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Journal articles on the topic 'BLANK HOLDING FORCE'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 11 September 2023

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1

Thiruvarudchelvan, S., and W. G. Lewis. "Deep Drawing With Blank Holder Force Approximately Proportional to the Punch Force." Journal of Engineering for Industry 112, no. 3 (August 1, 1990): 278–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2899587.

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A new method of applying blank holding force approximately proportional to the punch force in cup drawing is presented. An annular urethane pad compressed between two parts of a punch expands and applies pressure against the tubular part of a blank holder. As the punch moves to draw the blank, friction between the urethane pad and the blank holder applies automatically a blank holding force approximately proportional to the punch force. Experimental investigations were carried out with aluminum blanks to determine the optimum conditions to obtain wrinkle-free cups. Variations of the punch force and the blank holding force with punch stroke for aluminum blanks under different degrees of wrinkling are presented. Strains on the cup wall measured with this method are presented and compared with those obtained under constant blank holding force conditions. Theoretical critical blank holding pressure variation with punch stroke is compared with the pressure variation that obtains with the present method. Using the deep drawing theory an expression to predict the punch force with this method is also presented.

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2

Shan, Ti Kun, and Li Liu. "Springback of TRIP Steels under Varying Blank Holder Force." Key Engineering Materials 561 (July 2013): 620–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.561.620.

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The method using variable blank holding force to control springback in drawing of TRIP sheet steel is discussed. Numerical simulations considering the variation of Youngs modulus of TRIP steels can improve springback simulation accuracy. Many experiments are use to test and the accuracy of the springback simulation for an U-channel part forming under variable blank holding force. The results shows that the strategy of variable blank holding force is an effective measure for the springback control in TRIP sheet metal forming processes and the dimensional accuracy of sheet metal parts can be increased by the optimization of variable blank holding forces

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3

Tan, Chin Joo, and Afshin Aslian. "FE simulation study of deep drawing process of SUS304 cups having no delayed cracks under enhanced blank holding force." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 234, no. 1-2 (June 15, 2019): 84–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954405419855230.

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In the experiment, delayed cracks in deep drawing processes of metastable stainless steel SUS304 cylindrical cups were prevented using elevated blank holding force aided by nanolubrication. Besides tensile residual hoop stresses, the elimination of the cracks was also attributed to the change in wall thickening profile along the wavy cup edges. The wall thickening is a result of the high circumferential stress acting in the flange, leading to the high concentration of deformation-induced martensite and high risk of cracks. The amount of increase in wall thickness in the valleys along the edge during the deep drawing process was higher than the peaks at low blank holding force range due to shorter heights. Therefore, the portions of blank equivalent to the valleys were subject to higher holding force during the process, resulting in decrease in degree of wall thickening with increase in height for blank holding force up to 25 kN. However, the wall thickening and the height increased at blank holding force of 28 kN due to the same amount of increase in wall thickness in both valleys and peaks, resulting in a larger contacting area and lower holding force. Therefore, the wall thickness in the valleys sharply increased, and the formation of the cracks persists. Within the crack-free range, that is, from 29 to 31 kN, both the heights and wall thickening decreased. The decrease in frictional force by means of the nanolubrication has facilitated the flow of material into the die, resulting in lower cup height. It also facilitated the flow of materials away from the thick valley regions under the high pressure, resulting in significant decrease in degree of wall thickening. The cracks were prevented. The amount of compression at blank holding force of 32 kN was insufficient to suppress the increase in wall thickening in valleys, resulting in the formation of the cracks again.

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4

He, Sijun, Xin Wu, and S. Jack Hu. "Formability Enhancement for Tailor-Welded Blanks Using Blank Holding Force Control." Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering 125, no. 3 (July 23, 2003): 461–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1580853.

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Tailor-welded blanks (TWB) are widely used for stamped auto body panels because of their great benefits in weight and cost reduction. However, the weld line in a tailor-welded blank causes serious concerns in formability because of material discontinuity and additional inhomogeneous stress/strain distribution. This paper proposes a blank holding force (BHF) control strategy to control the weld line movement, distribute the deformation more uniformly and thereby improve TWB formability. The control methodology is developed based on a simplified 2-D sectional analytical model that estimates the stress/strain distribution and the BHFs required for each side of the flange with dissimilar materials. The model can be further extended to 3-D analysis by superimposing the 2-D sectional analysis results around the entire binder ring and thus determining the required BHF for the whole panel. Finite element simulations are performed to study the effects of forming parameters on the weld line movement. Experiments have been conducted to verify the analytical model and partial finite element simulations. Both analysis and experiments demonstrated that a lower BHF should be applied on the thicker blank side to allow more metal to flow-in for obtaining more uniform strain distribution. The proposed BHF control is proven to be a good approach to enhancing TWB formability.

