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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Blast effect

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Academic literature on the topic 'Blast effect'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 31 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Blast effect"

1

Iacono, Diego, Erin K. Murphy, Cheryl D. Stimpson, Fabio Leonessa, and Daniel P. Perl. "Double Blast Wave Primary Effect on Synaptic, Glymphatic, Myelin, Neuronal and Neurovascular Markers." Brain Sciences 13, no. 2 (February 8, 2023): 286. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci13020286.

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Explosive blasts are associated with neurological consequences as a result of blast waves impact on the brain. Yet, the neuropathologic and molecular consequences due to blast waves vs. blunt-TBI are not fully understood. An explosive-driven blast-generating system was used to reproduce blast wave exposure and examine pathological and molecular changes generated by primary wave effects of blast exposure. We assessed if pre- and post-synaptic (synaptophysin, PSD-95, spinophilin, GAP-43), neuronal (NF-L), glymphatic (LYVE1, podoplanin), myelin (MBP), neurovascular (AQP4, S100β, PDGF) and genomic (DNA polymerase-β, RNA polymerase II) markers could be altered across different brain regions of double blast vs. sham animals. Twelve male rats exposed to two consecutive blasts were compared to 12 control/sham rats. Western blot, ELISA, and immunofluorescence analyses were performed across the frontal cortex, hippocampus, cerebellum, and brainstem. The results showed altered levels of AQP4, S100β, DNA-polymerase-β, PDGF, synaptophysin and PSD-95 in double blast vs. sham animals in most of the examined regions. These data indicate that blast-generated changes are preferentially associated with neurovascular, glymphatic, and DNA repair markers, especially in the brainstem. Moreover, these changes were not accompanied by behavioral changes and corroborate the hypothesis for which an asymptomatic altered status is caused by repeated blast exposures.

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Taiwo, Blessing Olamide, Yewuhalashet Fissha, Thomas Palangio, Andrew Palangio, Hajime Ikeda, Nageswara Rao Cheepurupalli, Naseer Muhammad Khan, et al. "Assessment of Charge Initiation Techniques Effect on Blast Fragmentation and Environmental Safety: An Application of WipFrag Software." Mining 3, no. 3 (September 14, 2023): 532–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mining3030030.

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Blast charge initiation procedures have a significant impact on both mining safety and production rates. In this study, the inventory benefit of an electric initiation system was investigated to assess its influence on both fragmentation and blast-induced damages. The WipFrag software was used to examine the size distribution and productivity of 12 small-scale blasts initiated by both nonelectric and electric detonators. All blast rounds were initiated with plain-type electric and NONEL detonators. The average burden, spacing, stemming length, and charge weight were, respectively, 0.85 m, 1.10 m, 0.66 m, and 1.1 kg. The results showed that the mesh through which 80% of the blast fragments passed for the electric blast was smaller than the mesh through which the material products from the NONEL blast passed. The results also demonstrated that the generated blast-induced ground vibration (PPV) from all blast rounds for electric blast varied from 0.4–1.2 mm/s and 80–105 dB, while that for nonelectric blast ranged from 0.05–0.2 mm/s and 72–95 dB. As a result, the electric blast initiation technique was found to produce good fragmentation, with a higher percentage of optimum fragment sizes on spec than nonelectrically initiated blasts.

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Hu, Zhijian, Jian Q. Fang, and Lizhi Z. Sun. "Blast effect zones and damage mechanisms of concrete bridges under above-deck car-bomb attacks." International Journal of Damage Mechanics 27, no. 8 (May 10, 2017): 1156–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1056789517708827.

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Above-deck car-bomb attacks cause significant effects on engineering structures from those of explosive blasts in the free air. In this paper, a post-disaster investigation for an existing bridge under above-deck car-bomb blast loading is presented. The crack distribution and damage deformation of the blast loaded girders are systematically investigated, and the blast effect zone is proposed to describe the blast loading distributions on girders and to characterize the girder structural behavior. The girder failure is dominated by one of the three typical damage mechanisms: shear, flexural-shear, and flexural, depending on the blast effect zone where the girder is located. The study also indicates that the isolation effect of the vehicle can significantly affect the blast loading distribution on structures, even though the isolation effect is localized in a region with a small standoff distance. It is gradually attenuated by the increase of the standoff distance. Numerical analysis is conducted to verify the findings by simulating the truck isolation effect with a steel plate.

