Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Blanche Cave'

xvii, 106 p. : ill., maps. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number.
This dissertation establishes the age, depositional environment, composition, and climatic conditions for the Cape Blanco flora. The paleotemperature estimated by the Cape Blanco flora, the Temblor flora of California, and the Seldovia flora of Alaska are then compared with sea surface temperatures estimated from oxygen isotope analysis of benthic foraminifera. The unconformity-bound shallow marine sandstone of Floras Lake includes a redeposited tuff bed which contains fossil leaves at Cape Blanco. An 40 Ar/ 39 Ar age of 18.26 ± 0.86 Ma is presented for the tuff as well as a paleomagnetic stratigraphy of the sandstone. Sedimentary structures of the tuff bed are evidence that the tuff was deposited at or just above the strand line. The depth of tuff deposition was shallower than the adjacent marine sands, and this short-lived shoaling may have been a result of increased sediment supply. The fossil flora was an oak forest with numerous species of Fagaceae. Additional components include lanceolate Salicaceae leaves, entire margined Lauraceae, fragmentary Betulaceae, and lobed Platanaceae. Coniferous debris, charcoal, Equisetales, and Typhaceae forms are also figured. Ten leaf forms could not be confidently assigned to established names but are described, figured, and called angiosperm forms 1-10. In total 44 unique forms are identified. The size and margin type of the dicot specimens are quantified, and by comparison with known modern floras, a former mean annual precipitation of 201 (+86, -61) cm and a former mean annual temperature of 18.26 ± 2.6°C are estimated. The paleotemperature of the ∼17.5 Ma Seldovia Flora and the ∼17.5 Ma Temblor Flora are estimated using the same method, establishing a ∼0.7°C per degree of latitude temperature gradient for the northern hemisphere temperate zone. The leaf based gradient is steeper than the sea surface temperature gradient, of ∼0.26°C per degree of latitude as estimated from oxygen isotopic composition of foraminifera collected from ocean sediment cores. Both fossil leaf and isotope methods suggest that the early Miocene was ∼5°C warmer than today. This thesis includes unpublished co-authored material.
Committee in charge: Gregory Retallack, Chairperson, Geological Sciences; Rebecca Dorsey, Member, Geological Sciences; Joshua Roering, Member, Geological Sciences; Barbara Roy, Outside Member, Biology

Thesis (MPhil)--University of Stellenbosch, 2005.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The aim of this assignment is to examine two investigative journalism programmes in South Africa, namely Carte Blanche and SpecialAssignment in order to ascertain whether two South African policing organisations have been subjected to racist stereotyping on these two programmes. Both these programmes are held in high esteem within South African and international media circles. Carte Blanche has won many awards, such as the prestigious eNN African Journalist of the Year Award in 2002. Special Assignment won the equivalent award in 2001. The approaches and styles in revealing the truth by using investigative forms of journalism are however slightly different. Both Carte Blanche and Special Assignment have produced stories from August 2003 to September 2004 that have exposed corruption within the South African policing organisations. Many of the perpetrators within the police force were identified as people of colour. This assignment therefore aims to discover whether racist stereotyping exists in this niche of investigative journalism television programmes. This opens up the possibility for these portrayals to be seen as stereotypical, since the dominant press codes in South Africa stipulates that reference to 'race' in news reporting should only be done where it will contribute significantly to understanding the subject matter or if the reference to the race of the person is particularly applicable. This assignment aims to discover whether racist stereotyping exists in this niche of investigative journalism television programmes. The research method comprised analysing programmes on Carte Blanche and Special Assignment that dealt with the South African policing organisations from August 2003 to September 2004. The original transcripts of the programmes were retrieved from the relevant websites of Carte Blanche and Special Assignment and have also been studied. Sources on media ethics as well as newspaper and magazine articles dealing with the South African policing organisations, crime and corruption were scrutinized in order to provide background information for the study. The analyses of the programmes was complemented by interviews conducted with the investigative journalists at the helm of the two programmes, namely, Ruda Landman from Carte Blanche and Jessica Pitchford from Special Assignment.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie studie is om twee ondersoekende joernalistiekprogramme in Suid-Afrika, naamlik Carte Blanche en Special Assignment, te ondersoek ten einde vas te stelof die Suid- Afrikaanse polisiëringsorganisasies in dié twee programme aan rassestereotipering onderhewig is. Albei dié programme word hoog geag in Suid-Afrikaanse en internasionale mediakringe. Carte Blanche het reeds verskeie toekennings gewen, soos die toonaangewende eNN Afrikajoernalis van die Jaar Toekenning in 2002. Special Assignment het hierdie toekenning in 2001 gewen. Die benaderings en styl wat tydens die bekendmaking van die waarheid gevolg word deur die toepassing van ondersoekende vorme van joernalistiek verskil egter effe. Sowel Carte Blanche as Special Assignment het van Augustus 2003 tot September 2004 stories opgelewer wat korrupsie in die Suid-Afrikaanse polisiëringsorganisasies aan die kaak gestel het. Baie van die skuldiges in die polisiemag is geïdentifiseer as gekleurde mense. Hierdie studie beoog dus om vas te stel of daar rassestereotipering in hierdie afdeling van televisieprogramme met betrekking tot ondersoekende joernalistiek bestaan. Ondersoekende joernalistiek is ongetwyfeld een van die stimulerendste afdelings van die joernalistiek. Dit is 'n uitgesproke vorm van joernalistiek wat die vermoë het om die samelewing te beïnvloed. Ondersoekende joernalistiek maak gewoonlik misdrywe aan die publiek bekend. Die konsekwente uitbeelding van gekleurde mense op 'n negatiewe wyse sou kon lei tot die inboet van etiese waardes en dus tot rassestereotipering. Die navorsingsmetode het behels dat daar van Augustus 2003 tot September 2004 na programme oor die Suid-Afrikaanse polisiëringsorganisasies op Carte Blanche en Special Assignment gekyk is en dat dit op band opgeneem is. Die oorspronklike transkripsies van die programme is van Carte Blanche en Special Assignment se onderskeie webtuistes verkry en word as bylaes by hierdie studie aangeheg. Bronne oor media-etiek asook koerant- en tydskrifartikels wat oor die Suid-Afrikaanse polisiëringsorganisasies, misdaad en korrupsie handel, is noukeurig nagegaan. 'n Persoonlike onderhoud is met Ruda Landman van Carte Blanche gevoer, en met Jessica Pitchford van Special Assignment is 'n onderhoud per e-pos gevoer. Landman en Pitchford was albei betrokke by die samestelling van die betrokke

