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Published: 7 September 2023

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1

Yang, Yan, Jie Tao, and Li Ma. "Study on Properties of Quasi Solid Polymer Electrolyte Based on PVdF-PMMA Blend for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells." Materials Science Forum 610-613 (January 2009): 347–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.610-613.347.

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Poly(vinylidene fluoride)(PVDF) is photochemically stable even in the presence of TiO2 and Pt nanoparticles, and poly(methacrylate)(PMMA) has good solvent retention. The quasi-solid electrolytes based on PVDF-PMMA blend polymer were prepared in this work by soaking a porous membrane in an organic electrolyte solution containing the I−/I3− redox couple. The as-prepared electrolytes were characterized by means of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscope respectively. Moreover, the conductivity and the voltage-current curves of the electrolytes were measured by electrochemical workstation. The results indicated that the optimum blend proportion of PVDF and PMMA was 6:4. The porous structure prepared with the addition of propanetriol was beneficial to ion diffusion and thus enhanced the conductivity of the electrolytes. The gel polymer electrolyte had a conductivity of 0.14 mS•cm-1 under the ambient atmosphere. Furthermore, electrolytes were assembled to fabricate DSSCs and the performance of the cells was tested. The good properties with the open-circuit voltage of 0.60V and the short-circuit current of 1.1mAcm-2 were achieved upon illumination with visible light.
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2

Ganesan, SV, M. Selvamurugan, M. Thamima, S. Karuppuchamy, and KK Mothilal. "Effect of Different Lithium Salts on the Structure and Morphology of Polystyrene-co-acrylonitrile Based Composite Solid Polymer Electrolytes." Shanlax International Journal of Arts, Science and Humanities 8, S1-May (May 15, 2021): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/sijash.v8is1-may.4498.

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In the present study, a series of poly(styrene-co-acrylonitrile) (SAN) polymer electrolytes and SAN- poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) polymer blend electrolytes were prepared with different lithium salts using a solvent casting technique. The morphology of prepared polymer blend electrolytes was studied by XRD studies. FT-IR spectroscopy studies reveal the interaction between polymer host and the lithium salt.
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3

Khan, Mohammad Saleem, Rahmat Gul, and Mian Sayed Wahid. "Studies on thin films of PVC-PMMA blend polymer electrolytes." Journal of Polymer Engineering 33, no. 7 (October 1, 2013): 633–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/polyeng-2013-0028.

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Abstract Thin films of poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC)/poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) blend polymers complexed with different concentrations of LiClO4 salt, containing ethylene carbonate (EC) as the plasticizer, were fabricated by the solution cast procedure. Ionic conductivity, thermal stability and X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies were undertaken. AC impedance measurements were done in the temperature range of 20–70°C. The highest ionic conductivity at room temperature was found to be 2.23×10-5 S cm-1 for the sample containing 15 wt% of LiClO4 salt. The XRD technique was used to investigate the structure and complex formation of solid polymer electrolytes. There was a decrease in degree of crystallinity. The amorphous nature of complexed solid polymer blend electrolyte films increased, due to the addition of LiClO4 salt. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) revealed the effect of salt on the thermal stability of the polymer electrolytes. It was found that these polymer electrolyte systems show stability up to about 280°C. It was also found that, with increased LiClO4 salt content in complexed polymer electrolyte systems, the degradation temperature decreased.
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4

Sukri, Nursyazwani, N. S. Mohamed, and R. H. Y. Subban. "Conductivity and Structural Studies of PEMA/ENR-50 Blend with LiCF3SO3 Salt." Applied Mechanics and Materials 754-755 (April 2015): 157–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.754-755.157.

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Solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) comprising of a blend of Poly (ethyl methacrylate) (PEMA) and Epoxidized natural rubber-50 (ENR50) as polymer host and lithium triflate (LiCF3SO3) as dopant were prepared by solution cast technique. The blend based polymer electrolytes have a fixed PEMA/ENR50 ratio of 70:30 by wt. % as at this ratio ENR-50 imparted stable mechanical properties to the otherwise fragile PEMA. The incorporation of LiCF3SO3into the blend is found to increase the conductivity of PEMA/ENR50. The highest conductivity achieved was 3.64 x 10-5Scm-1at 40wt. % LiCF3SO3. The structure of the samples was investigated by X-ray diffraction and the results show that the highest conducting sample is the most amorphous.
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5

Mosa, Jadra, Jonh Fredy Vélez, and Mario Aparicio. "Blend Hybrid Solid Electrolytes Based on LiTFSI Doped Silica-Polyethylene Oxide for Lithium-Ion Batteries." Membranes 9, no. 9 (August 27, 2019): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes9090109.

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Organic/inorganic hybrid membranes that are based on GTT (GPTMS-TMES-TPTE) system while using 3-Glycidoxypropyl-trimethoxysilane (GPTMS), Trimethyletoxisilane (TMES), and Trimethylolpropane triglycidyl ether (TPTE) as precursors have been obtained while using a combination of organic polymerization and sol-gel synthesis to be used as electrolytes in Li-ion batteries. Self-supported materials and thin-films solid hybrid electrolytes that were doped with Lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) were prepared. The hybrid network is based on highly cross-linked structures with high ionic conductivity. The dependency of the crosslinked hybrid structure and polymerization grade on ionic conductivity is studied. Ionic conductivity depends on triepoxy precursor (TPTE) and the accessibility of Li ions in the organic network, reaching a maximum ionic conductivity of 1.3 × 10−4 and 1.4 × 10−3 S cm−1 at room temperature and 60 °C, respectively. A wide electrochemical stability window in the range of 1.5–5 V facilitates its use as solid electrolytes in next-generation of Li-ion batteries.
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6

Matsumoto, Morihiko. "Polymer electrolytes with dual-phase structure composed of NBR/SBR blend polymer." Polymer 36, no. 16 (January 1995): 3243–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0032-3861(95)97890-r.

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7

Mathew, Chithra M., K. Kesavan, and S. Rajendran. "Structural and Electrochemical Analysis of PMMA Based Gel Electrolyte Membranes." International Journal of Electrochemistry 2015 (2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/494308.

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New gel polymer electrolytes containing poly(vinylidene chloride-co-acrylonitrile) and poly(methyl methacrylate) are prepared by solution casting method. With the addition of 60 wt.% of EC to PVdC-AN/PMMA blend, ionic conductivity value0.398×10-6 S cm−1has been achieved. XRD and FT-IR studies have been conducted to investigate the structure and complexation in the polymer gel electrolytes. The FT-IR spectra show that the functional groups C=O and C≡N play major role in ion conduction. Thermal stability of the prepared membranes is found to be about 180°C.
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8

Nofal, Muaffaq M., Shujahadeen B. Aziz, Jihad M. Hadi, Rebar T. Abdulwahid, Elham M. A. Dannoun, Ayub Shahab Marif, Shakhawan Al-Zangana, Qayyum Zafar, M. A. Brza, and M. F. Z. Kadir. "Synthesis of Porous Proton Ion Conducting Solid Polymer Blend Electrolytes Based on PVA: CS Polymers: Structural, Morphological and Electrochemical Properties." Materials 13, no. 21 (October 30, 2020): 4890. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13214890.

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In this study, porous cationic hydrogen (H+) conducting polymer blend electrolytes with an amorphous structure were prepared using a casting technique. Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), chitosan (CS), and NH4SCN were used as raw materials. The peak broadening and drop in intensity of the X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of the electrolyte systems established the growth of the amorphous phase. The porous structure is associated with the amorphous nature, which was visualized through the field-emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) images. The enhancement of DC ionic conductivity with increasing salt content was observed up to 40 wt.% of the added salt. The dielectric and electric modulus results were helpful in understanding the ionic conductivity behavior. The transfer number measurement (TNM) technique was used to determine the ion (tion) and electron (telec) transference numbers. The high electrochemical stability up to 2.25 V was recorded using the linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) technique.
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9

Da̧browska, A., and W. Wieczorek. "Conductivity and phase structure of blend based proton polymeric electrolytes II: Ammonium salts complexes." Materials Science and Engineering: B 22, no. 2-3 (January 1994): 117–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0921-5107(94)90233-x.

