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Journal articles on the topic 'Blast Loaded Plates'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 6 September 2023

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1

Rajendran, R., and J. M. Lee. "Blast loaded plates." Marine Structures 22, no. 2 (April 2009): 99–127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marstruc.2008.04.001.

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2

Zhou, Hongyuan, Pengli Cong, Xiaojuan Wang, Tianyi Song, and Xin Huang. "A Dimensionless Number for Response of Blast Loaded Steel Plates." International Journal of Structural Stability and Dynamics 21, no. 05 (March 8, 2021): 2150072. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219455421500723.

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The response of monolithic steel plates subjected to blast was extensively studied, and dozens of dimensionless numbers were proposed to predict the response. While the existing dimensionless numbers are not convenient to use in some scenarios with relatively complicated conditions, the dimensionless number proposed for blast loaded steel plates based on dimensional analysis extends the range of application. Different from other dimensionless numbers, the properties of medium with which the blast load transmits are incorporated to extend the application range to more general scenarios. The responses of the plate subjected to both near-field blast with non-uniform load and far-field blast with uniform load, i.e. both the external and internal blasts (for steel boxes), are reasonably predicted. The physical implication of the proposed dimensionless number is clear in that the media properties, geometrical features, characteristics of material, and loading are incorporated, which are readily available in test. A variety of test data are used to validate the applicability and versatility of the proposed dimensionless number.
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3

Shuaib, Mujtaba M., Steeve Chung Kim Yuen, and Gerald N. Nurick. "Numerical Simulation of Blast Loaded CFRP Retrofitted Steel Plates." MATEC Web of Conferences 347 (2021): 00038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202134700038.

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This paper reports on the results of a numerical study to simulate the response of carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) retrofitted steel plates to applied blast loads using finite element software, LS-DYNA. The results of the simulation were validated against plate response and magnitude of deformation obtained from previous experiments. The uniform blast load was generated in the experiment by detonating a cylindrical charge down the end of a square tube. The finite element code LS-DYNA was used to simulate the structural response of the respective blast structures. For the numerical model, the blast load was simulated using the mapping feature available in LS-DYNA for the multi-material arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (MM-ALE) elements which significantly reduced the size of the air domain in the model. The simulations showed a satisfactory correlation with the experiments for the blast results and post-failure deformations that occurred in CFRP retrofitted steel plates.
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4

Jiang, J., and M. D. Olson. "Iso-response Analysis of Blast Loaded Stiffened Plates." Computer-Aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering 8, no. 3 (November 6, 2008): 247–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8667.1993.tb00209.x.

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5

Rudrapatna, N. S., R. Vaziri, and M. D. Olson. "Deformation and failure of blast-loaded square plates." International Journal of Impact Engineering 22, no. 4 (April 1999): 449–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0734-743x(98)00046-3.

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6

Rudrapatna, N. S., R. Vaziri, and M. D. Olson. "Deformation and failure of blast-loaded stiffened plates." International Journal of Impact Engineering 24, no. 5 (May 2000): 457–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0734-743x(99)00172-4.

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7

Mohammadzadeh, Behzad, Junsuk Kang, and Seokbeen Im. "Blast loaded plates: Simplified analytical nonlinear dynamic approach." Structures 28 (December 2020): 2034–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2020.10.043.

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8

Nurick, G. N., M. E. Gelman, and N. S. Marshall. "Tearing of blast loaded plates with clamped boundary conditions." International Journal of Impact Engineering 18, no. 7-8 (October 1996): 803–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0734-743x(96)00026-7.

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9

Nurick, G. N., M. D. Olson, J. R. Fagnan, and A. Levin. "Deformation and tearing of blast-loaded stiffened square plates." International Journal of Impact Engineering 16, no. 2 (April 1995): 273–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0734-743x(94)00046-y.

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10

Jiang, J., and M. D. Olson. "Rigid-plastic analysis of underwater blast loaded stiffened plates." International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 37, no. 8 (August 1995): 843–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0020-7403(94)00100-x.

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11

Trajkovski, Jovan, Robert Kunc, and Ivan Prebil. "Parametric analysis study of blast loaded armour V-plates." International Journal of Protective Structures 8, no. 4 (August 31, 2017): 524–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2041419617727808.

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12

Bucur, Florina, Eugen Trana, and Adrian Rotariu. "Numerical and Experimental Study on the Locally Blast Loaded Polyurea Coated Steel Plates." Materiale Plastice 56, no. 3 (September 30, 2019): 492–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/mp.19.3.5216.

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The damages and casualties inflicted by mine and IED attacks in security challenging areas generated a strong and quick response from nations all over the world. As a part of this response several national and private research facilities increased their efforts in identifying and implementing new ways or technologies to enable blast wave mitigation. The current paper aim to investigate the opportunity of using polyurea coated steel plates as a possible new blast mitigation approach, as suggested by several investigators. In order to objectively conclude about the ability of polyurea coated plates to sustain locally blast loads several experimental tests were performed according to STANAG 4569 demands for a 1/6 scaled plate structure. In order to numerically validate the experimental results several Autodyn simulations were set-up. The numerical and experimental results exibits a fair correlation, both pointing towards a dismiss of the idea of using polyurea coated steel plates as structural and cost effective blast mitigation approach.
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13

Elveli, Benjamin S., Tore Børvik, and Vegard Aune. "Influence of material properties on the performance of blast-loaded steel plates with pre-cut defects." EPJ Web of Conferences 250 (2021): 02028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202125002028.

