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Journal articles on the topic 'Blast furnaces'
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1
Kornilov, B. V., O. L. Chaika, V. V. Lebid, Ye I. Shumelchyk, and A. O. Moskalina. "THE THERMAL WORK ANALYSIS OF THE FIREPLACES OF BLAST FURNACES OF UKRAINE OF VARIOUS DESIGNS." Fundamental and applied problems of ferrous metallurgy, no. 35 (2021): 55–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.52150/2522-9117-2021-35-55-68.
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The aim of the work is to study modern ways to increase the operational reliability of the furnace and hearth of blast furnaces, which largely determine the duration of the blast furnace campaign. The article analyzes the ways to increase the stability of the furnace and hearth, presents the results of the analysis of thermal work and ignition of the lining of metal receivers of blast furnaces of different designs. The modern directions of construction of the metal receiver of blast furnaces are determined. It is shown that the modern methodology of construction of blast furnace furnaces develops two main directions: the use of a coordinated combination of refractory materials with a cooling system; use of a combination of wear-resistant materials based on carbon and ceramics. However, even the improvement of the design and cooling system of the metal receiver does not allow to fully increase the duration of the campaign. To assess the service life of the furnace, it is necessary to provide regular automated control of the ignition of the furnace lining and hearth. In Ukraine, during the renovation of blast furnaces, the design of metal receivers with the use of "ceramic glass" was preferred. To date, the system of monitoring the thermal work and ignition of the furnace has been implemented in 10 blast furnaces using the automatic control system "Horn" developed by the HMI NASU. The implementation of continuous control over the ignition of the furnace in blast furnaces allowed us to assess the effect of the use of ceramic cups. The value of heat losses of the furnace and the cost of coke for their compensation are estimated. Methods and models for determining the thermal state and wear of the metal receiver lining based on a combination of calorimetric and thermometric control methods have been developed. Comparison of heat losses of the metal receiver in the cooling system of blast furnaces allows to quantify the thermal performance of controlled areas and the furnace as a whole. It is shown that the specific value of heat loss of the metal receiver per unit volume of the blast furnace can serve as an integral parameter. It is established that the value of specific heat losses per unit volume of the blast furnace with a ceramic cup is ~ 0.4-0.7 kW/m3, which is much less than blast furnaces without it (~ 0.9-1.1 kW/m3). Ceramic glass saves coke about 1 kg/t of cast iron.
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Nicolle, Rémy. "The operation of charcoal blast furnaces in the XIXth century." Metallurgical Research & Technology 117, no. 1 (2020): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2019071.
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Processing conditions in charcoal blast furnaces and their related internal phenomena are described, with good precision in papers and books by Hassenfratz, Karsten, Dumas, and especially Ebelmen in 1841, using, for the first time, the newly developed techniques of chemical analyses of gases and solids. Reviewing their publications at the light of more recent physical chemistry data and further developed blast furnace models, brings about a more detailed evaluation of the internal phenomena occurring inside charcoal blast furnaces and about their operating point. As industrial measurements have been carried out on small size blast furnaces, it may also bring a contribution to the archeology of early blast furnace metallurgy.
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Nicolle, Rémy. "History of the iron furnace using the physical-chemical blast furnace model." Metallurgical Research & Technology 120, no. 1 (2023): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2022098.
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The physical–chemical blast furnace model first built by Michard and Rist has proven to be a very efficient tool to predict and drive the present blast furnaces. It mostly describes the iron blast furnace as a counter current gas-solids dual heat and oxygen exchanger. The onset of coke gasification (orelse of iron oxide direct reduction), leads to a two-zones exchange model. This theory is used to look back at the operation of the earlier and smaller iron furnaces such as the early XIXth century charcoal blast furnace or the much older low shaft furnaces. It shows the interest of using physical-chemical models to better understand the operation of past production tools.
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Bonechi, L., F. Ambrosino, P. Andreetto, G. Bonomi, D. Borselli, S. Bottai, T. Buhles, et al. "BLEMAB European project: muon imaging technique applied to blast furnaces." Journal of Instrumentation 17, no. 04 (April 1, 2022): C04031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/04/c04031.
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Abstract The BLEMAB European project (BLast furnace stack density Estimation through on-line Muon ABsorption measurements), evolution of the previous Mu-Blast European project, is designed to investigate in detail the capability of muon radiography techniques applied to the imaging of a blast furnace’s inner zone. In particular, the geometry and size of the so called “cohesive zone”, i.e. the spatial zone where the slowly downward moving material begins to soften and melt, that plays an important role in the performance of the blast furnace itself. Thanks to the high penetration power of the natural cosmic ray muon radiation, muon transmission radiography represents an appropriate non-invasive methodology for imaging large high-density structures such as blast furnaces, whose linear size can be up to a few tens of meters. A state-of-the-art muon tracking system, whose design profits from the long experience of our collaboration in this field, is currently under development and will be installed in 2022 at a blast furnace on the ArcelorMittal site in Bremen (Germany) for many months. Collected data will be exploited to monitor temporal variations of the average density distribution inside the furnace. Muon radiography results will also be compared with measurements obtained through an enhanced multipoint probe and standard blast furnace models.
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M, Kuznetsov, Kryachko G, and Sigarev E. "Changes in the design and operation of the accumulatory part of domain furnaces in the process improving fuel technology." Theory and practice of metallurgy, no. 1, 2022 (January 5, 2022): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.34185/tpm.1.2022.01.
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The purpose is the detection of changes in the design and operation of the storage part of blast furnaces, due to i mprovements in smelting technology, as well as increasing power and specific productivity of units. The methodology based on the use of a new approach to assessing the technological capabilities of the furnace and storage part of blast furnaces in the study of design and practical information on the profiling of furnaces over a period of time characterized by dynamic development of units and cast iron smelting technology. Findings The proposed characteristics of the technological capabilities of the furnace and the storage part of the furnace, as well as criteria for assessing these characteristics - the share of the storage part per air lance V_nch / n_f, the power of one air lance and the relative to the countercurrent part of the furnace / V_pr. It is shown that in the design and operation of blast furnaces it is desirable to maintain the criteria V_nch / n_f and V_nch / n_chl at the lowest possible level, and the criteria of air lance power and V_zum / V_pr at the maximum. There is a tendency to slow down the height of the furnace with increasing the useful volume of the furnaces. In modern furnaces, for every additional 1000 m3 of usable volume, the height of the furnace increased by an average of 9%. It is shown that the outstripping increase in the depth of the sump in comparison with other dimensions of the profile is due not only to its structural function, but also purely technological, namely the sump cast iron heat, which increases the inertia of the blast furnace process, and also participates in the cycle of accumulation and release of smelting products. Since the sump is part of the working space of the furnace, it is proposed to change the approach to determining the complete and useful height of the blast furnace. More specifically, the full height should be considered the distance from the ladder to the upper edge of the support ring (flange) of the grate cover, and useful - to the cone or tray of the backfill device in the lower working position. The study’s originality is to justify the new principles of the approach to assessing the technological capabilities of the furnace and storage part of blast furnaces, as well as to justify the need to consider the sump or dead layer as the sixth element of the profile. The practical value is to develop recommendations on the direction of changes in the design of the furnace and storage part of blast furnaces in the design of new and modernization of existing units, as well as a new approach to determining the useful and complete height of the furnace profile.
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Bernasowski, M., A. Klimczyk, and R. Stachura. "Support algorithm for blast furnace operation with optimal fuel consumption." Journal of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B: Metallurgy 55, no. 1 (2019): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jmmb180206010b.
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Fuel consumption in blast furnaces depends on many factors that are mainly conditioned by the technological level of a given blast furnace, the steel mill in which it operates, and the type and quality of ferrous feed, coke, and additional reducing agents. These are global factors which a furnace crew cannot control during operation. On the other hand, using their own experience and decision-making software, a crew can run a blast furnace with minimal fuel consumption under current batch and process conditions. The paper presents a model-based algorithm for optimizing the operation of blast furnaces to achieve the lowest fuel consumption. The algorithm allows the heat demands to be continuously calculated and highlights any wastage that could be reduced without affecting the stable operation of the blast furnace.