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Fields, David M., Nils Olav Handegard, John Dalen, Christiane Eichner, Ketil Malde, Ørjan Karlsen, Anne Berit Skiftesvik, Caroline M. F. Durif, and Howard I. Browman. "Airgun blasts used in marine seismic surveys have limited effects on mortality, and no sublethal effects on behaviour or gene expression, in the copepod Calanus finmarchicus." ICES Journal of Marine Science 76, no. 7 (August 7, 2019): 2033–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsz126.

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Abstract Seismic surveys use airguns that emit low frequency high magnitude sound to detect subsea resources and to map seabed geology. The effect of seismic blasts on Calanus spp., a key food source for commercially important fish, was assessed in field experiments. Immediate mortality of copepods was significantly different from controls at distances of 5 m or less from the airguns. Mortality 1 week after the airgun blast was significantly higher—by 9% relative to controls—in the copepods placed 10 m from the airgun blast but was not significantly different from the controls at a distance of 20 m from the airgun blast. The increase in mortality—relative to controls—did not exceed 30% at any distance from the airgun blast. Only two genes changed in response to the airgun blast; however, their function is unknown. There were no sublethal effects of the seismic blasts on the escape performance or the sensory threshold needed to initiate an escape response at any of the distances from the airgun blast that were tested. Results from these experiments suggest that seismic blasts have limited effects on the mortality or escape response of Calanus sp. within 10 m of the blast and no measurable impact at greater distances.

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Tsao, Jack W., Lauren A. Stentz, Minoo Rouhanian, Robin S. Howard, Briana N. Perry, F. Jay Haran, Paul F. Pasquina, et al. "Effect of concussion and blast exposure on symptoms after military deployment." Neurology 89, no. 19 (October 13, 2017): 2010–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000004616.

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Objective:To examine whether blast exposure alone and blast-associated concussion result in similar neurologic and mental health symptoms.Methods:A 14-item questionnaire was administered to male US Marines on their return from deployment in Iraq and/or Afghanistan.Results:A total of 2,612 Marines (median age 22 years) completed the survey. Of those, 2,320 (88.9%) reported exposure to ≥1 blast during their current and/or prior deployments. In addition, 1,022 (39.1%) reported ≥1 concussion during the current deployment, and 731 (28.0%) had experienced at least 1 prior lifetime concussion. Marines were more likely to have sustained a concussion during the current deployment if they had a history of 1 (odds ratio [OR] 1.5, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.2–2.0) or ≥1 (OR 2.3, 95% CI 1.7–3.0) prior concussion. The most common symptoms were trouble sleeping (38.4%), irritability (37.9%), tinnitus (33.8%), and headaches (33.3%). Compared to those experiencing blast exposure without injury, Marines either experiencing a concussion during the current deployment or being moved or injured by a blast had an increased risk of postinjury symptoms.Conclusions:There appears to be a continuum of increasing total symptoms from no exposure to blast exposure plus both current deployment concussion and past concussion. Concussion had a greater influence than blast exposure alone on the presence of postdeployment symptoms. A high blast injury score can be used to triage those exposed to explosive blasts for evaluation.

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Sainoki, Atsushi, and Hani S. Mitri. "Numerical simulation of rock mass vibrations induced by nearby production blast." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 51, no. 11 (November 2014): 1253–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2013-0480.

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It is of importance to understand the effect of production blasts on the surrounding rock formations in underground mines. This study presents a numerical procedure to simulate stress waves resulting from nearby production blasts. First, the damping coefficient and peak borehole pressure are calibrated using a dynamic numerical model of a single blast hole. The resulting time-varying particle velocities in the surrounding rock mass at the specified points are calculated. These are then used as input parameters in a three-dimensional mine-wide model, considering a positional relationship between the blast hole and the specified points on the wall rock. The mine-wide model encompasses a fault running parallel to a steeply dipping, tabular ore deposit. Dynamic analysis simulating the effect of production blasts is conducted after the extraction of mining blocks with static analysis. In this study, variations of stresses along the fault due to blast-induced stress waves are examined. Results demonstrate that the developed methodology can reasonably simulate stress changes induced by stress waves on the fault. The methodology considers blast sequences and time-varying blast loads that vary according to the positional relationship between the blast holes and the specified points on the wall rock.

