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Academic literature on the topic 'Blast furnaces'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 5 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Blast furnaces"

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Kornilov, B. V., O. L. Chaika, V. V. Lebid, Ye I. Shumelchyk, and A. O. Moskalina. "THE THERMAL WORK ANALYSIS OF THE FIREPLACES OF BLAST FURNACES OF UKRAINE OF VARIOUS DESIGNS." Fundamental and applied problems of ferrous metallurgy, no. 35 (2021): 55–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.52150/2522-9117-2021-35-55-68.

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The aim of the work is to study modern ways to increase the operational reliability of the furnace and hearth of blast furnaces, which largely determine the duration of the blast furnace campaign. The article analyzes the ways to increase the stability of the furnace and hearth, presents the results of the analysis of thermal work and ignition of the lining of metal receivers of blast furnaces of different designs. The modern directions of construction of the metal receiver of blast furnaces are determined. It is shown that the modern methodology of construction of blast furnace furnaces develops two main directions: the use of a coordinated combination of refractory materials with a cooling system; use of a combination of wear-resistant materials based on carbon and ceramics. However, even the improvement of the design and cooling system of the metal receiver does not allow to fully increase the duration of the campaign. To assess the service life of the furnace, it is necessary to provide regular automated control of the ignition of the furnace lining and hearth. In Ukraine, during the renovation of blast furnaces, the design of metal receivers with the use of "ceramic glass" was preferred. To date, the system of monitoring the thermal work and ignition of the furnace has been implemented in 10 blast furnaces using the automatic control system "Horn" developed by the HMI NASU. The implementation of continuous control over the ignition of the furnace in blast furnaces allowed us to assess the effect of the use of ceramic cups. The value of heat losses of the furnace and the cost of coke for their compensation are estimated. Methods and models for determining the thermal state and wear of the metal receiver lining based on a combination of calorimetric and thermometric control methods have been developed. Comparison of heat losses of the metal receiver in the cooling system of blast furnaces allows to quantify the thermal performance of controlled areas and the furnace as a whole. It is shown that the specific value of heat loss of the metal receiver per unit volume of the blast furnace can serve as an integral parameter. It is established that the value of specific heat losses per unit volume of the blast furnace with a ceramic cup is ~ 0.4-0.7 kW/m3, which is much less than blast furnaces without it (~ 0.9-1.1 kW/m3). Ceramic glass saves coke about 1 kg/t of cast iron.
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Nicolle, Rémy. "The operation of charcoal blast furnaces in the XIXth century." Metallurgical Research & Technology 117, no. 1 (2020): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2019071.

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Processing conditions in charcoal blast furnaces and their related internal phenomena are described, with good precision in papers and books by Hassenfratz, Karsten, Dumas, and especially Ebelmen in 1841, using, for the first time, the newly developed techniques of chemical analyses of gases and solids. Reviewing their publications at the light of more recent physical chemistry data and further developed blast furnace models, brings about a more detailed evaluation of the internal phenomena occurring inside charcoal blast furnaces and about their operating point. As industrial measurements have been carried out on small size blast furnaces, it may also bring a contribution to the archeology of early blast furnace metallurgy.
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Nicolle, Rémy. "History of the iron furnace using the physical-chemical blast furnace model." Metallurgical Research & Technology 120, no. 1 (2023): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2022098.

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The physical–chemical blast furnace model first built by Michard and Rist has proven to be a very efficient tool to predict and drive the present blast furnaces. It mostly describes the iron blast furnace as a counter current gas-solids dual heat and oxygen exchanger. The onset of coke gasification (orelse of iron oxide direct reduction), leads to a two-zones exchange model. This theory is used to look back at the operation of the earlier and smaller iron furnaces such as the early XIXth century charcoal blast furnace or the much older low shaft furnaces. It shows the interest of using physical-chemical models to better understand the operation of past production tools.
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Bonechi, L., F. Ambrosino, P. Andreetto, G. Bonomi, D. Borselli, S. Bottai, T. Buhles, et al. "BLEMAB European project: muon imaging technique applied to blast furnaces." Journal of Instrumentation 17, no. 04 (April 1, 2022): C04031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/17/04/c04031.

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Abstract The BLEMAB European project (BLast furnace stack density Estimation through on-line Muon ABsorption measurements), evolution of the previous Mu-Blast European project, is designed to investigate in detail the capability of muon radiography techniques applied to the imaging of a blast furnace’s inner zone. In particular, the geometry and size of the so called “cohesive zone”, i.e. the spatial zone where the slowly downward moving material begins to soften and melt, that plays an important role in the performance of the blast furnace itself. Thanks to the high penetration power of the natural cosmic ray muon radiation, muon transmission radiography represents an appropriate non-invasive methodology for imaging large high-density structures such as blast furnaces, whose linear size can be up to a few tens of meters. A state-of-the-art muon tracking system, whose design profits from the long experience of our collaboration in this field, is currently under development and will be installed in 2022 at a blast furnace on the ArcelorMittal site in Bremen (Germany) for many months. Collected data will be exploited to monitor temporal variations of the average density distribution inside the furnace. Muon radiography results will also be compared with measurements obtained through an enhanced multipoint probe and standard blast furnace models.
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Bernasowski, M., A. Klimczyk, and R. Stachura. "Support algorithm for blast furnace operation with optimal fuel consumption." Journal of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B: Metallurgy 55, no. 1 (2019): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jmmb180206010b.