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10

Gregorio, Víctor, Nuria García, and Pilar Tiemblo. "Addressing Manufacturability and Processability in Polymer Gel Electrolytes for Li/Na Batteries." Polymers 13, no. 13 (June 24, 2021): 2093. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13132093.

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Gel electrolytes are prepared with Ultra High Molecular Weight (UHMW) polyethylene oxide (PEO) in a concentration ranging from 5 to 30 wt.% and Li- and Na-doped 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (PYR14-TFSI) by a simple procedure consisting of dissolving PEO by melting it directly in the liquid electrolyte while stirring the blend. This procedure is fast, reproducible and needs no auxiliary solvents, which makes it sustainable and potentially easy to scale up for mass production. The viability of the up-scaling by extrusion has been studied. Extrusion has been chosen because it is a processing method commonly employed in the plastics industry. The structure and morphology of the gel electrolytes prepared by both methods have been studied by DSC and FTIR, showing small differences among the two methods. Composite gels incorporation high concentrations of surface modified sepiolite fibers have been successfully prepared by extrusion. The rheological behavior and ionic conductivity of the gels have been characterized, and very similar performance of the extruded and manually mixed gels is detected. Ionic conductivity of all the gels, including the composites, are at or over 0.4 mS cm−1 at 25 °C, being at the same time thermoreversible and self-healing gels, tough, sticky, transparent and stretchable. This combination of properties, together with the viability of their industrial up-scaling, makes these gel electrolyte families very attractive for their application in energy storage devices.
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11

Da̧browska, A., and W. Wieczorek. "Conductivity and phase structure of blend based proton polymeric electrolytes I: Complexes with phosphoric acid." Materials Science and Engineering: B 22, no. 2-3 (January 1994): 107–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0921-5107(94)90232-1.

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12

Zang, Ru-Yi, Guang-Ming Qiu, Yan-Li Zhang, and Hai-Bo Wang. "Structure and ionic conductivity of gel polymer electrolytes based on PVDF/P(AMPS-TFEMA) blend membranes." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 675, no. 1 (February 1, 2021): 012218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/675/1/012218.

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13

Pradeepa, P., G. Sowmya, S. Edwinraj, G. Fareetha Begum, and M. Ramesh Prabhu. "Influence of Al2O3 on the structure and electrochemical properties of PVAc / PMMA based blend composite polymer electrolytes." Materials Today: Proceedings 3, no. 6 (2016): 2187–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2016.04.125.

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14

Sedlak, Petr, Dinara Sobola, Adam Gajdos, Rashid Dallaev, Alois Nebojsa, and Petr Kubersky. "Surface Analyses of PVDF/NMP/[EMIM][TFSI] Solid Polymer Electrolyte." Polymers 13, no. 16 (August 11, 2021): 2678. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13162678.

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Thermal treatment conditions of solid polymer polymer electrolyte (SPE) were studied with respect to their impact on the surface morphology, phase composition and chemical composition of an imidazolium ionic-liquid-based SPE, namely PVDF/NMP/[EMIM][TFSI] electrolyte. These investigations were done using scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry as well as X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy. A thoroughly mixed blend of polymer matrix, ionic liquid and solvent was deposited on a ceramic substrate and was kept at a certain temperature for a specific time in order to achieve varying crystallinity. The morphology of all the electrolytes consists of spherulites whose average diameter increases with solvent evaporation rate. Raman mapping shows that these spherulites have a semicrystalline structure and the area between them is an amorphous region. Analysis of FTIR spectra as well as Raman spectroscopy showed that the β-phase becomes dominant over other phases, while DSC technique indicated decrease of crystallinity as the solvent evaporation rate increases. XPS and ToF-SIMS indicated that the chemical composition of the surface of the SPE samples with the highest solvent evaporation rate approaches the composition of the ionic liquid.
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15

Ramachandran, R., Grace A. Nirmala, and Chittur K. Subramaniam. "Cobalt Sulfide-Graphene (CoSG) Composite based Electrochemical Double Layer Capacitors." MRS Proceedings 1786 (2015): 19–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2015.784.

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ABSTRACTElectrochemical Double Layer Capacitors, EDLC, using Cobalt sulfide- Graphene (CoSG) composite electrodes, were fabricated and the storage process was studied. CoSG composite was prepared by a simple chemical route. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Field Emission Scanning Electron microscopy (FESEM) were used to characterized the as prepared composites which indicated formation of Co S phase. Solutions of perfluorosulfonic acid and Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) were used as electrode binding material. The storage capacitance of the composites were studied in 1M KCl and 6M KOH electrolytes using standard electrochemical techniques like cyclic voltammetry, CV, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, EIS, and discharge profiles. The capacitance was estimated for various binder concentrations for both the electrolytes. The concentration of perflurosulfonic acid binder of 0.8 wt% and PVDF of 0.04 wt% showed optimized specific capacitances of 657.8 F/gm and 1418.8 F/g, respectively. Some of the problems in storage density in activated carbon, like varying micro or meso pores, poor ion mobility due to varying pore distribution, low electrical conductivity, can be overcome by using Graphene and composites of Graphene. Graphene in various structural nomenclatures have been used by different groups for charge storage. Optimization of the electrode structure in terms of blend percentage, binder content and interface character in the frequency and time domain provides insights to the double layer interface structure.
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16

Roy, Anirban, Bula Dutta, and Subhratanu Bhattacharya. "Ion dynamics in NaBF4 salt-complexed PVC–PEO blend polymer electrolytes: correlation between average ion hopping length and network structure." Ionics 23, no. 12 (May 30, 2017): 3389–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11581-017-2154-2.

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17

Matsumoto, Morihiko. "Polymer electrolytes with a dual-phase structure composed of poly(acrylonitrile-co-butadiene)/poly(styrene-co-butadiene) blend films impregnated with lithium salt solution." Polymer 37, no. 4 (January 1996): 625–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0032-3861(96)83149-1.

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18

S. Siva devi, S. Siva devi, S. Selvasekarapandian S.Selvasekarapandian, S. Karthikeyan S.Karthikeyan, N. Vijaya N.Vijaya, F. Kingslin Mary Genova, and C. Sanjeeviraja C.Sanjeeviraja. "Structural and AC Impedance Analysis of Blend Polymer Electrolyte Based on PVA and PAN." International Journal of Scientific Research 2, no. 10 (June 1, 2012): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778179/oct2013/121.

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19

Basnayaka, Punya A., Pedro Villalba, Manoj K. Ram, Lee Stefanakos, and Ashok Kumar. "Photovoltaic properties of multi walled carbon nanotubes - poly(3-octathiophene) conducting polymer blends structures." MRS Proceedings 1493 (2013): 139–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2013.406.

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AbstractIn the present study, we have studied photoelectrochemical properties of poly(3-octathiophene) (P3OT), blending with multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). P3OT blended with MWCNTs was characterized using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), Raman spectroscope, and Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) techniques, respectively. The photoelectrochemical current of the MWCNs-P3OT based cell under illumination was investigated by applying a voltage. The blend consisting of 10% MWCNTs in P3OT gave the promising photocurrent in 0.2 M tetra-butyl-ammonium-tetrafluoroborate (TBATFB), electrolyte. Experimental results indicate that photocurrent obtained from MWCNT-P3OT was three times higher than simple P3OT-based conducting polymer. The electrochemical responses of MWCNT-P3OT films in different electrolytes such as 0.2M TBATFB, 0.2 M LiClO4, 1 M H2SO4 and 0.2 M LiBF6 were investigated for comparative photocurrent properties of the photoelectrochemical cell.
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20

Vivekanandan, Alangadu Kothandan, Chen-Wei Lee, Rui-Zhe Wu, Wei-Han Tsai, Shih-Hsun Chen, Yang-Yuan Chen, and Chia-Ting Lin. "Tailoring InSb Nanowires for High Thermoelectric Performance Using AAO Template-Assisted Die Casting Process." Nanomaterials 12, no. 12 (June 13, 2022): 2032. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12122032.