Se han realizado un total de 105 determinaciones químicas y sensoriales, relacionadas principalmente con el color, el gusto y el aroma de mostos y vinos blancos del Penedés y destinados a la elaboración de vino espumoso (Cava). Las muestras analizadas corresponden a un ensayo a escala piloto (vendimia de 1988), a cuatro vinificaciones realizadas a escala industrial (vendimias de 1990 y 1991) y a 28 vinos blancos industriales (vendimias de 1990 y 1991). Estas muestras pretenden poner de manifiesto la posible influencia de distintas tecnologias prefermentativas sobre las características sensoriales resultantes. Las tecnologías estudiadas han sido: el tipo de desfangado (estático y dinámico por filtración), la clarificación, el prensado y el conjunto de prácticas tecnológicas propias de las bodegas elaboradoras. Se ha observado que el desfangado por filtración al vacio produce mayores pérdidas en gran parte de los componentes del mosto, con respecto al desfangado estático por decantación. Estas pérdidas repercuten en las características de los vinos, siendo igualmente drásticas para aquellos parámetros considerados "a priori" positivos (aroma afrutado y floral), como para los negativos (aromas y gustos herbáceos). Asimismo, mediante análisis estadístico multivariante, se ha puesto de manifiesto la gran influencia que tienen el año de vendimia, la variedad de uva y la tecnología asociada a las bodegas elaboradoras (desfangado, prensado, levadura, etc.) sobre la calidad organoléptica de los vinos destinados a la obtención de cava.

Le succès des crèmes blanchissantes en Inde n’est plus à démontrer. Qu’il s’agisse des crèmes pour le visage de Fair & Lovely (F&L) ou des savons blanchissants pour la toilette intime, chaque partie du corps semble soumise à l’injonction de la blancheur. Dans les années 1990 et la libéralisation du marché économique, F&L qui avait régné en maître pendant 30 ans, voit ses parts de marché se réduire. Concurrence indienne, concurrence occidentale, si le développement du marché dit des cosmetics joue un rôle important dans cet engouement pour la blancheur, il ne doit pas nous faire oublier que la préférence pour le teint clair n’est pas nouvelle en Inde. Couleur de race qui ravive les questions des relations entre Aryens et Dravidiens, couleur de caste censée différencier physiquement les hautes des basses castes ou couleur de classe conférant modernité et réussite sociale ; le blanc de la peau, la clarté du teint quittent aujourd’hui les sphères féminines de la beauté et du mariage pour rejoindre des questions d’ordre général sur la société. À travers notamment l’histoire des images fixes et en mouvement, l’approche anthropologique cherche à comprendre d’où vient cette préférence, comment et pourquoi elle semble trouver un écho particulier dans la société indienne d’aujourd’hui
Light has been shed several times on the success of whitening creams in India: it is established. From Fair & Lovely’s (F & L) face creams to whitening soaps for personal hygiene: every part of the body seems to bear allegiance to the whiteness motto. With the nineties came liberalisation and a drastic shrinking in the market shares of F & L, although the company had been a business leader without any competitor for 30 years. The cosmetics industry struggles to find a fine balance between Indian and Western competition. The development of this industry did play a crucial part in the craze for whiteness. And yet, it should not obliterate the antiquity of the preference for skin whiteness in India.Race colours lead to a renewed questioning of the relationship between Aryans and Dravidians. Cast colours are supposed to allow a physical difference between higher and lower castes. Class colours bring modernity and social prestige. The whiteness of the skin and the fairness of the complexion thus moves from the feminine spheres of beauty and marriage towards general questions on society order. Through the history of both still and moving images, the anthropological approach aims at understanding where this preference comes from and why it has found an echo in the Indian society today