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Zhuang, Yu, Aiguo Xing, Perry Bartelt, Muhammad Bilal, and Zhaowei Ding. "Dynamic response and breakage of trees subject to a landslide-induced air blast." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 23, no. 4 (April 4, 2023): 1257–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-1257-2023.

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Abstract. Landslides have been known to generate powerful air blasts capable of causing destruction and casualties far beyond the runout of sliding mass. The extent of tree damage provides valuable information on air blast intensity and impact region. However, little attention has been paid to the air blast–tree interaction. In this study, we proposed a framework to assess the tree destruction caused by powerful air blasts, including the eigenfrequency prediction method, tree motion equations and the breakage conditions. The tree is modeled as a flexible beam with variable cross-sections, and the anchorage stiffness is introduced to describe the tilt of the tree base. Large tree deflection is regarded when calculating the air blast loading, and two failure modes (bending and overturning) and the associated failure criteria are defined. Modeling results indicate that although the anchorage properties are of importance to the tree eigenfrequency, tree eigenfrequency is always close to the air blast frequency, causing a dynamic magnification effect for the tree deformation. This magnification effect is significant in cases with a low air blast velocity, while the large tree deflection caused by strong air blast loading would weaken this effect. Furthermore, failure modes of a specific forest subject to a powerful air blast depend heavily on the trunk bending strength and anchorage characteristics. The large variation in biometric and mechanical properties of trees necessitates the establishment of a regional database of tree parameters. Our work and the proposed method are expected to provide a better understanding of air blast power and to be of great use for air blast risk assessment in mountainous regions worldwide.

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Tan, X. Gary, and Peter Matic. "Simulation of Cumulative Exposure Statistics for Blast Pressure Transmission Into the Brain." Military Medicine 185, Supplement_1 (January 2020): 214–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usz308.

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Abstract Introduction This study develops and demonstrates an analysis approach to understand the statistics of cumulative pressure exposure of the brain to repetitive blasts events. Materials and Methods A finite element model of blast loading on the head was used for brain model biomechanical responses. The cumulative pressure exposure fraction (CPEF), ranging from 0.0 to 1.0, was used to characterize the extent and repetition of high pressures. Monte Carlo simulations were performed to generate repetitive blast cumulative exposures. Results The blast orientation effect is as influential as the blast overpressure magnitudes. A 75° (from the side) blast orientation can produce CPEF values exceeding traumatic brain injury pressure thresholds >0.95 while, for the same blast overpressure, a 0° (front) blast orientation results in a CPEF <0.25. Monte Carlo results for different sequences reflecting notional operational and training environments show that both mean values and standard deviations of CPEF reach the statistically equilibrium state at a finite value of n exposures for each sequence. Conclusions Statistical convergence of the brain pressure response metrics versus number of blasts for different exposures characterizes the transitions from “low” to “high” number of blasts and quantitatively highlights the differences between operational and training exposures.

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Akashi, K., M. Harada, T. Shibuya, T. Eto, Y. Takamatsu, T. Teshima, and Y. Niho. "Effects of interleukin-4 and interleukin-6 on the proliferation of CD34+ and CD34- blasts from acute myelogenous leukemia." Blood 78, no. 1 (July 1, 1991): 197–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v78.1.197.197.

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Abstract We studied the effects of interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-6 on the growth of leukemic blasts from 40 patients with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). Patients were selected on the basis of negativity for a series of B-cell antigens including CD10 and CD19. Twenty-one cases were CD34- positive (CD34+) (greater than 15% of blasts) and the remaining 19 were CD34-negative (CD34-) (less than 3% of blasts). IL-4 alone (100 U/ml) could stimulate either DNA synthesis (with greater than 2.0 stimulation index) or leukemic blast colony formation in 24 of 40 AML patients. In the presence of other growth factors, IL-4 showed divergent effects on IL-3-, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor-, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor-, or erythropoietin-dependent colony formation. These effects of IL-4 were observed in both CD34+ and CD34- AML cases. IL-6 (100 U/mL) alone could not stimulate DNA synthesis and blast colony formation except for one CD34+ case. On the other hand, IL- 6 showed synergistic effects on IL-3- and IL-4-dependent blast colony formation in 10 of 12 and 7 of 9 CD34+ AML cases, respectively. Among CD34- AML cases, such synergism was seen only in 1 of 12 cases for IL-3- dependent colony formation and in 3 of 7 cases for IL-4-dependent colony formation. The divergent effect of IL-4 and the synergistic effect of IL-6 were also observed in purified CD34+ leukemic blast populations, indicating that these phenomena are not mediated by accessory cells. The present study suggests that IL-4, alone or in combination with other growth factors, has divergent effects on the growth of AML progenitors irrespective of the CD34 expression, and that IL-6 acts synergistically with IL-3 or IL-4 on the growth of leukemic progenitors preferentially in CD34+ AML.