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Fuel consumption in blast furnaces depends on many factors that are mainly conditioned by the technological level of a given blast furnace, the steel mill in which it operates, and the type and quality of ferrous feed, coke, and additional reducing agents. These are global factors which a furnace crew cannot control during operation. On the other hand, using their own experience and decision-making software, a crew can run a blast furnace with minimal fuel consumption under current batch and process conditions. The paper presents a model-based algorithm for optimizing the operation of blast furnaces to achieve the lowest fuel consumption. The algorithm allows the heat demands to be continuously calculated and highlights any wastage that could be reduced without affecting the stable operation of the blast furnace.
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Ganin, D. R., V. G. Druzhkov, A. A. Panychev, and A. Yu Fuks. "Analysis of indices and operation improvement conditions of JSC “Ural Steel” blast furnace shop." Ferrous Metallurgy. Bulletin of Scientific , Technical and Economic Information, no. 12 (December 19, 2018): 46–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.32339/0135-5910-2018-12-46-54.

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For elaborating of measures to improve the blast furnace technology, it is necessary to analyze production data related to blast furnaces operation. Estimation of technical level of blast furnace production in conditions of JSC “Ural Steel” was the aim of the study. Data on chemical composition of casted iron produced and burden materials quoted, as well as data on iron ore materials consumption, sinter grain-size distribution, pellets chemical composition and strength characteristics, coke mechanical strength and grain-size distribution. Results of analysis presented of production operation indices of Nos 1–4 blast furnaces within a five years period, the furnaces having net volumes 1007, 1033, 1513 and 2002 m3 correspondently. Periods of non-stable furnaces operation with long stops and repairs were excluded from the analyzed data. It was determined that iron and manganese oxide contents in the sinter are presented at lower level comparing with most of sintering plants of European Communities and Japan. Fine fraction less 5 mm content is considerably higher than the index for sinter, produced at other sintering plants of Russia, as well as of developed nations. Laboratory study and experimental-industrial tests at JSC “Ural Steel” confirm reasonability of the following mineral additives utilization in sintering process, delivered into the sintering burden by sludge: brown iron ore, bentonite clay, serpentinite-magnesites, that enables to increase suitable sinter yield, productivity of sintering machines, sinter impact strength. A necessity to optimize blast furnace slags chemical composition by relation SiO2/Al2O3 and CaO/MgO determined to improve scull formation conditions and elimination of coolers mass burning-through. To improve the technical and economic indices of JSC “Ural Steel blast furnaces operation some measures on the plant blast furnace technology modification proposed.
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Spirin, Nikolay, Oleg Onorin, and Alexander Istomin. "Prediction of Blast Furnace Thermal State in Real-Time Operation." Solid State Phenomena 299 (January 2020): 518–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.299.518.

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The paper gives a general description of the dynamic model of the blast-furnace process that enables to calculate transition processes of the blast furnace thermal state, evaluated by the content of silicon in hot metal. It provides calculation results of the transition processes to be subjected to changes in control actions: ore load from the top and oxygen concentration in blast, natural gas flow rate and hot blast temperature from the bottom. Specific features of these transition processes during blast-furnace smelting are analyzed. The paper shows that the dynamic characteristics of blast furnaces change are subjected to control actions and depend significantly on properties of melted raw materials and operating parameters of blast furnaces. The oscillatory transition process in the blast furnace is observed in the case after disturbance it has an opposite influence on the thermal state of the lower and uppers stages of heat exchange. The paper presents prediction results of the silicon content in hot metal. It gives practical recommendations for selection of control actions.
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Spirin, N. A., A. A. Polinov`, A. V. Pavlov, O. P. Onorin, and G. N. Logachev. "Environmental and Technological Aspects of Converter Slag Utilization in Sintering and Blast-Furnace Production." KnE Materials Science 2, no. 2 (September 3, 2017): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/kms.v2i2.941.

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The paper presents calculation results for predictive conditions of blast furnace operation with the use of converter slag in the iron ore portion of the blast furnace burden. It shows that addition of converter slag in the sinter and blast-furnace burden without correction of the operating conditions is not reasonable as it significantly worsens parameters of blast furnace operation. Long-term operation of blast furnaces with addition of converter slag in the burden will be accompanied by gradual accumulation of phosphorus in metal and will lead to increasing problems regarding phosphorus removal at the converter production stage. The use of converter slag makes it possible to increase the consumption of non-fluxed pellets without changing the sinter basicity and improve parameters of blast-furnace smelting. The problem of efficient and continuous use of converter slag in blast furnaces can be solved by the complex analysis of this problem: evaluation of economic feasibility of its use as a fluxing agent; feasibility study of this issue for the “blast-furnace production – converter production” complex; analysis of environmental problems during operation at the factory and in the region.
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Alkatsev, V. M., A. L. Rutkovsky, and A. K. Makoeva. "Mathematical modeling of zinc concentrate roasting in a fluidized bed." iPolytech Journal 26, no. 4 (January 2, 2023): 669–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.21285/1814-3520-2022-4-669-676.

