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1
Fu, Sha, Matthew J. Farrell, Mary A. Ankeny, Edwin T. Turner, and Victoria Rizk. "Hydrogen Peroxide Bleaching of Cationized Cotton Fabric." AATCC Journal of Research 6, no. 5 (September 1, 2019): 21–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.14504/ajr.6.5.4.
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Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is the most commonly used bleaching agent for cotton fabric. However, the conventional H2O2 bleaching formula is not applicable for cationized cotton due to the low whiteness index after bleaching, fabric weakening, and a significant loss of cationic sites. In this work, magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) was added in the H2O2 bleaching formula to stabilize the bleaching system for cationized cotton. Additionally, a screening experiment with temperature and time, and sodium hydroxide (NaOH), H2O2, and MgSO4 concentrations as the factors, and whiteness index, bursting strength, and color strength from dyeing as the responses, was formulated. A statistical model was created using JMP software, which demonstrated how the bleaching conditions influenced the fabric properties. This procedure can be useful for bleaching cationized cotton in production settings.
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Li, Zhijiang, Tianru Yu, and Lichao Yu. "Study on the scouring-bleaching technology of Xinjiang scutched flax." Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 15 (January 2020): 155892502095765. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1558925020957650.
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This study explored and improved the optimal scouring-bleaching process of Xinjiang scutched flax, based on its characteristics and the scouring-bleaching process of existing mature flax. The physical properties, such as length, strength, split degree and fineness, and the chemical composition of Xinjiang scutched flax, such as the content of cellulose, lipowax, pectin, hemicellulose, water-soluble matter, lignin, etc., were measured and analyzed. The approximate range of bleaching process parameters was determined referring to the existing general flax scouring-bleaching process. Thirdly, the orthogonal experiment of three factors and three levels interaction is designed, and the optimal scouring-bleaching process scheme is obtained after analysis and verification.
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Fudin, Robert. "Subliminal Psychodynamic Activation: Note on Illumination and the Bleaching Hypothesis." Perceptual and Motor Skills 64, no. 3_suppl (June 1987): 1223–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1987.64.3c.1223.
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The effect of illumination on the outcome of subliminal psychodynamic activation experiments is discussed and the bleaching hypothesis Silverman, Ross, Adler, and Lustig in 1978 used to explain negative results under certain illumination conditions is critically evaluated. Illumination levels suggested by Silverman for this research do not completely agree with values used in most successful experiments prior to 1980. The sequence of tachistoscopic events usually presented in a typical experiment and information-processing considerations suggest that, contrary to Silverman's earlier suggestions, stimulus-field illumination should be higher than blank-field illumination. Aspects of the bleaching hypothesis are questionable, and it seems to be of minimal value because the specifics of how bleaching is thought to interfere with the effects were not documented by reference to the literature in photochemistry. Further empirical investigation of the effect of illumination could be combined with attempts to understand how this variable affects stimulus processing during subliminal psychodynamic activation.
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Schoepf, Verena, Andréa G. Grottoli, Stephen J. Levas, Matthew D. Aschaffenburg, Justin H. Baumann, Yohei Matsui, and Mark E. Warner. "Annual coral bleaching and the long-term recovery capacity of coral." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, no. 1819 (November 22, 2015): 20151887. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.1887.
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Mass bleaching events are predicted to occur annually later this century. Nevertheless, it remains unknown whether corals will be able to recover between annual bleaching events. Using a combined tank and field experiment, we simulated annual bleaching by exposing three Caribbean coral species ( Porites divaricata , Porites astreoides and Orbicella faveolata ) to elevated temperatures for 2.5 weeks in 2 consecutive years. The impact of annual bleaching stress on chlorophyll a , energy reserves, calcification, and tissue C and N isotopes was assessed immediately after the second bleaching and after both short- and long-term recovery on the reef (1.5 and 11 months, respectively). While P. divaricata and O. faveolata were able to recover from repeat bleaching within 1 year, P. astreoides experienced cumulative damage that prevented full recovery within this time frame, suggesting that repeat bleaching had diminished its recovery capacity. Specifically, P. astreoides was not able to recover protein and carbohydrate concentrations. As energy reserves promote bleaching resistance, failure to recover from annual bleaching within 1 year will likely result in the future demise of heat-sensitive coral species.
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Noonan, Sam H. C., and Katharina E. Fabricius. "Ocean acidification affects productivity but not the severity of thermal bleaching in some tropical corals." ICES Journal of Marine Science 73, no. 3 (July 22, 2015): 715–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsv127.
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Abstract Increasing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions are raising sea surface temperature (SST) and causing ocean acidification (OA). While higher SST increases the frequency of mass coral bleaching events, it is unclear how OA will interact to affect this process. In this study, we combine in situ bleaching surveys around three tropical CO2 seeps with a 2-month two-factor (CO2 and temperature) tank experiment to investigate how OA and SST in combination will affect the bleaching susceptibility of tropical reef corals. Surveys at CO2 seep and control sites during a minor regional bleaching event gave little indication that elevated pCO2 influenced the bleaching susceptibility of the wider coral community, the four most common coral families (Acroporidae, Faviidae, Pocilloporidae, or Poritidae), or the thermally sensitive coral species Seriatopora hystrix. In the tank experiment, sublethal bleaching was observed at 31°C after 5 d in S. hystrix and 12 d in Acropora millepora, whereas controls (28°C) did not bleach. None of the measured proxies for coral bleaching was negatively affected by elevated pCO2 at pHT 7.79 (vs. 7.95 pHT in controls), equivalent to ∼780 µatm pCO2 and an aragonite saturation state of 2.5. On the contrary, high pCO2 benefitted some photophysiological measures (although temperature effects were much stronger than CO2 effects): maximum photosystem II quantum yields and light-limited electron transport rates increased in both species at high pCO2, whereas gross photosynthesis and pigment concentrations increased in S. hystrix at high pCO2. The field and laboratory data in combination suggest that OA levels up to a pHT of 7.8 will have little effect on the sensitivity of tropical corals to thermal bleaching. Indeed, some species appear to be able to utilize the more abundant dissolved inorganic carbon to increase productivity; however, these gains offset only a small proportion of the massive bleaching-related energy losses during thermal stress.
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Shan, Xiao Hong, Jun Xiong Liu, and Wei Wei Liu. "Research on Degumming and Bleaching Apocynum venetum in one-Bath Alkali-H2O2." Advanced Materials Research 332-334 (September 2011): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.332-334.11.
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This paper researched the process rapidly degumming and bleaching apocynum venetum, which is one-bath alkali-H2O2 method and a specific technique. The three-factor quadratic general rotary unitized optimization[1] design was used to analyze the three parameters mostly affecting the degumming and bleaching process: the NaOH concentration, the H2O2 dosages and the processing time. Through the experiment, calculation, analysis and verification, the optimum combination of the three parameters for degumming and bleaching process was gotten: NaOH concentration 10～11(g/L), H2O2 dosages 9.5～10.5(g/L), processing time 120～135(min).
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Borges, Boniek, Mariana Vale, Felipe Afonso, and Isauremi Assunção. "Can Enhanced Peroxides Decrease the Side Effects of Tooth Bleaching? A Systematic Review of the Literature." International Journal of Experimental Dental Science 3, no. 2 (2014): 84–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10029-1077.
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ABSTRACT Adverse effects of tooth bleaching on dental structures remain a topic of discussion in the literature, and the search for protocols that reduce such reported adverse effects is ongoing. The goal of this systematic literature review was to determine whether the use of tooth bleaching gels with added minerals, such as fluoride, calcium, hydroxyapatite, potassium nitrate, amorphous calcium phosphate, and casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate, reduced the occurrence of the main adverse effects of tooth bleaching. The electronic database search identified 16 studies that evaluated the effects of bleaching gels with added minerals on enamel hardness and/or roughness, mineral loss, post-treatment sensitivity, morphological changes, and/or cohesive enamel strength. The findings of this review suggest that the addition of minerals to bleaching gels can contribute to the reduction of most adverse effects, mainly sensitivity, without affecting treatment efficiency. How to cite this article Borges B, Vale M, Afonso F, Assunção I. Can Enhanced Peroxides Decrease the Side Effects of Tooth Bleaching? A Systematic Review of the Literature. Int J Experiment Dent Sci 2014;3(2):84-91.
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Stokes, Sarah, Nicholas Márquez-Grant, and Charlene Greenwood. "Establishing a minimum PMI for bone sun bleaching in a UK environment with a controlled desert-simulated comparison." International Journal of Legal Medicine 134, no. 6 (August 15, 2020): 2297–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00414-020-02385-y.
