Academic literature on the topic 'Blazed Glass-Gratings'

The aim of this short review is to recall various designs of diffraction gratings when the condition of the period’s identity is relaxed and to mention resulting thus some of their applications. Among others the apodization function can be implemented as a variable diffraction efficiency due to the gradual change of the period’s shape. Another possible application is the passive achromatization of the diffraction efficiency of the blazed gratings by randomizing their blaze angle. Full Text: PDF ReferencesP. Jacquinot and B. Roizen-Dossier, "II Apodisation", Prog. Opt. 3, 29 (1964). CrossRef H. Bartelt, "Computer-generated holographic component with optimum light efficiency", Appl. Opt. 23, 1499 (1984). CrossRef H. Bartelt, "Applications of the tandem component: an element with optimum light efficiency", Appl. Opt. 24, 3811 (1985). CrossRef N. Château, D. Phalippou, and P. Chavel, "A method for splitting a gaussian laser beam into two coherent uniform beams", Opt. Commun. 88, 33 (1992). CrossRef C.I. Robledo-Sánchez et al. "Binary grating with variable bar/space ratio following a geometrical progression", Opt. Commun. 119, 465 (1995). CrossRef S.Yu. Popov and A.T. Friberg, "Apodization of generalized axicons to produce uniform axial line images", Pure Appl. Opt. 7, 537 (1998). CrossRef S.Yu. Popov et al. "Scientists harvest antibodies from plants", Opt. Commun. 154, 359 (1998). CrossRef J. Albert et al. "Moire phase masks for automatic pure apodisation of fibre Bragg gratings", Electron. Lett. 32 2260 (1996). CrossRef J. Albert et al. "Apodization of the spectral response of fiber Bragg gratings using a phase mask with variable diffraction efficiency", Electron. Lett. 31, 222 (1995). CrossRef Z. Jaroszewicz, A.T. Friberg, and S.Yu. Popov, "Kinoform apodization", J. Mod. Opt. 47, 939 (2000). CrossRef Z. Jaroszewicz et al. "Kinoform apodization by using of programmable diffractive optical elements", Proc. SPIE 5456, 153 (2004). CrossRef F. Trépanier, M. Poulin, and G. Bilodeau, "Complex apodized holographic phase mask for FBG writing", Bragg Gratings, Photosensitivity, and Poling in Glass Waveguides, Technical Digest (Optical Society of America, 2003), paper WC5 CrossRef F .Ghiringhelli, F. Fundamental properties of Bragg gratings and their application to the design of advanced structures, PhD thesis, Univ. of Southampton, (2003). DirectLink T. Osuch, Z. Jaroszewicz, "Numerical analysis of apodized fiber Bragg gratings formation using phase mask with variable diffraction efficiency", Opt. Commun. 284, 567 (2011). CrossRef T. Osuch et al. "Fabrication of phase masks with variable diffraction efficiency using HEBS glass technology", Appl. Opt. 50, 5977 (2011). CrossRef T. Osuch and Z. Jaroszewicz, "Influence of optical fiber location behind an apodized phase mask on Bragg grating reflection efficiencies at Bragg wavelength and its harmonics", Opt. Commun. 382, 36 (2017). CrossRef T. Osuch, "Numerical analysis of the harmonic components of the Bragg wavelength content in spectral responses of apodized fiber Bragg gratings written by means of a phase mask with a variable phase step height", J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 33, 178 (2016). CrossRef Z. Jaroszewicz, T. Osuch, "Harmonic analysis of fiber Bragg gratings written using apodized phase and amplitude masks", Opt. Pura Aplic. 50, 259 (2017). CrossRef N. Davidson, A.A Friesem, and E. Hasman, "Efficient formation of nondiffracting beams with uniform intensity along the propagation direction", Opt. Commun. 88, 326 (1992). CrossRef A.T. Friberg, "Stationary-phase analysis of generalized axicons", J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 13, 743 (1996). CrossRef M. Honkanen, J. Turunen, "Tandem systems for efficient generation of uniform-axial-intensity Bessel fields", Opt. Commun. 