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5

Qian, Jian Qing, Ji Ping Chen, and Hai Fan Qian. "The Influence of N Values on Sheet Metal Deep Drawing Based on Different Blank Holder Forces." Advanced Materials Research 418-420 (December 2011): 1364–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.418-420.1364.

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The influence of hardening index n value at different holding forces on LDR of cylinder cup was simulated by the finite element software PAM-STAMP 2G. The results showed that the limit drawing ratio of the sheet metal decreased with the increase of the blank holder force. There was little influence of hardening index n value on the limit drawing ratio at smaller blank holder force. The influence of hardening index n value on the limit drawing ratio increased with the increase of the blank holder force. The hardening index n value could be increased to increase the limit drawing ratio when the blank holder force is large.

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6

Ke, Jun Yi, Yu Qi Liu, Gui Li, and Ting Du. "Springback Experimental Research of Advanced High-Strength Steel." Advanced Materials Research 842 (November 2013): 284–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.842.284.

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Springback is one of the major problems of high strength steel.Based on the NUMISHEET’96 S_Rail standard examination questions,using the characteristics of the servo press 200T,the blank holder force,different pressure holding time and the holding times of advanced high strength steel DP280-440, DP340-590, DP400-780 are studied. By changing one of the three impact factors ,three group experiments are carried out.The experimental results show that the springback can change evidently with the increasing of the blank holder force and the holding times,but the holding time has little influence on the springback.What’s more,the springback angle of DP400-780 is the biggest ,proving the higher the yield stress,the bigger the springback angle.Therefore, in the stamping of advanced high strength steel, increasing the blank holder force and holding times are effective methods to solve the springback.

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7

Yoon, Hyung Sop, Sergei Alexandrov, Kwan Soo Chung, Robert E. Dick, and T. J. Kang. "Prediction of Critical Blank-Holding Force Criterion to Prevent Wrinkles in Axi-Symmetric Cup Drawing." Materials Science Forum 505-507 (January 2006): 1273–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.505-507.1273.

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The repression of wrinkling during sheet metal forming has been a significant issue in recent years. In order to provide a reliable and efficient tool to predict the critical blank holding force to prevent wrinkles, an axi-symmetric analytical model for flange wrinkling is introduced here. Using a conventional theory of the critical condition, the critical blank-holding force and wave numbers are numerically predicted. Comparison between the numerical and experimental results shows excellent agreement for various blank dimensions and materials.

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8

Venkateshwar Reddy, P., S. Hari Prasad, Perumalla Janaki Ramulu, Sirish Battacharya, and Daya Sindhu Guptha. "Effect of Geometries of Die/Blank Holder and Punch Radii in Angular Deep-Drawing Dies on DP Steel Formability." Applied Mechanics and Materials 813-814 (November 2015): 269–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.813-814.269.

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In recent days deep-drawing is one of the most important methods used for sheet metal forming. The geometries of die/blank holder and punch are one of the parameters for deep-drawing. This paper presents an attempt to determine the effect of different geometries of die/blank holder, punch radii and blank holding force on deep drawing process for the formability of DP Steel of 1mm sheet. The numerical simulations are performed for deep drawing of cylindrical cups at a constant frictional coefficient of 0.12 and different blank holding forces of 10, 15 and 20kN are used. For numerical simulation PAM STAMP 2G a commercial FEM code in which Hollomon’s power law and Hills 1948 yield’s criterion is used. The die/blank holder profile used with an angles of α=0°, 12.5°, 15° and die/punch profile with a radii of R= 6 and 8mm were simulated to determine the influence of punch force and thickness distribution on the limit drawing ratio. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of tool geometries on drawability of the deep-drawing process.

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9

Seo, Hyung Yoon, Chul Kyu Jin, and Chung Gil Kang. "Effect on Blank Holding Force on Blank Deformation at Direct and Indirect Hot Deep Drawings of Boron Steel Sheets." Metals 8, no. 8 (July 25, 2018): 574. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met8080574.

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This study involves performing direct and indirect hot press forming on ultra-high-strength steel (UHSS) boron steel sheets to determine formability. The indirect hot press process is performed as a cold deep drawing process, while the direct hot press process is performed as a hot deep drawing process. The initial blank temperature and the blank holding force are set as parameters to evaluate the performance of the direct and indirect deep drawing processes. The values of punch load and forming depth curve were obtained in the experiment. In addition, the hardness and microstructure of the boron steel sheets are examined to evaluate the mechanical properties of the material. The forming depth, maximum punch load, thickness, and thinning rate according to blank holding force were examined. The result shows that a larger blank holding force has a more significant effect on the variation of the thickness and thinning rate of the samples during the drawing process. Furthermore, the thinning rate of the deep drawing part in with and without fracture boundary was respectively examined.