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Akashi, K., M. Harada, T. Shibuya, T. Eto, Y. Takamatsu, T. Teshima, and Y. Niho. "Effects of interleukin-4 and interleukin-6 on the proliferation of CD34+ and CD34- blasts from acute myelogenous leukemia." Blood 78, no. 1 (July 1, 1991): 197–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v78.1.197.bloodjournal781197.

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We studied the effects of interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-6 on the growth of leukemic blasts from 40 patients with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). Patients were selected on the basis of negativity for a series of B-cell antigens including CD10 and CD19. Twenty-one cases were CD34- positive (CD34+) (greater than 15% of blasts) and the remaining 19 were CD34-negative (CD34-) (less than 3% of blasts). IL-4 alone (100 U/ml) could stimulate either DNA synthesis (with greater than 2.0 stimulation index) or leukemic blast colony formation in 24 of 40 AML patients. In the presence of other growth factors, IL-4 showed divergent effects on IL-3-, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor-, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor-, or erythropoietin-dependent colony formation. These effects of IL-4 were observed in both CD34+ and CD34- AML cases. IL-6 (100 U/mL) alone could not stimulate DNA synthesis and blast colony formation except for one CD34+ case. On the other hand, IL- 6 showed synergistic effects on IL-3- and IL-4-dependent blast colony formation in 10 of 12 and 7 of 9 CD34+ AML cases, respectively. Among CD34- AML cases, such synergism was seen only in 1 of 12 cases for IL-3- dependent colony formation and in 3 of 7 cases for IL-4-dependent colony formation. The divergent effect of IL-4 and the synergistic effect of IL-6 were also observed in purified CD34+ leukemic blast populations, indicating that these phenomena are not mediated by accessory cells. The present study suggests that IL-4, alone or in combination with other growth factors, has divergent effects on the growth of AML progenitors irrespective of the CD34 expression, and that IL-6 acts synergistically with IL-3 or IL-4 on the growth of leukemic progenitors preferentially in CD34+ AML.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Blast effect"

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Singh, Ajit 1951. "Photographic evaluation of blast fragmentation." Thesis, McGill University, 1985. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=63380.

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Tsuga, Toshihiro. "Multi-objective optimization of blast simulation using surrogate model." Fairfax, VA : George Mason University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1920/2916.

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Thesis (M.S.)--George Mason University, 2007.
Title from PDF t.p. (viewed Jan. 22, 2008). Thesis director: Rainald Löhner. Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Computational Sciences and Informatics. Vita: p. 49 Includes bibliographical references (p. 44-48). Also available in print.

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Matthews, Debra Sue. "Blast effects on prestressed concrete bridges." Online access for everyone, 2008. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Thesis/Summer2008/D_Matthews_072908.pdf.

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McClendon, Mark Andrew. "Blast resistant design for roof systems." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/7974.

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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007.
The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on April 1, 2008) Includes bibliographical references.

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Kennedy, John Anthony. "Analytical and experimental evaluation of steel sheets for blast retrofit design." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/5849.

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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2005.
The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file viewed on (January 24, 2007) Includes bibliographical references.

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Pingle, Shivnandan Mohan. "Metallic sandwich structures for mitigating sand blast loading." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609669.

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Adderley, Geoffrey. "The effect of tunnel blast design on vibration." Thesis, University of Essex, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.506087.

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Cimo, Renee. "Analytical modeling to predict bridge performance under blast loading." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 199 p, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1338919161&sid=3&Fmt=2&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Tekalur, Srinivasan Arjun. "Faliure of marine composite materials due to blast loading /." View online ; access limited to URI, 2007. http://0-digitalcommons.uri.edu.helin.uri.edu/dissertations/AAI3284829.

