Relevant bibliographies by topics / Blended cements

Academic literature on the topic 'Blended cements'

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Published: 4 April 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Blended cements"

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Grilo, Maria J., João Pereira, and Carla Costa. "Waste Marble Dust Blended Cement." Materials Science Forum 730-732 (November 2012): 671–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.730-732.671.

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Marble processing activities generates a significant amount of waste in dust form. This waste, which is nowadays one of the environmental problems worldwide, presents great potential of being used as mineral addition in blended cements production. This paper shows preliminary results of an ongoing project which ultimate goal is to investigate the viability of using waste marble dust (WMD), produced by marble Portuguese industry, as cement replacement material. In order to evaluate the effects of the WMD on mechanical behaviour, different mortar blended cement mixtures were tested. These mixtures were prepared with different partial substitution level of cement with WMD. Strength results of WMD blended cements were compared to control cements with same level of incorporation of natural limestone used to produce commercial Portland-limestone cements. The results obtained show that WMD blended cements perform better than limestone blended cements for same replacement level up to 20% w/w. Therefore, WMD reveals promising attributes for blended cements production.
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Staněk, Theodor. "Potential Application of Belite Clinker." Advanced Materials Research 1000 (August 2014): 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1000.7.

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Blended cements were prepared from belite clinker burned in a model kiln and ordinary industrial alite clinker. The mechanical and physical properties of these blended cements were determined. The difference in the development of hydration heat of belite and alite cements by using calorimetric method was determined also. The results show that strengths of prepared belite cement after 28 days of hydration are equal to those of industrial alite cement. Short time strengths are suitable for blended cements up to 30 % content of belite clinker. These results demonstrate the possibility of separate industrial belite clinker production next to common alite clinker manufactory and production of economically and ecologically advantageous blended Portland cements with suitable technological properties.
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Ustabas, Ilker, Sakir Erdogdu, Ihsan Omur, and Erol Yilmaz. "Pozzolanic Effect on the Hydration Heat of Cements Incorporating Fly Ash, Obsidian, and Slag Additives." Advances in Civil Engineering 2021 (October 8, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/2342896.

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Made up of an engineered mix of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) with artificial pozzolans such as trass, fly ash, and slag, the blended cements have been intensely employed within cementitious materials. The main reasons behind this intensive use can be clarified by enhanced workability/strength, the high resistance to chloride/sulfate, reduced permeability/alkali-silica reaction, and a drop in the heat generated by cement’s hydration. The use of cementitious blends within concrete not only offers durable products but also cuts climate impact by energy saving and falling CO2 emissions. This study presents pozzolanic effect on the hydration heat of cements incorporating fly ash, obsidian, and slag additives. The blended cements were manufactured by three different replacement ratios of 20%, 30%, and 50%. The change in the hydration heat of obsidian-, fly ash-, and slag-based cements was observed by several Turkish standards (TS EN 196-8 and TS EN 196-9). Mortars were used for determining the uniaxial strengths of obsidian-, fly ash-, and slag-based cements. The results show that cement’s hydration heat decreases as the rate of additives (e.g., obsidian) increases from 20% to 50%. The cement’s fineness greatly affects its hydration heat. Increasing the refinement of pozzolanic material to a certain level (30%) leads to an increase in the hydration temperature. After reaching this level, there is no clear relation between the fineness and the replacement rate of pozzolans. As a result, the findings of this work will provide a good understanding of artificial pozzolans on performance and quality of obsidian-, fly ash-, and slag-based cements.
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Hájková, Iveta, Karel Dvořák, Dominik Gazdič, and Marcela Fridrichová. "Technological Properties Testing of Blended Portland Cements with Fluidized Filter Ash." Materials Science Forum 865 (August 2016): 27–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.865.27.

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The work aims to study the behaviour of blended cement with fluidized filter ash (FFA) considering to formation of the increased proportion of ettringite and its eventual transformation into thaumasite. In part of an experiment there were prepared three cements, two of them served as a reference one-component and the reference blended cement with limestone, a third one was tested blended cement with a FFA. All three cements were put to determination of basic technological properties and next they were observed during hydration process.
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Sicakova, A., E. Kardosova, and M. Spak. "Perlite Application and Performance Comparison to Conventional Additives in Blended Cement." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 10, no. 3 (June 7, 2020): 5613–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.3487.

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This study compares the performance of perlite with that of conventional additives in blended cements. The results of the application of Perlite Powder (PP) as a component of blended cements in two different proportions (30% and 50%) are presented and compared with standard additives of fly ash (FA) and Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBFS). Moreover, perlite is tested as a component of ternary cement (70% cement, 15% P and 15% FA and GGBFS alternatively). Blended cements are tested in terms of flexural strength, compressive strength, bulk density, water absorption, and frost resistance. The results show that although perlite blended cements achieve lower strengths and higher absorptivity compared to conventional additives, they have significant potential for freezing and thawing durability, especially in ternary combination with GGBFS. For practical applications, the intrinsic values of the parameters of the individual binders with perlite (e.g. flexural strength of 4.1–6.2MPa or compressive strength of 18.8–38.5MPa) are sufficient for many practical applications. Perlite, when suitably combined with other pozzolanic materials, can be a suitable component of blended binders.
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Kirgiz, Mehmet Serkan. "Chemical Properties of Substituted and Blended Cements." Advanced Materials Research 749 (August 2013): 477–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.749.477.