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The paper aims to stabilize the roasting of zinc sulfide concentrates in fluidized-bed furnaces using oxygen- enriched air. The balance between the given excess air blast (on average 20%) and the amount of loaded charge is achieved by selecting an appropriate number of evaporative cooling elements in the fluidized-bed furnace. Through the evaluation of scientific and technical information, as well as literature sources on the research topic, data were collected on the effects produced by an oxygen excess in the blast on the quality of sulfide concentrate roasting and by a blast volume on the state of the fluidized bed. In addition, statistical data for the study were obtained by analyzing the operation of fluidized-bed furnaces at Electrozinc. As part of the study, the heat balance in roasting was determined, taking into account the following technical characteristics of fluidized-bed furnaces used for roasting zinc sulfide concentrates: fluidized- bed level, number of nozzles, furnace diameter, diameter in the bed zone, hearth thickness, and the total weight of the furnace. Relying on the operation analysis of fluidized-bed furnaces, a method was proposed to regulate the oxygen supply depending on the amount of loaded charge. The oxygen supply is regulated in order to ensure a stable excess of oxygen in the blast without causing any significant changes in the blast volume and, consequently, to maximize the sulfur removal from the charge. A decrease in the excess air blast below 15% was found to significantly degrade the quality of the resulting cinder and dust, while an increase of over 20% reduced the SO2 content in the exhaust gases with no noticeable improvement in the quality of cinder. Therefore, the proposed method for regulating the oxygen supply to the furnace can improve the techno-economic performance of zinc sulfide concentrate roasting in fluidized-bed furnaces.
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Lan, Chenchen, Yuejun Hao, Jiannan Shao, Shuhui Zhang, Ran Liu, and Qing Lyu. "Effect of H2 on Blast Furnace Ironmaking: A Review." Metals 12, no. 11 (November 1, 2022): 1864. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12111864.

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Under the background of “carbon peaking” and “carbon neutralization”, the green transformation of iron and steel enterprises is imminent. The hydrogen-rich smelting technology of blast furnaces is very important for reducing energy consumption and CO2 emission in ironmaking systems, and it is one of the important directions of green and low-carbon development of iron and steel enterprises. In this paper, the research status of the thermal state, reduction mechanism of iron-bearing burden, coke degradation behavior, and formation of the cohesive zone in various areas of blast furnace after hydrogen-rich smelting is summarized, which can make a more clear and comprehensive understanding for the effect of H2 on blast furnace ironmaking. Meanwhile, based on the current research situation, it is proposed that the following aspects should be further studied in the hydrogen-rich smelting of blast furnaces: (1) the utilization rate of hydrogen and degree of substitution for direct reduction, (2) combustion behavior of fuel in raceway, (3) control of gas flow distribution in the blast furnace, (4) operation optimization of the blast furnace.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Blast furnaces"

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Grant, Michael G. K. "Factors affecting the mechanical properties of blast furnace coke." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/26702.

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The influence of coking conditions, with respect to position in a commercial coke-oven, on the mechanical behaviour of blast furnace coke has been studied. This involved the determination of density, porosity, the characterization of microstructure and assessing the influence of all three on the compressive strength of coke. The plastic flow properties were also investigated at temperatures greater than 1000°C. Three coke batches, originating in a 5m commercial coke-oven at three different positions with respect to height (0.8m, 3.3m and 5m below the coal line), along with three coke batches produced in a 460mm test-oven, were supplied by Energy, Mines and Resources (CANMET) in Ottawa. A warf coke batch was also provided as a control sample. Several hundred core-drilled specimens (≃1.3cm diameter and 1.3cm length) were produced from the seven coke batches. The bulk density of each cylindrical coke specimen was determined. Also, a detailed microstructural analysis, using a Leitz Image Analyzer, of the flat faces of the coke cylinders was performed to quantitatively characterize the pore and cell wall size, and the pore geometry. The compressive strength of each coke cylinder was determined both at ambient temperature and at 1400°C. In addition, the plastic flow behaviour of the commercially produced coke batches was studied. Results indicate that the coke product bulk density was affected by the coke-oven pressure (static load). Studies of the test-oven coke batches revealed that coke bulk density increased with higher oven pressure. Furthermore, the pore size was found to be larger for cokes produced at lower oven pressures. The cell wall size did not appear to be affected by coke-oven pressure. The bulk density of the commercially produced samples increased with depth below the coal line. This was attributed to a higher temperature and static load that existed at the bottom of the battery. The pore size was larger in cokes extracted from higher regions. No correlation of cell wall size with depth below the coal line was found. However, an oven size effect on the pore and wall size was noticed. Both the pore and wall size was smaller in the test-oven coke batches. The compressive strength of coke was higher in batches subjected to higher coke-oven pressures. Similarly,' the compressive strength of commercial coke batches was higher for coke batches extracted from regions near the sole of the coke-oven, than that for coke batches extracted from higher regions. It was concluded that high oven pressures resulted in cokes exhibiting a lower porosity and small pores which had the combined effect of producing stronger coke. Coke strength was generally shown to be higher at 1400°C than at room temperature. The test-oven cokes were always stronger than cokes produced in the 5m commercial coke-oven. Constant load tests revealed that coke exhibited plastic flow behaviour at temperatures above 1000°C. The time dependent strain data was described using an interactive-double-Kelvin element visco-elastic model.
Applied Science, Faculty of
Materials Engineering, Department of
Graduate
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Cochrane, R. F. "Energy conservation in the zinc-lead blast furnace." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.383056.