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Abstract Microenvironments play a significant part in understanding the post-mortem interval in forensic taphonomy. Recently, the value of weathering factors in relation to obtaining a PMI has been investigated further. In this study, observations were made to calculate the length of time it takes for three different bone elements (femur, rib, and scapula) to bleach in a UK summer and winter. This research also investigated whether there were any physicochemical modifications to the bone caused by bleaching. Porcine femora, scapulae, and ribs were placed into open and shaded areas of an outdoor research facility located in Oxfordshire, UK, during summer (July–Sep) and winter months (Dec–Mar). The specimens were monitored at 3-week intervals using photography, and an observational scoring method was developed to quantify the extent of bleaching. As temperatures are typically much lower in the UK compared with warmer climates, a controlled indoor-simulated desert experiment was also undertaken to be used as a control. This allowed sun bleaching and changes to the bone chemistry to be monitored in a controlled, high-UV environment for comparison with the UK outdoor experiments. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was employed to analyze physicochemical modifications to both the mineral and organic components of the bone. The FTIR was used to calculate crystallinity index (CI), mineral to organic ratio, and the relative amount of carbonate concentrations. Weather data was collected and a positive correlation was found between both ultraviolet (UV) levels and accumulated degree days (ADD) when compared with observational bleaching scores. Bleaching (whitening) of the bone samples occurred in both seasons but at different rates, with the bleaching process occurring at a slower rate in winter. During summer, the initial bleaching process was evident at 6 weeks, and by 9 weeks, the bones were an off-white colour. During the winter period, whitening of the bone started at 9 weeks; however, only the scapula and rib samples displayed a similar off-white colour. This colouration was observed at 13 weeks rather than at 9 weeks. The desert simulation samples started bleaching in a similar pattern to the outdoor samples after 1 week but the bones did not fully bleach. The bone chemistry, based on physicochemical properties obtained from the FTIR, showed a significant statistical difference between the simulated desert and winter season when compared against a control sample. For the winter samples, the mineral to organic ratio was significantly higher than that in the control, suggesting a reduction in the proportion of organic. For the samples in the simulated desert environment, the crystallinity index was significantly higher than that in the control samples, suggesting an increase in crystallinity. The results of this experiment support the fact that it is possible to achieve bleaching in a UK environment and that the minimal time frame for this to occur differs in seasons.
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McLachlan, Rowan H., James T. Price, Sarah L. Solomon, and Andréa G. Grottoli. "Thirty years of coral heat-stress experiments: a review of methods." Coral Reefs 39, no. 4 (April 24, 2020): 885–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00338-020-01931-9.
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AbstractFor over three decades, scientists have conducted heat-stress experiments to predict how coral will respond to ocean warming due to global climate change. However, there are often conflicting results in the literature that are difficult to resolve, which we hypothesize are a result of unintended biases, variation in experimental design, and underreporting of critical methodological information. Here, we reviewed 255 coral heat-stress experiments to (1) document where and when they were conducted and on which species, (2) assess variability in experimental design, and (3) quantify the diversity of response variables measured. First, we found that two-thirds of studies were conducted in only three countries, three coral species were more heavily studied than others, and only 4% of studies focused on earlier life stages. Second, slightly more than half of all heat-stress exposures were less than 8 d in duration, only 17% of experiments fed corals, and experimental conditions varied widely, including the level and rate of temperature increase, light intensity, number of genets used, and the length of acclimation period. In addition, 95%, 55%, and > 35% of studies did not report tank flow conditions, light–dark cycle used, or the date of the experiment, respectively. Finally, we found that 21% of experiments did not measure any bleaching phenotype traits, 77% did not identify the Symbiodiniaceae endosymbiont, and the contribution of the coral host in the physiological response to heat-stress was often not investigated. This review highlights geographic, taxonomic, and heat-stress duration biases in our understanding of coral bleaching, and large variability in the reporting and design of heat-stress experiments that could account for some of the discrepancies in the literature. Development of some best practice recommendations for coral bleaching experiments could improve cross-studies comparisons and increase the efficiency of coral bleaching research at a time when it is needed most.
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Liu, Quan Xiao, Dan Xi Li, and Wen Cai Xu. "Study on Mercerization Orthogonal Experiment of Coniferous Wood Pulp Fiber." Advanced Materials Research 1030-1032 (September 2014): 454–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1030-1032.454.
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Effects of mercerizing treatment on water-retention value of bleaching coniferous wood pulp fibers were discussed and the mercerizing treatment conditions were optimized. The best conditions of mercerizing treatment is NaOH concentration of 7mol/L, temperature of 40°C and processing time of 100min. SEM showed that the fiber cell wall swelling increase after mercerization.
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Xu, Jie, Feng Liu, Zhenglei He, Zongao Zhang, and Sheng Li. "Cost optimization of sodium hypochlorite bleaching washing for denim by combining ensemble of surrogates with particle swarm optimization." Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 16 (January 2021): 155892502110223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15589250211022331.
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Sodium hypochlorite bleaching washing process has been broadly carried out in denim garment industrial production. However, the quantitative relationships between process variables and bleaching performances have not been illustrated explicitly. Hence, it is impractical to determine values of the variables that can achieve the optimal production cost while satisfying the requirements of customers. This paper proposes an optimization methodology by combining ensemble of surrogates (ESs) with particle swarm optimization (PSO) to optimize production cost of chlorine bleaching for denim. The methodology starts from the data collections by conducting a Taguchi L25 (56) orthogonal experiment with the process variables and metrics for evaluating bleaching performances. Based on the data, the quantitative relationships are separately constructed by using RBFNN, SVR, RF and ensemble of them. Then, accuracies of the surrogates are evaluated and it proves that the ESs outperforms the others. Later, the production cost optimization model is proposed and PSO is utilized to solve it, while a case study is given to depict the optimization process and verify the effectiveness of the proposed hybrid ESs-PSO approach. Overall, the ESs-PSO approach shows great capability of optimizing production cost of sodium hypochlorite bleaching washing for denim.
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Ji, Xing Xiang, Jia Chuan Chen, Gui Hua Yang, Jia Fu Wang, and Lu Yan Wang. "Effect on Xylanase from Leveking in Bleaching Soda-AQ Pulp of Fast-Growing Poplar." Advanced Materials Research 396-398 (November 2011): 1498–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.396-398.1498.
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The xylanase from Leveking was used in the experiment of bleached Soda-AQ pulp of fast-growing poplar. The suitable conditions of the xylanase from Leveking were obtained in the pretreatment of the Soda-AQ pulp of fast-growing poplar that temperature was 58°C, pH was 8.5, time was 120min and the dosage of the xylanase was 8IU/g. The pulp brightness was increased by 3.7%ISO when compared XDPQ and DPQ bleaching pulp under identical conditions. The pulp brightness was increased by 4.1%ISO when compared XDED and DED bleaching pulp under identical conditions. The untreated and pretreated Soda-AQ pulp of fast-growing poplar by the xylanase of two-dimensional and three dimensional figure of fiber surface under AFM were analyzed to explain the xylanase effect in the pulp bleaching theoretically.
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Klein, Celso A., Douglas da Silva, Eduardo G. Reston, Diana LB Borghetti, and Roberto Zimmer. "Effect of At-home and In-office Bleaching on Marginal Microleakage in Composite Resin Restorations using Two Adhesive Systems." Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice 19, no. 3 (2018): 248–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10024-2246.
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ABSTRACT Aim The aim of this study is to assess marginal microleakage of cervical cavities restored with composite resins and two different adhesive techniques subjected to at-home and in-office bleaching. Materials and methods In this randomized, blind laboratory experiment, 60 bovine teeth recently extracted were collected and divided into six groups (n = 10 each group). The teeth received cervical cavity preparations (2 mm × 3 mm × 1 mm) with enamel margins. Two different adhesive systems were used (Single Bond 2 and Clearfil SE Bond), in addition to composite resin (Z250). Restored teeth received two different bleaching gels (Opalescence PF and Opalescence Boost). Teeth were thermocycled and analyzed under confocal laser scanning microscopy. Results No significant differences were observed (p > 0.05) in microleakage scores between the two groups not subjected to bleaching nor between the four groups that received bleaching treatment (p > 0.05), regardless of the gel and adhesive system employed. However, when comparing nonbleached with bleached teeth, those not subjected to bleaching showed statistically lower marginal microleakage scores (p < 0.05). Data were statistically analyzed using the Kruskal–Wallis test followed by Student–Newman–Keuls post hoc test, with significance set at 5%. Conclusion Marginal microleakage in composite resin restorations is influenced by the action of bleaching agents used both at-home and in-office, regardless of the adhesive system employed (total-etch or self-etch). Clinical significance Both at-home and in-office bleaching agents have an influence on the adhesive interface of resin restorations, producing changes and inducing marginal leakage. How to cite this article Klein Jr CA, da Silva D, Reston EG, Borghetti DLB, Zimmer R. Effect of At-home and In-office Bleaching on Marginal Microleakage in Composite Resin Restorations using Two Adhesive Systems. J Contemp Dent Pract 2018;19(3):248-252.