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Ganin, D. R., V. G. Druzhkov, A. A. Panychev, and A. Yu Fuks. "Analysis of indices and operation improvement conditions of JSC “Ural Steel” blast furnace shop." Ferrous Metallurgy. Bulletin of Scientific , Technical and Economic Information, no. 12 (December 19, 2018): 46–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.32339/0135-5910-2018-12-46-54.
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For elaborating of measures to improve the blast furnace technology, it is necessary to analyze production data related to blast furnaces operation. Estimation of technical level of blast furnace production in conditions of JSC “Ural Steel” was the aim of the study. Data on chemical composition of casted iron produced and burden materials quoted, as well as data on iron ore materials consumption, sinter grain-size distribution, pellets chemical composition and strength characteristics, coke mechanical strength and grain-size distribution. Results of analysis presented of production operation indices of Nos 1–4 blast furnaces within a five years period, the furnaces having net volumes 1007, 1033, 1513 and 2002 m3 correspondently. Periods of non-stable furnaces operation with long stops and repairs were excluded from the analyzed data. It was determined that iron and manganese oxide contents in the sinter are presented at lower level comparing with most of sintering plants of European Communities and Japan. Fine fraction less 5 mm content is considerably higher than the index for sinter, produced at other sintering plants of Russia, as well as of developed nations. Laboratory study and experimental-industrial tests at JSC “Ural Steel” confirm reasonability of the following mineral additives utilization in sintering process, delivered into the sintering burden by sludge: brown iron ore, bentonite clay, serpentinite-magnesites, that enables to increase suitable sinter yield, productivity of sintering machines, sinter impact strength. A necessity to optimize blast furnace slags chemical composition by relation SiO2/Al2O3 and CaO/MgO determined to improve scull formation conditions and elimination of coolers mass burning-through. To improve the technical and economic indices of JSC “Ural Steel blast furnaces operation some measures on the plant blast furnace technology modification proposed.
8
Chaika, O. L., B. V. Kornilov, V. V. Lebid, A. O. Moskalyna, Ye I. Shumelchyk, and M. H. Dzhyhota. "Implementation of mathematical models of material and heat balances of blast furnace smelting as part of the ACS TP of PJSC "MK "Azovstal"." Fundamental and applied problems of ferrous metallurgy 36 (2022): 82–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.52150/2522-9117-2022-36-82-94.
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On the basis of blast furnace operation data of PJSC "MK "Azovstal", an information system has been developed, which is based on mathematical models of material and heat balances of blast furnace smelting developed at the Institute of Ferrous Metallurgy of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. The calculation of the material balance is carried out according to the "accounting system" of V. P. Izhevskii. The thermal energy model of I. D. Semikin is used to calculate the heat balance, which was developed for use in blast furnace production by O. V. Borodulin. The article describes the information system of calculating mathematical models. The information system allows you to calculate balances in automatic mode (collection of data from automatic control system of technological process (ACS TP) and calculation of material and heat balances for the selected period) and in manual mode (calculation of forecast periods to determine reserves for increasing the energy efficiency of blast furnace smelting). The models were adapted by calculating the material and heat balances of blast furnace melting and determining the inconsistencies. Monthly calculations of the material and heat balances of the blast furnaces were performed to adapt the models installed in the ACS TP of the blast furnace workshop of PJSC "MK "Azovstal". Inconsistencies in the overall material balances of the furnaces (the difference between the total input of materials into the furnace and smelting products) and by components (iron, carbon, etc.) were determined. It was established that when using the estimated amount of blast furnace dust at all blast furnaces of PJSC "MK "Azovstal", the amount of discrepancy between the arrival and consumption of materials lies within the credible range of error (<1,5%). Using the results of the calculation of heat balances, a comparison of the Inconsistencies of the blast furnaces was made (the ratio of the calculated indicators to the actual ones). Mathematical models of balances were implemented as part of the ACS TP of the blast furnace workshop of PJSC "MK "Azovstal" and were used to assess deviations from production norms, consumption of coke and conventional fuel, as well as forecast the possibility of improving the technical and economic indicators of smelting.
9
Spirin, Nikolay, Oleg Onorin, and Alexander Istomin. "Prediction of Blast Furnace Thermal State in Real-Time Operation." Solid State Phenomena 299 (January 2020): 518–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.299.518.
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The paper gives a general description of the dynamic model of the blast-furnace process that enables to calculate transition processes of the blast furnace thermal state, evaluated by the content of silicon in hot metal. It provides calculation results of the transition processes to be subjected to changes in control actions: ore load from the top and oxygen concentration in blast, natural gas flow rate and hot blast temperature from the bottom. Specific features of these transition processes during blast-furnace smelting are analyzed. The paper shows that the dynamic characteristics of blast furnaces change are subjected to control actions and depend significantly on properties of melted raw materials and operating parameters of blast furnaces. The oscillatory transition process in the blast furnace is observed in the case after disturbance it has an opposite influence on the thermal state of the lower and uppers stages of heat exchange. The paper presents prediction results of the silicon content in hot metal. It gives practical recommendations for selection of control actions.
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Spirin, N. A., A. A. Polinov`, A. V. Pavlov, O. P. Onorin, and G. N. Logachev. "Environmental and Technological Aspects of Converter Slag Utilization in Sintering and Blast-Furnace Production." KnE Materials Science 2, no. 2 (September 3, 2017): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/kms.v2i2.941.
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The paper presents calculation results for predictive conditions of blast furnace operation with the use of converter slag in the iron ore portion of the blast furnace burden. It shows that addition of converter slag in the sinter and blast-furnace burden without correction of the operating conditions is not reasonable as it significantly worsens parameters of blast furnace operation. Long-term operation of blast furnaces with addition of converter slag in the burden will be accompanied by gradual accumulation of phosphorus in metal and will lead to increasing problems regarding phosphorus removal at the converter production stage. The use of converter slag makes it possible to increase the consumption of non-fluxed pellets without changing the sinter basicity and improve parameters of blast-furnace smelting. The problem of efficient and continuous use of converter slag in blast furnaces can be solved by the complex analysis of this problem: evaluation of economic feasibility of its use as a fluxing agent; feasibility study of this issue for the “blast-furnace production – converter production” complex; analysis of environmental problems during operation at the factory and in the region.
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Alkatsev, V. M., A. L. Rutkovsky, and A. K. Makoeva. "Mathematical modeling of zinc concentrate roasting in a fluidized bed." iPolytech Journal 26, no. 4 (January 2, 2023): 669–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.21285/1814-3520-2022-4-669-676.
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The paper aims to stabilize the roasting of zinc sulfide concentrates in fluidized-bed furnaces using oxygen- enriched air. The balance between the given excess air blast (on average 20%) and the amount of loaded charge is achieved by selecting an appropriate number of evaporative cooling elements in the fluidized-bed furnace. Through the evaluation of scientific and technical information, as well as literature sources on the research topic, data were collected on the effects produced by an oxygen excess in the blast on the quality of sulfide concentrate roasting and by a blast volume on the state of the fluidized bed. In addition, statistical data for the study were obtained by analyzing the operation of fluidized-bed furnaces at Electrozinc. As part of the study, the heat balance in roasting was determined, taking into account the following technical characteristics of fluidized-bed furnaces used for roasting zinc sulfide concentrates: fluidized- bed level, number of nozzles, furnace diameter, diameter in the bed zone, hearth thickness, and the total weight of the furnace. Relying on the operation analysis of fluidized-bed furnaces, a method was proposed to regulate the oxygen supply depending on the amount of loaded charge. The oxygen supply is regulated in order to ensure a stable excess of oxygen in the blast without causing any significant changes in the blast volume and, consequently, to maximize the sulfur removal from the charge. A decrease in the excess air blast below 15% was found to significantly degrade the quality of the resulting cinder and dust, while an increase of over 20% reduced the SO2 content in the exhaust gases with no noticeable improvement in the quality of cinder. Therefore, the proposed method for regulating the oxygen supply to the furnace can improve the techno-economic performance of zinc sulfide concentrate roasting in fluidized-bed furnaces.
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Chuprynov, Yevhen, Daria Kassim, Kateryna Shmeltser, Iryna Liakhova, and Olha Renkas. "Підвищення ефективності доменної плавки в залежності від умов роботи доменних печей. Частина 1. Технологія завантаження кускового антрациту і вдування природного газу." Economics and technical engineering 1, no. 1 (October 25, 2023): 134–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.62911/ete.2023.01.01.11.