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Experimental and numerical investigations are carried out to determine how thin steel plates with pre-cut defects behave under blast loading. The defects considered in this study are represented by four square holes, symmetrically distributed around the centre of the target plates. The target plates were manufactured from two types of steel, i.e., a dual-phase medium strength steel and a high-strength martensitic steel. A shock tube facility was used to expose the plates to blast-like loading conditions. The experiments showed that both the blast resistance and the corresponding fracture mode changed with material properties. Numerical simulations were performed using the finite element code LS-DYNA, where the numerical results were found to be in good agreement with the experimental data in predicting the ductile fracture during the blast-structure interaction. The numerical simulations confirmed that significant work hardening will distribute the plasticity throughout the plate material during deformation, while limited work hardening will tend to localize the plasticity that results in earlier fracture.
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14

Aune, Vegard, Folco Casadei, Georgios Valsamos, Magnus Langseth, and Tore Børvik. "A Shock Tube Used to Study the Dynamic Response of Blast-Loaded Plates." Proceedings 2, no. 8 (June 28, 2018): 503. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/icem18-05395.

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This study aims to a better understanding of the performance of a shock tube used to produce blast loading in controlled laboratory environments. Special focus is placed on the influence of the diaphragm failure process on the blast wave formation in the tube. Experimental observations are supported by numerical simulations in an attempt to obtain more insight into the underlying phenomena. It was found that the diaphragm failure process introduces a multi-dimensional flow field downstream the diaphragms. This is observed as a loss of directional energy in the distant flow field and therefore affects the reflected overpressure on blast-loaded plates located at the rear end of the tube. These findings provide important insight into how such a facility works, especially if the dynamic response of flexible plates is of interest.
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15

Xu, Zixi, Yan Liu, and Fenglei Huang. "Deformation and failure of thin plate structures under blast loading." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 11, no. 1 (January 2019): 168781401881259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1687814018812597.

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The blast behavior and response of thin aluminum plates were investigated experimentally in this article and the results subjected to large-scale explosions in varied masses were presented. A device designed for measuring permanent deformation was used in the tests. Three types of failure were observed. The outcome was that all plates exhibited a counterintuitive behavior with distinct plastic deformation. Beyond that, some panels torn out from the boundaries. It is shown that the plates in field scale with lower blasting loading deformed similarly to those uniformly loaded in lab scale, but performed a deformation mode as localized loaded in small scale with the charge mass increased. Following that, results from experiments were used to verify the empirical formula derived before, where the yield stress of material was replaced by a novel parameter. Reasonable agreement between the predictions and the actual deflections of plates with lower impulsive loading was observed. In addition, a fitted prediction was given, which could be used to evaluate the permanent deflection in engineering calculation. The results obtained from experiments are helpful to give an insight into the differences on blast behavior between the field and lab scales.
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16

Schubak, R. B., M. D. Olson, and D. L. Anderson. "Rigid-plastic modelling of blast-loaded stiffened plates—Part I: One-way stiffened plates." International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 35, no. 3-4 (March 1993): 289–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0020-7403(93)90083-7.

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17

Curry, Richard, and Genevieve Langdon. "Influence of Charge Backing on the Response of Blast Loaded Plates." Proceedings 2, no. 8 (June 12, 2018): 442. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/icem18-05312.

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18

Olson, M. D., G. N. Nurick, and J. R. Fagnan. "Deformation and rupture of blast loaded square plates—predictions and experiments." International Journal of Impact Engineering 13, no. 2 (January 1993): 279–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0734-743x(93)90097-q.

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19

Kazancı, Zafer. "A review on the response of blast loaded laminated composite plates." Progress in Aerospace Sciences 81 (February 2016): 49–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paerosci.2015.12.004.

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20

Granum, Henrik, Vegard Aune, Tore Børvik, and Odd Sture Hopperstad. "Aluminium plates with pre-formed slits subjected to blast loading." EPJ Web of Conferences 183 (2018): 01032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201818301032.

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The dynamic response of thin, perforated aluminium plates subjected to blast loading was studied both experimentally and numerically. Two different blast intensities were used and the plates were pre-cut with four horizontal and vertical slits prior to testing. The applied AA6016-T4 plates had an exposed area of 0.3 m x 0.3 m and a thickness of 1.5 mm. Special focus was placed on the dynamic response and failure characteristics of the plates. Uniaxial tensile tests were conducted in three different directions to determine the material behaviour and material parameters were found by inverse modelling using the optimization tool LSOPT. Finally, numerical simulations were performed in the finite element code Abaqus/Explicit where the plates were uniformly loaded with time-dependent pressure histories from similar tests on massive plates. The material behaviour was assumed to follow the J2 flow theory of plasticity and an uncoupled damage model was used in combination with element erosion to predict material failure. The numerical results were in good agreement with the experimental observations and predicted both the dynamic response and the complete tearing of the centre part of the plates.
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21

Zheng, Cheng, Yiwen Wang, Xiangshao Kong, Hu Zhou, Haibao Liu, and Weiguo Wu. "Predicting the Deflection of Square Plates Subjected to Fully Confined Blast Loading." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, no. 12 (December 18, 2020): 1031. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse8121031.