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Herein, we demonstrate a facile technique for the fabrication of one-dimensional indium antimonide (InSb) nanowires using anodic aluminium oxide (AAO) template-assisted vacuum die-casting method. The filling mechanism of the vacuum die-casting process is investigated on varying AAO pore structures through different electrolytes. It is found that the anodizing electrolytes play a vital role in nanowire growth and structure formation. The as-obtained InSb nanowires from the dissolution process show a degree of high crystallinity, homogeneity, and uniformity throughout their structure. The TEM and XRD results elucidated the InSb zinc-blende crystal structure and preferential orientation along the c-axis direction. The thermoelectric characteristics of InSb nanowires were measured with a four-electrode system, and their resistivity, Seebeck coefficient, power factor, thermal conductivity, and ZT have been evaluated. Further, surface-modified nanowires using the reactive-ion etching technique showed a 50% increase in thermoelectric performance.
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21

Sun, Bo, Tao Ding, Yi Ming Li, Qian Bo Zhao, and Ming Xiao Zhao. "Research on the Workshop Structures of Aluminum Potroom on High Temperature Condition." Advanced Materials Research 986-987 (July 2014): 673–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.986-987.673.

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This paper aims to eliminate the danger of high temperature in the aluminum potroom by natural ventilation. According to the history of aluminum potroom, two different workshop structures are proposed to improve the natural ventilation effect. The first structure is called the inner-partition potroom, which contains blind grilles located at certain distance from the two sides of electrolytic cell. The second structure, called the large-opening potroom, directly set up a large opening on the outer wall of aluminum potroom. Two structures are compared with the aid of CFD simulation, and the physical model is established based on the field measurement. The velocity and temperature fields are simulated under three different outdoor conditions. By the comparative analysis of temperatures on the electrolytic cell and operating area, this paper indicates the large-opening potroom has better performance on high temperature condition.
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22

Dotter, Marius, Jan Lukas Storck, Michelle Surjawidjaja, Sonia Adabra, and Timo Grothe. "Investigation of the Long-Term Stability of Different Polymers and Their Blends with PEO to Produce Gel Polymer Electrolytes for Non-Toxic Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells." Applied Sciences 11, no. 13 (June 23, 2021): 5834. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11135834.

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The electrolyte for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) is subject of constant innovation, as the problems of leakage and drying greatly reduce the long-term stability of a device. One possible way to solve these problems is the use of gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs) with a gelling structure, which offer different advantages based on the used polymers. Here, potential GPE systems based on dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as solvent for low-cost, non-toxic and environmentally friendly DSSCs were investigated comparatively. In order to observe a potential improvement in long-term stability, the efficiencies of DSSCs with different GPEs, consisting of polyacrylonitrile (PAN), acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and poly (vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) and their blends with poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO), were investigated over a period of 120 days. The results indicate that blending the polymers with PEO achieves better results concerning long-term stability and overall efficiency. Especially the mixtures with PAN and PVDF show only slight signs of deterioration after 120 days of measurement.
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23

Ayub, Siti Fadzilah, R. Zakaria, K. Nazir, A. F. Aziz, Muhd Zu Azhan Yahya, and A. M. M. Ali. "The Effect of LiCF3SO3 Complexed MG30-PEMA Blend Solid Polymer Electrolyte." Advanced Materials Research 1107 (June 2015): 158–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1107.158.

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In this work, solid polymer electrolyte compose of blended 30% poly (methyl methacrylate) grafted natural rubber (MG30)-poly (ethyl methacrylate) (PEMA) polymer blend doped with Lithium trimethasulfonate (LiCF3SO3) films were prepared by solution casting technique. . FTIR analysis showed that the interactions between lithium ions and oxygen atoms occur at the carbonyl functional group C=O where there is shifting in wavenumber from 1728 cm-1 of pure blend to lower wavenumber of blended MG30-PEMA on the MMA structure in both MG30 and PEMA. DSC analysis showed miscibility of polymer blend. From Electrochemical Impedance Spectrocopy analysis, ionic conductivity increase with the increasing of salt concentration. Maximum conductivity at room temperature is 9.20 x 10-6 Scm-1 was obtained when 30 wt% of LiCF3SO3 was added into the system. Ionic conductivity temperature dependence plots found obeys the Arrhenius rule.
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24

Hidayati, Nur, Muhammad Mujiburohman, Hamid Abdillah, Herry Purnama, Arnaldi Dwilaksita, and Fara R. Zubaida. "Preliminary Study of ABS/Chitosan Blend Polymer for DMFC Membranes." Materials Science Forum 961 (July 2019): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.961.23.

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The low cost of ABS polymer and natural polymer chitosan offer attractive chemical and physical properties for direct methanol fuel cells (DMFC). In this contribution, investigation of blend membrane made of ABS and chitosan, and their characterization for water uptake, swelling degree and ion exchange capacity (IEC) and methanol crossover are reported. This membrane was also assessed for its intermolecular interactions and thermal stability using FTIR and TGA compared to the pristine membrane. The water absorption and IEC values were affected by membrane network structure. The polymer blend had better thermal stability and a reduction of methanol permeability, this indicated the viability of utilization these materials as polymer electrolyte membrane in DMFC
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25

Jinaga, Rakesh, T. Jagadeesha, Shreedhar Kolekar, and Seung-Bok Choi. "The Synthesis of Organic Oils Blended Magnetorheological Fluids with the Field-Dependent Material Characterization." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 22 (November 16, 2019): 5766. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20225766.

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Automation is one of the trending terminologies in the field of engineering to achieve various sensors and actuators such as the hydraulic system. Smart fluid is also one of the hot topics for researchers to develop a type of actuator in many control systems since the fluid’s rheological characteristics can be controlled or tuned by the intensity of the external stimuli. In this work, a new smart fluid of magnetorheological (MR) fluid is proposed and its field-dependent rheological characteristics are experimentally identified. An MR fluid using the carrier fluid as the blend of three different fluids, namely silicon oil, honey, and organic oil is prepared. In addition, two types of natural oils are used, sunflower oil and cottonseed oil. The samples are prepared using the blend as the carrier fluid, electrolytic iron powder coated with guar gum as the dispersed phase, and oleic acid as an additive. The quantity of oleic acid is optimized for 30% by weight of electrolytic iron powder. Two samples based on sunflower and cottonseed oil are synthesized and characterized for shear viscosity and shear stress with respect to shear rate subjected to a variable magnetic field. The blend-based MR fluid shows about 10% improvement over the sedimentation rate of silicon oil-based MR fluid as compared to that to conventional MR fluid. The cottonseed oil blend-based MR fluid performs better than sunflower-based fluid in terms of the viscosity and structure.
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26

Yu, Tsung-Yu, Shih-Chieh Yeh, Jen-Yu Lee, Nae-Lih Wu, and Ru-Jong Jeng. "Epoxy-Based Interlocking Membranes for All Solid-State Lithium Ion Batteries: The Effects of Amine Curing Agents on Electrochemical Properties." Polymers 13, no. 19 (September 24, 2021): 3244. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13193244.