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The conducted literature review showed that blast furnace smelting technology with the injection of pulverized coal fuel (PCI) provides the highest technical and economic performance of blast furnaces in world practice. However, the lack of experience of the technological personnel, the inconsistency of the charge materials and a number of other factors do not lead to the improvement of the working conditions of the blast furnace, but on the contrary, to a decrease in technical and economic indicators due to the introduction of PCI. For example, at PJSC "ArcelorMittal Kryvyi Rih", after the introduction of PCI blowing technology, blast furnace No. 9 was stopped almost every year for major (restorative) repairs with the replacement of coolers and restoration of the lining, and coolers and tuyeres continued to fail after each blowing on the furnace. It is noted that the use of anthracite to improve the economic performance of blast furnaces has not yet been properly evaluated, although this technology is far from new. An analysis of the fuel market shows that anthracite is much cheaper than coke and often has a higher carbon content, but is inferior to it in terms of strength, especially at high temperatures. This can be compensated for by using a special technology for preliminary preparation of anthracite, as well as by loading and distributing it along the radius of the blast furnace. The relevant technology was developed by specialists of the State University of Economics and Technology and PJSC "ArcelorMittal Kryvyi Rih" back in 2000 and found its application in the furnaces of the first blast furnace workshop, and since 2003, this technology has been mastered in furnace No. 9 with a volume of 5,000 m3 of the second blast furnace workshop of PJSC "ArcelorMittal Kryvyi Rih". The analysis carried out in the article clearly demonstrated that the technical and economic indicators of the operation of blast furnaces using the technology of blowing pulverized coal fuel in an amount less than about 200 kg/t are not higher than when loading lump anthracite into the furnace and blowing natural gas, and taking into account constant capital repairs, then generally lower.
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Chu, Li Ming, and Gui Mei Cui. "Predicting blast furnace permeability index: a deep learning approach with limited time-series data." Metallurgical Research & Technology 121, no. 2 (2024): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2024015.
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The blast furnace permeability index is one of the crucial technical indicators in the ironmaking process of a blast furnace. Given that the conventional models are not entirely suitable for accommodating the intricate characteristics of blast furnace production, this paper explores a comprehensive approach that involves data mining, the sparrow search algorithm (SSA), convolutional neural networks (CNNs), and gated recurrent unit networks (GRUs) for predicting the blast furnace permeability index. Initially, to address the multi-noise nature of blast furnaces, outliers are eliminated, and a Kalman filter is devised for denoising purposes. Subsequently, in consideration of the nonlinear and substantial time-delay features of blast furnaces, the maximal information coefficient (MIC) method is employed for time-delay alignment, followed by the selection of model input variables based on process analysis and relevance. Subsequent to this, the SSA-CNN-GRU model is established. Within the modeling process, a one-dimensional convolutional neural network is utilized to extract distinct process variable features, thus further resolving the interdependence among blast furnace data. Ultimately, the effectiveness, accuracy, and advancement of the proposed method are validated using real production data.
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Lan, Chenchen, Yuejun Hao, Jiannan Shao, Shuhui Zhang, Ran Liu, and Qing Lyu. "Effect of H2 on Blast Furnace Ironmaking: A Review." Metals 12, no. 11 (November 1, 2022): 1864. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12111864.
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Under the background of “carbon peaking” and “carbon neutralization”, the green transformation of iron and steel enterprises is imminent. The hydrogen-rich smelting technology of blast furnaces is very important for reducing energy consumption and CO2 emission in ironmaking systems, and it is one of the important directions of green and low-carbon development of iron and steel enterprises. In this paper, the research status of the thermal state, reduction mechanism of iron-bearing burden, coke degradation behavior, and formation of the cohesive zone in various areas of blast furnace after hydrogen-rich smelting is summarized, which can make a more clear and comprehensive understanding for the effect of H2 on blast furnace ironmaking. Meanwhile, based on the current research situation, it is proposed that the following aspects should be further studied in the hydrogen-rich smelting of blast furnaces: (1) the utilization rate of hydrogen and degree of substitution for direct reduction, (2) combustion behavior of fuel in raceway, (3) control of gas flow distribution in the blast furnace, (4) operation optimization of the blast furnace.
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Cai, Haoyu, Ziming Zhu, and Dongdong Zhou. "Study of Tuyere Combustion Flame Temperature in Vanadium and Titanium Blast Furnaces by Machine Vision and Colorimetric Thermometry." Metals 14, no. 5 (April 25, 2024): 499. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met14050499.
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The steel industry is an important foundation of the national economy and the livelihood of the people, producing a large amount of carbon dioxide gas, accounting for about 70% of the carbon dioxide gas generated in the steel industry, which occurs during the ironmaking process. Therefore, the key technology to reduce the pollution and improve competitiveness is to increase the stability of blast furnace production and the quality of hot metal. Since the operation requirements for temperature control in the vanadium-titanium blast furnace are dramatically different compared to the traditional ones due to the low fluidity of vanadium-titanium slag, maintaining the required hot metal temperature within a narrow range with smaller fluctuations is essential. In addition, the adjustment parameters of the lower part have a significant influence on the tuyere combustion flame temperature during the daily operation of blast furnaces. At present, there is no relevant research on the online detection and analysis of vanadium-titanium blast furnace tuyere combustion flame temperature. In this study, the temperature of four tuyeres in a 500 m3 vanadium and titanium blast furnace at Jianlong Steel was detected by an online detection system. The tuyere combustion flame temperature was then calculated using colorimetric temperature measuring methodology at various times and at four distinct locations. After that, the calibration analyses, imaging parameter and the temperature tendencies in different directions of the blast furnace were investigated. This study not only offers new methods for understanding the regularity of operation and increasing the degree of visualization in vanadium and titanium smelting blast furnaces but also provides technical support for intelligent and low-carbon operation in blast furnaces.
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Kryachko, G. Yu, and Ye M. Sigarev. "Assessment of changes in productivity and limitations in forcing movement when increasing the volume of blast furnaces." Metal and Casting of Ukraine 31, no. 2 (2023): 8–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/steelcast2023.02.008.
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The selection of the useful volume of new or reconstructed blast furnaces is an urgent task for both manufacturers and designers; therefore, the assessment of the technological capabilities of furnaces of different volumes has always been of interest from both a practical and a theoretical point of view. The purpose of the presented work is the selection of the most representative indicators, with the help of which a comparative assessment of the operation of furnaces of different volumes is possible, the evaluation of the operation of furnaces in the conditions of planned and market economies, as well as an attempt to determine and classify the factors limiting the forced operation of furnaces of increased volume. It is shown that the use of indicators calculated per unit area furnace is not appropriate, since area furnace is not the main size furnace. The main size is full volume furnace, which determines design unit and amount of capital costs for its construction. Specific productivity indicators calculated per unit volume furnace similarly depend on the height furnace and adequately reflect performance of furnaces of different volumes. The indisputable advantage of compact blast furnaces with a useful volume < 1500 m3 in comparison with furnaces of larger volumes is shown, which indicates imperfection of a simplified approach to evaluating performance of furnaces based on the concepts of balance and gas dynamic components, since it is difficult to take into account all the components when determining these components influencing factors. Factors limiting process intensification in blast furnaces of medium and large volumes have been established and classified. The main external factors are the quality characteristics of coke, iron ore materials and blowing, more specifically, hot strength of coke, richness of raw materials in iron and the ability of air blowers to provide blowing with required degree of compression. The main structural solutions to overcome significant limitations in operation of furnaces with a useful volume > 1500 m3 are a rational profile, ratio of output cross-section of air nozzles and cross-section furnace, as well as the use of coneless loading devices.
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Araújo Filho, Gerson de, and Paulo Santos Assis. "Technical and environmental assessment of tire powder injection as reducing fuel through blast furnace tuyeres." Concilium 24, no. 4 (March 12, 2024): 491–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.53660/clm-2945-24d17.