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The main objective of this study is to conveniently and rapidly develop a new dimensionless number to characterize and predict the deflection of square plates subjected to fully confined blast loading. Firstly, based on the Kirchhoff–Love theory and dimension analysis, a set of dimensionless parameters was obtained from the governing equation representing the response of a thin plate subjected to impact load. A new dimensionless number with a definite physical meaning was then proposed based on dimensional analysis, in which the influence of bending, torsion moment and membrane forces on the dynamic response of the blast-loaded plate were considered along with the related parameters of the blast' energy, the yield strength of the material, the plate thickness and dimensions of the confined space. By analyzing the experimental data of plates subjected to confined blast loading, an approximately linear relationship between the midpoint deflection–thickness ratio of the target plate and the new dimensionless number was derived. On this basis, an empirical formula to predict the deflection of square plates subjected to fully confined blast loading was subsequently regressed, and its calculated results agree well with the experimental data. Furthermore, numerical simulations of square plates subjected to blast loading in a cuboid chamber with different lengths were performed. The numerical results were compared with the calculated data to verify the applicability of the present empirical formula in different scenarios of blast loading from explosions in a cuboid space. It is indicated that the new dimensionless number and corresponding empirical formula presented in this paper have good applicability and reliability for the deflection prediction of plates subjected to fully confined explosions in a cuboid chamber with different lengths, especially when the plates experience a large deflection–thickness ratio.
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22

Nwankwo, Ebuka, Arash Soleiman Fallah, Mojtaba Moatamedi, and Luke A. Louca. "Numerical simulation of the dynamic response in pulse-loaded fibre–metal-laminated plates." International Journal of Protective Structures 7, no. 4 (July 31, 2016): 469–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2041419616658383.

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This article presents a three-dimensional constitutive model to replicate the dynamic response of blast-loaded fibre–metal laminates made of 2024-0 aluminium alloy and woven composite (glass fibre–reinforced polypropylene). Simulation of the dynamic response is challenging when extreme localised loads are of concern and requires reliable material constitutive models as well as accurate modelling techniques. It is well known that back layers in a fibre–metal laminate provide structural support for front layers; thus, proper modelling of constituent failure and degradation is essential to understanding structural damage and failure. The improved developed model to analyse damage initiation, progression and failure of the composite is implemented in finite element code ABAQUS, and a good correlation is observed with experimental results for displacements of the back and front faces as presented by other researchers. The model was also able to predict accurately the tearing impulses. Finally, the concepts of the ‘efficiency of the charge’ and ‘effectiveness of the target’ are proposed in the context of localised blast loading on a structure. Dimensionless parameters are introduced to quantify these parameters.
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23

Aune, Vegard, Georgios Valsamos, Folco Casadei, Magnus Langseth, and Tore Børvik. "Influence of fluid-structure interaction effects on the ductile fracture of blast-loaded steel plates." EPJ Web of Conferences 250 (2021): 02019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202125002019.

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This work presents ongoing research on the influence of fluidstructure interaction (FSI) effects on the ductile crack growth in perforated steel plates subjected to blast loading. The FSI effects were studied numerically by comparing the predictions from an uncoupled and a coupled FSI approach. Experimental results were used to evaluate the reliability of the numerical simulation. It was found that the numerical models were able to predict both crack initiation and crack growth in the plate, however, some distinct differences were also observed in the performance of the two approaches under consideration. The most important feature in predicting the observed fracture patterns was an accurate description of the blast loading during the FSI.
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24

Othman, Mohd Zaid, Tan Kean Sheng, Jestin Jelani, Khairul Hasni Kamarudin, and Amir Radzi Ab Ghani. "Deformations’ Predictions by Utilizing Load Blast Enhanced against Structural Arbitrary Langrangian Eulerian Methodologies: An LS-DYNA Numerical Simulation Study." Jurnal Kejuruteraan si4, no. 1 (September 30, 2021): 153–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jkukm-2021-si4(1)-19.

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Numerical simulation study to predict the transient (maximum) deformation of a rolled homogeneous armor plate which was loaded by the explosion of spherical trinitrotoluene bomb by using the ‘load blast enhanced’ and ‘structured arbitrary langragian eulerian’ methodologies in LS-DYNA is reported in this paper. Three numerical simulation models that utilized the ‘load blast enhanced’ and three numerical simulation models that utilized the ‘structured arbitrary langragian eulerian’ methodologies in LS-DYNA were produced and their results were used to predict and validate the deformations of three blast experimental tests of rolled homogeneous armor plates obtained from a published paper. This study showed that the numerical simulation results from the ‘load blast enhanced’ methodology gave better agreement than the ‘structured arbitrary langragian eulerian’ methodology with an average percentage differences of around 17% for all three cases.
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25

Peng, Ying, Ping Yang, and Kang Hu. "Nonlinear dynamic response of blast-loaded stiffened plates considering the strain rate sensitivity." Marine Structures 70 (March 2020): 102699. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marstruc.2019.102699.

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26

Hui, David, and J. G. de Oliveira. "Dynamic Plastic Analysis of Impulsively Loaded Viscoplastic Rectangular Plates With Finite Deflections." Journal of Applied Mechanics 53, no. 3 (September 1, 1986): 667–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3171829.

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An energy balance method for the dynamic plastic analysis of thin rectangular plates made of a strain-rate sensitive material, taking into account the influence of finite-deflections, is proposed. The particular case of a fully clamped plate under uniformly distributed dynamic pressure pulse or blast loading is studied in some detail. In addition to the nonaxisymmetric and dynamic nature of the problem, the analysis considers important nonlinearities in the strains, equilibrium equations, and constitutive equations. Nonlinear ordinary differential equations in various regimes of plate deflections and loading histories are derived and solved using a Runge–Kutta method. Comparisons are made with existing experimental data.
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27

Shehu, E., L. Lomazzi, M. Giglio, and A. Manes. "Computational modeling of confined blast waves with focus on interaction with structures." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1275, no. 1 (February 1, 2023): 012028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1275/1/012028.