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SIQUEIRA, ELIS REGINA LIMA. "NATURAL GAS SIMULATION INJECTED FOR TUYERES OF BLAST FURNACES STEEL." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2014. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=25322@1.

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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO
CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO
O alto forno é um reator metalúrgico cujo objetivo consiste na produção de ferro-gusa. O consumo de combustível/redutor no processo de redução de minério de ferro em altos fornos, representa mais de 50 por cento do custo do gusa. No sentido de aumentar a produtividade e reduzir o consumo de combustível/redutor são empregadas técnicas de injeção de combustíveis auxiliares pelas ventaneiras dos altos fornos. A combustão de gás natural (GN) injetado nas ventaneiras produz grande quantidade de hidrogênio, esse gás é melhor redutor se comparado ao monóxido de carbono, pois ele possui velocidade de reação maior com os óxidos de ferro e, além disso, a geração de CO2 no processo de redução é diminuída quando comparado ao uso do carvão pulverizado (PCI), que é atualmente o material de injeção mais usado no Brasil. Este trabalho propõe a simulação da combustão de GN injetado pelas ventaneiras de um alto forno, utilizando o software CHEMKIN. As simulações provenientes deste software são amplamente utilizadas para otimização da combustão, sendo possível explorar rapidamente o impacto das variáveis de projeto sobre o desempenho do processo. Os resultados provenientes dessa simulação computacional em condições típicas de alto forno permitiram a previsão da temperatura de chama adiabática e a quantificação dos gases redutores de óxidos de ferro: H2 e CO. A partir da variação dos parâmetros de processo foi possível obter resultados úteis para a tomada de decisão, visando controlar e otimizar o processo.
The blast furnace is a metallurgical reactor whose goal is to produce pig iron. The fuel / reductant in the reduction of iron ore in the blast furnace process, represents more than 50 percent of the cost of the iron. In order to increase the productivity of the blast furnace and reduce fuel consumption / reducer injection techniques are employed by tuyeres of materials that act as fuel / reducer. The combustion of natural gas injected into the tuyeres produces large amounts of hydrogen, which replaces part of the carbon monoxide as reducing gas in the tank. The hydrogen gas is better compared to the reductant carbon monoxide, because it has reaction rate with the iron oxides and, moreover, the CO2 generation in the process of reduction is decreased when compared to the use of pulverized coal (PCI), which is currently the material most commonly used injection by tuyeres in Brazil. This paper proposes the simulation of combustion of natural gas injected into the tuyeres of a blast furnace, using the CHEMKIN software package. Simulations from this software are widely used for optimization of combustion, which can quickly explore the impact of design variables on the performance of the process, using accurate models of chemical kinetics. The computer simulation results from the combustion of natural gas at typical conditions of blast furnaces allowed the prediction of the adiabatic flame temperature and the reaching of the reducing gases of iron oxides: H2 and CO. From the variation of process parameters was possible to obtain useful results in order to control and optimize the process.
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Dong, Xuefeng Materials Science &amp Engineering Faculty of Science UNSW. "Modelling of gas-powder-liquid-solid multiphase flow in a blast furnace." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Materials Science and Engineering, 2004. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/20808.