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10

Wang, Guang Kai, Si Yuan Cheng, Su Yang Li, and Xiang Wei Zhang. "Application of Numerical Simulation in Stamping Process of Complex Box-Type Parts." Advanced Materials Research 291-294 (July 2011): 579–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.291-294.579.

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Due to the recent development both in the numerical simulation technology and computer technology, the role of numerical simulation in sheet forming industry has been continuously increasing in recent years. This paper describes the application of numerical simulation technology in the forming process of a complex box-type part with Dynaform and gives a fairly accurate forecast of defects that may appear in the forming process. Prediction of the effect of design parameters such as blank holding force and drawbeads on forming quality is investigated. The study indicates that blank holding force and drawbead directly affect the metal flow and formability of stamping. Then, by adjusting blank holding force and setting appropriate drawbeads, an optimized stamping process plan is obtained and is validated in experiments. Finally the phenomenon and displacement of distortion springback are predicted in the springback simulation, which is useful to further improve the quality of this kind of part.

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11

Albut, Aurelian, Valentin Zichil, and Adrian Judele. "The Influence of the Blank Holder Force during Forming Process of a U-Shaped Part Made from AZ31 Magnesium Alloy." Applied Mechanics and Materials 809-810 (November 2015): 265–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.809-810.265.

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In case of sheet metal forming the main dimensional errors are caused by the springback phenomena. The present work deals with numerical simulation related to draw bending and springback of U - shaped part made from magnesium alloy. The current paper is trying to prove out the important role of the blank holder force with respect to the forming process. Though novel approaches relating to the formality of magnesium alloy sheets, the change of springback due to the characteristic of each process should be verified by finite element method. Springback refers to the elastic recovery of deformed parts. Springback occurs because of the elastic relief from the bending moment imparted to the sheet metal during forming. Springback is mainly influenced by the sheet thickness, the punch and die profile radii, initial clearance between punch and die, friction conditions, rolling direction of the materials, blankholder force and by material properties. In this study, the magnesium alloy strips with two types of material having the thickness of 1mm, are used to investigate springback characteristics in U-shape bending. The Dynaform 5.6 software was used to simulate the forming process, in which the blank holder force takes values between 15 and 35 kN. In this study, the springback was analyzed by U-forming at room temperature conditions with different blank holder forces. Springback decreased with the increase of the blank holding force. Excessive holding force cause irregular thinning of the material, especially in the radius area.

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12

Dewang, Yogesh, S. K. Panthi, and M. S. Hora. "Some aspects of blank holding force in stretch flanging process." Materials Today: Proceedings 5, no. 2 (2018): 6789–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2017.11.338.

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13

Niini, Arvo, Panu Tanninen, Juha Varis, and Ville Leminen. "Effects of press-forming parameters on the dimensional stability of paperboard trays." BioResources 16, no. 3 (May 13, 2021): 4876–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.16.3.4876-4890.

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The dimensional stability of press-formed paperboard trays was investigated during heating and cooling of trays packed with oatmeal. Female mold tool temperature, dwell time, pressing force, and blank holding force were altered in the press-forming of the trays to observe their impacts on the dimensional stability. Dimensional measurements of the trays showed reduced tray width, and the trays exhibited distortions on the tray flange and outer wall. The results showed smaller effects on the tray length, parallel to the machine direction of the material. Improved dimensional stability of the trays was found with a 180 °C female mold tool temperature, a 600-ms dwell time, a 150-kN pressing force, and a 1.44-kN blank holding force. The optimal press-forming parameters were concluded to enhance bonding of the paperboard fibers during the press-forming. The optimization of the press-forming parameters was found necessary to reduce the observed negative response of the material to the challenging environmental conditions in the production of prepared food.

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14

Tran, Minh Tien, Zhengtong Shan, Ho Won Lee, and Dong-Kyu Kim. "Earing Reduction by Varying Blank Holding Force in Deep Drawing with Deep Neural Network." Metals 11, no. 3 (February 28, 2021): 395. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11030395.

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In the present study, we propose a novel method of varying blank holding force (BHF) with the segmental blank holder and investigated its influence on the earing reduction in the circular deep drawing process of an aluminum alloy sheet. Based on the analysis of cup height profile, the principle of varying BHF using segmental blank holder was presented and analyzed by analytical theory and numerical simulation. The optimal varying BHF was reasonably determined and compared by using the analytical model and deep neural network (DNN) model integrated with genetic algorithm (GA). The integrated DNN-GA model revealed an accurate prediction and optimization of varying BHF for the minimum earing height variation, which showed a superior result to the analytical model. The optimal varying BHF exhibited a significant influence on the earing formation, resulting in the noticeable decrease of earing height variation. For volume consistency, it was found that an increase in thickness at the cup wall region predicted with the optimal varying BHF was achieved in the transverse direction, which implies an improvement of deep-drawability. Such results indicate that the varying BHF is more reasonable and effective than the uniform BHF. Furthermore, the material properties of the blank sheet also affected the reduction of earing in the deep drawing with varying BHF. The present study revealed that the lower the material strength, the more significant the earing reduction in the deep drawing with varying BHF will be.