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Fox, Matthew J. "Numerical modeling of air blast effects on hybrid structures." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2002. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=2630.

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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2002.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains x, 114 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 42-45).

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Books on the topic "Blast effect"

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William, Bounds, and ACI Committee 370, Short Duration Dynamic and Vibratory Load Effects., eds. Concrete and blast effects. Farmington Hills, MI: American Concrete Institute, 1998.

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Fire and Blast Information Group (Firm). Simplified methods for analysis of response to dynamic loading. Ascot: Steel Construction Institute, 2002.

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Dowding, C. H. Blast vibration monitoring and control. [s.l: s.n.], 1985.

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Korobeĭnikov, V. P. Problems of point-blast theory. New York: American Institute of Physics, 1991.

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Chernigovskiĭ, A. A. Application of directional blasting in mining and civil engineering. 2nd ed. New Delhi: Oxonian Press, 1985.

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Kuz'menko, A. A. Seismic effects of blasting in rock. Rotterdamield: Balkema, 1993.

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Chernigovskii, A. A. Application of directional blasting in mining and civil engineering. 2nd ed. Rotterdam: A. A. Balkema, 1986.

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A, Kuzʹmenko A., ed. Seĭsmicheskoe deĭstvie vzryva v gornykh porodakh. Moskva: "Nedra", 1990.

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J, Gray Ralph, and Iron and Steel Society of AIME., eds. Coke reactivity and its effect on blast furnace operation. Warrendale, PA: Iron and Steel Society, 1990.

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Voltz, Jon I. Effect of energy and impact direction on coal fragmentation. Washington, D.C: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, 1989.

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Book chapters on the topic "Blast effect"

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Rodrigues, Fabrício Ávila, Carlos Eduardo Aucique-Pérez, Daniel Debona, and Jonas Alberto Rios. "Effect of Blast on Wheat Physiology." In Wheat Blast, 131–48. Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, [2020]: CRC Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429470554-7.

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Gardner, N., S. Gupta, E. Wang, and Arun Shukla. "Blast Response of Sandwich Composites: Effect of Core Gradation, Pre-loading, and Temperature." In Blast Mitigation, 279–330. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7267-4_10.

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Yamaguchii, M., H. Saitoh, and T. Higashi. "Effect of Varietal Field Resistance for Control of Rice Blast." In Advances in Rice Blast Research, 196–202. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9430-1_23.

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Long, D. H., D. O. Te Beest, and J. C. Correll. "The Effect of Plant Age on the Spatial and Temporal Dynamics of Rice Blast in Arkansas." In Advances in Rice Blast Research, 188–95. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9430-1_22.

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Bazhenova, S. I., and Dien Vu Kim. "Effect of Plasma Blast Furnace Slag Treatment on Properties of Blast Furnace Slag-Cement Mortar." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 199–205. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-20459-3_25.

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Nyikes, Zoltán, and Tünde Anna Kovács. "Investigation of the Blast Effect in the Electrical Wiring." In NATO Science for Peace and Security Series C: Environmental Security, 291–96. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-1755-5_23.

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Padhi, Arya Prakash, Vaibhav Bhandari, Souvik Chakraborty, Vimal Kumar, Anupam Chakrabarti, and Rajib Chowdhury. "A New Deep Learning Accelerated Blast Loading Effect Analysis." In Dynamic Behavior of Soft and Hard Materials, Volume 2, 197–203. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-6255-6_17.

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Kumar, Ranjan, Kapilesh Bhargava, and Deepankar Choudhury. "Effect of Underground Blast on Underlying Ground Media Below Substructure." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 363–70. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-6701-4_23.

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Kuchuk-Katalan, Itzhak, Zvika Asaf, Eylam Ran, Dimitry Naroditsky, and Felix Aizik. "The Influence of Water Saturation in Soil on Blast Effect." In 28th International Symposium on Shock Waves, 81–86. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-25688-2_12.

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Karthikeyan, S., V. Poornima, M. Ananth Kumar, M. K. Haridharan, R. Bharathi Murugan, and G. Murali. "Numerical Study on Effect of Blast Loading on Vertical Walls." In Structural Integrity, 261–86. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-98335-2_18.