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Easson, Michael W., Brian D. Condon, Michael L. Reynolds, Robert Franqui, and John Bland. "Non-Bleaching Heather Method for Improved Whiteness of Greige Cotton." Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 12, no. 3 (September 2017): 155892501701200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/155892501701200307.
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In accordance with the color space theory known as additive light mixing, the presence of dispersed blue-dyed fiber reduced the overall yellowness of a blended greige fiber and they were perceived as “whiter”. Various intimate blends of blue-dyed cotton fiber in greige cotton fiber were analyzed for color properties using a L*a*b* color space chromameter and a Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometer. A design of experiments (DOE) matrix approach provided a statistically-based mathematical means to predict the color properties of the intimate blends. The predictive accuracy of the mathematical model was confirmed in a follow-up experiment, and the blend resulting in the lowest yellowness and highest whiteness was determined. For fiber end uses which are too cost sensitive to support comprehensive wet chemical treatment of all of the fiber, such as nonwovens, intimate blending with low amounts of dyed fiber could produce visible effects at lower cost.
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Dejkajorn, Chanatip, Panawan Suttiarporn, Hussanai Sukkathanyawat, Kittisak Wichianwat, Saichon Sriphan, and Thanarak Srisurat. "Optimization of Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Residual Soybean Oil from Spent Bleaching Earth." E3S Web of Conferences 302 (2021): 01009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202130201009.
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Spent bleaching earth (SBE) which is generated from bleaching process is a valuable industrial waste of edible vegetable oil production because of residual edible vegetable oil absorbed. The residual oil in spent bleaching earth can be recovered and reused for application in the industries such as the production of biodiesel and lubricant. Currently, microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) technique is widely used because this method has a shorter extraction time and less solvent consumption when compared with traditional methods. In this study, MAE combined with solvent reflux was optimized using solvent screening experiments and response surface methodology (RSM) to obtain the highest yield of MAE extraction of residual soybean oil from spent bleaching earth. The extraction yield of residual soybean oil obtained from selected solvent were hexane-ethanol mixture (2:1 v/v, 10.19%) > hexane-ethanol mixture (1:1 v/v, 10.00%) >hexane-ethanol mixture (1:2 v/v, 9.98%) > hexane-ethanol mixture (1:3 v/v, 9.83%) > hexane-ethanol mixture (3:1 v/v, 8.59%) > hexane (8.17%) > acetone (7.73%). The regression coefficient (R-squared = 0.9852) expresses the accuracy of the regression and indicates the relationship between experimental data and predicted result, with high regression coefficient close to 1, which is remarkably desired. The experiment conditions for optimal MAE extraction of residual soybean oil from SBE were hexane-ethanol mixture (2:1 v/v), liquid to solid ratio 15.56:1 mL/g, extraction time 12.22 min, and microwave power 350 W. Under such conditions, the highest predicted value of the extraction yield of residual soybean oil was 10.43%.
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Sun, Zhen Xu, Yu Ping Zhao, Ruo Yuan Song, and Yong Fang Qian. "Research on Bleaching Processes of Natural Cane Fiber by Ultrasonic." Advanced Materials Research 550-553 (July 2012): 565–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.550-553.565.
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The effects of ultrasonic on bleaching of cane fiber were discussed in this paper. Ultrasonic frequency, ultrasonic time, the concentration of the hydrogen peroxide, temperature and pH value were optimized by the single factor experiment. The bleached fiber was analyzed by X-ray diffraction and Scanning electron microscope. The results showed the optimum processing parameters as follows: ultrasonic time 40 min, ultrasonic frequency 33 KHz (first 20 min); 55 KHz (second 20 min), temperature 90°C and the concentration of the hydrogen 30 ml/L, pH value 10.5. In the above conditions, the best bleaching effect was achieved.
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Rahman, MM, AA Khan, IH Mian, AM Akanda, and MZ Alam. "Effect of some chemicals on incidence of poato soft rot disease in Bangladesh." Bangladesh Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research 52, no. 2 (June 13, 2017): 135–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjsir.v52i2.32936.
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Bactericidal effect was investigated by chemicals against potato soft rot bacteria in vitro and in storage. The chemicals were acetic acid, boric acid, bleaching powder, lactic acid, calcium hydroxide, calcium chloride, potassium chloride and sodium hypo-chloride. Among eight chemicals only three chemicals viz. acetic acid, boric acid and bleaching powder showed bactericidal activity against potato soft rot bacteria Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum (E. carotovora subsp. carotovora) P-138 in vitro. Based on the results of in vitro experiment three chemicals, acetic acid, boric acid and bleaching powder were used to control soft rot disease of potato in storage. Fresh potato tubers were dipped in 0.2% solution/suspensions of acetic acid, boric acid and bleaching powder for 30 min. Then soft rot bacteria Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum P-138 was inoculated on potato. Finally potatoes were stored for 22 weeks in net bags in sterilized condition. All the three chemicals significantly decreased the infection rate, loss in weight and increased percentage of disease reduction (PDR) of potato. Boric acid was the most effective in controlling the soft rot disease of potato in storage followed by acetic acid and bleaching powder. So these chemicals may be used for seed purpose storage of potato tubers for year round storage at farmers level.Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 52(2), 135-140, 2017
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Coles, Steve L., Keisha D. Bahr, Ku’ulei S. Rodgers, Stacie L. May, Ashley E. McGowan, Anita Tsang, Josh Bumgarner, and Ji Hoon Han. "Evidence of acclimatization or adaptation in Hawaiian corals to higher ocean temperatures." PeerJ 6 (August 7, 2018): e5347. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5347.
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Ocean temperatures have been accelerating at an alarming rate mainly due to anthropogenic fossil fuel emissions. This has led to an increase in the severity and duration of coral bleaching events. Predicted projections for the state of reefs do not take into account the rates of adaptation or acclimatization of corals as these have not as yet been fully documented. To determine any possible changes in thermal tolerances, manipulative experiments were conducted to precisely replicate the initial, pivotal research defining threshold temperatures of corals nearly five decades ago. Statistically higher calcification rates, survivorship, and lower mortality were observed inMontipora capitata, Pocillopora damicornis, andLobactis scutariain the present study at 31 °C compared to the original 1970 findings. First whole colony mortality was also observed to occur sooner in 1970 than in 2017 inM. capitata(3 d vs. 15 d respectively),L. scutaria(3 d vs. 17 d), and inP. damicornis(3 d vs. 13 d). Additionally, bleaching occurred sooner in 1970 compared to the 2017 experiment across species. Irradiance was an important factor during the recovery period for mortality but did not significantly alter calcification. Mortality was decreased by 17% with a 50% reduction in irradiance during the recovery period. These findings provide the first evidence of coral acclimatization or adaptation to increasing ocean temperatures for corals collected from the same location and using close replication of the experiment conducted nearly 50 years earlier. An important factor in this increased resistance to elevated temperature may be related to removal of the discharge of treated sewage into Kāne‘ohe Bay and resulting decrease in nitrification and eutrophication. However, this level of increased temperature tolerance may not be occurring rapidly enough to escape the projected increased intensity of bleaching events, as evidenced by the recent 2014 and 2015 high coral mortality in Hawai‘i (34%) and in the tropics worldwide.
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Morini, Luca, Alessandra Zucchella, Aldo Polettini, Lucia Politi, and Angelo Groppi. "Effect of bleaching on ethyl glucuronide in hair: An in vitro experiment." Forensic Science International 198, no. 1-3 (May 2010): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2009.11.005.
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KEITH, M. O., and J. M. BELL. "EFFECTS OF FEEDING SPENT BLEACHING CLAY FROM CANOLA OIL REFINING TO GROWING MICE AND RATS." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 66, no. 1 (March 1, 1986): 191–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas86-020.