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This paper shows the study of the utilization of tire as fuel to be employed into blast furnaces. This tire can substitute coal or even charcoal in the blast furnaces tuyeres. The injection into tuyeres, other than contribute for energy generation, can produce gas for metallic oxide reduction, the former charged into the blast furnace throat, thus contribution for using other forms of wastes. The tire, as powder, when to be injected into blast furnaces, contributes for an environmental employee of that waste, so as permit for obtaining a high value product. Then, one advantage of using such material is that it is waste and has lower cost for preparation. A comparative study of combustion index of pulverized tires and coals was studied. For this study are been utilized one physical model, with thermal gradient constructed at Escola de Minas-UFOP. The results obtained have showed that the tires have good combustibility, this was obtained in a model that simulate the same conditions occurring in the blast furnaces tuyeres; these results include tires and mixtures of tires with coal or even with charcoal.
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Xu, Shan Hua, Xin Long Yang, Jian Li, Bin Shi, and Bin Qiu. "The Elastic Analysis of Finite Element to the Shell of Blast Furnace under Thermal - Structural Coupling." Advanced Materials Research 368-373 (October 2011): 1495–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.368-373.1495.
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Stress distribution of blast furnace shell is important to the security of structural system. According to real loads of blast furnace and temperature loads, this paper carries on the analysis of elastic finite element to a blast furnaces utilizing the software ANSYS. The result shows that most areas of the blast furnace are in elastic state, and only a few around holes are in plasticity state as the result of stress concentration; temperature loads have great influence over the structure stress and displacement. We obtain the stress distribution of blast furnace that is useful in the design of subsequent blast furnace.
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Nedelin, S. V. "Prospects of steel industry development accounting ecological restrictions." Ferrous Metallurgy. Bulletin of Scientific , Technical and Economic Information 77, no. 8 (October 21, 2021): 936–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.32339/0135-5910-2021-8-936-942.
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Discussion of many years on consequences of man’s activity effect on environment at present moved to a practical aspect. New ecological and economical limits dictate a necessity to reduce the carbon intensity of metallurgical processes. It was noted that the technological couple “blast furnace – basic oxygen furnace” is a basic method of steel production, based on utilization of coke as a fuel and reducing component. Distribution of metallurgical capacities by types of fuel used shown, which confirms application of carbon-containing fuel-reducing additions in overwhelming majority of technological processes of iron production. Data on projects reducing carbon intensity of metallurgical industry presented, most of which aimed at changing the technology of BF process. Experience of steel industry of Japan on perfection machinery and technology of BF production considered, which enabled to reduce total consumption of reducing agents down to figure less down to 450 kg/t of hot metal, which is the best index among countries of the world. It was shown that increase of a blast furnace volume results in change of BF process technology. Such an increase also results in decrease of carbon consumption – blast furnaces of large volume have lower specific consumption of fuel and reducing agent. The specific coke rate in blast furnaces of large volume is by 71 kg/t of hot metal less comparing with blast furnaces having volume less 1000 m3, and the total fuel consumption in large blast furnaces is by 51 kg/t of hot metal lower. Accounting necessity to decrease the carbon footprint in steel products, basic ways of steel industry technologies development can be enlargement of facilities with shutdown of small and not effective capacities, changing sinter and BF charges structure with increase of more qualitative raw materials and pellets, application of alternative kinds of fuel and reducing additions.
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Semenov, Yu S., V. V. Horupakha, S. V. Vashchenko, O. Yu Khudyakov, Ye I. Shumelchyk, and K. V. Baiul. "Development of stabilization measures aimed at removing zinc with smelting products and accumulating titanium in the hearth of a blast furnace." Fundamental and applied problems of ferrous metallurgy 37 (2023): 139–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.52150/2522-9117-2023-37-139-157.
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The article presents the results of the development of stabilization measures aimed at the removal of zinc with the products of melting and accumulation of titanium in the hearth of a blast furnace. The relevance of the development and use in practice of such measures is due to the unstable fuel and raw materials conditions for the production of pig iron, when their stabilization is a complex and difficult task, as well as the need to extend the campaign of blast furnaces during the overhaul period. The negative effect of zinc oxides on the condition of the blast furnace shaft lining, accompanied by slab formation, and the overconsumption of specific coke consumption, which occurs when zinc circulates in the volume of the blast furnace, require measures to remove zinc from the smelting products. The article proposes such measures, which consist of flushing according to the proposed schedule during the operation of the blast furnace at planned blowing parameters and with the provision of the necessary thermal reserve. In order to lengthen the campaign of a blast furnace, one of the most common methods for protecting the hearth lining is the periodic introduction of titanium-containing materials into the charge of blast furnaces. The entry of titanium oxides into the furnace, as a rule, is ensured by the use of concentrate or specially prepared ilmenite briquettes with a high titanium content as part of the sinter charge, which can be introduced directly into the composition of the blast furnace charge. The article analyzes the experience of using titanium-containing materials as part of a blast furnace charge and formulates measures to intensify skull formation in the hearth.
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Filatov, S. V., A. I. Dagman, and V. N. Titov. "Energy efficient technology of hot metal smelting at PAO NLMK." Ferrous Metallurgy. Bulletin of Scientific , Technical and Economic Information 75, no. 1 (February 2, 2019): 32–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.32339/0135-5910-2019-1-32-36.
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Decrease of energy expenditure for hot metal smelting is an actual task in blast furnace technology perfection. Under conditions of PAO NLMK regimes with maximum forcing of the BF process at the expense of pressure increase under furnace mouth and coke hot strength increase were chosen as one of priority ways to increase the BF operation energy efficiency. Data on blast furnaces productivity, specific coke rate, quantity of blow-in oxygen and fuel at different gas pressure levels under the furnace mouth quoted. A dependence between pulverized coal rate and total carbon consumption determined. It was shown, that application in PAO NLMK blast furnaces of coke having hot strength of 60–65% at maximum possible pressure under the furnace mouth and application of pulverized-coal fuel enabled in the period from 2012 through 2018 to decrease the coke rate by more than 100 kg. Also the total carbon consumption decreased by more than 30 kg per hot metal ton and to increase smelting products chemical composition stability.
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Koshelnik, Oleksandr, S. Hoisan, Tatiana Pugacheva, Olga Kruglyakova, and Victoria Pavlova. "PROSPECTS OF USING ALTERNATIVE FUELS FOR HEATING OF REGENERATIVE AIR HEATERS FOR BLASТ FURNACES." Integrated Technologies and Energy Saving, no. 1 (December 6, 2023): 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2078-5364.2023.1.02.
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Landfill gas as one of the promising artificial gaseous fuels is analyzed for use in heating system of regenerative air heaters for blast furnaces. Increasing the temperature of blast is one of the most effective ways for metallurgical coke saving and increase the productivity of blast furnaces. To increase this temperature, a mixture of blast-furnace and coke oven gases is used as fuel for regenerative heat exchangers. Considering the current shortage of coke oven gas, landfill gas, the main combustible element of which is methane, is proposed as a high-calorie additive to the main fuel. Calculations were made for the combustion of a mixture of gaseous fuels in three combinations: blast-furnace gas, blast-furnace and coke gases mixture, blast-furnace and landfill gases mixture. The possibility of increasing the temperature of the hot blast to 1250 °C for the air supply system of a blast furnace with a volume of 1033 m³ was considered. Calculations showed that in order to achieve such a temperature, the adiabatic combustion temperature should be 1423 °C, and the flue gas temperature in the crown should be 1300 °C. Such temperatures cannot be reached using only blast-furnace gas, so two possible options were considered. The first option is the use of a coke and blast furnace gases mixture with a coke gas content of 6.3 % and combustion air heating to 180 °C by exhaust gases from blast furnace air heaters. The second option is combustion of a mixture of blast-furnace and landfill gas with combustion air heating to 180 °C (the content of landfill gas is 7.6 %). The flow rate of the fuel mixture for the second option is 68,523 m³ /h, and the required amount of landfill gas is 5208 m³ /h. The volumes of gas output from landfills in large cities are reported to be 5–10 MCM a year, which is less than the amount of biogas required to heat an air heater. Therefore, to achieve the required temperature it makes sense to consider a tree gas mixture that is blast-furnace, coke and landfill gases an appropriate proportions. The use of landfill gas contributes to the solution of an important environmental problem of land and atmosphere pollution during the accumulation of municipal solid waste.