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In this study, a series of crosslinked membranes were prepared as solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) for all-solid-state lithium ion batteries (ASSLIBs). An epoxy-containing copolymer (glycidyl methacrylate-co-poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate, PGA) and two amine curing agents, linear Jeffamine ED2003 and hyperbranched polyethyleneimine (PEI), were utilized to prepare SPEs with various crosslinking degrees. The PGA/polyethylene oxide (PEO) blends were cured by ED2003 and PEI to obtain slightly and heavily crosslinked structures, respectively. For further optimizing the interfacial and the electrochemical properties, an interlocking bilayer membrane based on overlapping and subsequent curing of PGA/PEO/ED2003 and PEO/PEI layers was developed. The presence of this amino/epoxy network can inhibit PEO crystallinity and maintain the dimensional stability of membranes. For the slightly crosslinked PGA/PEO/ED2003 membrane, an ionic conductivity of 5.61 × 10−4 S cm−1 and a lithium ion transference number (tLi+) of 0.43 were obtained, along with a specific capacity of 156 mAh g−1 (0.05 C) acquired from an assembled half-cell battery. However, the capacity retention retained only 54% after 100 cycles (0.2 C, 80 °C), possibly because the PEO-based electrolyte was inclined to recrystallize after long term thermal treatment. On the other hand, the highly crosslinked PGA/PEO/PEI membrane exhibited a similar ionic conductivity of 3.44 × 10−4 S cm−1 and a tLi+ of 0.52. Yet, poor interfacial adhesion between the membrane and the cathode brought about a low specific capacity of 48 mAh g−1. For the reinforced interlocking bilayer membrane, an ionic conductivity of 3.24 × 10−4 S cm−1 and a tLi+ of 0.42 could be achieved. Moreover, the capacity retention reached as high as 80% after 100 cycles (0.2 C, 80 °C). This is because the presence of the epoxy-based interlocking bilayer structure can block the pathway of lithium dendrite puncture effectively. We demonstrate that the unique interlocking bilayer structure is capable of offering a new approach to fabricate a robust SPE for ASSLIBs.
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27

Bernhard, T., R. Massey, K. Klaeden, S. Zarwell, S. Kempa, E. Steinhaeuser, S. Dieter, and F. Brüning. "Copper Crystal Structures in Plated Microvias. Their Recrystallisation and a Means to Identify Joints at Risk of Premature Failure." International Symposium on Microelectronics 2021, no. 1 (October 1, 2021): 000292–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/1085-8024-2021.1.000292.

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Abstract Plated microvias are widely used within todays PCB industry as a means of achieving the high-density designs that are required in modern mobile devices, however, there has been growing concern regarding their long term reliability performance when stacked directly on top of each other. Blind microvias (BMV) have a potentially complex metallurgical structure, with several interfaces located around the target pad - electroless Copper - electrolytic Copper joint. While field experience as shown that there are typically two major types of crystal structures formed across the BMV base, there has been little reported work investigating how or why such structures develop. In this paper, we review these two commonly observed microstructures within filled BMVs and offer proposals on how such structures are created. We subsequently describe a novel means to indicate if the microstructure of a BMV is likely to have a tendency for an early onset of failure.
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Kerber, Brian M., Sarah Lucienne Guillot, Tobias Johnson, Adrián Peña-Hueso, Liu (Amy) Zhou, Peng Du, and Monica Lee Usrey. "Understanding Mechanisms of Ethylene Carbonate Gassing and Gas-Reducing Additives Using Isotopically Labeled Solvents." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 3 (October 9, 2022): 236. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-023236mtgabs.

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Gas generation during Li-ion battery operation remains a problem that can affect both safety and operational lifetime of the battery. Electrolyte solvents are a key source of gas generation1 and while gas-reducing additives have been identified, the underlying mechanisms require more study to fully understand the role between solvent structure and gas generation. Understanding of these gassing mechanisms can lead to optimized electrolyte systems with reduced gassing for the next generation of Li-ion batteries. Previous studies in the literature2 have detailed the use of 13C-labeled EC and DEC to identify the proportions of CO2 and CO that are derived from solvent sources, which in turn can help inform mechanistic understanding on gas generation in Li-Ion Batteries. As previously studied by Silatronix®, electrolytes containing organosilicon (OS) materials show significantly reduced gas generation during high temperature storage and cycling in pouch cells primarily through CO2 reduction.3 Studies utilizing simple carbonate blends indicated that EC was the primary source of CO2; therefore, it was hypothesized that OS materials reduce gassing by preventing EC decomposition during high temperature testing. In this work, 13C-labeling was used to identify the sources of gas species in ternary carbonate electrolytes after both first charge (SEI formation4) and high temperature storage (extended aging) to allow the effects of electrolyte additives gas reduction to be elucidated. Gas component analysis was performed using a calibrated GC-MS, providing identification and quantification of each gas species (labeled and unlabeled). These data give insight into how the labeled carbonate solvent may decompose into the observed gas phase products during the first charge (i.e., during SEI layer formation) and high temperature storage. Ethylene carbonate (EC) is found to be the primary source of ethylene generation, as well as a significant source of CO2 and CO. With the addition of OS, the most notable effect is that the previously seen reduction in all gas components is due to not only reduction of EC-related sources, but reduction in non-EC gas sources as well. 1 Rowden, B.; Garcia-Araez, N., A Review of Gas Evolution in Lithium-Ion Batteries. Energy Rep. 2020, 6, 10-18. 2Onuki, M.; Kinoshita, S.; Sakata, Y.; Yanagidate, M.; Otake, Y.; Ue, M.; Deguchi, M., Identification of the Source of Evolved Gas in Li-Ion Batteries using 13C-labeled Solvents. Journal of the Electrochemical Society 2008, 155, A794. 3 Guillot, S.L.; Usrey, M.; Peña-Hueso, A.; Kerber, B.; Zhou, L.; Du, P.; Johnson, T., Reduced Gassing In Lithium Ion Batteries With Organosilicon Additives. Journal of the Electrochemical Society 2021, 168, 030533. 4 Ktristiina Heiskanen, S.; Kim, J.; Lucht, B., Generation and Evolution of the Solid Electroyte Interphase of Li-Ion Batteries. Joule 2019, Volume 3 Issue 10, 2322.
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29

Ravindar Reddy, M., Anna Mallikarjun, M. Jaipal Reddy, A. R. Subrahmanyam, and M. Vikranth Reddy. "Investigation of morphology and transport properties of Na+ ion conducting PMMA:PEO hybrid polymer electrolyte." Journal of Polymer Engineering 41, no. 8 (June 30, 2021): 654–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/polyeng-2020-0346.

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Abstract The aim of this research work is to examine the modification of structure, morphology and conductivity properties of PMMA: PEO blend hybrid polymer electrolyte system complexed with NaClO4 salt. Solution-cast procedure was adopted in preparation of these films. These films were characterized with XRD, SEM, DSC, and DC conductivity for the evaluation of modified properties. Peaks have disappeared and broadened in the XRD pattern of PMMA for higher concentration of PEO polymer and salt presented films, which indicated that attaining of higher amorphous phase in these polymer electrolyte films. Almost smooth surface morphology with fewer pores was observed in 20 wt. % of PEO and NaClO4 salt present PMMA films of SEM image. This establishes a dominant presence of amorphous content in these NaClO4 complexed PMMA:PEO hybrid electrolyte films when compared to pure PMMA and PEO. Disappearance of melting temperature was observed in all concentrations of NaClO4 salt and PEO polymer added PMMA polymer films, which suggests a decrease of crystalline and an increase of amorphous nature. Enhancing of DC conductivity with temperature was observed in all the films but higher conductivity was exhibited at higher concentration of NaClO4 salt present films.
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Stoneham, Marshall, John Harding, and Tony Harker. "The Shell Model and Interatomic Potentials for Ceramics." MRS Bulletin 21, no. 2 (February 1996): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400046273.