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Abstract Blast loading is a critical extreme loading condition for most engineering structures. Modeling such scenarios is challenging due to the intrinsic non-linearities. Recent numerical methods can capture the physics governing blast waves and their interaction with structures in a more accurate way than established empirical methods. This article is intended as a proof of concept that state-of-the-art CFD and FE software can be combined to set up high-fidelity uncoupled simulations. Computational fluid dynamics is exploited in this work to map the pressure field developed during a detonation reaction in a Eulerian domain. Then, such pressure time history is applied in the finite element framework to perform Lagrangian simulations. The methodology is used to compare the structural response of blast-loaded plates in fully confined environments to that in free-field scenarios. It turns out that confined blast waves are more severe than blast waves in unconfined scenarios, mainly due to the multiple reflections and residual quasi-static pressure. Moreover, on the one hand, the quasi-static pressure appears to contribute to further increasing the plate out-of-plane deflection, while on the other hand, it prevents plates from undergoing reverse buckling or oscillations around the initial equilibrium configuration. Experimental tests are required to provide further evidence about the latter contribution.
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28

Cloete, T. J., R. Ahmed, and G. N. Nurick. "Peripherally clamped centrally supported blast loaded circular plates: A precision test for code validation." Journal de Physique IV (Proceedings) 110 (September 2003): 507–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jp4:20020744.

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29

Aune, V., G. Valsamos, F. Casadei, M. Larcher, M. Langseth, and T. Børvik. "Numerical study on the structural response of blast-loaded thin aluminium and steel plates." International Journal of Impact Engineering 99 (January 2017): 131–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2016.08.010.

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30

Spranghers, K., D. Kakogiannis, J. M. Ndambi, D. Lecompte, and H. Sol. "Deformation measurements of blast loaded plates using digital image correlation and high-speed photography." EPJ Web of Conferences 6 (2010): 12006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/20100612006.

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31

Cloete, T. J., G. N. Nurick, and R. N. Palmer. "The deformation and shear failure of peripherally clamped centrally supported blast loaded circular plates." International Journal of Impact Engineering 32, no. 1-4 (December 2005): 92–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2005.06.002.

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32

Rigby, S. E., C. Osborne, G. S. Langdon, S. B. Cooke, and D. J. Pope. "Spherical equivalence of cylindrical explosives: Effect of charge shape on deflection of blast-loaded plates." International Journal of Impact Engineering 155 (September 2021): 103892. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2021.103892.

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33

Aune, V., G. Valsamos, F. Casadei, M. Larcher, M. Langseth, and T. Børvik. "Use of Damage-based Mesh Adaptivity to Predict Ductile Failure in Blast-loaded Aluminium Plates." Procedia Engineering 197 (2017): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.08.076.

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34

Aune, V., G. Valsamos, F. Casadei, M. Langseth, and T. Børvik. "On the dynamic response of blast-loaded steel plates with and without pre-formed holes." International Journal of Impact Engineering 108 (October 2017): 27–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2017.04.001.

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35

Schubak, R. B., M. D. Olson, and D. L. Anderson. "Rigid-plastic modelling of blast-loaded stiffened plates—Part II: Partial end fixity, rate effects and two-way stiffened plates." International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 35, no. 3-4 (March 1993): 307–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0020-7403(93)90084-8.

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36

Xu, Zixi, Yan Liu, and Fenglei Huang. "Experimental study on counterintuitive behavior of thin aluminium plates under free airblast loading." EPJ Web of Conferences 183 (2018): 02059. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201818302059.

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An experimental investigation of the counterintuitive behaviour in thin aluminium plates under fullfield test is presented in the paper. Special focus is placed on structural response and permanent deflection of the panels after the complex response. Thus, a series of tests with the plates varied in two kinds of thickness were conducted, where impulsive loading was generated by detonating the explosives at various standoff distances. As loaded impulsively, the vibration response was observed and the final configuration of each plate was measured and recreated. It is shown that all plates subjected to free air blast loading in such conditions exhibited plastic permanent deformation combined with distinct counterintuitive behaviour, as the plates deformed to the opposite direction of the incident wave. In addition, the characteristics of the permanent deflection can be divided into 2 typical deformation shapes, and the occurrences of which were correlated to the dimensionless parameter proposed in previous studies, confirmed to be an approximate indicator to describe the influence of loading conditions herein.
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37

NISHI, Mizuki, Shin'ichi ARATANI, Hidenori OJIMA, and Kazuyoshi TAKAYAMA. "Stress Generation in Float Glass Plates Loaded with Blast Wave in a Vertical Square Shock Tube." Journal of the Ceramic Society of Japan 112, no. 1304 (2004): 219–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2109/jcersj.112.219.

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38

Trajkovski, J., R. Kunc, and I. Prebil. "Blast response of centrally and eccentrically loaded flat-, U-, and V-shaped armored plates: comparative study." Shock Waves 27, no. 4 (December 19, 2016): 583–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00193-016-0704-6.