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Milokhin, E. A., A. Yu Sorokin, S. V. Myasoedov, V. N. Titov, S. A. Zagainov, and A. Ya Travyanov. "Advantages and risks of using ore-coal briquettes in blast furnaces." Ferrous Metallurgy. Bulletin of Scientific , Technical and Economic Information 78, no. 12 (January 16, 2023): 1031–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.32339/0135-5910-2022-12-1031-1037.
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Reducing carbon consumption, and, consequently, CO2 emissions during iron smelting in blast furnaces is a priority for improving the technology of blast furnace smelting. In the literature, the question of the influence of the development of direct reduction of iron on the consumption of carbon as a source of reducing gas and a source of heat has been considered. In this case, the development of direct reduction in the lower zone of the furnace at temperatures above 900 °C is considered. However, direct (solid-phase) reduction can be implemented in the upper zone of a blast furnace when using ore-coal briquettes in the charge. It is shown that the solid-phase reduction reactions can proceed at temperatures above 700 °C in the upper zone of a blast furnace during the reduction of Fe3O4 and FeO. At the same time, the apparent heat capacity of the charge increases and the temperature of the top gas decreases, which is confirmed by data on the operation of blast furnaces of NLMK PJSC, which use ore-coal briquettes. The raw materials for the production of briquettes are iron ore concentrate, sludge, blast furnace dust, aspiration dust. A bentonite and a ce-ment are used as a binder. The briquettes contain 40‒42% iron and 10‒15% carbon. The theoretical analysis and statistical processing of data on the operation of blast furnaces led to the conclusion that the solid-phase reduction of iron oxides actively proceeds at temperatures below 900 °C. The results of experimental heats showed the use of briquettes allows to reduce the specific consumption of coke and the total carbon consumption of fuel. The prospects for the use of the briquettes are associated with an increase in their mechanical properties. The use of ore coal briquettes obtained from a concentrate with an iron content of 65‒68% will reduce the rate of fuel carbon and CO2 emissions.
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Kryachko, H. Yu, Ye M. Siharov, and A. A. Pokhvalityi. "Features choice parameters shoulders of blast furnaces." Fundamental and applied problems of ferrous metallurgy 37 (2023): 105–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.52150/2522-9117-2023-37-105-120.
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The purpose of the work is to establish the peculiarities of the selection of shoulder parameters in the design of new and reconstruction of existing blast furnaces. The change of approaches to the selection of the parameters of the shoulders is considered - the angle of inclination of the walls β and their height hz. It is shown that at the beginning of the studied period, the interval between 79 and 820 with a difference of three degrees was considered the rational range of the angle β. Currently, this range has expanded mostly towards smaller values and is 71-830 with a difference of 120, which is four times more than in the 1950s. It is shown that the angle β should be adjusted, first of all, according to the flow rate of each air nozzle, and then according to the composition of the blast furnace. This consideration should be mandatory, since one tuyere of powerful furnaces with a volume of 5000-5500 m3 at the same relative blowing costs per furnace takes almost twice as much as a tuyere on a furnace with a volume of 1033 m3. Based on the analysis of the condition of the charge column of blast furnaces frozen in progress, it was established that the height of the shoulders should be determined not by the quality of raw materials, as was recommended earlier, but by the design technology of melting and the organization of the charge column. As a result of the changes in the operation of air nozzles and the development of nozzle hearths with an increase in the volume of blast furnaces, there is an objective need for a relative expansion of the gap due to a gradual increase in the difference D-dg with the adoption of measures to ensure the appropriate distribution of materials and the formation of the structure of the charge column. For the general evaluation of the parameters of the shoulders, an indicator is proposed - the index of the shoulders, which is equal to the ratio of the angle of inclination of the walls to the height of the shoulders.
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Togobitskaya, D. N., A. I. Belkova, D. A. Stepanenko, N. A. Tsyupa, and Yu M. Likhachev. "Prediction of the properties of blast furnace slag in modern conditions of blast furnaces of Ukraine." Fundamental and applied problems of ferrous metallurgy, no. 32 (2018): 118–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.52150/2522-9117-2018-32-118-135.
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The aim of the work is the development of models for predicting the properties of final blast-furnace slags for the rapid assessment of the slag regime and the development of sound management recommendations when using various additives in the operating conditions of blast furnaces in Ukraine. A two-stage approach to calculating the properties of blast-furnace slag is proposed: according to the model of a “homogeneous” melt and taking into account its heterogeneity. A predictive model has been developed for calculating the viscosity of a «homogeneous» slag by including the integral parameter of the slag melt parameter e in the model structure, which takes into account the individual effect on the viscosity of each component of the slag composition. The current production data of the chemical composition of the final slag shows the effect of the magnesia content, alkaline compounds, basicity, Al2O3/MgO ratio on the calculated viscosity of the slags. For various operating conditions of blast furnaces, it has been shown that, due to incomplete combustion of coke and pulverized coal, the viscosity of slags increases by 1.5–2 times and their melting temperatures by 30–500C. Comparative analysis of the calculated properties of slag for different operating conditions of 3 furnaces in Ukraine confirms the appropriateness of using a complex of predictive models for the rapid assessment of the technological properties of slag, which makes it possible to choose a rational slag mode in modern conditions of blast smelting.
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Kassim, D. A., A. K. Tarakanov, V. P. Lyalyuk, P. I. Otorvin, and A. A. Gusev. "Влияние качества агломерата и кокса на технико-экономические показатели доменной плавки." Metallurgicheskaya i gornorudnaya promyshlennost, №4, 2018, no. 4 (August 2018): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.33101/s004-0244074.
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Purpose: Compare the results of blast furnace smelting efficiency, when chang-ing the qualitative characteristics of the sinter and coke, and the calculated param-eters of the blowing regime of melting. Methodology: Analysis of technical and economic performance of blast furnaces during periods of work on the agglomerate with different metallurgical characteris-tics and different diameter of the tuyeres. Findings: The experience of blast furnaces with a volume of 2,700 and 2,000 m3 confirmed a known fact of the dependence of furnace efficiency and coke consump-tion not only through the quality of charge materials, but also through the distribu-tion of the gas flow along the furnace section. Originality: The technological analysis of the results of the operation of blast furnaces with the volume of 2700 and 2000 m3 with a change of the quality of the sinter and pellets in combination with the change of the blowing regime parame-ters was performed. On the basis of the performed analysis, it was confirmed the expediency of increasing the gas permeability of the charge by improving the quali-ty of the raw materials while increasing the total mechanical energy of the com-bined gas-blast and hearth-gas, which are responsible for the length of the com-bustion zone and the depth of penetration of the gas flow to the center of the blast furnace. Practical value: Alternation of tuyeres of different diameters along with the im-provement of the quality characteristics of charge materials, additionally contrib-utes to the enhancement of the positive effect due to the expansion of the combus-tion zones in the furnace hearth. And if in this case the total mechanical energy of the mountain gas rises and the depth of penetration of the furnace gas to the fur-nace axis increases, the effect of using high-quality raw materials can be maxim-ized. Keywords: agglomerate, coke, blowing, tuyeres, gas permeability, quality, total energy.
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Koshelnik, O. V., and O. V. Zhukov. "PROMISING TYPES OF HEAT STORAGE ELEMENTS FOR REGENERATIVE AIR HEATERS OF BLAST FURNACES." Integrated Technologies and Energy Saving, no. 1 (June 28, 2024): 16–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2078-5364.2024.1.02.
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The paper considers the problem of improving the efficiency of operation of blast furnace air supply systems, which are equipped with regenerative heat exchangers with fixed refractory nozzle for heating hot blast. The existing methods of improving the performance of air heaters are analyzed. It is shown that further growth of thermal efficiency of regenerative heat exchangers by optimization of operation parameters or replacement of nozzles is impossible without increasing the overall parameters. As a perspective measure the use of heat storage elements with phase transition is proposed, where as a fusible insert compounds with a certain melting point are used, which corresponds to the operating modes of blast furnace air heaters. They have found application for heat storage in solar systems. Due to the "residual" thermal effect, the nozzles accumulate additional heat. This will increase the heat capacity of the heat exchanger and increase the hot blast heating temperature without changing the dimensional parameters. Operating conditions of air supply systems of blast furnaces are characterized by high temperature level, which is 1200–1350 °С, significant flow rates and speeds of hot and cold coolants, their increased pressure. Therefore, there is a question of choosing appropriate heatacumulative elements taking into account their properties and operating parameters of blast furnaces. Operation of such nozzles has revealed a number of problems, the solution of which requires additional research. For this purpose it is necessary to carry out modeling of quasi-stationary heat-exchange processes in the nozzle chamber of regenerative air heaters in order to select chemical compounds or their mixtures, which meet the operating conditions of blast furnace air supply systems, and to determine the optimal combinations of nozzle materials. Application of this technology will make it possible to obtain higher hot blast heating temper- ature, reduce metallurgical coke consumption or increase blast furnace productivity.