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In a classification of solids according to their bonding character (into metals, ceramics and glasses, polymers, and semiconductors), the ceramic class includes an enormous range of industrially important materials. From the archetypal ionic solids through oxides to silicates, and to covalently bonded materials such as SiC, they exhibit a rich variety of structures and properties. They occur as structural materials, either on their own or as composites such as SiC/Al2O3. They are important functional materials, such as fast-ion conductors as electrolytes in fuel cells (for example ZrO2/Y2O3 for hydrogen combustion) or batteries (β-alumina in the sodium-sulfur battery), ferroelectric materials such as BaTiO3 and piezoelectrics such as PZT—a solid solution of PbTiO3 and PbZrO3. The high-temperature superconductors (for example, YBa2Cu3O7) are ceramics above the superconducting transition temperature. The products of corrosion and oxidation are ionic materials, and the properties of oxide coatings are vital to the survival of high-temperature alloys in gas turbines or fuel-element claddings in nuclear reactors.To understand the behavior of ceramic materials, and to optimize their production, processing, and application, it is often necessary to model their behavior at an atomic level. In some cases this is obvious. Ionic diffusion in a solid electrolyte is a self-evidently atomic process. In other cases the need for atomistic simulation is less clear. Oxidation, for example, is a subtle blend of atomic diffusion (often along grain boundaries), metal-ceramic bonding, stress relief, and grain growth. The course of oxidation can be spectacularly affected by impurities and alloying, and this can only be understood by considering the atomicscale processes involved.
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Gregorio, Víctor, Nuria García, and Pilar Tiemblo. "Solvent-Free and Scalable Procedure to Prepare PYR13TFSI/LiTFSI/PVDF–HFP Thermoplastic Electrolytes with Controlled Phase Separation and Enhanced Li Ion Diffusion." Membranes 9, no. 4 (April 10, 2019): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes9040050.

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Solid electrolytes for Li transport have been prepared by melt-compounding in one single step. Electrolytes are composed of polyvinylidene fluoride–hexafluoropropylene (PVDF–HFP) with PYR13TFSI on its own or with varying concentration of LiTFSI. While the extrusion of PVDF–HFP with PYR13TFSI is possible up to relatively high liquid fractions, the compatibility of PVDF–HFP with LiTFSI/PYR13TFSI solutions is much lower. An organo-modified sepiolite with D-α-tocopherol polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS-S) can be used to enhance the compatibility of these blends and allows to prepare homogeneous PYR13TFSI/LiTFSI/PVDF–HFP electrolytes with controlled microphase separations by melt-compounding. The structure and morphology of the electrolytes has been studied by FTIR, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), SEM, and AFM. Their mechanical properties have been studied by classical strain–stress experiments. Finally, ionic conductivity has been studied in the −50 to 90 °C temperature range and in diffusivity at 25 °C by PFG-NMR. These electrolytes prove to have a microphase-separated morphology and ionic conductivity which depends mainly on their composition, and a mechanical behavior typical of common thermoplastic polymers, which makes them very easy to handle. Then, in this solvent-free and scalable fashion, it is possible to prepare electrolytes like those prepared by solvent casting, but in few minutes instead of several hours or days, without solvent evaporation steps, and with ionic conductivities, which are very similar for the same compositions, above 0.1 mS·cm−1 at 25 °C. In addition, some of the electrolytes have been prepared with high concentration of Li ion, what has allowed the anion exchange Li transport mechanism to contribute significantly to the overall Li diffusivity, making DLi become similar and even clearly greater than DTFSI.
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Liu, Wen Bo, Hai Lan Jin, Jia Wei Liu, and Gang Yu. "Effects of Emulsifier Blends on Stability of Synthesized Emulsions Used in Automobile Filter Paper." Advanced Materials Research 396-398 (November 2011): 1885–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.396-398.1885.

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In this work, acrylic acid and N-methylolacrylamide were used as functional monomers for preparation of styrene-acrylic emulsion, in combination with styrene and acrylic ester, as primary monomers. Also, 4 optimized emulsifier blends, including OP-10/FR-1, ER-30/FR-1, S-201/RE610, and CO-630/OF-40, were employed. A series of styrene-acrylic emulsion for automobile filter paper was successfully synthesized by preemulsification and semicontimuous copolymerization methods. The dilution stability, electrolyte stability, freeze-thaw stability, viscosity, pH and particle structure of emulsions after different storage time were monitored; the water resistance, bursting strength, stiffness of automobile filter paper after application were tested to study the effects of storage time. The results showed that the emulsions had good storage stability, while using all the 4 emulsifier blends. The pH value of emulsions decreased slowly, viscosity, dilution stability, particle size and distribution of emulsions were good; stabilities of freeze-thaw, storage and electrolyte changed slightly. Emulsions from emulsifier blends of OP-10/FR-1, ER-30/FR-1 and CO-630/OF-40 gave good water resistance property to filter paper. After 6 months, the paper bursting strength was almost unchanged, although the emulsion was stored for 6 months. The stiffness of papers reached the highest value, when the emulsion was stored for 2 weeks, and kept consistent until storage time of 6 months.
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Kesküla, Arko, Ivo Heinmaa, Tarmo Tamm, Nihan Aydemir, Jadranka Travas-Sejdic, Anna-Liisa Peikolainen, and Rudolf Kiefer. "Improving the Electrochemical Performance and Stability of Polypyrrole by Polymerizing Ionic Liquids." Polymers 12, no. 1 (January 6, 2020): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12010136.

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Polypyrrole (PPy) based electroactive materials are important building blocks for the development of flexible electronics, bio-sensors and actuator devices. As the properties and behavior of PPy depends strongly on the operating environment—electrolyte, solvent, etc., it is desirable to plant immobile ionic species into PPy films to ensure stable response. A premade ionic polymer is not optimal in many cases, as it enforces its own structure on the conducting polymer, therefore, polymerization during fabrication is preferred. Pyrrole (Py) was electropolymerized at low temperature together with a polymerizable ionic liquid (PIL) monomer in a one-step polymerization, to form a stable film on the working electrode. The structure and morphology of the PPyPIL films were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and solid-state NMR (ssNMR) spectroscopy. The spectroscopy results confirmed the successful polymerization of Py to PPy and PIL monomer to PIL. The presence of (TFSI–) anions that balance the charge in PPyPIL was confirmed by EDX analysis. The electrical properties of PPyPIL in lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)-imide (LiTFSI) aqueous and propylene carbonate solutions were examined with cyclic voltammetry (CV), chronoamperometry, and chronopotentiometry. The blend of PPyPIL had mixed electronic/ionic conductive properties that were strongly influenced by the solvent. In aqueous electrolyte, the electrical conductivity was 30 times lower and the diffusion coefficient 1.5 times higher than in the organic electrolyte. Importantly, the capacity, current density, and charge density were found to stay consistent, independent of the choice of solvent.
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34

Li, Jean, Lawrence M. Pratt, and Ishrat M. Khan. "Poly(ethylene oxide)/poly(2vinylpyridne)/lithium perchlorate blends as solid polymer electrolytes: Composition/property/structure interrelationship." Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 33, no. 10 (July 30, 1995): 1657–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.1995.080331012.

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35

Bender, Johannes, Britta Mayerhöfer, Patrick Trinke, Boris Bensmann, Richard Hanke-Rauschenbach, Katica Krajinovic, Simon Thiele, and Jochen Kerres. "H+-Conducting Aromatic Multiblock Copolymer and Blend Membranes and Their Application in PEM Electrolysis." Polymers 13, no. 20 (October 9, 2021): 3467. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13203467.