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15

Mulidrán, Peter, Emil Spišák, Miroslav Tomáš, Janka Majerníková, Jana Bidulská, and Róbert Bidulský. "Impact of Blank Holding Force and Friction on Springback and Its Prediction of a Hat-Shaped Part Made of Dual-Phase Steel." Materials 16, no. 2 (January 13, 2023): 811. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16020811.

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Formability and its prediction of high-strength steels is an important research subject for forming specialists and researchers in this field. Springback and its accurate prediction of high-strength steels are very common issues in metal forming processes. In this article, the impact of blank holding force and friction on the parts springback made of dual-phase steel was studied. Numerical predictions of the springback effect were conducted using nine combinations of yield criteria and hardening rules. Results from experiments were evaluated and compared with results from numerical simulations. The use of lower blank holding forces and PE foil can reduce springback by a significant amount. Numerical simulations where the Yoshida-Uemori hardening rule was applied produced more accurate springback prediction results compared to simulations that used Krupkowski and Hollomon’s isotropic hardening rules in number of cases.

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16

Zhao, Li Hong, Zheng Yi Ren, Shu Yong Jiang, and Nan Yang. "Experimental Research on Impact Line of Hyperboloid Shallow Shell." Advanced Materials Research 139-141 (October 2010): 567–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.139-141.567.

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Impact line is one of important factors to affect the shape accuracy and surface quality of auto body panel design and manufacture. It is difficult to study because of the complexity shape of auto body panels. The system of test analysis on impact line is established by analyzing the shapes and forming processes of auto-body panels, of which based on hyperboloid shallow shells. The criterion and research technique of impact line are introduced. Extensive experiment results, which show the effects of forming process conditions, such as blank holding force, draw bead arrangement, and lubrication on impact line, are achieved. It can be concluded that the draw bead arrangement significantly influence the impact line, the displacement of impact line is different with difference of blank holding force and the friction coefficient.

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17

HAN, Li-fen. "Application of radial basis function network in variable blank holding force identification." Journal of Computer Applications 28, no. 2 (July 10, 2008): 494–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1087.2008.00494.

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18

Dewang, Yogesh, M. S. Hora, and S. K. Panthi. "Influence of Blank Holding Force on Stretch Flange Forming of Aluminum Alloy." Materials Today: Proceedings 2, no. 4-5 (2015): 1934–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2015.07.157.

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19

Ding, Ming Ming, Yong Huang, and Yu Qing Shi. "Research on Deep Drawing with Multi-Point Variable Blank-Holder Force Controlling by Computer." Advanced Materials Research 472-475 (February 2012): 645–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.472-475.645.

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On the basses of analyzing the defects of variable blank holder force hydraulic press on construction and its rigid being not enough,the realization of designing method,working principle,hydraulic and system for ne controlling w type upper multi-point deep drawing with variable blank—holding force controlled by computer was introduced.In order to verify the effect of application of this set up,the testing results of deep drawing a rectangular box and a cylindrical cup formed component was presented. The results show that the equipment has low cost, general in using and optimal efficient of controlling.

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20

Ohashi, Takahiro, and Wan Tong. "Adjustment of Blank Holding Force Distribution Utilizing a Multi-Point Die Support System." Key Engineering Materials 622-623 (September 2014): 1117–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.622-623.1117.

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In this study, the authors employ a multi-point die-support structure to hold the upper die for deep drawings in order to adjust the distribution of the blank holding force (BHF) so as to eliminate wrinkles. The developed multi-point support structure has 12 support cells (support units) between the upper die and the outer slide of a double-action press; the cells are metal cylinders working as springs. The support unit has a ball contact at the interface with the upper die, and the interface freely rotates and slides horizontally. The support unit has strain gauges on the side surface, and the bearing load at each unit can be determined, as well as the elastic deformation. The bearing load distribution is observed through a trial blow, and then the support units are manually relocated to better distribute the supporting points to create the appropriate BHF distribution. To demonstrate the efficiency of the suggested structure, the authors perform deep drawing with off-centered setting of a blank to create wrinkles intentionally. They then employ the multi-point die-support system, relocate the support units, and eliminate wrinkles.

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21

YANG, T. S., N. C. HWANG, and R. F. SHYU. "A FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS FOR THE EFFECTS OF PROCESS PARAMETERS AND MATERIAL ANISOTROPY IN THE CYLINDRICAL DEEP DRAWING." Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Systems 07, no. 01 (June 2008): 21–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021968670800105x.