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39

Granum, Henrik, Vegard Aune, Tore Børvik, and Odd Sture Hopperstad. "Effect of heat-treatment on the structural response of blast-loaded aluminium plates with pre-cut slits." International Journal of Impact Engineering 132 (October 2019): 103306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2019.05.020.

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40

Mehreganian, N., A. S. Fallah, and L. A. Louca. "Large elastic-plastic deformation of square membranes subjected to localised pulse pressure loads." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Series: Physics and Mathematics, no. 1 (2019): 126–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1812-5409.2019/1.29.

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Ductile isotropic materials are widely used in protective systems against transient pulse pressure loads, such as those of localised blasts. This is due to the combined elastic-plastic response which contributes to dissipation of total impulse from extensive loading as the energy stored elastically limits deformation while the energy expended plastically limits the level of transferred forces in the structure. In the case of thin, modern armour graded steel plates, the tailored metallurgy helps the structure store energy within the bounds of elastic region, which may be dissipated at a later stage as damping kills it off in subsequent cycles. On the other hand, the plastic work is almost entirely converted to heat and dissipates. The present work focuses on the elastic and plastic energies in the membrane and aims at deducing, from the minimization of Föppl-Von-Kármán (FVK) energy functional combined with enforcing the constitutive relations of limit analysis, the dynamic elastic-plastic response of localised blast loaded square membranes undergoing large deformations. The presumed blast load function is a multiplicative decomposition of a prescribed continuous piecewise smooth spatial function and an arbitrary temporal function which may assume various temporal shapes (e.g. rectangular, linear, exponential). Considering the elastic response, a single-degree-of-freedom model was developed from the prescribed displacement field and associated stress tensor having clamped and simply supported boundary conditions. The explicit closed form solutions were sought by using the Ritz-Galerkin’s variational method as well as the Poincaré-Lindstedt perturbation method. The theoretical solutions of rigid-perfectly plastic square membranes subjected to the same blast scenarios were then discussed. From the combined effects we deduce the load displacement curves representing the trajectory of the nonlinear elastic-perfectly plastic structure.
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41

Elveli, Benjamin S., Mads B. Iddberg, Tore Børvik, and Vegard Aune. "On the strength–ductility trade-off in thin blast-loaded steel plates with and without initial defects — An experimental study." Thin-Walled Structures 171 (February 2022): 108787. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2021.108787.

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42

Icardi, Ugo, and Andrea Urraci. "Free and Forced Vibration of Laminated and Sandwich Plates by Zig-Zag Theories Differently Accounting for Transverse Shear and Normal Deformability." Aerospace 5, no. 4 (October 11, 2018): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace5040108.

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A number of mixed and displacement-based zig-zag theories are derived from the zig-zag adaptive theory (ZZA). As a consequence of their different assumptions on displacement, strain, and stress fields, and layerwise functions, these theories account for the transverse shear and normal deformability in different ways, but their unknowns are independent of the number of layers. Some have features that are reminiscent of ones that have been published in the literature for the sake of comparison. Benchmarks with different length-to-thickness ratios, lay-ups, material properties, and simply supported or clamped edges are studied with the intended aim of contributing toward better understanding the influence of transverse anisotropy on free vibration and the response of blast-loaded, multilayered, and sandwich plates, as well as enhancing the existing database. The results show that only theories whose layerwise contributions identically satisfy interfacial stress constrains and whose displacement fields are redefined for each layer provide results that are in agreement with elasticity solutions and three-dimensional (3D) finite element analysis (FEA) (mixed solid elements with displacements and out-of-plane stresses as nodal degrees of freedom (d.o.f.)) with a low expansion order of polynomials in the in-plane and out-of-plane directions. The choice of their layerwise functions is shown to be immaterial, while theories with fixed kinematics are shown to be strongly case-sensitive and often inadequate (even for slender components).
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43

Brekken, Kristoffer A., Ole Vestrum, Sumita Dey, Aase Reyes, and Tore Børvik. "Experimental Tests and Numerical Simulations on the Ballistic Impact Response of a Highly Inhomogeneous Aluminium Foam." Materials 15, no. 13 (July 1, 2022): 4651. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15134651.

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A sandwich structure is a composite material consisting of thin skins encapsulating a cellular core. Such structures have proven to be excellent energy absorbents and are frequently found in various types of protection. Even so, few studies exist in the open literature on the response of the core material itself under extreme loadings such as blast and impact. Since a blast load is usually accompanied by numerous fragments, it is important to understand and be able to predict the ballistic impact resistance of the often highly inhomogeneous cellular core materials in design. In this study, the ballistic impact response of an aluminium foam with a complex cell structure has been investigated both experimentally and numerically. First, an extensive material test program involving compression tests on cubic specimens loaded in the thickness direction of the foam was carried out to reveal the mechanical properties of the material. In addition, several of the specimens were scanned before testing using X-ray Micro Computed Tomography (XRMCT) to map the multi-scale topology and morphology of the material. These data were later analysed to extract density-variation plots in many different material orientations. Second, ballistic impact tests were conducted using a gas gun where rigid spheres were launched towards aluminium foam plates, and the ballistic limit velocity and curve of the foam material were established. Finally, numerical simulations of both the material tests and the ballistic impact tests were carried out using LS-DYNA and different modelling approaches based on the XRMCT data. It will be shown that, independent of the modelling strategy applied, good agreement between the experimental impact tests and the numerical predictions can be obtained. However, XRMCT data are important if the final goal is to numerically optimise and improve the behaviour of inhomogeneous foams with respect to energy absorption, thermal isolation, or similar properties.
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44

Rocchi, Laura, Andrea Faenza, Laura Rambelli, Viviana Guadagnuolo, Giovanni Marconi, Giorgia Simonetti, Cristina Papayannidis, et al. "Ex-Vivo Drug Response Profiling for Precision Medicine Approaches in Acute Myeloid Leukemia with the Open Microwell Microfluidic Platform." Blood 128, no. 22 (December 2, 2016): 1675. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v128.22.1675.1675.