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The ironmaking blast furnace (BF) is a complex reaction vessel involving counter-, coand/ or cross-current flows of gas, powder, liquid, and solids. However, the interactions of these multiphase flows have not been completely understood. The objective of this thesis is to develop a suitable model to simulate the powder flow and accumulation in packed beds and then extend it to numerically investigate the multiphase flow in the furnace. Gas-powder flow in a slot type packed bed has been experimentally studied in order to understand the flow and accumulation behaviour of powder in systems like an ironmaking blast furnace. A variety of variables including gas flowrate, powder flowrate and packing properties have been taken into consideration. It is found that a clear and stable accumulation region can form in the low gas-powder velocity zone at the bottom of the bed. The accumulation region is stable and shows strong hysteresis. The distribution of softening-melting layers in the blast furnace known as the cohesive zone (CZ) is modelled by inserting solid blocks into the bed. The results indicate that the inverse-V cohesive zone shape leads to low powder accumulation within the CZ and at the corner of the bed. A mathematical model is proposed to describe gas-powder flow in a bed packed with particles. The model is the same as the two fluid model developed on the basis of the space-averaged theorem in terms of the governing equations but extended to consider the interactions between gas, powder and packed particles, as well as the static and dynamic holdups of powder. In particular, a method is proposed to determine the boundary between dynamic and stagnant zones with respect to powder phase, i.e. the profile of the powder accumulation zone. The validity of numerical modelling is examined by comparing the predicted and measured distributions of powder flow and accumulation under various flow conditions. With high PCI rate operations, a large quantity of unburned coal/char fines flow together with the gas into the blast furnace. Under some operating conditions, the holdup of fines results in deterioration of furnace permeability and lower production efficiency. Therefore, the proposed model is applied to simulate the powder (unburnt coal/char) flow and accumulation inside the blast furnace when operating with different cohesive zone (CZ) shapes. The results indicate that powder is likely to accumulate at the lower part of W-shaped CZs and the upper part of V- and inverse V-shaped CZs. In addition, for the same CZ shape, a thick cohesive layer can lead to a large pressure drop while the resistance of narrow cohesive layers to gas-powder flow is found to be relatively small. Gas-powder flow in moving beds of solid particles has been numerically investigated, under conditions related to the ironmaking blast furnace and high rate pulverized coal injection. A new correlation, which is formulated to describe static powder holdup in a moving packed bed, is incorporated into the previous mathematical model and applied to a description of gas-powder flow in a blast furnace. Compared with the results of fixed beds, the results show that the solids descent due to the consumption of ore, coke and unburnt char in various regions, together with the non-uniform structural distribution, significantly affects powder flow and accumulation in a blast furnace. Finally, liquid flow is simulated through force balance approach and numerical results are compared with the different liquid inlet distribution under the iron-making blast furnace conditions with gas flow. The results show that the effect of inlet distribution on liquid flow is significant in the upper part of coke region in BF and possible loading and dry zone can be numerically identified. Then, this part of work is incorporated to the developed gas-powder-solid modelling system to investigate the influence of liquid phase on other phases flow in the blast furnace although heat transfer and chemistry are not considered in the model.
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Chen, Matthew Lidong Materials Science &amp Engineering Faculty of Science UNSW. "Multiphase flow in packed beds with special reference to ironmaking blast furnace." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. Materials Science & Engineering, 2008. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/41354.

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Multi-phase flows can be found in a range of processes in vanous industries. Ironrnaking blast furnace is one of the typical examples. With high pulverized coal injection rates, complete combustion within the raceway of blast furnace becomes difficult, giving rise to a large amount of powder flow together with gases into the furnace. Thus, the performance of a modern blast furnace with high PCI strongly depends on the characteristics of a multiphase system which involves gas, powder, and liquid superimposed on the motion of solid particles. For this multiphase flow system, the solid (coke, sinter/pellets, etc) movement and liquids (hot metal and slag) and powders (unbumt coal and coke ash) accumulation in the lower region of the furnace are believed to play an important role. This thesis presents an experimental study focus on quantifying the hydrodynamics of gas-powder and gas-powder-liquid flows through packed beds with special reference to blast furnace. The effects of process variables including fluid flowrate and some material properties on powder hold-up, pressure gradient and phase interaction are examined. An experimental study of the hydrodynamics of gas-powder flow in packed beds has been carried out. Glass powder and spherical/non-spherical particles are used to simulate pulverized coal and coke particle respectively. It is found that solid motion, powder flowrate and particle spericity affect powder hold-up and pressure gradient significantly. New correlations are proposed for static and dynamic powder hold-ups to account for these effects based on experimental results. A hydrodynamic model is proposed for gas-powder flow in packed beds with spherical and non-spherical particles. Incorporation these correlations and porosity function into the existed Fanning and Ergun equations, the pressure gradients in fixed and moving beds can be reasonably estimated. The gas-powder-liquid flow through the moving beds is studied. The effects of fluid variables and some material properties on total powder hold-up and pressure gradients have been examined experimentally within the so-called operational regime. The normal and non-wetting treated glass beads, glass powder and water or mixture of water and glycerin are used to simulate coke, pulverized coal and hot metal/slag in a blast furnace. The results indicates that steady-state gas-powder-liquid flow in moving packed beds can be achieved under certain flow conditions since particle motion gives main contribution while it provides a higher bed porosity, enhances powder and liquid flow and removes the accumulation of the powder. The fluid variables and liquid viscosity significantly affect the total powder hold-up and hence pressure gradient but the wettability does not. Based on the experimental results, new correlations for powder hold-up and pressure gradient are proposed for blast furnace modelling in terms of dimensionless number of flowrates for different phases. Incorporation of these correlations and the existed empirical correlations of phase interactions, a hydrodynamic model is proposed to quantify the interaction force between liquid and powder. The results show that this force plays an important role for stable gas-powder-liquid flow in moving beds though it is ignored by most of the previous researchers.
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Pipatmanomai, Suneerat. "Investigation of coal behaviour under conditions simulating injection into blast furnaces." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.289829.

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Van, der Vyver W. F. (Wilhelmina Fredrika). "Evaluation of the REAS test for blast furnace charge materials." Diss., University of Pretoria, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/30402.