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Manda, A. "Turbocompressor for blast furnaces." Metallurgist 50, no. 7-8 (July 2006): 389–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11015-006-0094-6.
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Spirin, N. A., O. P. Onorin, A. S. Istomin, and I. A. Gurin. "Study of transient processes in a blast furnace based on the heat exchange scheme analysis." Ferrous Metallurgy. Bulletin of Scientific , Technical and Economic Information 76, no. 2 (March 19, 2020): 132–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.32339/0135-5910-2020-2-132-138.
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A blast furnace is a complicated metallurgical facility, which is characterized by considerable delay and inertia in the flow of heat and mass exchange. Therefore, the analysis of transient processes based on modern ideas about heat transfer is an important issue in solving technological problems of blast furnace smelting managing. A two-stage heat transfer scheme along the height of a blast furnace of modern technology presented. When studying the thermal state of a blast furnace as a control object, it is advisable to divide it into two thermal zones - the upper zone and the lower zone. The border between the zones is located in the upper part of the mixed reduction region, between the start level of coke carbon gasification and the horizon below which iron oxides are directly reduced. It was shown, that the upper and lower thermal zones have fundamental differences in heat exchange conditions and are interconnected through the index of iron direct reduction degree. The transient processes of silicon variation in the hot metal studied at variation of iron ore load, natural gas flow rate, temperature and humidity of the hot blast, oxygen content in the hot blast and slag basicity. It was shown that the oscillatory transition process is observed in case, after applying the perturbation, it will have the opposite effect on the thermal conditions of the lower and the upper stages of heat exchange in the blast furnace. The iron ore load, hot blast humidity and slag basicity were found to be the most predictable input parameters affecting the concentration of silicon in hot metal. Change in oxygen concentration in hot blast and natural gas consumption have an alternating character of influence on thermal conditions of the blast-furnace hearth. At that, the characteristics of the transient processes of blast furnaces through various channels of action vary and depend significantly on the properties of the smelted raw materials, design and operational parameters of the furnaces
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Gertsyk, S. I., and I. V. Belyakov. "EFFECT OF AIR HEATING ON CONCENTRATION OF NITROGEN OXIDES IN COMBUSTION PRODUCTS OF GASEOUS FUELS." Electrical Metallurgy, no. 10 (2020): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.31044/1684-5781-2020-0-10-35-40.
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The formation probability of nitrogen oxides in combustion products of mixed blast-furnace and natural gases under different conditions of combustion was calculated. It has been found out that heating the air incoming into burners of high-temperature blast-furnaces sharply increases concentration of nitrogen oxides in combustion products (by 1.5-1.75 times). It was notices that in furnaces where temperature was less than 950-1000 °С, heating the air up to 400 °С increased NOx content in gases released to the atmosphere no more than by 20-23%, and oxide concentration was in limits of sanitary standards.
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Tudor, Mihai Dumitru, Mircea Hritac, Nicolae Constantin, Mihai Butu, Valeriu Rucai, and Cristian Dobrescu. "Experimental Research on the Qualitative Characteristics of Iron Ores and Ferrous Waste That Can Be Used in Blast Furnace Mixt Injection Technology." Revista de Chimie 70, no. 11 (December 15, 2019): 3835–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.19.11.7655.
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Direct use of iron ores in blast furnaces, without prior sintering leads to a reduction in production costs and energy consumption [1,2]. Fine-grained iron ores and iron oxides from ferrous wastes can be used together with coal dust and limestone in mixed injection technology through the furnace tuyeres. In this paper are presented the results of experimental laboratory investigations for establishing the physic-chemical characteristics of fine materials (iron ore, limestone, pulverized coal) susceptible to be used for mixed injection in blast furnace. [1,4]. The results of the experimental research have shown that all the raw materials analyzed can be used for mixt injection in blast furnace.
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Tudor, Mihai Dumitru, Mircea Hritac, Nicolae Constantin, Mihai Butu, Valeriu Rucai, and Cristian Dobrescu. "Experimental Research on the Qualitative Characteristics of Iron Ores and Ferrous Waste That Can Be Used in Blast Furnace Mixt Injection Technology." Revista de Chimie 70, no. 11 (December 15, 2019): 3835–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.70.19.11.7655.
Full textAbstract:
Direct use of iron ores in blast furnaces, without prior sintering leads to a reduction in production costs and energy consumption [1,2]. Fine-grained iron ores and iron oxides from ferrous wastes can be used together with coal dust and limestone in mixed injection technology through the furnace tuyeres. In this paper are presented the results of experimental laboratory investigations for establishing the physic-chemical characteristics of fine materials (iron ore, limestone, pulverized coal) susceptible to be used for mixed injection in blast furnace. [1,4]. The results of the experimental research have shown that all the raw materials analyzed can be used for mixt injection in blast furnace.
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Ge, Yao, Ying Li, Han Wei, Hao Nie, Weitian Ding, Yi Cao, and Yaowei Yu. "A Novel Approach for Measuring the Thickness of Refractory of Metallurgical Vessels." Materials 13, no. 24 (December 10, 2020): 5645. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13245645.
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The advancement of metallurgical vessels, such as blast furnaces, shaft furnaces, and torpedo ladles, can be better controlled and expanded for a greater lifespan if the thickness of the refractory lining wear is known and predicted. In the past, various methods including radioactive tracers, infrared (IR) thermography, electromagnetic waves, ultrasonic tomography, and temperature field have been tested to determine the thickness of the refractory wall. However, for various reasons, these methods have failed to be effective. This paper presents a novel method—electromotive force (EMF)—for predicting the thickness of refractory lining wear in vessels, including a small-scale vessel in the laboratory, an industrial torpedo ladle, and in the two refining hearths of blast furnaces. The experimental results show that the magnitude of the EMF signal increases with a decrease in wall thickness. Prediction values of the refractory wall thickness are consistent with measured ones. The relative error of EMF measurement for the torpedo ladle is around 6.8%. The EMF measurement of blast furnace hearths is quite accurate, and the relative error is less than 11%.
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Dmitriev, A. N., Yu A. Chesnokov, and G. Yu Arzhadeeva. "The Coke and Iron Ore Materials Kinetic Characteristics and Quantitative Indicators of Blast Furnace Process." Defect and Diffusion Forum 322 (March 2012): 87–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.322.87.
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The most important problem at the blast furnace process developing is the great coke consumption decreasing at the minimization of the general energy costs. One of the most effective ways of iron-making technical progress is the iron ore materials and coke physicochemical properties improvement which allows to increase the iron productivity and decrease the specific coke rate without construction of new blast furnaces and concentrating mills. Some of the quality indicators of iron ore raw materials and coke and their influence on the main parameters of a blast furnace smelting are considered in the paper.
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Kurunov, I. F., and S. V. Filatov. "Evaluating the Efficiency of Blast Furnaces and the Prospects of Blast-Furnace Smelting." Metallurgist 58, no. 5-6 (September 2014): 372–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11015-014-9918-y.
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A, Selegei, Ivashchenko V, and Bezshkurenko O. "Analysis of modern theoretical and technlogcal methods and equipment and prospects for the development of loading of blast furnaces." Theory and practice of metallurgy, no. 4, 2022 (2022): 30–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.34185/tpm.4.2022.05.