In a media landscape that continues to be characterized by heteronormativity, queer female audiences are continuously finding ways to make popular texts their own. Previous scholarship on queer female reception has largely approached queer meaning-making as a text-audience relationship, a perspective which disregards the position of films as commodities surrounded by an extensive promotional network. This thesis investigates the role of commodification in the process of queer meaning-making in popular film through a reception study of the film Ocean’s 8 (Gary Ross, 2018). Using a netnographic method that places social media reception in dialogue with the film and its promotional materials, it challenges the idea that queer meaning is always either embedded in the film text or brought in by the audience “(in)appropriating” the text. Rather, the film and its promotional context create an ambiguity that allows queer readings to flow freely, and actively interacts with a pre-existing Cate Blanchett-as-lesbian fantasy amongst audiences to steer those readings in particular directions. Queer female meaning-making, then, is far from a one-directional action, but rather a complex and constant renegotiation of queerness between commercial actors and audiences alike.

A Sceptical Aesthetics of Existence: The Case of Michel Foucault Emmanouil Simos (Hughes Hall) Michel Foucault's genealogical investigations constitute a specific historical discourse that challenges the metaphysical hypostatisation of concepts and methodological approaches as unique devices for tracking metaphysically objective truths. Foucault's notion of aesthetics of existence, his elaboration of the ancient conceptualisation of ethics as an 'art of living' (a technē tou biou), along with a series of interconnected notions (such as the care of the self) that he developed in his later work, have a triple aspect. First, these notions are constitutive parts of his later genealogies of subjectivity. Second, they show that Foucault contemplates the possibility of understanding ethics differently, opposed to, for example, the traditional Kantian conceptualisation of morality: he envisages ethics in terms of self-fashioning, of aesthetic transformation, of turning one's life into a work of art. Third, Foucault employs these notions in self-referential way: they are considered to describe his own genealogical work. This thesis attempts to show two things. First, I defend the idea that the notion of aesthetics of existence was already present in a constitutive way from the beginning of his work, and, specifically, I argue that it can be traced in earlier moments of his work. Second, I defend the idea that this notion of aesthetics of existence is best understood in terms of the sceptical stance of Sextus Empiricus. It describes an ethics of critique of metaphysics that can be understood as a nominalist, contextualist, and particularist stance. The first chapter discusses Foucault's late genealogy of the subject. It formulates the interpretative framework within which Foucault's own conceptualisation of the aesthetics of existence can be understood as a sceptical stance, itself conceived as nominalist, contextualist and particularist. As the practice of an aesthetics of existence is not abstract and ahistorical but the engagement with the specific historical circumstances within which this practice is undertaken, the second chapter reconstructs the intellectual context from which Foucault's thought has emerged (Heidegger, Blanchot, and Nietzsche). The third chapter discusses representative examples of different periods of Foucault's thought -such as the "Introduction" to Binswanger's "Traum und Existenz" (1954), Histoire de la folie (1961), and Histoire de la sexualité I. La volonté de savoir (1976)- and shows in which way they constitute concrete instantiations of his sceptical aesthetics of existence. The thesis concludes with responses to a number of objections to the sceptical stance here defended.