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During the past two decades many efforts have been made to increase the control of blast furnace conditions to ensure a homogeneous product. The dissections on blast furnaces by various iron and steel companies in Japan in the early 70s provided valuable information on the high temperature properties of charging material. Standard tests (ISO) to determine ore, sinter and pellet qualities only provide information of up to 1100°C . By using the REAS apparatus - a high temperature reduction vessel that simulates the blast furnace process from stockline to melting - the high temperature properties of burden materials have been investigated. The REAS process not only provides an insight into the reactions occurring during the softening and melting process but a range of indices with which to judge the blast furnace performance. Since 1993 new developments started and a test method for Iscor blast furnaces was specifically developed. Although certain indices have been established, uncertainties around the melting mechanisms still existed. These uncertainties include: • Why does the maximum pressure over the sample bed vary extensively between different samples? • Why does a temperature decrease occur only in certain samples and what determines the extent of the temperature decrease? • Which low melting phase forms that causes the initial rise in pressure drop over the sample bed? Four tests were performed on a mixture of Sishen and Thabazimbi ore to determine the phase changes in the test sample. During the reduction of the iron ore, five distinct phases are present. Above 1200°C two liquid phases, an alkali rich phase and a liquid phase with a fayalite composition is present. The rest of the iron reports at different stages in various forms of metallic iron and wustite. Small amounts of a high melting oxide phase, hercynite, also occurs. Softening of the sample is said to occur when the ΔP over the sample bed increases by more than 200 mm H2O. For the specific tests evaluated, this occurred at 1200°C. At this temperature, the liquid with a fayalite composition as well as the alkali rich liquid are present. The formation of the low melting fayalite phase with a high viscosity appears to cause the sudden rise in ΔP. A temperature arrest occurs at the same time supporting the suggestion that liquid formation is responsible for the pressure increase. The results indicate that the mechanisms responsible for the observed pressure drop (decreased gas permeability) and dripping may well be different from those given in the literature. The literature mechanisms emphasise the importance of the amount of FeO available to act as flux for the silica which is present as gangue; hence a greater degree of (indirect) reduction below the melting point of fayalite gives poorer fluxing of silica since less FeO is available. However, the charge materials considered in this study appear to be of substantially higher grade than those used in the previous work. For this reason, there does not appear to be any shortage of FeO to act as flux. This abundance of FeO, and the observation that the peak in pressure drop is not associated with any great change in the amount of liquid, together imply that the literature mechanism regarding changes in the amount and composition of the liquid (i.e. becoming more Si02-rich and viscous as the FeO is reduced) cannot explain the pressure fluctuations observed here. Rather, the increase in pressure appears to be a joint effect of liquid being present (giving the first increase in pressure) and compaction of the sample. Loss of voidage in the sample by this substantial amount of compaction appears the likely cause of the pressure increase. The subsequent decrease in the pressure drop is probably associated with lower viscosity as the sample temperature increases. The importance of compaction means that the amount of indirect reduction does playa role in the development of the pressure drop, but not for the reasons cited in the literature. Pure iron is more malleable than the oxides, and reduction gives a porous iron structure which is more easily compacted. F or both these reasons, the metallic product of indirect reduction favours compaction (and hence the pressure increase). The sharp increase in reduction rate close to the peak pressure presumably results from better contact between the remaining iron oxide (in the fayalite-based liquid, and wustite) with the coke reductant, so favouring direct reduction; this increased reduction (endothermic because of the Boudouard reaction) results in one of the noticeable temperature arrests on the sample temperature curve. The correspondence between the temperature arrests and the changes within the sample do imply that these arrests can be used to gain some information on the reduction mechanisms. However, the reliability of the temperature arrests as indicators of the state of the sample and the reaction conditions within the sample must be tested by further work.
Dissertation (MSc (Metallurgy))--University of Pretoria, 1998.
Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering
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Schlesinger, Mark E. "LEAD OXIDE SOLUBILITY IN LEAD BLAST-FURNACE SLAGS (ACTIVITY, THERMODYNAMICS)." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/291261.

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Sun, Stanley Shuye. "A study of kinetics and mechanisms of iron ore reduction in ore/coal composites." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ30115.pdf.

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Zhou, Zongyan Materials Science &amp Engineering Faculty of Science UNSW. "Mathematical modelling of gas-solid flow and thermal behaviour in an ironmaking blast furnace." Awarded by:University of New South Wales, 2007. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/35214.

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The ironmaking blast furnace (BF) remains the most significant and important process for the production of liquid iron. For the achievement of stable furnace operation and good performance, mathematical modellings at different levels increasingly become a powerful tool in developing better understanding of this multiphase flow system, in particular the gas-solid flow. This thesis represents an effort in this area. A simplified and continuum-based mathematical model is proposed and tested to predict the BF gas-solid flow at a macroscopic level. The results show that the simple model is able to predict the general features of the solid flow, including the effects of gas and solid flowrates, and materials properties. The simplified model can be readily implemented in a full process model that needs to have a quick response to change for the purpose of control and optimization. To overcome the difficulties encountered in continuum modelling, i.e. determination of constitutive correlations, and particularly the description of the stagnant zone when related to BF, a discrete model based on the coupling approach of discrete element method (DEM) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is then employed to investigate the gas-solid flow in a model BF at a microscopic level. The results confirm the effects of variables such as gas flow rate, solid flow rate, particle properties, and model types. More importantly, such an approach can generate abundant microscopic information such as flow structure (particle velocity, porosity, coordination number) and force structure, which are of paramount importance to elucidate the gas-solid flow mechanisms, and develop a more comprehensive understanding of BF gas-solid flow, such as the formation mechanism of the stagnant zone. Further, the transient gas-solid flow phenomena, together with the considerations of cohesive zones and hearth liquid, can be predicted. Further, in order to develop understanding of thermal behaviour and elucidate the heat transfer mechanisms occurring in particle-fluid flow system, a new model is proposed by extending the DEM-CFD, and then tested in gas fluidization. The model considers the three heat transfer modes, and demonstrates its ability in investigating the heat transfer mechanisms, and offers an effective method to elucidate the mechanisms governing the heat transfer in particle-fluid systems at a particle scale. It is recommended to apply to the study of BF thermal behaviour.
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Books on the topic "Blast furnaces"