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The aim of the experimental study is to determine chemical properties of substituted and blended cement contained marble and brick powders to provide efficacy for the economical and the environmental aspect. Marble and brick powders, CEM I 42.5N cement and clinker were used as materials in the study. Substituted cements were prepared with the addition of cement for marble or brick powder at the ratios of % 6, 20, 21, 35. Blended cements were mixed the addition of cement clinker for marble or brick powder at the ratios of % 6, 20, 21, 35. And CEM I 42.5N cements were also chosen as Reference cement. Results show that marble and brick powders can prevalently add as substitute or blend materials to cement to prevent it detrimental chemicals like alkali-silica reaction.
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Marangu, Joseph Mwiti, Joseph Karanja Thiong’o, and Jackson Muthengia Wachira. "Review of Carbonation Resistance in Hydrated Cement Based Materials." Journal of Chemistry 2019 (January 1, 2019): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/8489671.

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Blended cements are preferred to Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) in construction industry due to costs and technological and environmental benefits associated with them. Prevalence of significant quantities of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere due to increased industrial emission is deleterious to hydrated cement materials due to carbonation. Recent research has shown that blended cements are more susceptible to degradation due to carbonation than OPC. The ingress of CO2 within the porous mortar matrix is a diffusion controlled process. Subsequent chemical reaction between CO2 and cement hydration products (mostly calcium hydroxide [CH] and calcium silicate hydrate [CSH]) results in degradation of cement based materials. CH offers the buffering capacity against carbonation in hydrated cements. Partial substitution of OPC with pozzolanic materials however decreases the amount of CH in hydrated blended cements. Therefore, low amounts of CH in hydrated blended cements make them more susceptible to degradation as a result of carbonation compared to OPC. The magnitude of carbonation affects the service life of cement based structures significantly. It is therefore apparent that sufficient attention is given to carbonation process in order to ensure resilient cementitious structures. In this paper, an indepth review of the recent advances on carbonation process, factors affecting carbonation resistance, and the effects of carbonation on hardened cement materials have been discussed. In conclusion, carbonation process is influenced by internal and external factors, and it has also been found to have both beneficial and deleterious effects on hardened cement matrix.
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Wang, Xiao Yong, Han Seung Lee, and Ki Bong Park. "Numerical Simulation of Heat Evolution of Eco-Friendly Blended Portland Cements Using a Multi-Component Hydration Model." Materials Science Forum 569 (January 2008): 257–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.569.257.

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With the development of concrete industry, the necessity for utilizing waste materials and decreasing overall energy consumption is becoming increasingly obvious. Fly ash and granulated blast-furnace slag, which are used as blends of Portland cement, are waste materials produced in electric and energy industry, and concretes made with them can have properties similar to ones made with pure Portland cement at lower cost per unit volume. By using blended Portland cement, both ecology benefit and economic benefit can be achieved. Due to the pozzolanic reaction between calcium hydroxide and blended components, compared with ordinary Portland cement, hydration process of blended Portland cement is more complex. In this paper, based on a multi-component hydration model, a numerical model which can simulate heat evolution process of blended Portland cements is built. The influence of water to cement ratio, curing temperature, particle size distribution of cement paste and blended Portland material, and cement mineral components on heat evolution process is considered. The prediction result agrees well with experiment result.
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McDonald, Lewis, Fredrik Glasser, and Mohammed Imbabi. "A New, Carbon-Negative Precipitated Calcium Carbonate Admixture (PCC-A) for Low Carbon Portland Cements." Materials 12, no. 4 (February 13, 2019): 554. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12040554.

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The production of Portland cement accounts for approximately 7% of global anthropogenic CO2 emissions. Carbon CAPture and CONversion (CAPCON) technology under development by the authors allows for new methods to be developed to offset these emissions. Carbon-negative Precipitated Calcium Carbonate (PCC), produced from CO2 emissions, can be used as a means of offsetting the carbon footprint of cement production while potentially providing benefits to cement hydration, workability, durability and strength. In this paper, we present preliminary test results obtained for the mechanical and chemical properties of a new class of PCC blended Portland cements. These initial findings have shown that these cements behave differently from commonly used Portland cement and Portland limestone cement, which have been well documented to improve workability and the rate of hydration. The strength of blended Portland cements incorporating carbon-negative PCC Admixture (PCC-A) has been found to exceed that of the reference baseline—Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC). The reduction of the cement clinker factor, when using carbon-negative PCC-A, and the observed increase in compressive strength and the associated reduction in member size can reduce the carbon footprint of blended Portland cements by more than 25%.
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Apeh, Abah Joseph. "Hydration Behaviour and Characteristics of Binary Blended Metakaolin Cement Pastes." Journal of Building Materials and Structures 9, no. 1 (April 14, 2022): 57–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.34118/jbms.v9i1.1606.