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The spent bleaching clay from canola (rapeseed) oil processing might be a useful ingredient in livestock feeds but little is known about possible metabolic effects of the clay. Experiments with growing mice and rats were designed to study effects of spent clay on weight gains, feed utilization and gross anatomy. In exp. 1 clay was mixed 1:1 with cornstarch or canola meal. These premixes were incorporated into purified and natural ingredient diets to provide clay levels of 0, 0.3, 0.6, 1.2 and 2.4%. Eighty weanling mice were randomly allotted to the 20 diets which were fed for 28 d. Liver weights and liver: body weight (%) increased (P < 0.05) with increasing levels of clay fed in purified diets. Otherwise clay treatments had no effect on the responses:weight gain, feed:gain ratio, plasma urea nitrogen or kidney weights. Experiment 2 involved weanling rats fed three different clay samples at dietary levels of 1, 2 and 4%, with and without an antioxidant (ethoxyquin) for a 28-d period. Using the same criteria as in exp. 1, clay samples, levels and use of antioxidant had no effect on animal responses. The data demonstrated that up to 4% spent bleaching clay could be included in natural ingredient diets without either beneficial or harmful effects to growing mice and rats. Key words: Spent bleaching clay, mice, rats, feeding trials, bentonite, rapeseed
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Faruk, MI, MM Islam, F. Khatun, MA Hossain, and TK Dey. "Integrated management of bacterial wilt and root knot nematode of brinjal." Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research 44, no. 3 (October 10, 2019): 427–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjar.v44i3.43476.
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The field experiment was conducted at Regional Agricultural Research Station (RARS), Hathazari, Chattagram to find out the efficacy of integration of poultry refuse (PR) with stable bleaching powder (SBP) or CaNO3 and Furadan 5G for the management of bacterial wilt (Ralstoniasolanacearum) and root-knot nematode disease (Meloidogyne incognita) of brinjal. Soil was treated with PR @ 3 t/ha 3 weeks before transplanting, stable bleaching powder @ 20 kg/ha during final land preparation and Furadan 5G @ 20 kg/ha on the day of seedlings transplanting while CaNO3 was used as soil drenching 10 days after seedling transplanting. Results showed that integration of poultry refuse with Furadan 5G and stable bleaching powder or CaNO3 reduced root-knot and bacterial wilt diseases and increased plant growth as well as yield of brinjal. The most effective treatment combination was PR + stable bleaching powder + Furadan 5G with early sowing, followed by PR + CaNO3 + Furadan 5G with early sowing for the management of bacterial wilt and root knot nematode diseases and increasing plant growth and yield of brinjal. The technology, poultry refuse+ stable bleaching powder + Furadan 5G was validated at Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI), Gazipur, Regional Agricultural Research Station of Jessore, Hathazari and Jamalpur and also at Agricultural Research Station and farmers field at Burirhat, Rangpur and OFRD farm at Alamnagar, Rangpur. The validation trials showed that integration of poultry refuse + stable bleaching powder+ Furadan 5G in early sowing was an effective management package of bacterial wilt and root knot nematode diseases of brinjal which also offered 21.81 to 25.98% higher yield over the conventional practices.
Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 44(3): 427-437, September 2019
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de Almeida Batista, Leonard, Claudio Mudadu Silva, Erika Nascimben Santos, Jorge Luiz Colodette, Ana Augusta Passos Rezende, and José Cola Zanuncio. "Partial circuit closure of filtrate in an ECF bleaching plant." Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal 35, no. 3 (September 25, 2020): 471–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/npprj-2020-0028.
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AbstractThe bleaching sector of the wood pulp industry is its largest effluent generator. The aim of this study was to reuse the bleaching filtrate in order to reduce water consumption. The experiment was conducted by simulating the D0(EP)D1 bleaching sequence and recirculating different amounts of filtrate from the oxidation stage to control the pulp consistency of the delignification stage (pre-O). Physical, mechanical, chemical and optical properties of the pulp were studied. The accumulation of the non-process elements (NPE) and their effects were evaluated with the Aspen-Plus® computer simulator. The results of the computational modeling were satisfactory. The recirculation of filtrates increased the saturation index of the system by 19 %, but remained at sub-saturation levels. The pulp viscosity and elongation remained statistically stable. Recirculation of up to 50 % of the filtrate did not produce differences in pulp brightness; however, there were slight losses in the pulp resistances. In order to maintain 84 % ISO brightness, there was a higher consumption of the bleaching reagents. Up to 50 % of recirculation of the filtrates was accomplished without jeopardizing the system and the pulp quality and resulted in a savings of 55 m3 h−1 of water – 7 % of the consumption of the entire mill.
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Nielsen, Jacob H., Carl Erik Olsen, Jeff Lyndon, John Sørensen, and Leif H. Skibsted. "Cholesterol oxidation in feta cheese produced from high-temperature bleached and from non-bleached butteroil from bovine milk." Journal of Dairy Research 63, no. 4 (November 1996): 615–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029900032155.
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SummaryDuring chill storage, cholesterol oxidation in feta cheese produced from bovine butteroil bleached at high temperature was compared with cholesterol oxidation in feta cheese produced from non-bleached butteroil. The bleaching was performed at two different temperatures, 265 and 280 °C, and the oil was bleached for 2·4, 3·8 or 4·3 min; a reference feta cheese was produced without bleaching. All cheeses were stored in brine at 4 °C, and cholesterol oxidation was measured during a storage period of 5 months. For the first 11 weeks of storage, the concentration of cholesterol oxides was comparable for the bleached feta cheeses, but on longer storage the concentration of oxysterols was highest in feta cheeses produced from the butteroil bleached at 280 °C. The bleaching temperature rather than the bleaching time affected cholesterol oxidation, which was minimal in the non-bleached reference cheese throughout the storage period compared with the bleached feta cheeses. 7-Ketocholesterol was found to be the dominant oxysterol in the feta cheeses at the end of the storage, comprising ∼ 50% of the total cholesterol oxides. In feta cheeses based on butteroil bleached at 265 °C, the concentration of 7-ketocholesterol ranged from 3·7 to 4·9 µg/g lipid at the end of the storage period, and in feta cheese based on butteroil bleached at 280 °C the concentration was 10·4–13·1 µg/g lipid. In the reference feta cheese the concentration of 7-ketocholesterol was 1·2 /µg/g lipid. There was no difference in yellowness, measured by tristimulus colorimetry as the Hunter b characteristic, of the feta cheeses bleached at 265 and 280 °C, and a small scale bleaching experiment with butteroil showed that it was possible to secure complete bleaching at temperatures down to 220 °C. We suggest that bleaching of butteroil for feta production should be performed at temperatures as low as possible in order to prevent cholesterol oxidation.
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Dhir, Ritu, Richard L. Harkess, and Guihong Bi. "Elevated Air Temperatures Cause Foliar Bleaching of Ivy Geranium ‘Beach’ and ‘Butterfly’." HortScience 46, no. 3 (March 2011): 411–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.46.3.411.
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Bleaching of the youngest leaves of actively growing ivy geranium (Pelargonium peltatum L.) develops as the temperature increases from late spring to summer in the southeastern United States. Heat stress-induced iron deficiency has been suspected as causing this disorder. Ivy geranium ‘Beach’ (bleaching-resistant) and ‘Butterfly’ (bleaching-susceptible) were grown for 8 weeks at 24 or 31 °C average root-zone temperature and iron chelate (Fe-EDDHA, 6% Fe) was applied at 0 mg Fe (control), 0.54 mg Fe foliar spray, 1.08 mg Fe foliar spray, 54 mg Fe drench, or 108 mg Fe drench per plant at 30-day intervals. In a second experiment, ivy geranium ‘Beach’ and ‘Butterfly’ plants were grown for 6 weeks at 28 °C day/16 °C night or 36 °C day/22 °C night average air temperatures and iron chelate (Fe-EDDHA, 6% Fe) was applied at 0 mg (control) or 27 mg Fe soil drench per pot at 15-day intervals. No bleaching was observed as a result of elevated root-zone temperatures. High levels of Fe-chelate suppressed growth reducing fresh weight, dry weight, and fresh-to-dry-weight ratio in ‘Butterfly’. Elevated air temperatures severely reduced plant growth, leaf area, fresh weight, and dry weight in both cultivars. Elevated air temperature reduced chlorophyll a, carotenoids, and pheophytins in ‘Butterfly’ but not in ‘Beach’. Fe-chelate application had no effect at ambient temperature but increased chlorophyll to carotenoids ratio (Chl:Caro) at elevated air temperatures in ‘Butterfly’. Therefore, elevated air temperatures were determined to be the cause of bleaching in ivy geranium.
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Mancosky, Douglas G., and Lucian A. Lucia. "Use of TOF-SIMS for the analysis of surface metals in H2O2-bleached lignocellulosic fibers." Pure and Applied Chemistry 73, no. 12 (January 1, 2001): 2047–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200173122047.