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Abstract Background: Patient stratification to match individual patients with the most effective drug treatment is still a major open challenge in cancer care. For instance, cytarabine is the main drug used for AML treatment but 30% of patients fail to respond to this agent. Laboratory developed tests determining ex-vivo cellular response to cytotoxic anticancer drugs have demonstrated good correlations with clinical response, sometimes surpassing the predictive power of molecular and genetic profiling. Standardizing sample processing to remove operator-dependent biases and maintaining live cells in a functional status that closely resembles in-vivo function are major challenges affecting these tests. Here we present the open microwell (OMW) platform, a microfluidic-based system that integrates the entire process of ex-vivo testing of anticancer drug efficacy and enables drug testing in the clinical setting prior to therapy administration. The concept was validated for the first time on 13 AML patients at Sant'Orsola hospital, Italy, showing the possibility to initiate the analysis readily after sample collection, thus minimizing drifts in cell function that typically start occurring within hours from sampling, and provide results in about 24 hours, with a fully-automated system. Methods: 13 refractory, relapsed or newly diagnosed AML patients were enrolled in the study. 2 ml of fresh bone marrow in EDTA and 1 ml of serum blood were collected from each patient. White blood cells (WBC) were separated from bone marrow by standard Ficoll-Paque, suspended in medium additioned with 2% autologous serum and loaded in microfluidic chips featuring 16 microchannels and 1200 microwells/channel (70 μm diameter), open at the bottom end (Fig. 1A-B). After settling down in microwells, cells were stained with CMAC cell tracker, anti-human-CD34/CD45 fluorescently-labeled antibodies and Propidium Iodide (PI) by injecting the reagents in the microchannels. Cytarabine or combination therapies (FLAI-3, FLAI-5, FLA, MEC-4) were then injected in the microchannels and cells were incubated for 24 hours in the system (Fig. 1C). Four channels were used per therapeutic condition, including reference (ref), high (ref x 10) and low (ref/10) dosages plus a non-treated channel as reaction control. Finally, a custom software was used to detect cells in images, classify AML blasts and analyze cell death (Fig. 1D). Drug efficacy was determined by evaluation of both cell depletion and apoptosis induction. Results: We first validated the OMW platform against gold standard (FacsAria flow cytometer) for the detection of tumor cells and measurement of cell viability and apoptosis. Count of blast frequency was carried out on 5 patient samples using anti-CD34/CD45 staining. Results (Fig. 2B) show a correlation between the gold standard and OMW (n=5, R2=0.99, p<0.0001). AML blast viability was carried out on 4 patient samples after 24h drug stimulation and in control situations (vehicle only). OMW and the gold standard (incubation in 96-well plates followed by flow cytometry analysis) showed a correlation (n=4, R2=0.86, p<0.0001, Fig. 2C). We tested the predictive power of the OMW system by comparing ex-vivo drug response analysis with clinical outcomes. The outcome was predicted correctly in 4 out of 4 (100%) patients enrolled in this arm of the study (Fig. 2D). CellPly test score was set as the ratio between the number of dead cells treated at high dosage and control. Equivalent results were obtained using the ref dosage. The test was performed as a blind prospective study for 2 patients and in a retrospective way on residual AML blasts after therapy for 2 patients. In prospective cohort, we assessed therapy response with a bone marrow biopsy performed at day +28 ± 7 from induction/re-induction course. Conclusion: The OMW platform was able to count AML blasts and analyze viability and apoptosis showing high concordance with conventional diagnostics represented by flow cytometry. The assay requires 30 μl of bone marrow sample and simple manual pre-processing. Profiling of patient response to specific drugs or combination is provided within 24h. These features make the OMW platform suitable for bedside analysis, to evaluate drug activity on tumor cells within a heterogeneous sample and promptly guide personalized treatment in hematologic malignancies, with a first proof achieved on AML patients. LRo and AF equally contributed. Disclosures Rocchi: CellPly S.r.l.: Employment. Faenza:CellPly S.r.l.: Employment. Rambelli:CellPly S.r.l.: Employment. Guadagnuolo:CellPly S.r.l.: Employment. Pecorari:CellPly S.r.l.: Employment. Giulianelli:CellPly S.r.l.: Employment. Biscarini:CellPly S.r.l.: Employment. Martinelli:Novartis: Speakers Bureau; Roche: Consultancy, Speakers Bureau; Ariad: Consultancy, Speakers Bureau; BMS: Speakers Bureau; Pfizer: Consultancy, Speakers Bureau; Amgen: Consultancy, Speakers Bureau; MSD: Consultancy; Celgene: Consultancy, Speakers Bureau; Genentech: Consultancy. Guerrieri:CellPly S.r.l.: Equity Ownership. Bocchi:CellPly S.r.l.: Equity Ownership, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees.
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45

Garg,, Anup Kumar, and H. S. Sahu. "Investigation of Nonlinear Damped Vibrations of a Hybrid Laminated Composite Plate Subjected to Blast Load." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-3, Issue-4 (June 30, 2019): 1077–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd24035.