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The current state of analytical support of blast furnace technology is considered. The main methods developed by leading research and design organizations in metallurgy, which are used for effective management of blast furnace smelting, are analyzed. It is shown that the loading technology of the blast furnace is of crucial importance for the efficiency of iron production. Monitoring equipment for modern blast furnaces allows you to obtain a wide range of information that can be used for prompt and effective correction of blast furnace smelting. The use of the specified information provides ample opportunities to ensure the most rational technical and economic indicators of the iron smelting process. In this regard, considerable attention was paid to the features of equipment and technology for loading batch materials into the furnace. The main operating characteristics for the equipment of blast furnaces, which ensure the loading of charge materials in the angle of ensuring the rational circumferential and radial distribution of the charge on the blast furnace, are considered. This, in turn, makes it possible to adhere to the specified loading program and ore loads. A description of how to load using a coneless tray-type loading device is provided. The process of movement of the flow of charge materials along the paths of the coneless loading device is analyzed. Sections of the guide shafts, section of the movement of the charge in the blast furnace space are considered separately. Disadvantages and advantages of the existing methods of calculating the dynamic parameters of charge materials at the relevant sites are revealed. The description of the sequence of operation of the equipment, which ensures the charging of the blast furnace charge, and recommendations for increasing the efficiency of the algorithms of the aggregates are given. The methods for determining the geometric and dynamic parameters of the movement of charge materials in the case of their release from the storage hoppers of the loading device of the blast furnace are considered separately. Analytical dependences are given for determining the flow of charge materials from the outlet and the charge leakage rate. The process of formation of a charge column in a blast furnace is considered. Among the main factors affecting the formation of the necessary ore load along the radius of the blast furnace, the loading program and the granulometric composition of the charge materials supplied to the blast furnace are highlighted. It is also shown that the most effective loading of the blast furnace with charge materials is considered to be the following method, when used, the optimal value of the ore load is ensured while ensuring the necessary gas permeability of the column of charge materials. In thisway, the main directions of effective improvement of the blast furnace smelting technology to ensure the best technical and economic indicators and a significant reduction in the specific consumption of raw materials have been determined.
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Laverchenko, A. P., V. G. Litvinov, V. E. Ryzhkov, A. B. Biryukov, and V. A. Sidorov. "Pages of the enterprise chronicle ‒ engineering solutions." Ferrous Metallurgy. Bulletin of Scientific , Technical and Economic Information 79, no. 5 (June 26, 2023): 406. http://dx.doi.org/10.32339/0135-5910-2023-5-406-414.
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The history of the Makeevka Metallurgical Plant is considered on the examples of the most important and striking technical decisions made by the engineers of the enterprise within the framework of the blast furnace, open-hearth and rolling industries. With regard to blast furnace production following developments are noted: enlarged assembly of blast furnaces and auxiliary units; the launch in 1929 of the largest blast furnace in the USSR with a volume of 842 m3, which served as a prototype for the design and construction of large furnaces at other enterprises; achievement of the best indicators in the country in terms of the useful volume utilization factor; launch in 1957 of blast furnace No. 5 with a volume of 1400 m3, the largest at that time in the USSR; realization of industrial use of coke oven gas in blast-furnace production. With regard to open-hearth production following achievements are noted: the first experience in the USSR in mastering a floor filling machine; the complex of solutions that ensured victory in the All-Union competition of metallurgists for the best quality and low cost of products; leadership in the development of chromium-magnesite domes and evaporative cooling of furnace elements; establishing of the world record for steel smelting at a 200-ton unit. In the field of rolling production, the development of the first Soviet blooming is noted. The current struc-ture of the plant is presented, which is currently based on the production of wire and long products on unique aggre-gates: a wire mill 150 and long products rolling mill 390. The role of the Donetsk National Technical University in the training of engineering personnel for the Makeevka Metallurgical Plant, from 1921 to the present, is noted
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Zagoruiko, Mikhail Gennadievich, Sergei Anatolievich Pavlov, and Igor Andreevich Bashmakov. "Investigation of aerodynamics in combustion of vegetative waste on isothermal models." Agrarian Scientific Journal, no. 10 (October 25, 2023): 168–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/asj.y2023i10pp168-173.
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Modern agricultural vehicles contain a large number of components, which include micro Abstract. Conventional furnaces using alternative fuels, such as vegetable waste (VW), are widely used instead of furnaces operating on conventional fuels. The furnaces aggregated with dryers of SZT and SP type are widely used in agriculture and food industry. Two models with a suspended bed were investigated: with flare-vortex and cyclone-vortex modes. The first model assumes the presence of an inclined grate in a rectangular chamber with a concentrated supply of secondary blast, primary blast with material is supplied above the grate in its lower part, and the second model assumes a cylindrical-shaped chamber with primary air inlet in the center and cyclonic secondary blast inlet at a certain height. This scheme is close to the first, only in the lower part of the model concentrated input of primary blast with material. The methodology of aerodynamics studies included: feeding of material from the hopper; material cutoff after steady-state mode; collection and weighing of fallen particles from the model; determination of the time of material presence in the model by labeled particles. Modeling of aerodynamics for different schemes of furnace process organization showed the possibility of creating two-span or single-span furnace blocks depending on the required operating mode. The results of comparative studies of aerodynamics of flare-vortex and cyclone-vortex modes are given. The results of comparative studies of aerodynamics of flare-vortex and cyclone-vortex modes are given. Optimal blowing parameters, secondary and primary air ratio, furnace design parameters contributing to the maximum specific volume heat stress are determined.
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Perepelitsyn, V. A., K. G. Zemlyanoy, K. V. Mironov, A. A. Forshev, F. P. Nikolaev, and D. V. Sushnikov. "Mineralogy and microstructure of skull varieties in blast furnace № 6 JSC EVRAZ NTMK." NOVYE OGNEUPORY (NEW REFRACTORIES), no. 7 (September 18, 2020): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/1683-4518-2020-7-11-20.
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The results of a comprehensive study of the material composition and microstructure of 20 skull samples taken after blowing out blast furnace № 6 of EVRAZ NTMK JSC are presented. More than 30 minerals and metal phases of different chemical classes were diagnosed in the samples of the skull. Unlike the skull of blast furnaces of other metallurgical plants (NLMK, ZSMK), the skull of NTMK blast furnaces has an abnormally high content of titanium, zinc, vanadium compounds, as well as heavy non-ferrous metals and sulfur. On the basis of a detailed petrographic analysis, 5 structural and genetic types (varieties in composition and origin) of the garnice were identified. The varieties of the garnish contain a large amount of grenal, which is dominated by refractory compounds of titanium and vanadium carbonitrides of the general formula (Ti, V) (C, N).
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Tunckaya, Yasin. "Performance assessment of permeability index prediction in an ironmaking process via soft computing techniques." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering 231, no. 6 (June 7, 2016): 1101–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954408916654199.
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Permeability index is a crucial productivity indicator of the lower zone in blast furnaces to maintain the operation, energy consumption, and hot liquid metal production rates during the ironmaking process. Blast furnace operation parameters such as coke-to-ore ratio, wall pressures and temperatures, flame temperature, top gas pressure, temperature and composition, hot blast pressure and temperature, sounding levels, etc. and also the level of hot liquid metal and slag in the bottom of furnace, influence the permeability phenomenon directly. Hence, fluctuations and instantenous variations of permeability index parameter should be avoided by controlling inadequate drainage cycles and operational factors to achieve more efficient and stable operation in the furnaces. In this study, permeability index parameter of the Erdemir Blast Furnace #1, located in Turkey, is modeled and experimental computing work is carried out to assess the operation performance of the furnace, depending on selected input parameters. The demanding artificial intelligence and soft computing techniques, artificial neural networks and adaptive neural fuzzy inference system, and a well-known statistical tool, autoregressive integrated moving average model are executed throughout the study using previous furnace data, received during one day of operation. Selected performance measures, coefficient of determination ( R2) and root mean squared error, are used to compare the forecasting accuracy of proposed models. Consequently, the most satisfactory forecasting model of the study, adaptive neural fuzzy inference system, is proposed to be integrated into the plant control system as an expert modeler.
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Bailera, Manuel, Takao Nakagaki, and Ryoma Kataoka. "Revisiting the Rist diagram for predicting operating conditions in blast furnaces with multiple injections." Open Research Europe 1 (November 29, 2021): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/openreseurope.14275.1.