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Oxidation of cellulose, caused by metal-catalyzed hydrogen peroxide decomposition, is one of the main potential reactions that can occur during the alkaline peroxide bleaching of pulp. This oxidation decreases the individual fiber strength and thus the sheet strength. The bleaching reaction should be controlled to limit cellulose degradation. The goal of this project was to characterize the fiber surface metal distribution using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) on laboratory-generated hydrogen peroxide-bleached pulps. For this study, a single black spruce was chosen and kraft pulped. Peroxide bleaching was conducted via benchtop polyethylene bag bleaching in a temperature-controlled waterbath. The overall metals content was determined using inductively coupled plasma (ICP), whereas the surface metals were determined with TOF-SIMS. Many fundamental approaches to study metal identity and content in fibers have been undertaken, including ICP, electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA), X-ray fluorescence, and UVvis. None of these methods can provide the localized density distribution and metal-mapping ability that is available through TOF-SIMS. It has spectacular imaging capabilities that were exploited for evaluating metals on the fiber sheets used in this work. The samples were subjected to other sheet and fiber testing. Tests conducted on select samples included brightness and viscosity. Factors in this experiment included metal addition, chelation, and peroxide charge.
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Turner, Phil, Ray Berkelmans, and Matt Brodie. "Precise Set-Point Control of Temperature for Coral Bleaching Experiments." Marine Technology Society Journal 36, no. 1 (March 1, 2002): 70–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/002533202787914160.
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Experimental research into the upper thermal limits of corals is underpinned by the need for precise control of water temperature in the testing environment, with evidence that temperature differences of as little as 0.1°C can be a significant factor in whether coral bleaches or not. Off-the-shelf temperature control equipment is generally unsuitable for high precision temperature experiment because the realized accuracy of temperature control is typically less than 0.5°C, even from state-of-the-art proportional, integral, derivative (PID) control technology. However, high temperature resolution and accuracy is achievable using simple control technology. This paper reviews the principles behind two temperature control technologies and describes a system capable of controlling temperature in actual experimental conditions to better than ±0.05°C over a 24-hr period and typically better than ±0.1°C over a 12-day period. This result is obtained through appropriate design of the experimental tank set-up and the use of “on-off” temperature control technology with very small hysteresis. Accuracy of set-point temperature is maintained by calibration against a reference temperature. Sensor drift, resulting from ambient temperature fluctuations, is avoided by immersing the circuitry in the temperature-controlled water.
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Hamzah, Mohammad Amir, Fan Liu, Lin Wei He, Ying Jie Cai, and Ping Zhang. "Application of Multifunctional Scouring Agent for Cotton Fabric Bleaching." Advanced Materials Research 1120-1121 (July 2015): 193–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1120-1121.193.
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Multi-functional scouring agent (M.F.S.A.) successfully can replace caustic soda, soda ash, scouring agent and H2O2 –bleach stabilizer. It has strong properties of washing, dispersing, emulsifying and chelating, particularly applicable to bleach bath. In this experiment three processes like desizing, scouring and bleaching were done by single stage. Grey fabrics (woven) were treated by using various concentrations of M.F.S.A. and H2O2 at different temperature variation. The maximum value of whiteness of treated fabric were found at 80°C by using the concentration of M.F.S.A. and H2O2 (3.0 g/L and 3.0 g/L respectively). Also minimize required number of chemical used for bleaching process; here only two chemicals used for whole process. No additional chemicals used for water treatment and washing of treated fabric. After process only cold wash were done. Finally by using less concentration of both M.F.S.A. and H2O2 have got comparatively better result for whiteness and tensile strength.
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Frigieri, Tânia Cristina, Gustavo Ventorim, and Jaqueline Silveira Comelato Favaro. "THE EFFECT OF WATER REDUCTION IN KRAFT PULP WASHING IN ECF BLEACHING." Revista Árvore 40, no. 6 (December 2016): 1091–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0100-67622016000600015.
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ABSTRACT The main objective of this work was to study the technical viability of using the cellulose bleaching effluent, at several stages of the process, seeking fresh water reduction in pulp washing, and evaluating its effect on pulp quality. Eucalyptus spp. industrial cellulosic pulp with oxygen was used in this experiment. The same bleaching sequence D(E+P)DP was performed ten times, under the same conditions (temperature, consistency and time). Counter current washing was used in the bleaching stages, and each sequence was carried out with different washing factors: 9, 6, 3, 0 m3 of distilled water/ton of pulp, trying to reach brightness of 92 ± 0,5% ISO. The ten sequences sought to achieve the stability of the effluent organic load, measured by the chemical oxygen demand (COD). Then, the COD results were compared to the brightness ones from the bleached pulp. The evaluated results from the ten sequences and four different washings showed an increasing in COD due to the organic load accumulation, resulting from the reuse of effluent from previous sequences. This COD increasing provided the lower brightness results during the cycles, besides the water reduction, evidencing the necessity of washing between bleaching stages. In this study, the obtained result for the pulp washing up to 3m3/t was tolerable and even recommended. On the other hand, the pulp without any washing (0m3/t), due to the lack of enough brightness, it is commercially unviable.
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Chang, Shui Ping, Yi Chao Lee, Chih Sheng Lee, and Nien Hsin Kao. "Using Gin Adsorption Model for Assessing the Influence of Algal Powder Bleach Process in Cu(II) Adsorption." Applied Mechanics and Materials 295-298 (February 2013): 123–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.295-298.123.
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The Cladophora and Spirogyra algae examined in this study belong to the Chlorophyta division. Macro filamentous algae, which are widespread in fresh water worldwide, have high potential to be developed as biological materials because of their large biomass and availability. In this study, we collected fresh algae from where they grew and produced bleached and unbleached algae powder using to adsorb Cu(II) ion solution. After the biosorption process, we noted the following four significant findings: (i) The functional groups and binding sites in the produced algae powder were affected, causing variations in the amount of copper adsorbed. The variations resulted from differences in the cell structure, the cell wall thickness of Cladophora and Spirogyra algae, cell composition, and the types and amount of epiphytic algae. (ii) Common bleaching procedures using glacial acetic acid influenced the binding sites of the functional groups and the biomass of the produced powder. Because of the bleaching, the amount of copper adsorbed by the Cladophora powder declined by 14.2%, and by 15.7% for Spirogyra powder. (iii) The carbonyl and hydroxyl groups of unbleached powder were the main elements affected during the bleaching procedures. Examining whether the biosorption experiment results fit Gin’s biosorption model, we found that the biosorption amount and equilibrium reaction of the two bleached algae powders were inferior to that of the unbleached algae powders. (iv) The bleaching procedure using glacial acetic acid was not suitable for producing algae powder to use as an adsorbent for metal ions.
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Santoro, Erika P., Ricardo M. Borges, Josh L. Espinoza, Marcelo Freire, Camila S. M. A. Messias, Helena D. M. Villela, Leandro M. Pereira, et al. "Coral microbiome manipulation elicits metabolic and genetic restructuring to mitigate heat stress and evade mortality." Science Advances 7, no. 33 (August 2021): eabg3088. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abg3088.
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Beneficial microorganisms for corals (BMCs) ameliorate environmental stress, but whether they can prevent mortality and the underlying host response mechanisms remains elusive. Here, we conducted omics analyses on the coral Mussismilia hispida exposed to bleaching conditions in a long-term mesocosm experiment and inoculated with a selected BMC consortium or a saline solution placebo. All corals were affected by heat stress, but the observed “post-heat stress disorder” was mitigated by BMCs, signified by patterns of dimethylsulfoniopropionate degradation, lipid maintenance, and coral host transcriptional reprogramming of cellular restructuration, repair, stress protection, and immune genes, concomitant with a 40% survival rate increase and stable photosynthetic performance by the endosymbiotic algae. This study provides insights into the responses that underlie probiotic host manipulation. We demonstrate that BMCs trigger a dynamic microbiome restructuring process that instigates genetic and metabolic alterations in the coral host that eventually mitigate coral bleaching and mortality.
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McCormick, Mark I. "Lethal effects of habitat degradation on fishes through changing competitive advantage." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1744 (July 18, 2012): 3899–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.0854.