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As an alternative to common perfluorosulfonic acid-based polyelectrolytes, we present the synthesis and characterization of proton exchange membranes based on two different concepts: (i) Covalently bound multiblock-co-ionomers with a nanophase-separated structure exhibit tunable properties depending on hydrophilic and hydrophobic components’ ratios. Here, the blocks were synthesized individually via step-growth polycondensation from either partially fluorinated or sulfonated aromatic monomers. (ii) Ionically crosslinked blend membranes of partially fluorinated polybenzimidazole and pyridine side-chain-modified polysulfones combine the hydrophilic component’s high proton conductivities with high mechanical stability established by the hydrophobic components. In addition to the polymer synthesis, membrane preparation, and thorough characterization of the obtained materials, hydrogen permeability is determined using linear sweep voltammetry. Furthermore, initial in situ tests in a PEM electrolysis cell show promising cell performance, which can be increased by optimizing electrodes with regard to binders for the respective membrane material.
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36

Gasa, Jeffrey V., R. A. Weiss, and Montgomery T. Shaw. "Structured polymer electrolyte blends based on sulfonated polyetherketoneketone (SPEKK) and a poly(ether imide) (PEI)." Journal of Membrane Science 320, no. 1-2 (July 2008): 215–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2008.03.075.

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37

Kim, Jin Kyu, Chang Soo Lee, Sang-Yup Lee, Hyung Hee Cho, and Jong Hak Kim. "Bimodal porous TiO2 structures templated by graft copolymer/homopolymer blend for dye-sensitized solar cells with polymer electrolyte." Journal of Power Sources 336 (December 2016): 286–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.10.081.

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38

Yesappa, L., S. P. Ashokkumar, H. Vijeth, M. Basappa, Sanjeev Ganesh, and H. Devendrappa. "Effect of electron beam irradiation on structure, morphology, and optical properties of PVDF-HFP/PEO blend polymer electrolyte films." Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 322, no. 1 (March 7, 2019): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10967-019-06466-0.

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39

Ho, C. E., C. C. Chen, L. H. Hsu, and M. K. Lu. "Electron backscatter diffraction characterization of electrolytic Cu deposition in the blind-hole structure: Current density effect." Thin Solid Films 584 (June 2015): 78–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2014.12.042.

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40

Patricio, Jonathan N., Eduardo C. Atayde Jr., Marco Laurence M. Budlayan, and Susan D. Arco. "Zinc Oxide-Based Pseudocapacitors with Electrospun Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride)/Poly(Ionic Liquid) Nanofibers as Solid Polymer Electrolyte." Key Engineering Materials 889 (June 16, 2021): 112–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.889.112.

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Due to the interesting properties of polymerized ionic liquids (PILs), studies are carried out to evaluate its performance when in composite with other synthetic polymers. Research on blend films prepared through solution casting are typically done to investigate their properties, however, electrospun fibers are of particular interest especially on technologies requiring mechanically robust and high surface area functional materials. In this work, poly (vinylidene fluoride)/poly (ionic liquid) (PVdF/PIL) nanofibers were produced through electrospinning. The PIL, poly (1-hexyl-3-vinyl imidazolium bromide), was synthesized through sonochemical solventless reaction followed by free radical polymerization. The structures of the synthesized IL and PIL were confirmed using FT-IR, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR spectroscopy. Pseudocapacitor prototypes consisting of electrodeposited ZnO-based electrodes and the electrospun PVdF/PIL nanofibers as the polymer electrolyte were then fabricated at varied PIL concentrations. Contact angle measurements using sessile drop method revealed the decreasing wettability of the fibers attributed to the inherent hydrophobic nature of both the PVdF and PIL. Scanning electron micrographs also showed that increasing fiber diameters were obtained as the PIL concentration increases. In addition, cyclic voltammetry results showed that the calculated areal capacitance also increases with increasing PIL concentration. The development of pseudocapacitor assemblies utilizing ZnO-based electrodes and electrospun polymer electrolyte-separator membranes presents a better promise for the next-generation energy storage devices.
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Alashkar, Adnan, Amani Al-Othman, Muhammad Tawalbeh, and Muhammad Qasim. "A Critical Review on the Use of Ionic Liquids in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells." Membranes 12, no. 2 (February 2, 2022): 178. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes12020178.

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This work provides a comprehensive review on the incorporation of ionic liquid (ILs) into polymer blends and their utilization as proton exchanges membranes (PEM). Various conventional polymers that incorporate ILs are discussed, such as Nafion, poly (vinylidene fluoride), polybenzimidazole, sulfonated poly (ether ether ketone), and sulfonated polyimide. The methods of synthesis of IL/polymer composite membranes are summarized and the role of ionic liquids as electrolytes and structure directing agents in PEM fuel cells (PEMFCs) is presented. In addition, the obstacles that are reported to impede the development of commercial polymerized IL membranes are highlighted in this work. The paper concludes that the presence of certain ILs can increase the conductivity of the PEM, and consequently, enhance the performance of PEMFCs. Nevertheless, the leakage of ILs from composite membranes as well as the limited long-term thermal and mechanical stability are considered as the main challenges that limit the employment of IL/polymer composite membranes in PEMFCs, especially for high-temperature applications.
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42

Landi, Giovanni, Veronica Granata, Roberto Germano, Sergio Pagano, and Carlo Barone. "Low-Power and Eco-Friendly Temperature Sensor Based on Gelatin Nanocomposite." Nanomaterials 12, no. 13 (June 29, 2022): 2227. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12132227.

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An environmentally-friendly temperature sensor has been fabricated by using a low-cost water-processable nanocomposite material based on gelatin and graphene. The temperature dependence of the electrochemical properties has been investigated by using cyclic voltammetry, chronopotentiometry and impedance spectroscopy measurements. The simple symmetric device, composed of a sandwich structure between two metal foils and a printable graphene–gelatin blend, exhibits a dependence on the open-circuit voltage in a range between 260 and 310 K. Additionally, at subzero temperature, the device is able to detect the ice/frost formation. The thermally-induced phenomena occur at the electrode/gel interface with a bias current of a few tens of μA. The occurrence of dissociation reactions within the sensor causes limiting-current phenomena in the gelatin electrolyte. A detailed model describing the charge carrier accumulation, the faradaic charge transfer and diffusion processes within the device under the current-controlled has been proposed. In order to increase the cycle stability of the temperature sensor and reduce its voltage drift and offset of the output electrical signal, a driving circuit has been designed. The eco-friendly sensor shows a temperature sensitivity of about −19 mV/K, long-term stability, fast response and low-power consumption in the range of microwatts suitable for environmental monitoring for indoor applications.
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43

Komaba, Kyoka, Reiji Kumai, and Hiromasa Goto. "(Digital Presentation) Synthesis of Conjugated Polymer Alloy Prepared By Electrochemical Polymerization in Chiral Liquid Crystal." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 15 (July 7, 2022): 2473. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01152473mtgabs.