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Cement production consume large amount of energy to form clinker and carbon dioxide (CO2) emitted into the atmosphere causing global warming. To mitigate this challenge, the use of Metakaolin (MK) as supplementary cementitious material cannot be over emphasized. This study evaluated the use of Metakaolin (MK) on hydration development of MK--PC blended cements and strength of Mortars. The MK with a Blaine fineness of 7883 cm2/g was used to replace Portland Cement (PC) at a level of 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 % by mass of PC at a constant w/b ratio of 0.50 to prepare blended cements. Hydration development of blended cement and compressive strength of Mortars were investigated using chemically bond water and free-lime contents and strength tests respectively. X – Ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron Microscopy (SEM) techniques were also utilised in the analysis of Pozzolanic reaction and hydration products. Test results indicates that Water of consistency, setting times for the mixes increased with increase in MK contents, influence of MK on the chemically bond water and free Lime contents of the blended cements were due to its filler and dilution effects and Pozzolanic reaction. The cumulative non-evaporable water and free-lime contents increased by partial replacement of PC with MK due to PC hydration and Pozzolanic reaction. The tested Mortar prepared with blended cements with 30 % PC replacement with MK shows a retardation of strength development with a low value at early ages (7 days) and increased in growth at later ages (28 days). The compressive strength of tested mortar for 90 days curing age for the blended mortar is 31 N/mm2 close to that of control Mortar (35 N/mm2). The results obtained from XRD and SEM analysis indicated increase in Calcium Hydroxide (CH) consumption and Calcium Silicate hydrate (C-S-H) formation in blended cement pastes with curing time. The PC replacement with MK induced changes in Microstructures of blended cement paste and chemical composition of hydration products. These results are potentials for modelling the behaviour of MK-PC blended cements.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Blended cements"

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Kaya, Ayse Idil. "A Study On Blended Bottom Ash Cements." Master's thesis, METU, 2010. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12612504/index.pdf.

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Cement production which is one of the most energy intensive industries plays a significant role in emitting the greenhouse gases. Blended cement production by supplementary cementitious materials such as fly ash, ground granulated blast furnace slag and natural pozzolan is one of the smart approaches to decrease energy and ecology related concerns about the production. Fly ash has been used as a substance to produce blended cements for years, but bottom ash, its coarser counterpart, has not been utilized due to its lower pozzolanic properties. This thesis study aims to evaluate the laboratory performance of blended cements, which are produced both by fly ash and bottom ash. Fly ash and bottom ash obtained from Seyitö
mer Power Plant were used to produce blended cements in 10, 20, 30 and 40% by mass as clinker replacement materials. One ordinary portland cement and eight blended cements were produced in the laboratory. Portland cement was ground 120 min to have a Blaine value of 3500±
100 cm2/g. This duration was kept constant in the production of bottom ash cements. Fly ash cements were produced by blending of laboratory produced portland cement and fly ash. Then, 2, 7, 28 and 90 day compressive strengths, normal consistencies, soundness and time of settings of cements were determined. It was found that blended fly ash and bottom ash cements gave comparable strength results at 28 day curing age for 10% and 20% replacement. Properties of blended cements were observed to meet the requirements specified by Turkish and American standards.
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Stundebeck, Curtis J. "Durability of ternary blended cements in bridge applications." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/5082.

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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007.
The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on November 6, 2007) Includes bibliographical references.
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Ulker, Elcin. "Comparison Of Compressive Strength Test Procedures For Blended Cements." Master's thesis, METU, 2010. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12612506/index.pdf.

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The aim of this thesis is to twofold, in order to demonstrate the variabilities that can be faced within the compressive strength of blended cements, one blended cement namely CEM IV / B (P-V) 32.5N is selected and the 28-day compressive strength is obtained by 16 different laboratories following TS EN 196-1 standard. Later, to show the variabilities that could be faced by different standards, three different cement types were selected and their compressive strengths are determined following two procedures first with TS EN 196-1, later with similar procedure described in ASTM. The strength of cement is determined by TS EN 196-1 in Turkey that is the same for all types of cements. However, American cement producers use different standards for testing the strength of Portland cement and blended cements. The main difference is the amount of water utilized in producing the cement mortar. It was observed that for Portland and Portland composite cements
there is not any significant difference in between the compressive strength results of cement mortars prepared by both methods. However, for pozzolanic cements, there is much deviance in the compressive strength results of cement mortars prepared by TS EN 196-1.
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Canham, Ian. "The control of alkali silica reaction using blended cements." Thesis, Aston University, 1987. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/9726/.