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Deep drawing process, one of sheet metal forming methods, is very useful in industrial field because of its efficiency. The deep drawing process is affected by many material and process parameters, such as the strain-hardening exponent, plastic strain ratio, anisotropic property of blank, friction and lubrication, blank holder force, presence of drawbeads, the profile radius of die and punch, etc. In this paper, a finite element method is used to investigate the cylindrical deep drawing process. The thickness of product and the forming force predicted by current simulation are compared with the experimental data. A finite element method is also used to investigate the maximum forming load and the minimum thickness of products under various process parameter conditions, including the profile radius of die, the clearance between die cavity and punch and the blank holding force. Furthermore, the material anisotropy and process parameters effect on the earing are also investigated.

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22

Ahmetoglu, Mustafa A., Gary Kinzel, and Taylan Altan. "Forming of aluminum alloys—application of computer simulations and blank holding force control." Journal of Materials Processing Technology 71, no. 1 (November 1997): 147–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-0136(97)00161-1.

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23

Osakada, Kozo, Chan Chin Wang, and Ken-ichi Mori. "Controlled FEM Simulation for Determining History of Blank Holding Force in Deep Drawing." CIRP Annals 44, no. 1 (1995): 243–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0007-8506(07)62317-8.

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24

Leminen, Ville, Sami Matthews, Antti Pesonen, Panu Tanninen, and Juha Varis. "Combined effect of blank holding force and forming force on the quality of press-formed paperboard trays." Procedia Manufacturing 17 (2018): 1120–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2018.10.026.

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25

Zhang, De Hai, Jin Liang, Chen Guo, Yan Qin Li, and Zhe Guo. "Forming of 2A12 Aluminum Alloy Double Curvature Thin-Wall Part Based on the Hill (1948) Anisotropic Yield Criterion." Advanced Materials Research 129-131 (August 2010): 1176–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.129-131.1176.

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In order to solve the existing problems such as the less-plump corners and wrinkle during the forming process of a double curvature thin-wall part. Material parameter formulas are calculated based on Hill 1948 anisotropic yield criterion and flow rule. The material mechanical property parameters of 2A12 are obtained using uniaxial tensile experiment. Single factor test method is used and LS-DYNA is applied to conduct finite element analysis. So the influence law of holding force, blank shape and blank size imposed on the finite element model are calculated in sequence. On the basis of these laws, that the blanking force, blank dimension and blank shape are decided. Stamping die for the experiment model is designed and made, deformation measurement technology of coordinate grid circle is used to carry out strain analysis. From the comparison result between experiment and simulated data, it can be seen that Hill 1948 yield criterion and flow law can better solve the formability of 2A12 sheet.

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26

Zein, Hussein, and Osama M. Irfan. "Optimization and Mapping of the Deep Drawing Force Considering Friction Combination." Applied Sciences 11, no. 19 (October 4, 2021): 9235. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11199235.

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Deep drawing is characterized by extremely complex deformation that is influenced by process characteristics such as die and punch shapes, blank shape, blank holding force, material properties, and lubrication. The optimization of the deep drawing process is a challenging issue due to the complicated functions that define and relate the process parameters. However, the optimization is essential to enhance the productivity and the product cost in the deep drawing process. In this paper, a MATLAB toolbox (Pattern Search) was employed to minimize the maximum deep drawing force (Fd-min) at different values of the operating and the geometrical parameters. As a result, a minimum deep drawing force chart (carpet plot) was generated to show the best combination of friction coefficients at the blank contact interfaces. The extracted friction coefficients guided the selection of proper lubricants while minimizing the deep drawing force. A finite element analysis (FEA) was applied through 3D model to simulate the deep drawing process. The material modeling was implemented utilizing the ABAQUS/EXPLICIT program with plastic anisotropy. The optimization results showed that the deep drawing force and the wrinkling decrease when compared with experimental and numerical results from the literature.

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27

Feng, Hai Mei, Jun Hong Wang, Shen Zhai, and Rui Hua Dong. "Study on Stamping Process of Dust Shield Based on Orthogonal Test." Advanced Materials Research 1090 (February 2015): 228–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1090.228.

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In this paper, Orthogonal test is used in combination with numerical simulation to get a comprehensive consideration of the effectors of die radius, blank holding force (PHF) and punching velocity on dust shield forming performance. Optimum forming parameters is obtained to optimize die structure. These results will give reference to drawing process.

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28

Chen, Lei. "Simulation and Optimization of U-Bending Springback Using Genetic Algorithms." Applied Mechanics and Materials 69 (July 2011): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.69.17.

