Chennai, India. EAI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.7-12-2021.2314632.

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9

Varman, M., M. S. Faizul, H. H. Masjuki, M. A. Kalam, and T. M. I. Mahlia. "Study of Lubricant Viscosity From Diesel Engine Operating on Various Percentages of Coconut Oil Blended Fuel." In World Tribology Congress III. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/wtc2005-63263.

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In this study, the lubricant viscosity from a diesel engine operating on various percentages of coconut oil blended fuel is investigated to determine the suitable mixture appropriate for a diesel engine. The coconut oil was blended with conventional diesel fuel at an amount varying from ten to fifty percent. The lubricant used in this study is the conventional commercially available lubricant (SAE 40). After proper blending of diesel with coconut oil, the blended fuels are loaded into the fuel tank. The engine is operated at half throttle setting running at 1600 rpm for 100 hours. At every ten hour interval, one lubricant sample was collected and analyzed using a viscometer at 100 °C and 40 °C. The results show that the viscosity for all the blended fuel remain about constant throughout the 100 hours test. However, fifty percent coconut oil blended fuel at 40 °C shows slightly lower viscosity level in comparison to other percentages of blended fuel system. It is expected this is due to high fuel dilution in lube oil. As a result, ten to thirty percent coconut oil blended fuels seems suitable for diesel engine because it’s able to prolong lubricant life span by maintaining its viscosity.
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Cavarzere, A., M. Morini, M. Pinelli, P. R. Spina, A. Vaccari, and M. Venturini. "Fuelling Micro Gas Turbines With Vegetable Oils: Part I — Straight and Blended Vegetable Oil Properties." In ASME Turbo Expo 2012: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2012-68238.

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Current energy policies tend to encourage the production of renewable energy for environmental reasons and energy independence. Among renewable sources, biomass can play a key role, because of economic, environmental and political factors, such as the need to diversify and improve energy supply, reduce the greenhouse effect and support rural areas. For the case of liquid biofuels derived from agricultural crops, several possibilities can be considered, such as straight vegetable oil (SVO), oil-derived esters, bioethanol or blends with conventional fuels (diesel or gasoline). The use of SVOs and their derivatives usually poses some problems, that essentially derive from their much higher viscosity and higher boiling temperature. In order to evaluate the technical feasibility of the use of SVOs within gas turbine combustors, this paper reports the results of the experimental characterization of different vegetable oils, derived from dedicated crops. Moreover, blends composed of diesel and vegetable oil in different concentrations (from pure diesel to pure vegetable oil) are also considered and their experimental characterization is also reported, with particular focus on blend viscosity. The considered vegetable oils were obtained from different types of oilseeds (rapeseed, sunflower, soybean) and were cultivated under different agronomic scenarios. The SVO properties determined experimentally are SVO elemental composition, lower heating value, density, specific heat and viscosity, for which this paper provides a practical overview, coming both from experiments and literature data.
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Reports on the topic "Blended oil"

1

Yamamoto, Shohei, Shotaro Watanabe, Keisuke Komada, Daisaku Sakaguchi, Hironobu Ueki, and Masahiro Ishida. Study on Combustion and Soot Emission of Ethanol or Butanol Blended with Gas Oil in a Direct Injection Diesel Engine. Warrendale, PA: SAE International, October 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2013-32-9112.

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Warrington, G., Jim Keiser, and Raynella Connatser. Corrosion Studies of Pine-Derived Bio-Oil and Heavy Fuel Oil Blends. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1632093.

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Krishna, C. R. A Study of the Use of Jatropha Oil Blends in Boilers. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1015135.

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Fushimi, Kazuyo, Eiji Kinoshita, and Yasufumi Yoshimoto. Effect of Butanol Isomer on Diesel Combustion Characteristics of Butanol/Gas Oil Blend. Warrendale, PA: SAE International, October 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2013-32-9097.

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Gabitto, J., M. A. Barrufet, and D. B. Burnett. Improved oil production using economical biopolymer-surfactant blends for profile modification and mobility control. Final report, November 1998. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/307830.

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Krishna, C. R., and R. McDonald. Investigation of the Potential for Biofuel Blends in Residual Oil-Fired Power Generation Units as an Emissions Reduction Strategy for New York State. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1015131.

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Rahimi, P. M., and H. Seoud. Coprocessing consortium - year 2 final report - sub-unit 504101-f2-4(01) coprocessing Illinois no 6 coal with Amoco Pipestill and a blend of Pipestill/decanted oil. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/304522.

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Viscosity and Gravity of Historical Oil Samples from US Navy Umiat (Blend, unknown well number) and from US Navy Umiat Ruby #1 (renamed Umiat Test Well #4); both from the Irv Tailleur USGS collection at the Alaska GMC. Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, July 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.14509/19581.

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