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46

Tyner, Jeffrey W., Paul Tardi, Lawrence Mayer, Luke B. Fletcher, Stephen Spurgeon, Tibor Kovacsovics, and Marc M. Loriaux. "Evaluation of CPX-351 (cytarabine:daunorubicin) Liposome Injection Anti-Leukemic Activity Against Primary Patient Leukemia Cells." Blood 116, no. 21 (November 19, 2010): 2886. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v116.21.2886.2886.

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Abstract Abstract 2886 Background: CPX-351 is a liposome formulation of cytarabine (Cyt) and daunorubicin (Daun) in which the ratio of the two drugs (5:1, mol:mol) maximizes synergy. The marked increase in efficacy observed for CPX-351 versus the free drug cocktail is associated with targeting of the synergistic drug ratio to bone marrow where drug-loaded liposomes are preferentially taken up by leukemia cells, resulting in leukemia selective cytotoxicity. Clinical testing of CPX-351 to date has focused on acute myeloid leukemia (AML), however significant anti-leukemic activity may also be achievable against other leukemia diagnoses. Investigations were undertaken to examine the relative cytotoxic potency of CPX-351 against a panel of fresh samples obtained from patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), and AML as well as select other rare myeloid and lymphoid malignancies. Cytotoxicity results were correlated with patient characteristics including response to chemotherapy, patient age, white blood cell count, blast percentage, disease status, malignant cell immunophenotype, cytogenetics, and known molecular lesions as well as diagnosis-specific criteria such as FAB status, risk stratification, and Rai stage. Additionally, CPX-351 uptake was measured in selected leukemia cell samples. Methods: Peripheral blood or bone marrow was obtained from patients with a variety of leukemia diagnoses. White blood cells were isolated on Ficoll gradients followed by red cell lysis. Cells were incubated in 96-well plates over graded concentrations of CPX-351 (ranging from 10/2 nM to 10,000/2,000 nM) for 3 days at which time cell viability was assessed by subjecting cells to a tetrazolium-based cell viability assay (MTS). All cell viability values were normalized to untreated cells from the same patient. Based on the cell viability curve for each subject, a patient-specific IC50 was calculated and correlated with clinically-relevant features of each patient's disease. Finally, uptake of CPX-351 into leukemia cells was evaluated in select samples by assessment of daunorubicin cellular fluorescence. Result: As of July 31, 2010, CPX-351 cytotoxicity was evaluated in 35 patient specimens, comprising a wide variety of diagnoses, including AML (11), CML-BC (1), CMML (2), Hemophagocytic Syndrome (1), ALL (3), Burkitt's Leukemia (1), and CLL (16). A broad range of IC50 values were observed within each diagnosis examined (50/10 nM – 4,000/800 nM). Notably, initial results indicated potent cytotoxicity of CPX-351 against a broad range of leukemia diagnoses, and CPX-351 efficacy was observed in some patients exhibiting clinical features typically associated with disease that is recalcitrant to other forms of therapy. The data establish a rationale for clinical testing of CPX-351 in a broader diversity of leukemia diagnoses. Conclusions: CPX-351 exhibits potent anti-leukemic activity against a wide range of leukemia cell types and continuation of this form of in vitro screening may help to identify specific patient populations most likely to benefit from clinical administration of CPX-351. Combining such in vitro cytotoxicity information with other forms of phenotypic and/or genomic data may also reveal biomarkers that are predictive of response to CPX-351 therapy. In sum, CPX-351 is suggested as a potent anti-leukemic agent for a wide diversity of leukemia diagnoses. Disclosures: Tardi: Celator Pharmaceuticals: Employment, Equity Ownership. Mayer:Celator Pharmaceuticals: Employment, Equity Ownership. Kovacsovics:Celator Pharmaceuticals: Research Funding. Loriaux:Celator Pharmaceuticals: Research Funding.
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47

van den Ancker, Willemijn, Theresia M. Westers, Hetty J. Bontkes, Dewi Wulandari, Erik Hooijberg, Anita GM Stam, Saskia JAM Santegoets, Gert J. Ossenkoppele, Tanja D. de Gruijl, and Arjan A. van de Loosdrecht. "Functional PRAME Specific T Cells Can Be Cultured From CD8+ Cells From Healthy Donors but Not From Patients at First CR: Implications for Immunotherapeutic Strategies in AML." Blood 114, no. 22 (November 20, 2009): 4139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v114.22.4139.4139.