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It has been previously established that alkali silica reaction (ASR) in concrete may be controlled by blending Portland cement with suitable hydraulic or pozzolanic materials. The controlling mechanism has been attributed to the dilution of the cement's alkali content and reduced mobility of ions in concrete's pore solution. In this project an attempt has been made to identify the factors which influence the relative importance of each mechanism in the overall suppression of the reaction by the use of blended cements. The relationship between the pore solution alkalinity and ASR was explored by the use of expansive mortar bars submerged in alkaline solutions of varying concentration. This technique enabled the blended cement's control over expansion to be assessed at given `pore solution' alkali concentrations. It was established that the cement blend, the concentration and quantity of alkali present in the pore solution were the factors which determined the rate and extent of ASR. The release of alkalis into solution by Portland cements of various alkali content was studied by analysis of pore solution samples expressed from mature specimens. The specification for avoiding ASR by alkali limitation, both by alkali content of cement and the total quantity of alkali were considered. The effect on the pore solution alkalinity when a range of Portland cements were blended with various replacement materials was measured. It was found that the relationship between the type of replacement material, its alkali content and that of the cement were the factors which primarily determined the extent of the pore solution alkali dilution effect. It was confirmed that salts of alkali metals of the kinds found as common concrete contaminants were able to increase the pore solution hydroxyl ion concentration significantly. The increase was limited by the finite anion complexing ability of the cement.
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Ukpata, Joseph Onah. "Durability of slag-blended cements in composite chloride-sulphate environments." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2018. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/20968/.

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The problem of concrete durability in marine environments remains a major challenge for the construction industry. Chlorides and sulphates from sea water attack both the steel reinforcing bars and the concrete binder respectively. Chloride attack leads to steel corrosion, while sulphate attack leads to the formation of expansive ettringite. These challenges, combined with pressures to reduce CO2 emissions associated with conventional Portland cement production, have encouraged the increasing use of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs). Ground granulated blast-furnace slag is one of the most widely used SCMs, since it offers the potential for the greatest replacement in cement clinker. However, the effects of chemical composition, temperature, slag loading, curing and exposure conditions, concerning changes to microstructure, mechanical strength and durability performance of slag-blended cements are yet to be fully understood. This situation is worsened in marine environments, by the limited information on the combined attack of concrete by chloride and sulphate. This is important, since these ions co-exist in real marine conditions. The present study combines different experimental techniques to investigate the above stated effects on hydration, microstructure, mechanical and transport properties, including chloride binding, to provide improved understanding to the existing literature. The relationships between hydration, microstructure and durability performance have been highlighted, along with chloride binding. Two slags of different chemical compositions (CaO/SiO2 ratios = 1.05 and 0.94), designated as slags 1 and 2, were each blended with CEM I 52.5R at 30 and 70 wt.% replacements to produce 4 blends. Paste and mortar samples were prepared at a constant w/b ratio of 0.5. Reference samples were prepared at w/c of 0.5 using CEM I 42.5R. The pastes were characterised for chemical and microstructural properties, while mortars were used for investigating mechanical and transport properties. Tests were performed under parallel temperatures of 20 and 38°C to reflect temperate and warm tropical climates. The samples were exposed to combined sodium chloride and sulphate, after curing in water for 7 or 28 days. Hydration kinetics were investigated in paste systems using isothermal conduction calorimetry. Crystalline hydration products and phase assemblages were followed by x-ray diffraction (XRD), complemented with simultaneous thermal analysis (STA), to confirm and quantify the phases formed, including chemically bound water. The degrees of slag and clinker hydration were quantified using scanning electron microscope (SEM), coupled with energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) analysis. SEM-EDX spot analysis was also used to characterise poorly crystalline, calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H). Microstructural development was followed using SEM backscattered electron (BSE) image analysis. This was also used to quantify the paste porosity, which was then complemented with mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP). Mechanical properties of mortar samples were investigated using compressive and flexural strengths. Transport properties were investigated using water sorptivity and gas permeability in mortar samples. Chloride penetration profiles and non-steady state diffusivity were investigated in mortar prisms, including free chloride penetration depths, using colorimetric approach. Also, chloride and sulphate penetration profiles were investigated in polished paste samples, using SEM-EDX spot analysis. This included analysis of atomic ratios to identify the phases binding chloride and sulphate, and their intermixing with the C-S-H. Chloride binding with and without the presence of sulphate, were investigated in paste samples. Length and mass change due to sulphate attack were investigated in mortar prisms and cubes respectively. Samples were exposed in combined chloride-sulphate solution by submersion or repeated wetting/drying cycles, for a period of 664 days. The results show a positive influence of elevated temperature for the slag blends, leading to a refined microstructure, improved early age strengths and improved resistance to the transport of fluids, including chloride and sulphate. The presence of the combined salt solution led to increased flexural strength. Transport properties were improved during early stages of exposure to salt solution but worsened over longer periods. The developed multiple regression models reasonably predicted changes in mechanical and transport properties, considering the effects of temperature and slag loading. Length change and mass change reduced significantly at elevated temperature. Also, chloride binding was improved at elevated temperature but decreased in the presence of sulphate. The main phases binding chloride include Friedel’s salt, Kuzel’s salt and C-S-H, while sulphate was bound in ettringite, AFm and C-S-H. Generally, within the period of this study, there was a synergy between chloride and sulphate, as sulphate expansion was reduced, while chloride diffusivity was also reduced at the same time. The greatly improved durability properties of the slag blends at 38°C is significant for their application in warm climates.
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Duru, Kevser. "Sulfate Resistance Of Blended Cements With Fly Ash And Natural Pozzolan." Master's thesis, METU, 2006. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12607569/index.pdf.