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Conference papers on the topic "Blast effect"

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"Effect of Loading Rate on Bond Behavior Under Dynamic Loading." In SP-175: Concrete and Blast Effects. American Concrete Institute, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.14359/5922.

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Granholm, R. H., H. W. Sandusky, Mark Elert, Michael D. Furnish, William W. Anderson, William G. Proud, and William T. Butler. "MIXING EFFECT IN INTERNAL BLAST." In SHOCK COMPRESSION OF CONDENSED MATTER 2009: Proceedings of the American Physical Society Topical Group on Shock Compression of Condensed Matter. AIP, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3295135.

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Geng, Jihui, and J. Kelly Thomas. "Clearing Effect of Blast Loads from PVBs." In ASME 2022 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2022-84288.

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Abstract Blast waves from explosion sources such as a pressure vessel burst (PVB) exhibit both positive and negative phases, and the relative magnitude of the positive and negative phases is a function of standoff distance from the explosion source to the target of interest. When an incident blast wave reaches a target building, the blast wave will be reflected off the front wall (i.e., that facing the blast source). Both the blast wave positive and negative phases are affected by this reflection process. A fully reflected blast wave would be produced if the incident blast wave reflected off an infinitely tall and wide wall in a normal orientation. However, when an incident blast wave reflects from a facing wall of finite size, rarefaction waves are created at the edges of the wall and roof, which then sweep inward across the wall. The rarefaction waves result in a clearing effect for both the positive and negative phases. Clearing relieves some of the applied positive phase blast load on the reflected wall. However, clearing may either relieve or enhance the applied negative phase blast load, depending on the blast wave profile and the wall dimensions. This paper focuses on the determination of negative phase clearing as a function of blast wave and structure parameters. Blast load adjustment factors (i.e., ratio of cleared to fully reflected blast loads) are introduced to characterize blast clearing as a function of these parameters. The purpose of the evaluation described in this paper was to generate a database of the blast clearing for engineering modeling of blast-structure interaction.

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Ganpule, Shailesh, Robert Salzar, and Namas Chandra. "Response of Post-Mortem Human Head Under Primary Blast Loading Conditions: Effect of Blast Overpressures." In ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-63910.

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Blast induced neurotrauma (BINT), and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are identified as the “signature injuries” of recent conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan. The occurrence of mild to moderate traumatic brain injury (TBI) in blasts is controversial in the medical and scientific communities because the manifesting symptoms occur without visible injuries. Whether the primary blast waves alone can cause TBI is still an open question, and this work is aimed to address this issue. We hypothesize that if a significant level of intracranial pressure (ICP) pulse occurs within the brain parenchyma when the head is subjected to pure primary blast, then blast induced TBI is likely to occur. In order to test this hypothesis, three post mortem human heads are subjected to simulated primary blast loading conditions of varying intensities (70 kPa, 140 kPa and 200 kPa) at the Trauma Mechanics Research Facility (TMRF), University of Nebraska-Lincoln. The specimens are placed inside the 711 mm × 711 mm square shock tube at a section where known profiles of incident primary blast (Friedlander waveform in this case) are obtained. These profiles correspond to specific field conditions (explosive strength and stand-off distance). The specimen is filled with a brain simulant prior to experiments. ICPs, surface pressures, and surface strains are measured at 11 different locations on each post mortem human head. A total of 27 experiments are included in the analysis. Experimental results show that significant levels of ICP occur throughout the brain simulant. The maximum peak ICP is measured at the coup site (nearest to the blast) and gradually decreases towards the countercoup site. When the incident blast intensity is increased, there is a statistically significant increase in the peak ICP and total impulse (p<0.05). Even after five decades of research, the brain injury threshold values for blunt impact cases are based on limited experiments and extensive numerical simulations; these are still evolving for sports-related concussion injuries. Ward in 1980 suggested that no brain injury will occur when the ICP<173 kPa, moderate to severe injury will occur when 173 kPa<ICP<235 kPa and severe injury will occur when ICP>235 kPa for blunt impacts. Based on these criteria, no injury will occur at incident blast overpressure level of 70 kPa, moderate to severe injuries will occur at 140 kPa and severe head injury will occur at the incident blast overpressure intensity of 200 kPa. However, more work is needed to confirm this finding since peak ICP alone may not be sufficient to predict the injury outcome.