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Coral bleaching has caused catastrophic changes to coral reef ecosystems around the world with profound ecological, social and economic repercussions. While its occurrence is predicted to increase in the future, we have little understanding of mechanisms that underlie changes in the fish community associated with coral degradation. The present study uses a field-based experiment to examine how the intensity of interference competition between juveniles of two species of damselfish changes as healthy corals degrade through thermal bleaching. The mortality of a damselfish that is a live coral specialist ( Pomacentrus moluccensis ) increased on bleached and dead coral in the presence of the habitat generalist ( Pomacentrus amboinensis ). Increased mortality of the specialist was indirectly owing to enhanced aggression by the generalist forcing the specialist higher up and further away from shelter on bleached and dead coral. Evidence from this study stresses the importance of changing interspecific interactions to community dynamics as habitats change.
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Behnaz, Mohammad, Fatemeh Namvar, Setareh Sohrabi, and Mina Parishanian. "Effect of Bleaching Mouthwash on Force Decay of Orthodontic Elastomeric Chains." Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice 19, no. 2 (2018): 221–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10024-2240.
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ABSTRACT Introduction Force decay elastomeric chains are significant, and it is a clinical problem. Aim The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of bleaching agent in the mouthwash on the force decay of orthodontic chains. Materials and methods In this experimental study, 160 gray closed elastomeric chains were randomly divided into three groups (one control and two test groups). Four loops of chains were stretched for 25 mm on custom-made jig. Control group specimens were immersed in artificial saliva during the test period. Test group specimens were immersed twice a day for 30 seconds in the whitening (LISTERINE® HEALTHY WHITE™) and daily sodium fluoride (LISTERINE® TOTAL CARE ZERO) mouthwashes. All specimens were immersed in artificial saliva at 37°C. Force was measured at different time points (initial, 1, 7, 14, 21, 28 days). Statistical analysis was performed by two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Bonferroni methods (α = 0.05). Results Force of elastomeric chains was decreased dramatically in all groups during the experiment. After 24 hours, force was decreased by 42.18, 48.34, and 53.38% in control group, daily, and bleaching mouthwash groups respectively. The corresponding numbers after 4 weeks were 66.30, 76.73, and 86.48. The difference between three groups at days 1 and 28 was statistically significant (p < 0.05). Conclusion Within the limitations of the current in vitro study, bleaching and sodium fluoride mouthwashes could cause force decay of orthodontic elastomeric chains. Whitening mouthwash is more weakening for elastomeric chains. Clinical significance Use of whitening mouthwash by orthodontic patients could decrease the force of elastomeric chains, so it could be recommended to use them for a short time. How to cite this article Behnaz M, Namvar F, Sohrabi S, Parishanian M. Effect of Bleaching Mouthwash on Force Decay of Orthodontic Elastomeric Chains. J Contemp Dent Pract 2018;19(2):221-225.
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Moreira, Janaina Cardoso, Marjorie de Oliveira Gallinari, Vanessa Rahal, Ticiane Cestari Fagundes, Paulo Henrique dos Santos, Marcia Regina de Moura, and André Luiz Fraga Briso. "Effect of Dental Pigmentation Intensity on the Transenamel and Transdentinal Penetration of Hydrogen Peroxide." Brazilian Dental Journal 27, no. 4 (August 2016): 399–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-6440201600838.
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Abastract This study aimed to evaluate the transenamel and transdentinal penetration of hydrogen peroxide (H202) applied to bovine teeth pigmented with black tea at different intensities. The following groups were formed DW: immersion in distilled water; BT100: immersion in an infusion of 1.6 g of black tea per 100 mL distilled water; BT10: immersion in an infusion of 1.6 g black tea per 10 mL distilled water. All groups were immersed for 6 days. To quantify the penetration of H202, the specimens were placed in artificial pulp chambers (APCs) and subjected to bleaching treatment with 38% H2O2 once per week for 3 weeks. After bleaching treatment, the acetate buffer solution of APCs with peroxidase enzyme was evaluated in a reflection spectrophotometer. The transenamel and transdentinal penetration of H2O2 and the L* values obtained at T1, T2 and T3 were subjected to Kruskal-Wallis and Friedman statistical tests. At T1, the H2O2 diffusion in DW was higher than that in BT100 and BT10. At the other evaluation times, the penetration values in BT100 and BT10 increased and remained similar. The L* values increased significantly in all groups at T1. At T2, the L* values were higher in DW, while the values in BT100 and BT10 were similar to each other. At the end of the experiment, BT10 showed the lowest L* values. The pigmentation level did not affect the penetration of H2O2 through the enamel and dentin and the bleaching agent effectively changed the color of the teeth.
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Franco, MC, JLS Uehara, BM Meroni, GS Zuttion, and MS Cenci. "The Effect of a Charcoal-based Powder for Enamel Dental Bleaching." Operative Dentistry 45, no. 6 (April 3, 2020): 618–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2341/19-122-l.
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Clinical Relevance Charcoal based-powders are not effective for dental bleaching. SUMMARY Charcoal-based dentifrices for dental whitening are a novelty in the market. Manufacturers claim that such charcoal-based products have whitening, remineralization, antimicrobial, and antifungal properties of charcoal in such products. However, there is no substantial scientific evidence for these claims. This laboratory randomized study was designed to evaluate the whitening properties of a charcoal-based toothpowder. A total of 45 bovine dental enamel discs were randomly distributed into three groups (n=15): group 1, mechanical brushing with a 1450-ppm F toothpaste (control group); group 2, mechanical brushing with an activated charcoal-based powder; group 3, bleaching per the standard protocol using 10% carbamide peroxide. The surface roughness and color of each specimen were analyzed at baseline and after 14 days of experiment. The surface of one randomly selected specimen from each group was examined using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare groups at a significance level of 5%. Only group 3 promoted a statistically significant effect on ΔE compared with groups 1 and 2 (p<0.001 and p=0.003, respectively). No statistically significant difference was found between groups for surface roughness (p>0.05). SEM revealed a more irregular surface in group 1 specimens compared with group 2 and 3 specimens. The charcoal-based powder did not seem to have any bleaching effect.
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Barott, Katie L., Ariana S. Huffmyer, Jennifer M. Davidson, Elizabeth A. Lenz, Shayle B. Matsuda, Joshua R. Hancock, Teegan Innis, Crawford Drury, Hollie M. Putnam, and Ruth D. Gates. "Coral bleaching response is unaltered following acclimatization to reefs with distinct environmental conditions." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 22 (May 28, 2021): e2025435118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2025435118.
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Urgent action is needed to prevent the demise of coral reefs as the climate crisis leads to an increasingly warmer and more acidic ocean. Propagating climate change–resistant corals to restore degraded reefs is one promising strategy; however, empirical evidence is needed to determine whether stress resistance is affected by transplantation beyond a coral’s native reef. Here, we assessed the performance of bleaching-resistant individuals of two coral species following reciprocal transplantation between reefs with distinct pH, salinity, dissolved oxygen, sedimentation, and flow dynamics to determine whether heat stress response is altered following coral exposure to novel physicochemical conditions in situ. Critically, transplantation had no influence on coral heat stress responses, indicating that this trait was relatively fixed. In contrast, growth was highly plastic, and native performance was not predictive of performance in the novel environment. Coral metabolic rates and overall fitness were higher at the reef with higher flow, salinity, sedimentation, and diel fluctuations of pH and dissolved oxygen, and did not differ between native and cross-transplanted corals, indicating acclimatization via plasticity within just 3 mo. Conversely, cross-transplants at the second reef had higher fitness than native corals, thus increasing the fitness potential of the recipient population. This experiment was conducted during a nonbleaching year, so the potential benefits to recipient population fitness are likely enhanced during bleaching years. In summary, this study demonstrates that outplanting bleaching-resistant corals is a promising tool for elevating the resistance of coral populations to ocean warming.
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Ramírez Fernández, María del Mar, Sarah M. R. Wille, Vincent Di Fazio, and Nele Samyn. "Influence of bleaching and thermal straightening on endogenous GHB concentrations in hair: An in vitro experiment." Forensic Science International 297 (April 2019): 277–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.02.027.
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Esqueda, Valentín A., Liviana Altamirano, Yanett Hernández, and Alicia López. "Evaluación de la mezcla de ametrina + clomazone en caña de azúcar." Agronomía Mesoamericana 12, no. 2 (July 1, 2006): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/am.v12i2.17228.