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Numerous agents and mechanisms are known to affect the durability of a concrete structure during its service life. Examples include freezing and thawing, corrosion of reinforcing steel, alkali-aggregate reactions, sulfate attack, carbonation, and leaching by neutral or acidic ground waters. Among these, external sulfate attack was first identified in 1908, and led to the discovery of sulfate resistant Portland cement (SRPC). Besides SRPC, another way of coping with the problem of sulfate attack is the use of pozzolans either as an admixture to concrete or in the form of blended cements This study presents an investigation on the sulfate resistance of blended cements containing different amounts of natural pozzolan and/or low-lime fly ash compared to ordinary Portland cement and sulfate resistant Portland cement. Within the scope of this study, an ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and five different blended cements were produced with different proportions of clinker, natural pozzolan, low-lime fly ash and limestone. For comparison, a sulfate resistant Portland cement (SRPC) with a different clinker was also obtained. For each cement, two different mixtures with the water/cement (w/c) ratios of 0.485 and 0.560 were prepared in order to observe the effect of permeability controlled by water/cement ratio. The performance of cements was observed by exposing the prepared 25x25x285 mm prismatic mortar specimens to 5% Na2SO4 solution for 78 weeks and 50mm cubic specimens for 52 weeks. Relative deterioration of the specimens was determined by length, density and ultrasonic pulse velocity change, and strength examination at different ages. It was concluded that depending on the amount and effectiveness of the mineral additives, blended cements were considered to be effective for moderate or high sulfate environments. Moreover, the cement chemistry and w/c ratio of mortars were the two parameters affecting the performance of mortars against an attack. As a result of this experimental study it was found out that time to failure is decreasing with the increasing w/c ratio and the effect of w/c ratio was more important for low sulfate resistant cements with higher C3A amounts when compared to high sulfate resistant cements with lower C3A amounts.
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Erdem, Tahir Kemal. "Investigation On The Pozzolanic Property Of Perlite For Use In Producing Blended Cements." Phd thesis, METU, 2005. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12605964/index.pdf.

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Perlite is a glassy volcanic rock that contains approximately 70-75% silica and 12-18% alumina. There are very large perlite reserves in the world (~6700 million tons) and approximately two thirds of these is in Turkey. Due to its high amounts of silica and alumina, at the beginning of such a study, it seemed that it would be worth first to find out whether perlite possesses sufficient pozzolanic property when it is a finely divided form and then to investigate whether it could be used as a pozzolanic addition in producing blended cements. In this study, perlites from two different regions (izmir and Erzincan) were tested for their pozzolanic properties. After obtaining satisfactory results, grindability properties of the clinker, perlites and their different combinations were investigated. Several blended cements with different fineness values and different perlite amounts were produced by either intergrinding or separate grinding methods. The tests performed on the cement pastes and mortars containing the blended cements produced were as follows: Water requirement, normal consistency, setting time, soundness, compressive strength, rapid chloride permeability, resistance to sulfate attack and resistance to alkali-silica reactions. The results showed that Turkish perlites possess sufficient pozzolanic characteristics to be used in cement and concrete industry. Moreover, the properties tested in this study satisfied the requirements stated in the standards for blended cements. The durability of the mortars was found to be improved by 20% or more perlite incorporation.
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Tyrer, Mark. "The Hydration chemistry of blended portland blastfurnace slag cements for radiactive waste encapsulation." Thesis, Aston University, 1991. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/14303/.