154, 368 (1998). CrossRef S.Yu. Popov and A.T. Friberg, "Apodization of generalized axicons to produce uniform axial line images", Pure Appl. Opt. 7, 537 (1998). CrossRef A. Kowalik et al. "Apodised linear axicons", Proc. SPIE 7141, 714125 (2008). CrossRef M.J. Simpson, "Diffractive multifocal intraocular lens image quality", Appl. Opt. 31, 3621 (1992). CrossRef J.A. Davison and M.J. Simpson, "History and development of the apodized diffractive intraocular lens", J. Cataract Refract. Surg. 32, 849 (2006). CrossRef J.C. Alfonso et al. "Prospective visual evaluation of apodized diffractive intraocular lenses", J Cataract Refract Surg. 33, 1235 (2007). CrossRef F. Vega, F. Alba-Bueno, and M.S. Millán, "Energy Distribution between Distance and Near Images in Apodized Diffractive Multifocal Intraocular Lenses", Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 52, 5695 (2011). CrossRef F. Vega et al. "Halo and Through-Focus Performance of Four Diffractive Multifocal Intraocular Lenses", Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 56, 3967 (2015). CrossRef J.P. Guigay, "On Fresnel Diffraction by One-dimensional Periodic Objects, with Application to Structure Determination of Phase Objects", Opt. Acta 18 677 (1971). CrossRef V. Arrizon and J. Ojeda-Castañeda, "Irradiance at Fresnel planes of a phase grating", J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 9, 1801 (1992). CrossRef G. Serrano-Heredia, G. Lu, P. Purwosumarto, and F.T.S. Yu, "Measurement of the phase modulation in liquid crystal television based on the fractional-Talbot effect", Opt. Eng. 35, 2680 (1996). CrossRef Z. Jaroszewicz et al. "Determination of the step height of the binary phase grating from its Fresnel images", Optik 111, 207 (2000). CrossRef L. Martínez-León et al. "Phase calibration of spatial light modulators by means of Fresnel images", J. Opt. A: Pure Appl. Opt. 11, 125405 (2009). CrossRef J.M. Rico-García and L.M Sanchez-Brea "Binary gratings with random heights", Appl. Opt. 48, 3062 (2009). CrossRef R. Brunner, Diffractive optical elements, in Springer Handbook of Lasers and Optics, F. Träger, ed., 2nd ed. (Springer, 2012), pp. 454-461. DirectLink Y. Arieli et al. "Design of diffractive optical elements for multiple wavelengths", Appl. Opt. 37, 6174 (1998). CrossRef Y. Arieli et al. "Design of a diffractive optical element for wide spectral bandwidth", Opt. Lett. 23, 823 (1998). CrossRef B.H. Kleemann, M. Seeßelberg, and J. Ruoff, "Design concepts for broadband high-efficiency does", J. Eur. Opt. Soc. Rapid 3, 08015 (2008). CrossRef T. Gühne and J. Barth, "Strategy for design of achromatic diffractive optical elements with minimized etch depths", Appl. Opt. 52, 8419 (2013). CrossRef H. Lajunen, J. Turunen, and J. Tervo, "Design of polarization gratings for broadband illumination", Opt. Express 13, 3055 (2005). CrossRef H. Lajunen, J. Tervo, and J. Turunen, "High-efficiency broadband diffractive elements based on polarization gratings", Opt. Lett 29, 803 (2004). CrossRef J. Pietarinen, T. Vallius, and J. Turunen, "Wideband four-level transmission gratings with flattened spectral efficiency", Opt. Express 14, 2583 (2006). CrossRef Y. Wang, Y. Kanamori, and K. Hane, "Pitch-variable blazed grating consisting of freestanding silicon beams", Opt. Express 17, 4419 (2009). CrossRef G. Minguez-Vega et al. "Diffraction efficiency achromatization by random change of the blaze angle", Proc. SPIE 4829, 1033 (2002). CrossRef E. Czech et al. "Diffraction Efficiency Achromatization of Blazed Gratings", EOS Topical Meeting on Diffractive Optics 2010, paper 2491. DirectLink E. Czech et al. "Analiza dokładności pomiaru, względnego rozkładu egzytancji widmowej źródeł światła, dokonanego przy użyciu spektroradiometru kompaktowego", Prz. Elektrotech. 91, 171 (2015) (in Polish). CrossRef