This critical study unveils the ideological underpinning of contemporary network series narratives through a thematic approach combined with the analysis of the strategies of representation that support the ideological inclination of the series/Cette analyse critique dévoile l'idéologie sous-jacente des séries télévisées contemporaines des networks américains par une approche thématique combinée à une analyse des stratégies de représentations qui appuient la tendance idéologique de ces séries
Doctorat en Langues et lettres
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Les stratégies d’entreprises dites « BoP » (pour Bottom/Base of the Pyramid) impliquent la création de produits/services au bas de la pyramide économique, soit 4 milliards d’individus vivant avec moins de 9$ par jour. Les chercheurs et les professionnels expriment l’intérêt de ces stratégies mais relèvent la difficulté d’obtention simultanée des performances économique (pour la firme) et sociale (pour le marché BoP). Notre recherche doctorale s’inscrit dans cette lignée et pose les questions de recherche suivantes : « quels sont les déterminants des performances économique et sociale des stratégies BoP ? Existe-t-il une relation entre ces types de performance ? Pour y répondre, un design méthodologique en trois phases a été élaboré : (I) un sondage de cas basé sur 77 observations de stratégies BoP (II), une étude empirique quantitative basée sur un échantillon de 316 professionnels, (III) une discussion des résultats pour une proposition théorique nommée océan blanc. Les résultats montrent que pour atteindre les performances économique et sociale, l’entreprise doit, (1) avoir des motivations économique et sociale (2), acquérir et capitaliser des connaissances sur le terrain, (3) adapter le prix, la communication, le produit/service mais pas les modes/canaux de distribution, (4) réaliser des alliances sociales et (5) limiter l’influence des institutions, des acteurs locaux et des actionnaires
The so called « BoP » (for Bottom/Base of the Pyramid) strategies of companies involve products/services creation at the base of the economic pyramid that is 4 billion people living on less than 9$/day. Researchers and professionals express interest in this type of strategy but point out the difficulty of simultaneously obtaining economic performance (for the firm) and social performance (for the BoP market). Our doctoral research is in line with the following research questions: "What are the determinants of economic and social performance of BoP strategies? Does the relationship exist between these types of performance? To answer it, a three phase methodological design has been developed: (I) a case survey method based on 77 observations of BoP strategies, (II) a quantitative empirical study based on 316 professionals, (III) a discussion on results for a theoretical proposition called white ocean. The results show: to achieve the economic and social performances, the company must, (1) have economic and social motivations, (2) acquire and accumulate knowledge in the field, (3) adapt price, communications, product/service but not distribution methods/channels, (4) make social alliances and (5) limit the influence of the institutions, local stakeholders and shareholders

L'objectif de cette thèse est d'analyser le système juridique français et brésilien concernant les stratégies de défense contre les offres publiques d'acquisition visant à prendre le contrôle des sociétés cotées en bourse. Les offres publiques d'acquisition font l'objet d'un vif débat, plus particulièrement lorsqu'elles présentent un caractère hostile pour la société cible. En France, de nombreux efforts législatifs ont été mis en œuvre en vue d'encadrer les OPA et de lutter contre les prises de contrôle rampantes. L'analyse du droit positif permet de mettre en lumière ces différents efforts ainsi que leur mise en œuvre à travers diverses techniques par les sociétés visées. Grâce à l'analyse juridique des stratégies anti-OPA en France, le système brésilien peut prendre connaissance de cette expérience et trouver la meilleure approche juridique pour les sociétés cotées ayant un capital flottant important. Au Brésil, la récente vague d'IPO a été possible grâce à la réforme dans la bourse BM&FBOVESPA. Dorénavant, la BM&FBOVESPA présente le scénario idéal pour prendre le contrôle des sociétés cotées. Ainsi, l'importance de ce thème est le résultat de la dispersion de l'actionnariat après la première vague d'introduction en bourse dans le marché de capitaux brésilien, et en France, elle se traduit par l'évolution dans environnement légal des défenses anti-OPA face à des pratiques qui ne cessent d'évoluer
The objective of this thesis is to analyse the French experience and the Brazilian legal environment concerning the defense strategies against hostile corporate takeovers aimed at taking control over public companies. Through the analysis of the French legal system of the anti-takeover strategies, the Brazilian system will be able to acquire this experience and find the best legal approach for Brazilian public companies with dispersed ownership. The importance of this theme is the result of the ownership dispersion following the first IPOs in the current Brazilian securities exchange market, which provides the ideal scenario for taking control of these publicly-traded companies, as well as the changes and the evolution in the French legal environment