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In this research, we synthesized polymer alloy by electrochemical polymerization in chiral liquid crystal. Homopolymers and the copolymer can be synthesized when electrochemical polymerization was conducted in the presence of several types of monomers. The polymer alloy thus prepared contains both blend of homopolymers and copolymers. The polymer alloy shows optical activity. The chirality derived from transcription of liquid crystal during the polymerization reaction results to show optical activity. The polymer alloy can show optical activity with no asymmetric centers. The optical activity is due to existence of charge carriers (polarons) in the main chain as a form of conjugated polymers. This is called chiral charge carrier “chiralions”. This research found that the chiral polymer alloy has chiralions. Polymer alloys have been prepared by blending several kinds of polymers in the reaction. Polymer alloys also can be prepared by melt method. Unsubstituted conjugated polymers have poor solubility and fusibility because of the rigid π-bonds in the skeleton, which is drawback for preparation of π-conjugated polymer-based alloys. We have studied on preparation of chiral conjugated polymer alloys with combination of achiral polymers and chiral polymers. In the present study, conjugated polymer alloys were synthesized with the method described in Figure 1a. Cholesteryl acetate (chiral inducer), 2,7-di(2-thienyl)fluorene (mono1), N-methyl-3,6-di(2-thienyl)carbazole (mono2) and TBAP (supporting salt) were dissolved in 4-cyano-4'-pentylbiphenyl (5CB) as a host liquid crystal to prepare a chiral liquid crystal electrolyte. The electrolyte exhibited a fingerprint structure under observation of polarizing optical microscopy. For the electrochemical polymerization reaction, the electrolyte solution is charged in the cell consisted of two indium-tin-oxide (ITO) glass plates as electrodes and a poly(tetrafluoroethylene) spacer (200 μm thickness). Next, dc voltage of 3.0 V was applied to the ITO glass cell for 30 min for electrochemical polymerization. The polymer was deposited on the anode electrode as a thin film form. After polymerization, the remaining electrolyte solution on the ITO glass electrode was carefully washed with a large amount of hexane, yielding dark blue film. This film is abbreviated as Alloy1. The molecular structure was confirmed by infrared spectroscopy with the KBr method. Alloy1 shows a fingerprint structure under POM observations (Figure 1b). The macroscopic structure of cholesteric liquid crystal was transcribed from the liquid crystal electrolyte solution to Alloy1. Synchrotron XRD measurement was carried out. The peak at 10.3 Å is derived from monomer repeat units. The XRD signal at 5.1 Å and 3.4 Å can be derived from π-stacking of Alloy1. Alloy1 shows UV-vis absorption due to the three signals derived from π-π* transition of the main chain, polarons (radical cations) and bipolarons (radical dications). Electrochemical properties of Alloy1 were evaluated by the cyclic voltammetry (CV). Alloy1 film deposited on the ITO glass was used as a working electrode. An Ag/Ag+ electrode and a platinum wire served as the reference and counter electrodes, respectively. A propylene carbonate solution with 0.1 M of TBAP was employed as an electrolyte solution for the CV measurements. Cyclic voltammograms of Alloy1 shows the oxidation peak and reduction trough (Figure 1c). Plots of the oxidation peak current (I pa) and the reduction peak current (I pc) as a function of the square root of the scan rate show a linear shape of the anodic and cathodic peak current values when scan rates from 10 to 100 mV/s with intervals of 10 mV/s. This result indicated that the redox reaction of Alloy1 was reversible and controlled by electron transfer processes. In-situ circular dichromism (CD) and in-situ optical rotatory dispersion (ORD) spectra of Alloy1 with application of voltages were examined in a propylene carbonate solution with 0.1 M of TBAP. The application voltages were between 0-1.2 V (vs. Ag/Ag+) with intervals of 0.1 V. A negative Cotton effect was observed from the in-situ CD, indicating Alloy1 has left-handed helical structure. The ORD shows negative signals, and changes with applied voltage. The ellipticity signal in the CD and optical rotation in the ORD could control in the electrochemical method, accompanied by electrochemical redox process. We synthesized the polymer alloy by electrochemical polymerization in chiral liquid crystal. The conjugated polymer alloy showed chirality with no chiral centers in the main chain. The CD and ORD bands at NIR range are assigned to doping band as a form of polarons (radical cations). This research evaluated electrochemical control of “chiralions”. Figure 1
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44

Das, S., and A. Ghosh. "Structure, ion transport, and relaxation dynamics of polyethylene oxide/poly (vinylidene fluoride co-hexafluoropropylene)—lithium bis(trifluoromethane sulfonyl) imide blend polymer electrolyte embedded with ionic liquid." Journal of Applied Physics 119, no. 9 (March 7, 2016): 095101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4942658.

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45

Friess, Karel, Pavel Izák, Magda Kárászová, Mariia Pasichnyk, Marek Lanč, Daria Nikolaeva, Patricia Luis, and Johannes Carolus Jansen. "A Review on Ionic Liquid Gas Separation Membranes." Membranes 11, no. 2 (January 30, 2021): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes11020097.

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Ionic liquids have attracted the attention of the industry and research community as versatile solvents with unique properties, such as ionic conductivity, low volatility, high solubility of gases and vapors, thermal stability, and the possibility to combine anions and cations to yield an almost endless list of different structures. These features open perspectives for numerous applications, such as the reaction medium for chemical synthesis, electrolytes for batteries, solvent for gas sorption processes, and also membranes for gas separation. In the search for better-performing membrane materials and membranes for gas and vapor separation, ionic liquids have been investigated extensively in the last decade and a half. This review gives a complete overview of the main developments in the field of ionic liquid membranes since their first introduction. It covers all different materials, membrane types, their preparation, pure and mixed gas transport properties, and examples of potential gas separation applications. Special systems will also be discussed, including facilitated transport membranes and mixed matrix membranes. The main strengths and weaknesses of the different membrane types will be discussed, subdividing them into supported ionic liquid membranes (SILMs), poly(ionic liquids) or polymerized ionic liquids (PILs), polymer/ionic liquid blends (physically or chemically cross-linked ‘ion-gels’), and PIL/IL blends. Since membrane processes are advancing as an energy-efficient alternative to traditional separation processes, having shown promising results for complex new separation challenges like carbon capture as well, they may be the key to developing a more sustainable future society. In this light, this review presents the state-of-the-art of ionic liquid membranes, to analyze their potential in the gas separation processes of the future.
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46

Kumar, Pradeep, Yahya Choonara, Lisa du Toit, Neha Singh, and Viness Pillay. "In Vitro and In Silico Analyses of Nicotine Release from a Gelisphere-Loaded Compressed Polymeric Matrix for Potential Parkinson’s Disease Interventions." Pharmaceutics 10, no. 4 (November 15, 2018): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics10040233.

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This study aimed to develop a prolonged-release device for the potential site-specific delivery of a neuroprotective agent (nicotine). The device was formulated as a novel reinforced crosslinked composite polymeric system with the potential for intrastriatal implantation in Parkinson’s disease interventions. Polymers with biocompatible and bioerodible characteristics were selected to incorporate nicotine within electrolyte-crosslinked alginate-hydroxyethylcellulose gelispheres compressed within a release rate-modulating external polymeric matrix, comprising either hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC), polyethylene oxide (PEO), or poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) to prolong nicotine release. The degradation and erosion studies showed that the produced device had desirable robustness with the essential attributes for entrapping drug molecules and retarding their release. Zero-order drug release was observed over 50 days from the device comprising PLGA as the external matrix. Furthermore, the alginate-nicotine interaction, the effects of crosslinking on the alginate-hydroxyethycellulose (HEC) blend, and the effects of blending PLGA, HPMC, and PEO on device performance were mechanistically elucidated using molecular modelling simulations of the 3D structure of the respective molecular complexes to predict the molecular interactions and possible geometrical orientation of the polymer morphologies affecting the geometrical preferences. The compressed polymeric matrices successfully retarded the release of nicotine over several days. PLGA matrices offered minimal rates of matrix degradation and successfully retarded nicotine release, leading to the achieved zero-order release for 50 days following exposure to simulated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
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Hejazi, Sondos, Odile Francesca Restaino, Mohammed Sabbah, Domenico Zannini, Rocco Di Girolamo, Angela Marotta, Sergio D’Ambrosio, et al. "Physicochemical Characterization of Chitosan/Poly-γ-Glutamic Acid Glass-like Materials." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 15 (August 6, 2023): 12495. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms241512495.