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Springback during unloading affects the dimensional accuracy of sheet metal parts. This paper proposes a finite element model to predict springback with contact evolution between the sheet and dies. The underlying formulation is based on updated Lagrangian elastoplastic materials model. The solutions validated with experimental data of NUMISHEET’93 show more accurately. The effects of the variable blank holding force (VBHF) on springback results are investigated based on genetic algorithms (GAs) for the determination of the parameters in blank holding operations. It has been found that the GAs based optimization technique is very effective in solving this kind of problem. The difficulty of choosing correct starting values for the constants in the traditional optimization techniques has been completely overcome and the GAs technique provides a better chance to converge to the global minimum.

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29

Song, Jung-Han, Hoon Huh, and Se-Ho Kim. "Stress-Based Springback Reduction of a Channel Shaped Auto-Body Part With High-Strength Steel Using Response Surface Methodology." Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 129, no. 3 (January 16, 2007): 397–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2744399.

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In this paper, an optimum design is carried out with finite element analysis to determine process parameters which reduce the amount of springback and improve shape accuracy of a deep drawn product with the channel shape. Without springback simulation usually performed with an implicit solving scheme, the study uses the amount of stress deviation through the sheet thickness direction in the deep drawn product as an indicator of springback. The simulation incorporates the explicit elasto-plastic finite element method for calculation of the final shape and the stress deviation of the final product. The optimization method adopts the response surface methodology in order to seek the optimum condition of process parameters such as the blank holding force and the draw-bead force. The present optimization scheme is applied to the design of the variable blank holding force in the U-draw bending process and the application is further extended to the design of draw-bead force in a front side member formed with advanced high-strength steel (AHSS) sheets made of DP600. Results demonstrate that the optimum design of process parameters decreases the stress deviation throughout the thickness of the sheet and reduces the amount of springback of the channel shaped part. The present analysis provides a guideline in the tool design stage for controlling the evolution of springback based on the finite element simulation of complicated parts.

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30

Luo, Zheng Zhi, Jing Zeng, and Jin Peng Yu. "Influences of Blank Holding Force on Stamping of Large Ellipsoidal Heads Based on Simulation." Applied Mechanics and Materials 217-219 (November 2012): 2097–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.217-219.2097.

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Ellipsoidal heads is a important composition of railways tank car. Sheet stamping process is a common method used for manufacturing ellipsoidal heads. An accurate and efficient finite element model was developed for analysis and prediction of ellipsoidal heads forming quality, with different degrees of reduction deformation at different binder forces considered, and self-adaptive mesh were adopted to improve computational efficiency and quality. And the results of simulation was validated by experimental results. Based on this finite element model, the distributions of stress, strain and wall thickness during this process were obtained.

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31

Jaiswal, Ashwin. "Experimental Investigation of Blank Temperature and Blank Holding Pressure on the Punch Force and Limiting Drawing Ratio- A Review." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 8, no. 6 (June 30, 2020): 1507–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2020.6246.

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32

Zhang, Mei, Jun Zhang, Yu Xiang Ning, Tao Wang, and Zi Wan. "Springback Behavior of Advanced High Strength Steel (AHSS) CP800." Advanced Materials Research 820 (September 2013): 45–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.820.45.

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800MPa grade Advanced High Strength Steels (AHSS), Complex Phase steel CP800, containing microalloying elements, are chosen to test the stamping properties in different test conditions and compared with traditional high strength low alloy (HSLA) steels HSLA S700MC. Tensile test, and HAT shape stamping test are taken to investigate the properties of the materials. Test results indicate that the studied 800MPa grade AHSS shows a better strength ductility balance compared with the reference HSLA steels. Under the same HAT shape springback stamping condition, HSLA steels S700MC always show the largest springback deformation among the investigated steels. While springback angles of all the AHSS studied are markedly smaller than that of steel S700MC. Among the 3 kinds of AHSS researched, CP800T always show the largest springback deformation. Domestic steel CP800 and imported CP800S show much smaller springback deformation respectively. In BHF of 100KN condition, springback deformation of 3 kinds of AHSS reaches the top value among all the BHF conditions. However, steel CP800 indicates an outstanding springback restrain trend in blank holding force (BHF) further increasing attempt. Thus, springback behavior can be restricted obviously by using a larger blank holding force (BHF) in steel CP800 stamping cases.

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33

Lazarescu, Lucian, Ioan Nicodim, Dan Sorin Comsa, and Dorel Banabic. "Effect of the Blank-Holding Load on the Drawing Force in the Deep-Drawing Process of Cylindrical and Square Cups." Applied Mechanics and Materials 760 (May 2015): 379–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.760.379.

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In this study, the influence of the blank-holding force (BHF) on the drawing force (DF) in the deep-drawing process of cylindrical and square cups has been investigated experimentally. For this purpose, different constant and variable BHFs have been applied to AA6016-T4 aluminum alloy and DC04 steel sheets during the forming process. It has been observed that an increased constant BHF leads to an increase of DF. On the other hand, the variable BHF approach, in which the BHF decreases in six steps throughout the punch stroke, reduces the DF.