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Blended Portland-blastfumace slag cements provide a suitable matrix for the encapsulation of low and intermediate level waste due to their inherantly low connective porosity and provide a highly alkaline and strongly reduced chemical environment. The hydration mechanism of these materials is complex and involves several competing chemical reactions. This thesis investigates three main areas: 1) The developing chemical shrinkage of the system shows that the underlying kinetics are dominantly linear and estimates of the activation energy of the slag made by this method and by conduction calorimetry show it to be c.53 kJ/mol. 2) Examination of the soUd phase reveals that caldum hydroxide is initially precipitated and subsequently consumed during hydration. The absolute rate of slag hydration is investigated by chemical and thermal methods and an estimation of the average silicate chain length (3 silicate units) by NMR is presented. 3) The developing pore solution chemistry shows that the system becomes rapidly alkaline (pH 13 - 13.5) and subsequently strongly reduced. Ion chromatography shows the presence of reduced sulphur species which are associated with the onset of reducing conditions. In the above studies, close control of the hydration temperature was maintained and the operation of a temperature controlled pore fluid extration press is reported.
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Tyrer, Mark. "The hydration chemistry of blended Portland blastfurnace slag cements for radioactive waste encapsulation." Thesis, Aston University, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.315145.

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Oliveira, Morais de Sousa Girão Ana Violeta. "The nanostructure and degradation of C-S-H in Portland and blended cements." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2007. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/712/.

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The microstructure and composition of water and KOH activated hardened pastes of commercial neat white Portland cement (WPC) and blends with 30% fly ash (PFA) have been characterised using a multi-technique approach, With particular emphasis on the nature of the C-S-H phase. The neat and fly ash blended pastes were activated with water or a 5M KOH solution and cured for one year at 25'C, one month at 55'C and one month at 85'C. The mean length of the aluminosilicate anion structure of C-S-H (29 Si MAS NMR) increased with age and it was higher in the fly ash blended systems. Formulae were presented for the average structural units in the C-S-H present in the systems analysed by TEM-EDX. SEM micrographs showed that as hydration occurred, the microstructure became denser because outer product C-S-H was formed in the water filled spaces and additional C-S-H resulted from the pozzolanic reaction. The chemical composition of C-S-H could not be determined by SEM-EDX because of intermixing with other phases; TEM-EDX was necessary. Inner product C-S-H morphology was fine and homogeneous and that of outer product C-S-H was fibrillar in the water activated systems and foil-like with alkali activation. Fly ash replacement did not change the morphology of lp and Op C-S-H. Small fully hydrated cement and PFA particles were filled with a less dense lp C-S-H with morphology very similar to the foil-like one. TEM-EDX showed that, in general, the mean Ca/(AI+Si) atomic ratio was lower in the water activated blends than that in the neat cement pastes due to the fly ash reaction. The composition- structure data were discussed in terms of models for the nanostructure of C-S-H. Higher curing temperature accelerated the rate of the cement hydration. The mean length of the aluminosilicate of the C-S-H anions was much higher than that of C-S-H formed at lower temperatures, and it was also higher in the blended pastes than with neat cement. Backscattered electron images showed that the grey level of C-S-H in the systems cured at 55T and 85T was in places quite similar to that of the calcium hydroxide: that is, it was brighter than in pastes cured at lower temperature. SEM also showed that the microstructure of the systems cured at higher temperature exhibited non uniform porosity. Inner product C-S-H with a fine scale, homogeneous morphology, was abundant in all systems cured at 55'C and 85'C. Op C-S-H was generally fibrillar with Nvater, and foil-like with alkali. However, the higher temperature curing did result in coarser fibrillar morphology (water activated systems) than that formed at lower temperatures. The C-S-H gel formed in the commercial WPC-30% PFA blended paste hydrated for one year at 25'C and water leached for twelve weeks was also characterised in this work. A matrix effect was clearly observed by 29 Si MAS NMR. Cross-linking of the aluminosilicate anion structure of C-S-H occurred after leaching the sample for four weeks. Formulae were also presented for the average structural units in the C-S-H present in the unleached and four weeks water leached systems analysed by TEM-EDX. lp C-S-H morphology was fine and homogeneous and Op C-S-H had fibrillar morphology. There were many areas in the microstructure of the leached sample where Op C-S-H with foil-like morphology coexisted with fibrillar Op C-S-H.
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Books on the topic "Blended cements"

1

Frohnsdorff, G., ed. Blended Cements. 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959: ASTM International, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/stp897-eb.

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D, Smith Kurt, Advanced Concrete Pavement Technology Products Program (U.S.), and United States. Federal Highway Administration, eds. Blended and performance cements. Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Dept. of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, 2011.

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N, Swamy R., and International Conference on Blended Cements in Construction (1991 : University of Sheffield), eds. Blended cements in construction. London: Elsevier Applied Science, 1991.

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Geoffrey, Frohnsdorff, American Society for Testing and Materials. Committee C-1 on Cement., and ASTM Symposium on Blended Cements (1984 : Denver, Colo.), eds. Blended cements: A symposium. Philadelphia, PA: ASTM, 1986.

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Wang, Kejin. Evaluating properties of blended cements for concrete pavements. Ames, Iowa: Dept. of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, Iowa State University, 2003.

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Canham, Ian. The control of alkali silica reaction using blended cements. Birmingham: Aston University. Department of ChemicalEngineering and Applied Chemistry, 1987.