1

Bernd, Becher. Blast furnaces. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 1990.

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Bernd, Becher. Blast furnaces. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 1990.

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Woodward, Joseph H. Alabama blast furnaces. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2007.

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Woodward, Joseph H. Alabama blast furnaces. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2007.

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Cudmore, J. F. Metallurgical coke manufacture and factors influencing its behaviour in the blast furnace. North Ryde, N.S.W: Australian Coal Industry Research Laboratories, 1987.

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Joint Society on Iron and Steel Basic Research (Japan). Committee on Reaction within Blast Furnaces., ed. Blast furnace phenomena and modelling. London: Elsevier Applied Science, 1987.

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Liu, Yuncai. The Operation of Contemporary Blast Furnaces. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-7074-2.

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Hutny, W. P. Direct use of coal in blast-furnace technology. Ottawa, Ont: Canada Centre for Mineral and Energy Technology, 1989.

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Klimenko, V. A. Osnovy fiziki domennogo prot͡s︡essa. Moskva: "Metallurgii͡a︡," Cheli͡a︡binskoe otd-nie, 1991.

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Kudinov, G. A. Okhlazhdenie sovremennykh domennykh pecheĭ. Moskva: "Metallurgii͡a︡", 1988.

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Book chapters on the topic "Blast furnaces"

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Vignes, Alain. "Blast Furnaces." In Extractive Metallurgy 3, 79–124. Hoboken, NJ USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118617106.ch4.

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Liu, Yuncai. "The Explosion of Blast Furnace." In The Operation of Contemporary Blast Furnaces, 447–55. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-7074-2_12.

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Liu, Yuncai. "Basic Operation of Blast Furnace." In The Operation of Contemporary Blast Furnaces, 225–71. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-7074-2_7.

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Cavaliere, Pasquale, and Alessio Silvello. "CO2 Emission Reduction in Blast Furnaces." In Ironmaking and Steelmaking Processes, 151–71. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39529-6_9.

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Liu, Yuncai. "Introduction." In The Operation of Contemporary Blast Furnaces, 1–8. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-7074-2_1.

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Liu, Yuncai. "The Operation of BF Blowing on (in)." In The Operation of Contemporary Blast Furnaces, 385–421. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-7074-2_10.

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Liu, Yuncai. "The Operation of Blowing Out, Blanking and Furnace Blowing Off." In The Operation of Contemporary Blast Furnaces, 423–46. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-7074-2_11.

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Liu, Yuncai. "To Activize the Hearth." In The Operation of Contemporary Blast Furnaces, 9–50. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-7074-2_2.

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Liu, Yuncai. "The Structure of Stock Column and the Control of Gas Distribution." In The Operation of Contemporary Blast Furnaces, 51–109. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-7074-2_3.

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Liu, Yuncai. "To Stable Furnace Temperature." In The Operation of Contemporary Blast Furnaces, 111–67. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-7074-2_4.

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Conference papers on the topic "Blast furnaces"

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Kim, Keeyoung, Byeongrak Seo, Sang-Hoon Rhee, Seungmoon Lee, and Simon S. Woo. "Deep Learning for Blast Furnaces." In CIKM '19: The 28th ACM International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3357384.3357803.

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Fu, Dong, Yan Chen, Chenn Q. Zhou, Yongfu Zhao, Louis W. Lherbier, and John G. Grindey. "CFD Modeling of Skull Formation in a Blast Furnace Hearth." In ASME 2012 Heat Transfer Summer Conference collocated with the ASME 2012 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting and the ASME 2012 10th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2012-58394.

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The formation of the protective layer of solidified metal (skull) is critical to the blast furnace hearth operation. Enhancement of the formation of the skull layer could extend the hearth lining life and blast furnace campaign. In this paper, a CFD model that consists of solidification, flow, heat transfer has been utilized to simulate the skull formation phenomena in a blast furnace hearth. The heat transfer characteristics and temperature distribution of the skull and refractory brick has been investigated. The simulated results are comparable with operating experience of U. S. Steel blast furnaces. Parametric study includes lining property and structure, cooling water temperature and flow rate, hot metal (HM) temperature and the production rate, as well as cast practice.
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Wu, Bin, Tom Roesel, and Chenn Q. Zhou. "Numerical Modeling of Pulverized Charcoal and Hot Oxygen Co-Injection in a Blast Furnace Tuyere." In ASME 2009 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2009-13107.