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Geng, Jihui, and J. Kelly Thomas. "Dependence of Clearing Effect on Building Dimensions." In ASME 2023 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2023-106566.

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Abstract Blast waves exhibit both positive and negative phases. The relative magnitude of these phases is a function of standoff distance from the explosion source to targets of interest. When an incident blast wave reaches a target building, the blast wave reflects off the front wall (i.e., that facing the blast source). Both the positive and negative phases of the blast wave are enhanced by the reflection process. A fully reflected blast wave would be produced if an incident blast wave reflected from an infinitely tall and wide wall in a normal orientation. However, when an incident blast wave reflects off a wall of finite size in a normal orientation, rarefaction waves are created at the wall edges and roof, and these rarefactions sweep down from the roof and inward from sides. These rarefaction waves result in a clearing effect for both the positive and negative phases. Clearing relieves some of the applied blast load on the reflected wall for the positive phase. However, this is not always the case for the negative phase. As shown in PVP2022-84288[1], clearing may either relieve or enhance the applied negative phase blast load, depending on the blast wave profile and the wall dimensions. This paper extends the referenced prior study by examining negative phase clearing as a function of building dimensions and non-planar blast waves. The negative phase blast load adjustment factor (i.e., the ratio of cleared to fully reflected blast load) distribution on the front wall is determined. The purpose of this study is to generate a database of negative blast load clearing for engineering modeling applications.

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Geng, Jihui, and J. Kelly Thomas. "Effect of Explosion Source Type on Blast Wave Shielding." In ASME 2013 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2013-98020.

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A key component of explosion hazard evaluations is the determination of standoffs to given blast overpressure values. Many such evaluations use a simplified methodology that assumes that the blast wave propagates from the explosion source to the target location without interacting with intervening buildings or structures (i.e., without blast wave shielding). This is obviously a perfectly acceptable approach for a screening study, but blast wave shielding effects can be significant in certain circumstances (e.g., within a building group). A methodology was proposed by the UK Health & Safety Laboratory (HSL) in 2001 to account for blast shielding due to buildings/structures between the explosion source and target location. The HSL methodology is based on the blast waves generated by high explosives (HE). This paper extends the blast shielding evaluation to blast waves generated from pressure vessel bursts (PVB) and vapor cloud explosions (VCE). The influences of blast wave shape parameters (overpressure, duration and rise time) on blast wave shielding are examined. The results indicate that the degree of blast shielding is strongly dependent on the source of the blast wave (i.e., on the blast wave shape parameters) and that the shielding factors obtained with HE blast waves are not always directly applicable for PVB and VCE blast waves.

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Baker, Q. A., and M. J. Tang. "Effect of Vessel Temperature on Blast Loads." In ASME/JSME 2004 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASME, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2004-2882.

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Alphonse, Vanessa D., Andrew R. Kemper, Brock T. Strom, Stephanie M. Beeman, and Stefan M. Duma. "Human Eye Response to Blast Overpressure." In ASME 2012 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2012-80909.

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Each year, approximately two million people in the United States suffer eye injuries that require treatment [1]. Although it is suggested that blast overpressure can cause serious eye injuries, there is no clear evidence in the literature to support this injury mechanism. Conversely, projectile impacts have been shown to cause serious eye injuries [2, 3]. The critical question is whether blast overpressure alone can cause eye injury or if injuries are caused solely by projected material. Therefore, the purpose of the current study is to measure the intraocular pressure (IOP) of postmortem human eyes during blasts and assess injuries sustained in order to more fully understand the effect of blast overpressure on the eye.

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Ojetola, Deji, and Hamid R. Hamidzadeh. "Dynamic Response of a Rigid Foundation Subjected to a Distance Blast." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-86282.

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Blasts and explosions occur in many activities that are either man-made or nature induced. The effect of the blasts could have a residual or devastating effect on the buildings at some distance within the vicinity of the explosion. In this investigation, an analytical solution for the time response of a rigid foundation subjected to a distant blast is considered. The medium is considered to be an elastic half space. A formal solution to the wave propagations on the medium is obtained by the integral transform method. To achieve numerical results for this case, an effective numerical technique has been developed for calculation of the integrals represented in the inversion of the transformed relations. Time functions for the vertical and radial displacements of the surface of the elastic half space due to a distant blast load are determined. Mathematical procedures for determination of the dynamic response of the surface of an elastic half-space subjected to the blast along with numerical results for displacements of a rigid foundation are provided.