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This paper sets up a new route for producing non-covalently crosslinked bio-composites by blending poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) of microbial origin and chitosan (CH) through poly-electrolyte complexation under specific experimental conditions. CH and two different molecular weight γ-PGA fractions have been blended at different mass ratios (1/9, 2/8 and 3/7) under acidic pH. The developed materials seemed to behave like moldable hydrogels with a soft rubbery consistency. However, after dehydration, they became exceedingly hard, glass-like materials completely insoluble in water and organic solvents. The native biopolymers and their blends underwent comprehensive structural, physicochemical, and thermal analyses. The study confirmed strong physical interactions between polysaccharide and polyamide chains, facilitated by electrostatic attraction and hydrogen bonding. The materials exhibited both crystalline and amorphous structures and demonstrated good thermal stability and degradability. Described as thermoplastic and saloplastic, these bio-composites offer vast opportunities in the realm of polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs). This unique combination of properties allowed the bio-composites to function as glass-like materials, making them highly versatile for potential applications in various fields. They hold potential for use in regenerative medicine, biomedical devices, food packaging, and 3D printing. Their environmentally friendly properties make them attractive candidates for sustainable material development in various industries.
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48

Swaby, Sydonne, Nieves Ureña, María Teresa Pérez-Prior, Alejandro Várez, and Belén Levenfeld. "Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Anion Exchange Membranes Based on Semi-Interpenetrating Networks of Functionalized Polysulfone: Effect of Ionic Crosslinking." Polymers 13, no. 6 (March 20, 2021): 958. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13060958.

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In this work, anion exchange membranes based on polymer semi-interpenetrating networks were synthesized and characterized for the first time. The networks are composed of sulfonated polysulfone and 1-methylimidazolium-functionalized polysulfone crosslinked covalently with N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylenediamine (degree of crosslinking of 5%). In these membranes, sulfonic groups interact electrostatically with cationic groups to form an ionic crosslinking structure with improved alkaline stability. The effect of the ionic crosslinking on the thermal, chemical, mechanical, and electrochemical behavior of membranes was studied. These crosslinked membranes containing sulfonated polysulfone showed higher thermal stability, with a delay of around 20 °C in the onset decomposition temperature value of the functional groups than the crosslinked membranes containing free polysulfone. The tensile strength values were maintained above 44 MPa in all membranes with a degree of chloromethylation (DC) below 100%. The maximum ionic conductivity value is reached with the membrane with the highest degree of chloromethylation. The chemical stability in alkaline medium of the conducting membranes also improved. Thus, the ionic conductivity variation of the membranes after 96 h in a 1 M potassium hydroxide (KOH) solution is less pronounced when polysulfone is replaced by sulfonated polysulfone. So, the ionic crosslinking which joins both components of the blends together, improves the material’s properties making progress in the development of new solid electrolyte for polymeric fuel cells.
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49

Kang, Hoseong, Muyeong Cheon, Chang Hyun Lee, Tae-Ho Kim, Young Taik Hong, Sang Yong Nam, and Chi Hoon Park. "Mesoscale Simulation Based on the Dynamic Mean-Field Density Functional Method on Block-Copolymeric Ionomers for Polymer Electrolyte Membranes." Membranes 13, no. 3 (February 22, 2023): 258. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes13030258.

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Block copolymers generally have peculiar morphological characteristics, such as strong phase separation. They have been actively applied to polymer electrolyte membranes for proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) to obtain well-defined hydrophilic regions and water channels as a proton pathway. Although molecular simulation tools are advantageous to investigate the mechanism of water channel formation based on the chemical structure and property relationships, classical molecular dynamics simulation has limitations regarding the model size and time scale, and these issues need to be addressed. In this study, we investigated the morphology of sulfonated block copolymers synthesized for PEM applications using a mesoscale simulation based on the dynamic mean-field density functional method, widely applied to investigate macroscopic systems such as polymer blends, micelles, and multi-block/grafting copolymers. Despite the similar solubility parameters of the monomers in our block-copolymer models, very different morphologies in our 3D mesoscale models were obtained. The model with sulfonated monomers, in which the number of sulfonic acid groups is twice that of the other model, showed better phase separation and water channel formation, despite the short length of its hydrophilic block. In conclusion, this unexpected behavior indicates that the role of water molecules is important in making PEM mesoscale models well-equilibrated in the mesoscale simulation, which results in the strong phase separation between hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions and the ensuing well-defined water channel. PEM synthesis supports the conclusion that using the sulfonated monomers with a high sulfonation degree (32.5 mS/cm) will be more effective than using the long hydrophilic block with a low sulfonation degree (25.2 mS/cm).
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50

Arunagiri, Karthik, and Christopher G. Arges. "Probing the Electrochemical Behavior of High-Temperature Ionomer Blends." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 41 (October 9, 2022): 1513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02411513mtgabs.

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In the past two years, tremendous improvements in high-temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (HT-PEMFCs)(1) and HT-PEM hydrogen pumps(2) using membrane electrode assemblies containing ion-pair HT-PEMs(3, 4) and electrode phosphonic acid ionomer binders. A challenge in using phosphonic acid ionomers at high temperatures and under anhydrous conditions is their propensity to form anhydrides that compromise ionic conductivity(5). Poly(tetraflurostyrene phosphonic acid-co-pentafluorostyrene) (PTFSPA) is a good electrode ionomer binder material as it is less susceptible to anhydride formation when compared to poly(vinyl phosphonic acid) because of the electron-withdrawing fluorine in the styrene ring that increases the acidity of the phosphonic acid moiety. However, PTFSPA can still form anhydrides. Recently, Kim and co-workers blended PTFSPA with Nafion, a perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA) material, as a strategy to mitigate anhydride formation(1). The sulfonic acid in PFSA was shown to protonate the phosphonic acid group in PTFSPA to foster proton conductivity. However, much is still not known about how the PFSA and PTFSA polymer blends affect the electrochemical properties of porous electrodes used in HT-PEM electrochemical systems. It is posited that PFSA may promote redox reaction kinetics because it is superacid material and kinetic rates are enhanced at extreme pH values. PFSA is also known to have higher gas permeability rates when compared to other polymer materials (6). This talk will present our research examining the electrochemical properties, and other thin-film properties, of PTFSPA-PFSA blends. PFSA materials will consist of Nafion and other PFSA analogous that have shorter side chains and lower equivalent weight values (e.g., Aquivion). Preliminary data has shown that Aquivion, which has a shorter side chain than Nafion, is more effective for promoting thin film ionic conductivity on interdigitated electrode (IDE) substrates under anhydrous (i.e., 0% RH) and 100% RH in PTFSPA-PFSA blends. References: K. H. Lim, A. S. Lee, V. Atanasov, J. Kerres, E. J. Park, S. Adhikari, S. Maurya, L. D. Manriquez, J. Jung, C. Fujimoto, I. Matanovic, J. Jankovic, Z. Hu, H. Jia and Y. S. Kim, Nature Energy, 7, 248 (2022). G. Venugopalan, D. Bhattacharya, E. Andrews, L. Briceno-Mena, J. Romagnoli, J. Flake and C. G. Arges, ACS Energy Letters, 7, 1322 (2022). K.-S. Lee, J. S. Spendelow, Y.-K. Choe, C. Fujimoto and Y. S. Kim, Nature Energy, 1, 16120 (2016). G. Venugopalan, K. Chang, J. Nijoka, S. Livingston, G. M. Geise and C. G. Arges, ACS Applied Energy Materials, 3, 573 (2020). V. Atanasov, A. S. Lee, E. J. Park, S. Maurya, E. D. Baca, C. Fujimoto, M. Hibbs, I. Matanovic, J. Kerres and Y. S. Kim, Nature Materials, 20, 370 (2021). S. Sambandam, J. Parrondo and V. Ramani, Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 15, 14994 (2013). Figure: a.) A picture of fabricated IDEs. The IDEs are used for thin-film ionic conductivity measurements. b.) Chemical structures of the ionomer materials. c.) Ionic conductivity data of different ionomer materials and blended ionomer materials at 0% RH (dry nitrogen) and 100% RH (humidified nitrogen) at 25 °C. Figure 1
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