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34

Li, Daoming, and Amit K. Ghosh. "Effects of Temperature and Blank Holding Force on Biaxial Forming Behavior of Aluminum Sheet Alloys." Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance 13, no. 3 (June 1, 2004): 348–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1361/10599490419225.

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35

Lazarescu, Lucian, Ioan Nicodim, and Dorel Banabic. "Evaluation of Drawing Force and Thickness Distribution in the Deep-Drawing Process with Variable Blank-Holding." Key Engineering Materials 639 (March 2015): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.639.33.

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In the deep drawing process, the blank-holding force (BHF) is an important process parameter affecting the energy consumption and the successful production of parts. In the present work, both experiments and finite element simulations have been conducted to investigate the influence of constant and time variable BHF on drawing force (DF) and thickness distribution in the deep drawing process of cylindrical and square cups. A finite element model was developed in the AutoForm software and validated with experiments. The developed model has been used for the simulation of deep drawing process of AA6016-T4 aluminum alloy sheet. The experimental and numerical results show that, using a variable instead of a constant BHF, the DF can be decreased in the expense of wall thickening.

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36

Lee, J. H., W. J. Chung, and J. H. Kim. "Influence of Drawing Speed and Blank Holding Force in Rectangular Drawing of Ultra Thin Sheet Metal." Transactions of Materials Processing 21, no. 6 (October 1, 2012): 348–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5228/kstp.2012.21.6.348.

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37

Jeong, Hyun Gi, Eun Hyuk Jang, Youn Jun Song, and Wan Jin Chung. "Improvement of Formability in Automobile Panels by Variable Blank Holding Force with Consideration of Nonlinear Deformation Path." Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering 32, no. 11 (November 1, 2015): 945–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.7736/kspe.2015.32.11.945.

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38

Deep, K. S., N. Venkata Reddy, A. Agrawal, and J. Ramkumar. "A Mathematical Model for Determination of Limiting Blank Holding Force and Cavity Pressure in Hydromechanical Deep Drawing." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 221, no. 2 (February 2007): 155–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544054jem633.

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39

Modi, Bharatkumar, and D. Ravi Kumar. "Development of a hydroforming setup for deep drawing of square cups with variable blank holding force technique." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 66, no. 5-8 (August 18, 2012): 1159–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-012-4397-4.

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40

Sato, Hideki, Kenichi Manabe, Dong Bin Wei, Zheng Yi Jiang, and Daiki Kondo. "Micro Sheet Hydroforming Process of Ultra-Thin Pure Titanium Foil." Key Engineering Materials 626 (August 2014): 397–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.626.397.

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A micro hydromechanical deep drawing is carried out using the pure titanium and the effect of fluid pressure on formability of pure titanium is investigated. The experiments are performed using the two kinds of pure titanium foils (TR270C-H and TR270C-O) and stainless steel foil (SUS304-H) with 50 thickness and the cylindrical and conical punches. As a result, it is found that the peeling off the oxide film of pure titanium can be reduced by applying the fluid pressure because the friction force and contact pressure between the blank and die decreases. However, the formability is lower for pure titanium than that for stainless steel because the tensile strength is low and the friction force is easy to increase as the friction force increases. In contrast, due to the low young modulus of pure titanium, the restriction of wrinkling, decrease of friction force and friction holding effect can be obtained at low fluid pressure.

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41

Ibrahim, Magdi. "Effect of Blank Holding Force of The Formability and Limiting Drawing Ratio for Steel - Plastic Laminated Sheets.(Dept.M)." MEJ. Mansoura Engineering Journal 19, no. 4 (December 1, 1994): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/bfemu.2021.164654.

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42

Reddy, A. Chennakesava. "Formability Analysis of 6063 Al Alloy for Deep Drawn Cylindrical Cups with Constant and Progressive Blank Holding Force." International Journal of Mechanical Engineering 4, no. 5 (May 25, 2017): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.14445/23488360/ijme-v4i5p105.

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43

Koyama, Hiroshi, Robert H. Wagoner, and Ken-ichi Manabe. "Blank holding force control in panel stamping process using a database and FEM-assisted intelligent press control system." Journal of Materials Processing Technology 152, no. 2 (October 2004): 190–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2004.03.031.

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44

Yun, Young-Won, Hyung-Sub Bae, and Myeong-Kwan Park. "A study of the control of the blank holding force using an MR damper in a drawing press." Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 24, no. 11 (November 2010): 2281–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12206-010-0808-3.

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45

Manabe, Ken-ichi, Kentaro Soeda, and Akinori Shibata. "Effects of Variable Punch Speed and Blank Holder Force in Warm Superplastic Deep Drawing Process." Metals 11, no. 3 (March 17, 2021): 493. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11030493.