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Association, Canadian Standards. Portland cement, masonry cement, blended hydraulic cement. Rexdale, Ont: Canadian Standards Association, 1993.

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Fapohunda, Chris Ajiboye. Resistance to chloride intrusion of blended cement concretes cured at elevated temperatures. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 1992.

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Tipping, Eleanor J. An investigation into using Portland cement, granulated ground blast furnace slag, and Bentonite blends as a treatment for heavy metal contaminated wastewaters. [London]: Queen Mary and Westfield College, 1995.

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Blended Cements in Construction. Routledge, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203498347.

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Book chapters on the topic "Blended cements"

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Lothenbach, B. "Hydration of Blended Cements." In Cement-Based Materials for Nuclear Waste Storage, 33–41. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3445-0_4.

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Lothenbach, Barbara, and Frank Winnefeld. "4. Thermodynamic modelling of cement hydration: Portland cements – blended cements – calcium sulfoaluminate cements." In Cementitious Materials, edited by Herbert Pöllmann, 103–44. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110473728-005.

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Balázs, György L., Katalin Kopecskó, Naser Alimrani, Nabil Abdelmelek, and Éva Lublóy. "Fire Resistance of Concretes with Blended Cements." In High Tech Concrete: Where Technology and Engineering Meet, 1420–27. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-59471-2_163.

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Marchetti, Guillermina, Jaroslav Pokorny, Alejandra Tironi, Mónica A. Trezza, Viviana F. Rahhal, Zbyšek Pavlík, Robert Černý, and Edgardo F. Irassar. "Blended Cements with Calcined Illitic Clay: Workability and Hydration." In RILEM Bookseries, 310–17. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-1207-9_50.

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Schmid, Marlene, Ricarda Sposito, Karl-Christian Thienel, and Johann Plank. "Effectiveness of Amphoteric PCE Superplasticizers in Calcined Clay Blended Cements." In RILEM Bookseries, 201–9. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2806-4_23.

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Patterson, Josh, and Charles M. Wilk. "Estimating Sustainability Benefits from Use of Blended Cements and Slag Cement at Geotechnical Projects." In IAEG/AEG Annual Meeting Proceedings, San Francisco, California, 2018 - Volume 4, 111–15. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93133-3_15.

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Brough, A. R., I. G. Richardson, G. W. Groves, and C. M. Dobson. "29Si Enrichment and Selective Enrichment for Study of the Hydration of Model Cements and Blended Cements." In Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy of Cement-Based Materials, 269–75. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-80432-8_20.

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Katare, Vasudha D., Niharika N. Labhsetwar, and Mangesh V. Madurwar. "Effect of SO2 Acidic Gas on Binary and Ternary Blended Cements." In Sustainable Waste Management: Policies and Case Studies, 507–15. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7071-7_45.

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Trümer, André, and Horst-Michael Ludwig. "Sulphate and ASR Resistance of Concrete Made with Calcined Clay Blended Cements." In RILEM Bookseries, 3–9. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9939-3_1.

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Bailey, J. E., S. Chanda, and N. B. Eden. "Fracture Mechanics and Failure Processes in Polymer Modified and Blended Hydraulic Cements." In Fracture Mechanics of Ceramics, 157–74. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-7023-3_12.

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Conference papers on the topic "Blended cements"

1

Guynn, John, and John Kline. "Maximizing SCM content of blended cements." In 2015 IEEE-IAS/PCA Cement Industry Conference. IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/citcon.2015.7122611.

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"Superplasticizers for Calcined Clay Blended Cements." In SP-355: Recent Advances in Concrete Technology and Sustainability Issues. American Concrete Institute, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.14359/51736013.

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"Sulfate Attack on Blended Portland Cements." In SP-192: 2000 Canmet/ACI Conference on Durability of Concrete. American Concrete Institute, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.14359/5763.

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"Ternary Blended Cements for High-Performance Concrete." In "SP-207: Proceedings, Third International Conference on High Performance Concrete: Performance and Quality of Concrete St". American Concrete Institute, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.14359/12405.

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"Immobilization of Wastes by Metakaolin-Blended Cements." In "SP-178: Sixth CANMET/ACI/JCI Conference: FLy Ash, Silica Fume, Slag & Natural Pozzolans in Concrete". American Concrete Institute, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.14359/6019.

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"Compatibility of PC Superplasticizers with Slag-Blended Cements." In SP-262: Ninth ACI International Conference on Superplasticizers and Other Chemical Admixtures. American Concrete Institute, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.14359/51663225.

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Wilk, Charles M., and Gordon R. McLellan. "Role of Blended Cements and Slag Cement to Improve Sustainability of Geotechnical Projects." In IFCEE 2018. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784481615.013.