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An experiment was established at Rancho Casablanca, located in the Municipality of Puente Nacional, in the State of Veracruz, Mexico, in order to evaluate the toxicity caused by the mixture of the herbicides ametryn + clomazone to the sugarcane varieties MEX-79-431, MEX- 69-290, MEX-68-P23 and CP-72-2086. Four weed control treatments were evaluated: 1. Ametryn + clomazone (1200 + 800 g/ha), 2. Ametryn + clomazone (1800 + 1200 g/ha), 3. Ametryn + 2,4-D (1225 + 650 g/ha) and 4. Weeded control. Herbicides were applied when sugarcane plants had from two to four leaves. The mixture of ametryn + clomazone caused leaf bleaching in all the sugarcane varieties. The bleached area varied from 36.3 to 47.5% with the highest dose of the mixture, and from 25 to 39.4%, with the lowest dose, and it practically disappeared about 45 days after application. On the other hand, the mixture of ametryn + 2,4-D did not cause any bleaching. Toxicity caused by the mixture of ametryn + clomazone did not affect the number of plant leaves, the number of stalks in 2 linear m, nor the plant height. Stalk yield and sucrose content were not affected either.
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Dai, Shu Juan, Zhi Gang Hu, Yu Qun Meng, and Xiao An Li. "The Experimental Study on Synthesis of Activated Bleaching Clay and Organic Bentonite Utilizing Bentonites in Liaoning Province." Advanced Materials Research 158 (November 2010): 298–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.158.298.
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A bentonites in liaoning province was high quality calcium-group bentonites by acid ,the main component was montmoronite and the content of impurity was less. The activation and organise and so on experiment were carried about. The high quality activated bleaching clay was made of bentonites on the condition of acidity being 15%-25%, activation time being over 4h.The excellent organic bentonites preparation was fulfilled under the condition temperature being 60°C, slurry concentration being 5%, organise time being 1h and the dosage of dosage being 35g/100g using appropriate flowsheet, inorganic mineral gelatin was made by bentonites and its capability was measured.
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Urakov, A. L., and N. A. Urakova. "Hydrogen peroxide discolors blood in the cavity of the hematoma under the nail and in the skin over the bruise." Regional blood circulation and microcirculation 19, no. 2 (June 27, 2020): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.24884/1682-6655-2020-19-2-67-74.
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Purpose. Modern medical standards do not contain information about the urgent bleaching of nail hematomas and bruises. The aim of this work is developing of new ways and means for blood bleaching of the bruising and subungual hematomas for its immediate discoloration. Materials and methods. The peculiarities of hydrogen peroxide effect on blood color alteration in different environment have been studied in laboratory, by experiment and in clinical conditions. We studied the peroxide effect on liquid and dry venous blood in a Petri dishes, in bloody gauze bandages, on the surface of the skin, in hematoma under the nail in humans and in the skin over the bruise created by intradermal injection of pig blood. The studies take into account the role of local interaction such factors as the duration of interaction, the concentration of ingredients, local temperature, the value of alkaline and osmotic activity of the studied solutions. The results were recorded by color photo and video. Results. In laboratory and experimental conditions the red and blue blood as well as red, brown and/or blue stained tissues were shown to be urgently bleached by alkaline solutions of hydrogen peroxide. Hemoglobin was found to be the «dye» of blood-stained tissues. We listed the inventions to the intradermal bruising discoloration, subungual hematomas, and fresh and dried blood. The main ingredients of the inventions for intradermal and subungual hematomas bleaching are reported. The essence of the invented methods of skin and nail hematomas discoloration is presented. Conclusion. The alkaline solution of hydrogen peroxide can be used for emergency discoloration subungual hematoma, the skin in the area of bruise and the bandage stained with blood.
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Vaughan, Eleanor J., Shaun K. Wilson, Samantha J. Howlett, Valeriano Parravicini, Gareth J. Williams, and Nicholas A. J. Graham. "Nitrogen enrichment in macroalgae following mass coral mortality." Coral Reefs 40, no. 3 (April 12, 2021): 767–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00338-021-02079-w.
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AbstractScleractinian corals are engineers on coral reefs that provide both structural complexity as habitat and sustenance for other reef-associated organisms via the release of organic and inorganic matter. However, coral reefs are facing multiple pressures from climate change and other stressors, which can result in mass coral bleaching and mortality events. Mass mortality of corals results in enhanced release of organic matter, which can cause significant alterations to reef biochemical and recycling processes. There is little known about how long these nutrients are retained within the system, for instance, within the tissues of other benthic organisms. We investigated changes in nitrogen isotopic signatures (δ15N) of macroalgal tissues (a) ~ 1 year after a bleaching event in the Seychelles and (b) ~ 3 months after the peak of a bleaching event in Mo’orea, French Polynesia. In the Seychelles, there was a strong association between absolute loss in both total coral cover and branching coral cover and absolute increase in macroalgal δ15N between 2014 and 2017 (adjusted r2 = 0.79, p = 0.004 and adjusted r2 = 0.86, p = 0.002, respectively). In Mo’orea, a short-term transplant experiment found a significant increase in δ15N in Sargassum mangarevense after specimens were deployed on a reef with high coral mortality for ~ 3 weeks (p < 0.05). We suggest that coral-derived nutrients can be retained within reef nutrient cycles, and that this can affect other reef-associated organisms over both short- and long-term periods, especially opportunistic species such as macroalgae. These species could therefore proliferate on reefs that have experienced mass mortality events, because they have been provided with both space and nutrient subsidies by the death and decay of corals.
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Toyoda, Shin, Pierre Voinchet, Christophe Falguères, Jean Michel Dolo, and Michel Laurent. "Bleaching of ESR signals by the sunlight: a laboratory experiment for establishing the ESR dating of sediments." Applied Radiation and Isotopes 52, no. 5 (May 2000): 1357–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0969-8043(00)00095-6.
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Wang, Xi Qin, and Bo Yu. "Screening Test of Shimeji Substrate with Spent Bleaching Clay (SBC) from Oil." Applied Mechanics and Materials 71-78 (July 2011): 2286–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.71-78.2286.
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As one of the edible mushrooms currently promoted in China, shimeji is quite nutritious, and regular use can bring anti-inflammatory, anticancer, lowering blood pressure and other medical effects, which is well received by consumers at home and abroad. This study made full use of industrial spent bleaching clay (SBC) to replace cottonseed hull, wheat bran and other costly traditional cultural materials for shimeji production. Generating economic benefit can not only promote the development of edible mushroom industry, but also solve the problem of environmental pollution by wastes. This paper set six additives with respectively 0% - 40% SBC substrate formula, took shimeji production experiment, and analyzed and compared the substrate formula suitable for both mycelial growth and its application effect. The experimental results showed that among all the substrate with different proportions of SBC, all treated mycelium were in a good growth state, and formulae with SBC had no incidence of contamination to shimeji mycelium. After comparative screening tests, it can be found that the carbon-nitrogen proportion of Formula-5 formula added with 40% SBC is the most suitable for shimeji growth, which can obviously increase its growth rate, shorten the breeding cycle, reduce the production costs and improve the economic benefits.
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Jimenez, Isabel M., Michael Kühl, Anthony W. D. Larkum, and Peter J. Ralph. "Effects of flow and colony morphology on the thermal boundary layer of corals." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 8, no. 65 (May 20, 2011): 1785–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2011.0144.
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The thermal microenvironment of corals and the thermal effects of changing flow and radiation are critical to understanding heat-induced coral bleaching, a stress response resulting from the destruction of the symbiosis between corals and their photosynthetic microalgae. Temperature microsensor measurements at the surface of illuminated stony corals with uneven surface topography ( Leptastrea purpurea and Platygyra sinensis ) revealed millimetre-scale variations in surface temperature and thermal boundary layer (TBL) that may help understand the patchy nature of coral bleaching within single colonies. The effect of water flow on the thermal microenvironment was investigated in hemispherical and branching corals ( Porites lobata and Stylophora pistillata , respectively) in a flow chamber experiment. For both coral types, the thickness of the TBL decreased exponentially from 2.5 mm at quasi-stagnant flow (0.3 cm s −1 ), to 1 mm at 5 cm s −1 , with an exponent approximately 0.5 consistent with predictions from the heat transfer theory for simple geometrical objects and typical of laminar boundary layer processes. Measurements of mass transfer across the diffusive boundary layer using O 2 microelectrodes revealed a greater exponent for mass transfer when compared with heat transfer, indicating that heat and mass transfer at the surface of corals are not exactly analogous processes.
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Lv, Jun Wei, Xian Qing Yang, and Lai Hao Li. "Antioxidant Activity and Chemical Constituents of Microalgae Oil of Schizochytrium aggregatum." Advanced Materials Research 919-921 (April 2014): 2022–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.919-921.2022.