AbstractOptical beam steering (BS) has multiple applications in fields like target seeking and tracking, optical tweezers, billboard displays and many others. In this work, a two-dimensional beam deflector based on blaze gratings is presented. Phase-only 1D blaze gratings have been prepared using maskless Direct Laser Writing (DLW) resulting in high-resolution structures in indium-tin oxide (ITO) coated glass wafers. The device is composed of two identical 1D liquid crystal (LC) cells cascaded orthogonally back-to-back, with a resultant active area of 1.1 × 1.1 mm2. The 1D cells have been prepared with 144 pixels each with a 7.5 µm pitch. The total 288 pixels are driven by a custom made 12-bit Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) electronic driver, allowing for an arbitrarily high resolution. The system performance is documented, and the efficiency of the system has been tested. A maximum diagonal steering angle of ± 3.42° was achieved.

Optical beam-steering is becoming a key optical functionality in free space optical links used for communication and sensing. For example, in recent times, compact, wide-angle, fast, multi-axis beam steering is used extensively for LiDAR system in automotive vehicles, remote sensing platforms and deep-space optical communication. The state-of-the-art beam steering optics are typically based on mechanical, optical and/or electronic array designs. The present work investigates alternate schemes to perform multi-axis beam steering using one-dimensional diffraction gratings. Various schemes to perform multi-axis steering utilizing spectral scanning, pitch tuning and grating azimuthal rotation are discussed. More specifically, rigid silicon nitride gratings on glass substrate are designed for polarization-independent, spectrally scanned steering. The silicon nitride structures are optimized to achieve high diffraction efficiency for both linear polarizations by interfacing MATLAB based Genetic Algorithm Optimization and Lumerical FDTD based optical simulations. The dynamic steering is studied by varying the wavelength of incidence beam and azimuthal rotation of the grating about the normal to the grating. In diffraction gratings, the change in wavelength has the same effect as the change in pitch of the grating. Thereby flexible silicone material, Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) based grating is designed and optimized for polarization insensitive, high diffraction efficiency into a particular order and simulated for pitch tuning and azimuthal rotation. Lastly, experimental study of multi-axis beam steering using glass blazed gratings by incorporating spectral scanning and azimuthal rotation is discussed.

We demonstrate out-of-plane coupling of large (millimeter scale) and small (focusing) beams using holographically fabricated blazed-chirped gratings in doped silica. The 45° blaze angle was achieved via a prism coupling mechanism.

We are currently investigating the manufacture of high damage threshold gratings using a novel idea. We are placing high reflectivity coatings on holographically patterned Silicon grating blanks. This approach provides four principle advantages compared to current gratings made by placing a thin metallic layer over holographically patterned photoresist on glass substrates. First, groove shapes can be optimized because lithographic and etching techniques for Si can make almost any arbitrary profile while retaining holographic registry across large surfaces. Second, photoresist which damages at 100-200° C is replaced with metal-silicide or silicon with much higher damage thresholds. Third, Si efficiently conducts heat away from the surface whereas the glass substrates prevent cooling. Fourth, enhanced metallic and dielectric coatings, which can be made nearly 99% reflecting, can be used when the groove profile is blazed with flat surfaces (ie., triangular groove). These four advantages make us believe damage thresholds comparable to those of bulk metals (~ 300 mJ/cm2) are obtainable.

Holographic recording of surface relief gratings has recently been reported in side chain azo containing polymers by Kumar, Tripathy and coworkers [1-10] and Rochon, Natansohn and coworkers [11-13] It has been demonstrated that large surface modulation (>3000Å) could be inscribed in thin films of these polymers when an Argon ion laser radiation at 488 nm with a modest intensity (a few tens of mW/cm2) is used to record the gratings. This grating formation process strongly depends on the polarization states of the recording beams [4]. The gratings appear to be almost sinusoidal and recording of crossed gratings has been demonstrated[1]. These gratings are very stable when they are kept below the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the polymer. The gratings can be erased by either heating the grating sample above Tg or exposing it to a single laser beam at appropriate wavelength and with appropriate polarization [10]. This process allows a one step fabrication of complicated surface profile without the need of any pre or post processing of the polymer samples. Complex surface profiles, for example, well defined beat structures and blazed gratings have been recorded on these polymer films [8]. Since this surface relief grating formation process provides the one step processing and large surface modulation on the polymer films, such process is expected to have significant potential applications for various optical devices including diffractive optical elements.

The spectral region from about 2 microns to far IR has to be covered with only a few materials that are intrinsically transparent. Diffractive optics can be machined into tire surfaces of most materials and may be slumped or molded into a few materials. The readily available moldable materials include arsenic Trisulfide (Ar2S3) and both AMTIR 1 and AMTIR 2. All three of these amorphous IR glasses may be slumped into lenses and diffractive optics using fused silica and other glass master molds. They all begin, to flow at temperatures well below the softening temp of common plate and silica glasses. We have experimented with writing gratings in photo resist, etching the substrates and then healing the IR glasses under pressure in an oven until the pattern is transferred. We have produced zone plates and gratings interferometrically and by using lire Postscript language with typesetters and photo reduction. We have etched primarily with HF in solution and with vapors and are in the process of setting up an RIE machine to get better detail and anisotropic etch profiles. Gratings of 35 and 671/mm with near square and also sinusoidal profiles have been made recently and prior work was with blazed zone plates reduced from postscript masters. The design and production of binary masks and silica masters is well covered in the literature and won't be reproduced here. The experiments we report on are all dealing with the replication into AMTIR 1 and Arsenic Trisulfide.

A series of blazed, or tilted gratings were fabricated in both depressed-cladding (AT&T Accutether) and matched-cladding (Corning SMF-28) single-mode fibre. In each case, a phase mask was orientated to set the nominal blaze angle (i.e., the complement of the angle between the fibre axis and the etched lines in the mask) from 0° to 3°. The fibres were soaked in hydrogen at 2120 psi and 97.6°C for 15 hours to enhance their photosensitivity. Gratings were formed by exposing the fibre core to a 248 nm KrF laser for 5 minutes with a fluence of 130 mJ/cm2/pulse at a rate of 20 pulses/s.