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A cylindrical deep drawing test was conducted for the purpose of improving the drawability, product accuracy, and quality in warm deep drawing using a superplastic material with large strain rate dependence. Then, the effects of blank holding force (BHF) and punch speed (SPD) on the flange wrinkle behavior and wall thickness distribution were investigated by experiments and theoretical analysis. A Zn-22Al-0.5Cu-0.01Mg alloy superplastic material SPZ2 with a sheet thickness of 1 mm was employed as the experimental material, and a cylindrical deep drawing experiment with the drawing ratio (DR) of 3.1 and 5 was performed at 250 °C. A good agreement was qualitatively obtained between the elementary theory on the flange wrinkle limit, the fracture limit, and the experimental results. In addition, the authors examined each variable BHF and SPD method obtained from the theory and experimentally demonstrated that the variable BHF method has a great effect on uniform wall thickness distribution and that variable SPD has a great effect on shortening the processing time for superplastic materials. Furthermore, the authors demonstrated the effectiveness of the variable BHF/SPD deep drawing method that varies both BHF and SPD simultaneously.

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46

Lo, Sy-Wei, and Tsu-Chang Yang. "Closed-loop control of the blank holding force in sheet metal forming with a new embedded-type displacement sensor." International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 24, no. 7-8 (May 5, 2004): 553–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00170-003-1711-1.

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47

Ding, Hong Yan, Mu Jian Xia, Yue Zhang, and Guang Hong Zhou. "Numerical Simulation and Optimization of Drawing for Shallow Tapered Surface." Advanced Materials Research 291-294 (July 2011): 682–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.291-294.682.

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It was hard to predict crack and wrinkle which are the main failure modes when drawing for the shallow tapered parts. In this paper crack and wrinkle can be avoided effectively by using the software DYNAFORM in combination with orthogonal design of experiment method. The influence of normal anisotropy coefficient, friction coefficient, drawbead resistance and blank holding force on deep drawing shallow tapered surface was analyzed by numerical simulation. The results show that the minimum-wall-thickness was the main criterion for the drawing process but not the only criterion. Crack and wrinkle can be moderately eliminated finally after optimization of the parameters and following trim process in the drawing for shallow tapered surface.

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48

Park, Nho Kwang, Jin Gee Park, Sang Hyun Seo, and Jeoung Han Kim. "Drawability of Ti-6Al-4V Sheet at Elevated Temperatures." Materials Science Forum 654-656 (June 2010): 902–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.654-656.902.

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Titanium and its alloys are difficult-to-form materials due to limited slip system and plastic anisotropy. Titanium is also prone to change in color due to oxidation at high temperatures. It is thus advisable to conduct deep drawing of titanium and its alloys at temperatures below 600°C. In this study, the drawability of Ti-6Al-4V sheet is evaluated in respect to the process parameters such as forming temperature, forming speed, and blank holding force at elevated temperatures. It is shown that the limit drawing ratio (LDR) increases with increasing temperature, but varies insignificantly with forming speed. The development of residual stresses in the wall of drawn cups during deformation was evaluated.

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49

Hu, Miao, Zhi Qiang Yang, Xiao Lin Cao, Qing Yang, Yu Chen, and Xin Li. "Study on Simulation of Stamping Forming and Die Surface Optimization of Aluminum Alloy Plate." Key Engineering Materials 764 (February 2018): 303–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.764.303.

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Along with the automobile lightweight development, aluminum has become the focus of its own material characteristics. The aluminum alloy products with high efficiency, high quality and low cost are the guarantee of competitive advantage. High quality die surface is directly related to the product quality, cost, production efficiency, die life and so on. In this paper, the stamping process of two kinds of aluminum alloy products was simulated by Auto Form. The method of setting blank holding force and spring back compensation was introduced. At the same time, the setting of parameters such as die fillet, friction coefficient and draw bead was described in this paper. Finally, the optimization of die surface design was achieved by simulation.

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50

Meng, Qing Lei, Bao Yu Wang, Lei Fu, Jing Zhou, and Jian Guo Lin. "The Influence of Process Parameters during Hot Stamping of AA6111 Aluminum Alloy Sheet." Advanced Materials Research 572 (October 2012): 255–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.572.255.

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The AA6111 aluminum alloy sheet is widely used in auto-body manufacture. It can make use of good plasticity under high temperature to form more complex parts by using the hot stamping. The influence of process parameters in hot stamping of AA6111 aluminum alloy sheet is investigated through numerical simulation in this paper, including blank holding force (BHF), friction coefficient, stamping velocity and initial forming temperature. Finally forming defects of numerical simulation are verified through the hot stamping experiments. The results show that it can effectively avoid wrinkling and fracture by controlling the BHF, good lubricant is in favor of forming and numerical simulation can accurately predict forming defects to guide the production.

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