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Abstract Abstract 4139 Background Therapeutic vaccination with dendritic cells (DCs) is regarded as an option for the treatment of minimal residual disease in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). In this respect, defined epitope sequences derived from leukemia-associated antigens (LAA) are an attractive source of antigen. WT1 and PRAME are both LAA that are over-expressed in various hematological malignancies and that share a potential for the induction of cellular immune responses. Expression rates in AML of each of these LAA are high, ranging from 60 to 90%. To evaluate the feasibility of using these LAA in DC based vaccine formulations in AML, we investigated the relative cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) priming efficiencies in response to WT and PRAME derived HLA-A2 binding epitopes in healthy donors (HD) and leucapheresis (LF) material or peripheral blood (PB) samples of AML patients in first complete remission (CR). Methods CD8+ cells were isolated from peripheral blood of HLA-A2+ HD and from G-CSF stimulated HLA-A2+ patients and stimulated with peptide-loaded DCs. DCs were derived from the human HLA-A2 positive AML cell line MUTZ-3 (MUTZ3-DCs) (Santegoets, et al. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2006). The peptides used were WT1 (126-134) and PRAME (100-108). Irradiated CD8-cells from the same donor were also added as helper cells. CD8+ cells were plated at one million per well in 8 to 30 wells per donor or patient. CD8+ cells were weekly restimulated with peptide-loaded MUTZ3-DCs. HLA-tetramer positivity (Tm+) for the WT1 and PRAME epitopes was weekly screened by flow cytometry. Wells were scored positive if more than 0.02% Tm+, viable CTLs were present for at least 2 weeks. Functionality of Tm+ cells was studied by analysis of IFN-gamma production after stimulation with the JY cell line loaded with relevant peptides or with an irrelevant control peptide. PRAME Tm+ CTLs were isolated by flow cytometric sorting and a CTL clone was derived by limiting dilution. Recognition of HLA-A2 and PRAME positive tumor cell lines and patient samples by the CTL clone was tested in a direct cytotoxicity assay and ELISPOT assay. Results On the whole, frequencies of the induced peptide-specific CTLs were low as shown in the Table below. Priming efficiencies were highest for PRAME. Furthermore, both PRAME and WT1 specific T cells derived from HD produced IFN-gamma in an epitope specific fashion, confirming functionality of the primed T cells. Most notably, no PRAME specific CTLs could be cultured from the patients' blood, whereas a PRAME specific CTL clone, cultured from sorted Tm+ CTLs from HD, recognized and lysed HLA-A2 PRAME positive tumor cell lines and patient-derived AML blasts Conclusions LAA-specific CD8+ T cell frequencies were generally low. Most consistently successful priming results were obtained for PRAME in HD and functional CTL were derived thereof indicating that this peptide may be an attractive candidate for vaccination strategies. However, priming of patient samples was unsuccessful, implying possible anergy induction or clonal deletion. As a consequence, active immunotherapy with PRAME-loaded DC may require combined therapy with matched allogeneic donor lymphocyte Infusion (DLI). Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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48

Mostert, Frederik J., Izak M. Snyman, and Marius Olivier. "An Experimental Technique to Characterize the Dynamic Response of Materials, or Material Combinations, to Explosive Blast." Journal of Applied Mechanics 78, no. 5 (July 28, 2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.4004333.

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An experimental technique is demonstrated whereby the dynamic deflection of a thin plate or combination of plates, impulsively loaded by the blast of an explosive charge, can be characterized. A blast pendulum measures the resulting impulse simultaneously. The technique utilizes a cylindrical adapter that is fixed onto the blast pendulum into which a helical array of laser diode and receiver pairs are fitted. The output of the receivers is electronically coupled and a cascade voltage plot is obtained as the deforming plate interrupts the aligned light beams. It is found that the technique yields good results of the dynamic motion of the plates as long as the deformation of the specimen is symmetrical.
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49

Alisjahbana, Sofia W., and Wiratman Wangsadinata. "NUMERICAL DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF ORTHOTROPIC PLATES UNDER LOCALIZED BLAST LOADING." Proceedings of International Structural Engineering and Construction 1, no. 1 (November 2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.14455/isec.res.2014.53.

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This paper analyzes the dynamic response of fixed supported orthotropic plates under localized blast loading using the method of modal superposition. The analysis procedure is used to quantify the linear transient response of such plates to the localized blast load at different positions. Many studies are currently available, in which the blast load is considered to be spatially uniform across the plate, with a temporal distribution described by a Dirac delta function. The novel aspect considered here is the case for which the blast load is modeled as a linear triangular function, and the orthotropic plate is fixed along its edges. A Mathematica program is used to solve the first and the second auxiliary Levy-type problem to determine the values of the natural frequencies of the system. The results presented here are collected from the results of analyses performed on localized blast-loaded orthotropic plates, for a variety of parameters important with regard to the dynamic response. Conclusions are drawn concerning the influence of the various parameters on the nature of the orthotropic-plate response.
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50

Lomazzi, Luca, David Morin, Francesco Cadini, Andrea Manes, and Vegard Aune. "Deep learning-based analysis to identify fluid-structure interaction effects during the response of blast-loaded plates." International Journal of Protective Structures, August 30, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20414196231198259.

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Blast events within urban areas in recent decades necessitate that protective design is no longer reserved for military installations. Modern civil infrastructure composed of light-weight, flexible materials has introduced the consideration of fluid-structure interaction (FSI) effects in blast-resistant design. While the action of blast loading on massive, rigid structures in military fortifications is well established, assessment of FSI effects is, at present, only possible through computationally expensive coupled simulations. In this study, a data-driven approach is proposed to assist in the identification of the blast-loading scenarios for which FSI effects play a significant role. A series of feed-forward deep neural networks (DNNs) were designed to learn weighted associations between characteristics of uncoupled simulations and a correction factor determined by the out-of-plane displacement arising from FSI effects in corresponding coupled simulations. The DNNs were trained, validated and tested on simulation results of various blast-loading conditions and material parameters for metallic target plates. DNNs exposed to mass-per-unit-area, identified as an influential factor in quantifying FSI effects, generalised well across a range of unseen data. The explainability approach was used to highlight the driving parameters of FSI effect predictions which further evidenced the findings. The ability to provide quick assessments of FSI influence may serve to identify opportunities to exploit FSI effects for improved structural integrity of light-weight protective structures where the use of uncoupled numerical models is currently limited.
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