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Pulverized Coal Injection (PCI) is a technique that has been applied to blast furnaces over the last several decades. Due to the increased fuel economy seen in furnaces utilizing pulverized coal technology, several companies are in the process of developing a new hot oxygen injection technology in a charcoal based blast furnace. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) has been employed to obtain a better understanding of this new technique. In the current study, a 3D multiphase reacting CFD model had been developed to evaluate the utilization of a very high temperature, high velocity stream of oxygen in a PCI tuyere. With the use of hot oxygen, both the injection and combustion rates of the charcoal fines in the blast furnace tuyere have been dramatically increased and contribute to the reduction of the lump charcoal consumption rate of the furnace. Parametric studies of different oxygen and PCI lance locations have also been conducted. The simulation results provide insight into optimization of the lance configuration to achieve maximum combustion performance and avoid overheating of the tuyere.
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Schweitzer, J. S., and R. C. Lanza. "Nuclear techniques for the inspection of blast furnaces." In The fifteenth international conference on the application of accelerators in research and industry. AIP, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.59276.

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Liu, Xiang, Guangwu Tang, Tyamo Okosun, Armin K. Silaen, Stuart J. Street, and Chenn Q. Zhou. "Investigation of Heat Transfer Phenomena in Blast Furnace Tuyere/Blowpipe Region." In ASME 2017 Heat Transfer Summer Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2017-4961.

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The blast furnace (BF) is a crucial stage in the iron-steel making process. Pulverized coal injection (PCI) and natural gas (NG) have been utilized in blast furnaces as a substitute fuel source for reducing coke rate. Due to introduction of injected fuels into a blast furnace, the combustion and heat transfer in the tuyere/blowpipe region affects the tuyere/blowpipe structure. A comprehensive computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model including PCI/NG combustion, multi-mode heat transfer for the blowpipe/tuyere region of a blast furnace at AK Steel Dearborn Works has been developed, considering detailed material properties in the blowpipe region. The model has been validated by comparing the blowpipe skin temperature profile with thermographic images under typical operating conditions. Based on the developed CFD model, the detailed PCI/NG co-injection combustion has been investigated and the thermal effect on the tuyere tip has been revealed.
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Ghorbani, Hamid, Kyle Chomyn, Maher Al-Dojayli, and Afshin Sadri. "ASSESSMENT OF HEARTH REFRACTORY WEAR IN OPERATING BLAST FURNACES." In 48° Seminário de Redução de Minérios e Matérias-primas. São Paulo: Editora Blucher, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5151/2594-357x-31161.

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Soltys, Cameron, Maher Al-Dojayli, and Hamid Ghorbani. "THERMAL BENDING OF COPPER COOLING STAVES IN BLAST FURNACES." In 49° Seminário de Redução de Minérios e Matérias-primas. São Paulo: Editora Blucher, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5151/2594-357x-32533.

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Sadri, A., R. Santini, and M. Henstock. "Imaging the Remaining Refractory Lining in Active Blast Furnaces." In AISTech 2020. AIST, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.33313/380/232.

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Gandra, Beatriz Fausta, Alexandre Alves Barbosa, and Alexandre Medeiros Silva. "PHOSPHORUS BEHAVIOR IN BLAST FURNACES WITH DIFFERENT THERMODYNAMIC CONDITIONS." In 50° Seminário de Redução de Minérios e Matérias-primas. São Paulo: Editora Blucher, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5151/2594-357x-34288.

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Quaranta, N., M. Caligaris, H. López, M. Unsen, and C. Giansiracusa. "Blast furnaces’ mud: waste or a new by-product?" In WASTE MANAGEMENT 2008. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/wm080421.

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Reports on the topic "Blast furnaces"

1

Author, Not Given. Blast Furnace Granular Coal Injection Project. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/16145.

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McDaniel, E. (Immobilization of technetium in blast furnace slag). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5385009.

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Hutny, W. P., and J. T. Price. Direct use of coal in blast-furnace technology. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/306986.

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Wang, Tianqi, Maryam Salehi, and Andrew J. Whelton. Blast Furnace Slag Usage and Guidance for Indiana. Purdue University, August 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284316647.

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Hill, D. G., T. J. Strayer, and R. W. Bouman. An update on blast furnace granular coal injection. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/682308.

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Hutny, W. P., and J. T. Price. Analysis and regression model of blast furnace coal injection. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/304361.

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Seaman, John. Recovery Act: ArcelorMittal USA Blast Furnace Gas Flare Capture. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1082429.

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Trivelpiece, Cory, and Madison Hsieh. Blast furnace slag reactions in various solutions (Interim Report). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1784919.

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Hutny, W. P., J. A. MacPhee, and L. Giroux. Feasibility study on the effect of coal injection into the blast furnace on performance and emissions from the blast furnace-coke oven system. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/304634.

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Author, Not Given. Clean Coal III Project: Blast Furnace Granular Coal Injection Project Trail 1 Report - Blast Furnace Granular Coal Injection - Results with Low Volatile Coal. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1820.

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