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"Amphoteric Superplasticizers for Cements Blended with a Calcined Clay." In "SP-329: Superplasticizers and Other Chemical Admixtures in Concrete Proceedings Twelfth International Conference, Beijing, China". American Concrete Institute, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.14359/51711202.

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"Interaction Between Superplasticizers and limestone Blended Cements-Rheological Study." In SP-195: The Sixth Canmet/ACI Conference on Superplasticizers and Other Chemical Admixtures in Concrete. American Concrete Institute, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.14359/9915.

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"Reaction Mechanism of Blended Cements: A 29Si NMR Study." In "SP-132: Fly Ash, Silica Fume, Slag, and Natural Pozzolans and Natural Pozzolans in Concrete - Proceedings Fourth Interna". American Concrete Institute, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.14359/2195.

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Reports on the topic "Blended cements"

1

Bentz, Dale P., Chiara F. Ferraris, and James J. Filliben. Optimization of particle sizes in high volume fly ash blended cements. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.ir.7763.

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Lomboy, Gilson, Douglas Cleary, Seth Wagner, Yusef Mehta, Danielle Kennedy, Benjamin Watts, Peter Bly, and Jared Oren. Long-term performance of sustainable pavements using ternary blended concrete with recycled aggregates. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/40780.

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Dwindling supplies of natural concrete aggregates, the cost of landfilling construction waste, and interest in sustainable design have increased the demand for recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) in new portland cement concrete mixtures. RCA repurposes waste material to provide useful ingredients for new construction applications. However, RCA can reduce the performance of the concrete. This study investigated the effectiveness of ternary blended binders, mixtures containing portland cement and two different supplementary cementitious materials, at mitigating performance losses of concrete mixtures with RCA materials. Concrete mixtures with different ternary binder combinations were batched with four recycled concrete aggregate materials. For the materials used, the study found that a blend of portland cement, Class C fly ash, and blast furnace slag produced the highest strength of ternary binder. At 50% replacement of virgin aggregates and ternary blended binder, some specimens showed comparable mechanical performance to a control mix of only portland cement as a binder and no RCA substitution. This study demonstrates that even at 50% RCA replacement, using the appropriate ternary binder can create a concrete mixture that performs similarly to a plain portland cement concrete without RCA, with the added benefit of being environmentally beneficial.
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Sugama, Toshifumi. Alkali-activated Class F Fly Ash-rich Portland Cement Blends as Alternative Thermal Shock Resistant Cements. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1425181.

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Snyder, Kenneth A., and Paul E. Stutzman. Hydrated Phases in Blended Cement Systems and Synthetic Saltstone Grouts. Gaithersburg, MD: National Bureau of Standards, June 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.ir.7947.

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Sugama, T., J. Warren, T. Butcher, Lance Brothers, and D. Bour. Self-degradable Slag/Class F Fly Ash-Blend Cements. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1030632.

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Langton, C., and D. Stefanko. BLENDED CALCIUM ALUMINATE-CALCIUM SULFATE CEMENT-BASED GROUT FOR P-REACTOR VESSEL IN-SITU DECOMMISSIONING. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1011327.

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Kruger, A. A., R. A. Olson, and P. D. Tennis. Early containment of high-alkaline solution simulating low-level radioactive waste stream in clay-bearing blended cement. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/79046.

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SUGAMA, T., L. E. BROTHERS, and D. KASPEREIT. SODIUM POLYPHOSPHATE-MODIFIED CLASS C/CLASS F FLY ASH BLEND CEMENTS FOR GEOTHERMAL WELLS. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/877284.

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SUGAMA, T., L. E. BROTHERS, and T. R. VAN DE PUTTE. EFFECT OF QUARTZ/MULLITE BLEND CERAMIC ADDITIVE ON IMPROVING RESISTANCE TO ACID OF SODIUM SILICATE-ACTIVATED SLAG CEMENT. CELCIUS BRINE. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/875883.

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Thembeka Ncube, Ayanda, and Antonio Bobet. Use of Recycled Asphalt. Purdue University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317316.

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The term Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) is used to designate a material obtained from the removal of pavement materials. RAP is used across the US in multiple applications, largely on asphalt pavement layers. RAP can be described as a uniform granular non-plastic material, with a very low percentage of fines. It is formed by aggregate coated with a thin layer of asphalt. It is often used mixed with other granular materials. The addition of RAP to aggregates decreases the maximum dry unit weight of the mixture and decreases the optimum water content. It also increases the Resilient Modulus of the blend but decreases permeability. RAP can be used safely, as it does not pose any environmental concerns. The most important disadvantage of RAP is that it displays significant creep. It seems that this is caused by the presence of the asphaltic layer coating the aggregate. Creep increases with pressure and with temperature and decreases with the degree of compaction. Creep can be mitigated by either blending RAP with aggregate or by stabilization with chemical compounds. Fly ash and cement have shown to decrease, albeit not eliminate, the amount of creep. Mechanical stabilizing agents such as geotextiles may also be used.
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