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Abtrast: This research aimed to explore the antioxidant activity of microalgae oil through in vitro experiment and investigate the constituents of microalgae oil. The antioxidant activity was determined using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH)radical scavenging assay,2,2-Azinobis (3-ehtylbenzothiazolin-6-sulfnicAcid)(ABTS)radical scavenging assay, the reducing power,β-Carotene bleaching assay and Oxygen Radical Absorption Capacity(ORAC)assay. BHT、α-tocopherol or Vc were compared as the reference. It can be confirmed that microalgae oil has moderate antioxidant ability. According to GC-MS analysis, the most abundant compounds in microalgae oil were palmitic acid, docosahexaenoic acid and tetradecanoic,constituting 38.1%, 34.24% and 3.39%, respectively.
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Brown, BE, RP Dunne, ME Warner, I. Ambarsari, WK Fitt, SW Gibb, and DG Cummings. "Damage and recovery of Photosystem II during a manipulative field experiment on solar bleaching in the coral Goniastrea aspera." Marine Ecology Progress Series 195 (2000): 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps195117.
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Sedghamiz, M. A., S. Raeissi, F. Attar, M. Salimi, and K. Mehrabi. "In-situ transesterification of residual vegetable oil in spent bleaching clay with alkali catalysts using CCD-RSM design of experiment." Fuel 237 (February 2019): 515–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2018.09.116.
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Brosnan, James T., Dean A. Kopsell, Matthew T. Elmore, Gregory K. Breeden, and Gregory R. Armel. "Changes in ‘Riviera’ Bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] Carotenoid Pigments after Treatment with Three p-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate Dioxygenase-inhibiting Herbicides." HortScience 46, no. 3 (March 2011): 493–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.46.3.493.
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Mesotrione, topramezone, and tembotrione are inhibitors of the enzyme p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD), which impacts the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway. An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of mesotrione, topramezone, and tembotrione on carotenoid pigment concentrations in common bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.; cv. Riviera] leaf tissues. Bermudagrass plants were treated with three rates of mesotrione (0.28, 0.35, and 0.42 kg·ha−1), topramezone (0.018, 0.025, and 0.038 kg·ha−1), and tembotrione (0.092, 0.184, and 0.276 kg·ha−1). The lowest rate of each herbicide represented the maximum labeled use rate for a single application. Percent visual bleaching was measured at 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 days after application (DAA). Leaf tissues were sampled on the same dates and assayed for carotenoids. Topramezone and tembotrione bleached bermudagrass leaf tissues to a greater degree than mesotrione. Concomitantly, topramezone and tembotrione also reduced total chlorophyll (chlorophyll a + b), β-carotene, lutein, and total xanthophyll cycle pigment concentrations (zeaxanthin + antheraxanthin + violaxanthin) more than mesotrione. Increases in visual bleaching resulting from application rate were accompanied by linear reductions in lutein, β-carotene, and violaxanthin for all herbicides. Topramezone and tembotrione increased the percentage of zeaxanthin + antheraxanthin in the total xanthophyll pigment pool (ZA/ZAV) 7 days after peak visual bleaching was observed at 14 DAA. Reductions in ZA/ZAV were reported after 21 DAA. This response indicates that sequential applications of topramezone and tembotrione should be applied on 14- to 21-day intervals, because stress induced by these herbicides is greatest at these timings. Increases in photoprotective xanthophyll cycle pigments (ZA/ZAV) at 14 to 21 DAA may be a mechanism allowing bermudagrass to recover from HPPD-inhibiting herbicide injury, because bermudagrass recovered from all treatments by 35 DAA. Data in the current study will allow turf managers to design physiologically validated bermudagrass control programs with HPPD-inhibiting herbicides. Chemical names: mesotrione [2-(4-methysulfonyl-2-nitrobenzoyl)-1,3-cyclohexanedione], tembotrione {2-[2-chloro-4-(methylsulfonyl)-3-[(2,2,2-(trifluoroethoxy)methyl]benzoyl]-1,3-cyclohexanedione}, topramezone {[3-(4,5-dihydro-3-isoxazolyl)-2-methyl-4-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl](5-hydroxy-1-nethyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)methanone}.
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Bellworthy, Jessica, and Maoz Fine. "Warming resistant corals from the Gulf of Aqaba live close to their cold-water bleaching threshold." PeerJ 9 (March 25, 2021): e11100. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11100.
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Global climate change is causing increasing variability and extremes in weather worldwide, a trend set to continue. In recent decades both anomalously warm and cold seawater temperatures have resulted in mass coral bleaching events. Whilst corals’ response to elevated temperature has justifiably attracted substantial research interest, coral physiology under cold water stress is relatively unfamiliar. The response to below typical winter water temperature was tested for two common reef building species from the Gulf of Aqaba in an ex situ experiment. Stylophora pistillata and Acropora eurystoma were exposed to 1 or 3 °C below average winter temperature and a suite of physiological parameters were assessed. At 3 °C below winter minima (ca. 18.6 °C), both species had significant declines in photosynthetic indices (maximum quantum yield, electron transport rate, saturation irradiance, and photochemical efficiency) and chlorophyll concentration compared to corals at ambient winter temperatures. It was previously unknown that corals at this site live close to their cold-water bleaching threshold and may be vulnerable as climate variability increases in magnitude. In order to determine if a cold winter reduces the known heat resistance of this population, the corals were subsequently exposed to an acute warm period at 30 °C the following summer. Exposed to above typical summer temperatures, both species showed fewer physiological deviations compared to the cold-water stress. Therefore, the cold winter experience did not increase corals’ susceptibility to above ambient summer temperatures. This study provides further support for the selection of heat tolerant genotypes colonising the Red Sea basin and thereby support the mechanism behind the Reef Refuge Hypothesis.
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Sinaga, Radinal Arief, Budiastuti Kurniasih, and Eka Tarwaca Susila Putra. "Growth and Yield of Soybean as a Response of the Fertilization of NPK Compound Produced with Spent and Deoiled Bleaching Earth Filler." Caraka Tani: Journal of Sustainable Agriculture 36, no. 1 (October 22, 2020): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/carakatani.v36i1.35682.
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<span>Spent Bleaching Earth (SBE) is a by-product of the refining of Crude Palm Oil (CPO) into cooking oil which is classified as hazardous and toxic materials waste. SBE has the potential to be used as a filler in the production of NPK fertilizer. This study aims to compare the effect of SBE and Deoiled Bleaching Earth (DBE) as the replacement of clay mineral, which is expected to have the same effect as the control treatment in terms of the leaf area, total dry weight, plant height and yield of plant. </span><span lang="EN-US">This experiment used a one-factor Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replicates. The treatments of filler in NPK fertilizer were 10% clay minerals, NPK with 5% clay mineral + 5% SBE filler and NPK with 5% clay mineral + 5% DBE filler. Fertilizer was given twice, ie when the plant was 14 days after planting (DAP) as much as 2 g polybag<sup>-1</sup> and age 35 DAP as much as 3 g polybag<sup>-1</sup> at each treatment. The results showed that the application of NPK fertilization with 5% clay mineral + 5% SBE filler and NPK fertilization with 5% clay mineral + 5% DBE filler had the same effect as NPK fertilization with 10% clay mineral filler on leaf area, total dry weight, plant height and yield of plant. SBE and DBE can be used as substituties for clay mineral in NPK fertilizer production.</span>
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Johnson, S. B., M. D. Kleinhenz, J. D. Dwyer, T. Griffin, O. M. Olanya, D. H. Lambert, and G. A. Porter. "First Report of White Mold (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) on Soybean in Maine." Plant Disease 82, no. 7 (July 1998): 832. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1998.82.7.832b.
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White mold or Sclerotinia stem rot (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib) de-Bary) was first observed on soybean varieties in a variety trial at the Maine Agricultural and Forest Experiment Station, Presque Isle, and in commercial soybean fields in late July and August 1997. Symptoms and signs included stem bleaching, fluffy white mycelial growth on soybean stems and foliage, and presence of sclerotia typical of white mold. Disease assessment, based on symptoms, was conducted on the varieties in the trial in the experiment station. Field observations on disease occurrence were also conducted in commercial soybean fields in northern Maine. In the variety trial experiment, mean incidence (%) of white mold ranged from 0 to 6.8% on Lambert, APK007, P9092, P9132, and Stine varieties. No white mold was detected on P9071, P9007, Korada, Bravor, Ugo, APK020, and Aquillon varieties. Of the infected varieties, incidence of white mold was detected in 10 of 33 fields examined. This is the first report of the occurrence of white mold on soybean in Maine. Because of large-scale commercial potato production in the region, and previous occurrence of white mold on potato, it is likely that the pathogen is present in soils of various commercial potato fields in Maine. Precautions should, therefore, be taken in introducing resistant varieties and ensuring proper rotation and cropping sequences as soybean production increases in Maine.