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Sarvghad-Moghaddam, Hesam, Asghar Rezaei, Ashkan Eslaminejad, Mariusz Ziejewski, and Ghodrat Karami. "Mechanical Response of the Brain Under Blast: The Effect of Blast Direction and the Head Protection." In ASME 2016 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2016-67513.

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Blast-induced traumatic brain injury (bTBI), is defined as a type of acquired brain injury that occurs upon the interaction of the human head with blast-generated high-pressure shockwaves. Lack of experimental studies due to moral issues, have motivated the researchers to employ computational methods to study the bTBI mechanisms. Accordingly, a nonlinear finite element (FE) analysis was employed to study the interaction of both unprotected and protected head models with explosion pressure waves. The head was exposed to the incoming shockwaves from front, back, and side directions. The main goal was to examine the effects of head protection tools and the direction of blast waves on the tissue and kinematical responses of the brain. Generation, propagation, and interactions of blast waves with the head were modeled using an arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) method and a fluid-structure interaction (FSI) coupling algorithm. The FE simulations were performed using Ls-Dyna, a transient, nonlinear FE code. Side blast predicted the highest mechanical responses for the brain. Moreover, the protection assemblies showed to significantly alter the blast flow mechanics. Use of faceshield was also observed to be highly effective in the front blast due to hindering of shockwaves.

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Reports on the topic "Blast effect"

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Groeneveld, Andrew, and C. Crane. Advanced cementitious materials for blast protection. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), April 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/46893.

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Advanced cementitious materials, commonly referred to as ultra-high performance concretes (UHPCs), are developing rapidly and show promise for civil infrastructure and protective construction applications. Structures exposed to blasts experience strain rates on the order of 102 s-1 or more. While a great deal of research has been published on the durability and the static properties of UHPC, there is less information on its dynamic properties. The purpose of this report is to (1) compile existing dynamic property data—including compressive strength, tensile strength, elastic modulus, and energy absorption—for six proprietary and research UHPCs and (2) implement a single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) model for axisymmetric UHPC panels under blast loading as a means of comparing the UHPCs. Although simplified, the model allows identification of key material properties and promising materials for physical testing. Model results indicate that tensile strength has the greatest effect on panel deflection, with unit weight and elastic modulus having a moderate effect. CEMTECmultiscale® deflected least in the simulation. Lafarge Ductal®, a commonly available UHPC in North America, performed in the middle of the five UHPCs considered.

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Hutny, W. P., J. A. MacPhee, and L. Giroux. Feasibility study on the effect of coal injection into the blast furnace on performance and emissions from the blast furnace-coke oven system. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/304634.

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Miles, Aaron R. The Effect of Initial Conditions on the Nonlinear Evolution of Perturbed Interfaces Driven by Strong Blast Waves. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/15014148.

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Scarlett, Harry Alan. Nuclear Weapon Blast Effects. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1638612.

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Merilo, Shockey, and Simons. PR-418-123710-R01 Mitigating the Hazards Produced by Ruptured Pipelines. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), November 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010995.

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Identifies concepts for mitigating the hazards that can result from a ruptured pipeline. SRI was asked specifically to evaluate blast hazards and identify ideas, materials, methods, and technologies that show promise for mitigating blast effects in high-consequence areas. This report presents indings, recommends concepts for hazard mitigation, and lays the groundwork for evaluating and further developing the envisioned concepts through computational modeling and small-scale testing.

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Stuhmiller, James H. Additional Effort in Modeling of the Non-Auditory Effects of Blast. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, August 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada228661.

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Swearingen, Michelle E., and Michael J. White. Effects of Forest on Blast Noise. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada444542.

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Cudahy, Edward, and Stephen Parvin. The Effects of Underwater Blast on Divers. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, February 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada404719.

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Ricks, R. Waveforms For Reducing Direct Blast Effects And Mutual Interference. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada289879.

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Barker, T. G., K. L. McLaughlin, J. L. Stevens, and S. M. Day. Numerical Models of Quarry Blast Sources: The Effects of the Bench. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada265370.

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