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Background: The Rist diagram is useful for predicting changes in blast furnaces when the operating conditions are modified. In this paper, we revisit this methodology to provide a general model with additions and corrections. The reason for this is to study a new concept proposal that combines oxygen blast furnaces with Power to Gas technology. The latter produces synthetic methane by using renewable electricity and CO2 to partly replace the fossil input in the blast furnace. Carbon is thus continuously recycled in a closed loop and geological storage is avoided. Methods: The new model is validated with three data sets corresponding to (1) an air-blown blast furnace without auxiliary injections, (2) an air-blown blast furnace with pulverized coal injection and (3) an oxygen blast furnace with top gas recycling and pulverized coal injection. The error is below 8% in all cases. Results: Assuming a 280 tHM/h oxygen blast furnace that produces 1154 kgCO2/tHM, we can reduce the CO2 emissions between 6.1% and 7.4% by coupling a 150 MW Power to Gas plant. This produces 21.8 kg/tHM of synthetic methane that replaces 22.8 kg/tHM of coke or 30.2 kg/tHM of coal. The gross energy penalization of the CO2 avoidance is 27.1 MJ/kgCO2 when coke is replaced and 22.4 MJ/kgCO2 when coal is replaced. Considering the energy content of the saved fossil fuel, and the electricity no longer consumed in the air separation unit thanks to the O2 coming from the electrolyzer, the net energy penalizations are 23.1 MJ/kgCO2 and 17.9 MJ/kgCO2, respectively. Discussion: The proposed integration has energy penalizations greater than conventional amine carbon capture (typically 3.7 – 4.8 MJ/kgCO2), but in return it could reduce the economic costs thanks to diminishing the coke/coal consumption, reducing the electricity consumption in the air separation unit, and eliminating the requirement of geological storage.
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Shirshov, M. Yu, and V. G. Druzhkov. "Improving the automatic blast distribution in blast furnaces." Steel in Translation 45, no. 1 (January 2015): 49–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s0967091215010131.
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Pavlov, A. V., N. A. Spirin, I. A. Gurin, V. V. Lavrov, V. A. Beginyuk, and A. S. Istomin. "Information-modeling system for prediction of the composition and properties of final slag in a blast furnace in real time." Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 66, no. 2 (June 6, 2023): 244–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2023-2-244-252.
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The article considers general characteristics of the algorithm for prediction of the composition of the final slag in a blast furnace in real time. This algorithm is based on fundamental knowledge on the processes occurring in the furnace and general laws of transient processes. It allows predicting at the current moment of time and for every hour ten hours ahead. A linearized model of the blast furnace process and a natural-mathematical approach are used. The model takes into account the dynamic characteristics of blast furnaces in various impact channels, which change and depend on the type of impact, operating parameters of the furnaces and properties of the melted raw material. This makes it possible to adjust the model to operating conditions of the object, to take into account changes in the composition and properties of iron ore and coke, blast and regime parameters of blast furnace smelting when modeling. The software of the information-modeling system for prediction of the composition and properties of the final slag in a blast furnace in real time was developed in the C# programming language based on the ASP.NET MVC framework using the .NET 5 cross-platform. The web application includes the following main functions: visualization of change APCS parameters and design parameters over time; slag mode diagnostics; modeling of transient processes of composition and properties of slag; prediction of slag composition and properties in real time and prediction history. The software architecture is described and its operation is illustrated. An assessment of the accuracy and reliability of the simulation results based on statistical indicators was carried out. The root-mean-square deviation of the predicted basicity of the CaO/SiO2 slag from that measured at taps is 0.023, the prediction reliability is 92 %, which indicates a satisfactory agreement between the predicted and actual values of the content of individual components in the slag. The information modeling system developed on the basis of the presented algorithm is integrated into the information system of the blast furnace shop of PJSC Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works.
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Gres, L. P., O. O. Yeromin, and O. V. Gupalo. "The influence of oxygen enrichment of combustion air on the resistance of the lining of hot-blast stoves." Fundamental and applied problems of ferrous metallurgy 36 (2022): 123–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.52150/2522-9117-2022-36-123-133.
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The article is devoted to the problem of increasing the efficiency of blast furnace equipment. Currently, blast furnace gas does not provide the specified technological temperatures of high-temperature heat units (blast blast furnaces, heating furnaces, etc.), since its heat of combustion is insignificant (3200-3500 kJ/m3). In the work, a calculation and comparative analysis of two methods of increasing the combustion temperature is performed: enriching the blast furnace gas with natural gas (basic version) and enriching the combustion air with oxygen for the conditions of blast furnace air heaters with a temperature under the dome of 1300 and 1350 °C. It is shown that to ensure these temperatures, it is necessary to enrich blast furnace gas with a calorific value of 3228 kJ/m3 with natural gas (4.0 and 5.37%, respectively) or to enrich the combustion air with oxygen (29.4% and 32.3%, respectively). At the same time, it is necessary to have a reserve in the presence of a sufficient amount of technological oxygen. When enriching the combustion air with oxygen, the specific yield of combustion products decreases, and to maintain the same parameters of heat exchange in the nozzle of air heaters, it is necessary to significantly increase the consumption of blast furnace gas. At the same time, the total consumption of combustion air practically does not change. Calculations of the length of the torch, temperature distribution, and actual and permissible loads along the height of the combustion chamber of blast furnace air heaters were performed while maintaining a temperature under the dome of 1350 °С due to enrichment of blast furnace gas with natural gas (basic version) and enrichment of combustion air with technological oxygen. It is shown that when heating air heaters using oxygen, the length of the torch decreases and the temperature maximum shifts to the lower zone, where the static load on the refractory brick is greater. But at the same time, the permissible loads are greater than the actual loads, and thus the stability of the combustion chamber masonry will be ensured. With the current scarcity and cost of natural gas, its use is irrational. Heating the combustion components requires significant capital expenditures for the construction of a complex of heat exchangers. In some cases, there are no areas for placement of heat exchangers on existing thermal units. At the same time, devices for using oxygen are simple and cheap.
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Chesnokov, Yu A., L. A. Marshuk, I. N. Tanutrov, and M. N. Sviridova. "Analysis of technical and economic indicators of the pyrometallurgical scheme co-processing of red mud and scale." Ferrous Metallurgy. Bulletin of Scientific , Technical and Economic Information 76, no. 1 (February 7, 2020): 68–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.32339/0135-5910-2020-1-68-73.
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Elaboration and implementation of effective technologies of utilization of alumina production wastes (red mud) is a rather actual task. Various variants of red mud and oiled rolling scale agglomeration considered aimed at their utilization at sinter and blast furnace plants to obtain conditional marketable cast iron. As the object of the study, red mud of OJSC RUSAL and oiled rolling scale of Sinarsky pipe manufacturing plant were used. It was shown, that their joint processing enables to obtain an agglomerated product having iron content more than 50%, which meets the modern requirements to the burden materials for blast furnaces. To determine the optimal scheme of the processing in the blast furnaces, various variants of studied materials agglomeration were calculated – an oxidizing roasting to obtain pellets and briquetting with application of burnt lime as a binder. The components interrelation in the mixture was selected to have iron content in the agglomerated product high enough at maximal possible volume of red mud utilization. The calculation analysis showed that interrelation 50% of red mud and 50% of oiled rolling scale meet the requirement. Calculated blast furnace heat indicators presented while applying briquettes and pellets from red mud and oiled rolling scale in the burden.
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Naboka, V. I., G. A. Polyanskii, A. P. Fomenko, and N. V. Krutas. "Dynamic properties of blast furnaces." Steel in Translation 38, no. 10 (October 2008): 833–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s0967091208100100.
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Donskov, E. G., V. P. Lyalyuk, and A. D. Donskov. "Gas behavior in blast furnaces." Steel in Translation 44, no. 3 (March 2014): 209–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s0967091214030048.
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Mul'ko, G. N., A. A. Bondar', V. A. Zaitsev, E. A. Nitskii, and E. G. Cherkasov. "Making ferromanganese in blast furnaces." Metallurgist 44, no. 2 (February 2000): 51–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02463528.
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Fedoruk, R. M., N. V. Pitak, �. L. Karyakina, T. P. Khmelenko, V. S. Baksheeva, V. B. Kulakov, V. A. Khreshchenyuk, I. P. Konnov, V. I. Koroteeva, and N. I. Al'nikova. "Refractories for lining blast furnaces." Refractories 26, no. 5-6 (May 1985): 238–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01539585.
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Al-Hussein, H., and Ya Hudak. "Metal structures of blast furnaces." Metallurgist 50, no. 7-8 (July 2006): 384–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11015-006-0093-7.
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