This item is only available electronically.
The stable carbon (ẟ13C) and oxygen (ẟ18O) isotopic composition of bioapatite from fossilised mammalian tooth material is a well-established proxy for the reconstruction of palaeovegetation and palaeoclimate. The use of small mammals, in particular rodents, has been overlooked in the past for such studies. High abundances of fossilised rodent remains deposited by avian predators in cave deposits, such as Blanche Cave in the Naracoorte Caves World Heritage Area (NCWHA), gives researchers easy access to fossil materials, to which a temporal scale of climate and vegetation change can be reconstructed. ẟ18O and ẟ13C analyses were performed on crushed incisors of three species of Pseudomys (P. auritus, P. australis and P. shortridgei) over the upper 27 layers from Blanche Cave, NCWHA. The relative abundances of the three species were collected from each layer and compiled into climatic-stratigraphic units: pre-glaciation (layers 27-25), early-glaciation (layers 24-20), Last Glacial Maximum (layers 19-15) and deglaciation (layers 13-1). The carbonate-bound component of the bioapatite was analysed for ẟ13C and ẟ18OCO3, as well as the additional analysis of phosphate bound oxygen (ẟ18OPO4) using isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Isotopic signatures from ẟ13C and ẟ18O were used to reconstruct palaeoclimate and palaeovegetation over the four climatic-stratigraphic units, which were compared to existing palaeoclimate studies. As rodents are commonly abundant in fossil deposits, they have the potential of being used to determine climatic and vegetation change associated with extinction events, such as the megafauna extinction in Australia.
Thesis (B.Sc.(Hons)) -- University of Adelaide, School of Physical Sciences, 2018

M.A.
One of the most significant trends of our time, manifesting world wide as well as in South Africa and affecting family life extensively, is the continuous rise in the rate of married women entering the labour market. The increasing interface between work and family life, within the work/ family spillover model, has led to the conventional belief that female employment, due to the stress within the work-situation, and marital dissolution are causally related. In more recent studies however, researchers are no longer concentrating only on the detrimental effects of the dual-earner family lifestyle, but are increasingly investigating intervening variables which alleviate stress in dual-earner families and which could actually contribute to higher experience of marital integration and quality. As a result of this perspective on family life of the working married woman, the question arose as to what the situation in this regard in South Africa may be. The aim with this research was to determine the nature of the mediating influence of intervening variables on the correlation between the woman's participation in the labour market and her experience of marital integration. Respondents from Johannesburg, East Rand, West Rand and Pretoria were selected by means of purposive and snowball sampling. A total of 300 respondents completed a questionnaire, which included items on biographical information and Likert type questions regarding the respondents' experiences of both family and work related aspects. In order to measure these aspects, eight scales were developed by means of factor analysis and item analysis, namely the respondent's experience of her husband's performance of domestic obligations; her husband's care-taking of the children; her husband's performance of emotion work; her commitment to growth in the marriage; her experience of marital integration; her involvement in her work; her experience of occupational stress; and occupational satisfaction. An analysis was made to determine the differences between groups that can be divided into more numerous discreet categories, by making use of multivariate and one-way analysis of variance and Scheffe's paired comparisons, as well as Hotelling T 2 and t-tests and Pearson's product-moment correlation coefficients. Three regression models were developed in order to determine the predictors of marital integration, involvement in work and occupational satisfaction. The following results regarding the family related scales were found: Respondents experience their husbands' performance of emotion work to a greater degree, than their husbands' performance of domestic obligations and care-taking of the children. In comparison with the other scales, the respondent's experience of her husband's performance of emotion work indicated the highest statistical significant correlation with her experience of marital integration. Therefore the husband's performance of emotion work may be considered as a very important variable in predicting the working wife's experience of marital integration. In the case of the correlation between the family related and the work related scales, it was found that, unlike the respondent's experience of occupational stress, both the respondent's commitment to work and her experience of occupational satisfaction indicated a statistical significant correlation with her experience of marital integration. By means of path analysis, it was possible to determine that in both the models for path analysis in the case of marital integration (endogenous variable) and involvement in work (exogenous variable), -and in—the case—of marital—integration (endogenous variable) and occupational satisfaction (exogenous variable),, in the event of controlling for the family related variables, the partial correlations between marital integration and involvement in work, as well as between marital integration and occupational satisfaction, declined. Therefore it may be said that the family related variables, namely the respondent's commitment to growth in the marriage; her experience of her husband's performance of emotion work; her experience of her husband's care-taking of the children; and her experience of her husband's performance of domestic obligations, may lead to an enhancement of the working married woman's experience of marital integration. Knowledge of these intervening variables may not only help the dual-earner family in coping with the strenuous dilemmas, but may actually contribute to a better marital and familial relationship.

碩士
中原大學
會計研究所
93
An research institution can be utilized as one of the administrative tools for the government and a pusher of the industrial polices for science and technology. Thus, The Energy and Resources Laboratories (ERL) of the Industrial Technology Research Institute (ITRI) has been playing an extremely important role in the fields of research and development for the energy and resources of this nation. However, the ERL has lately faced many challenges from, such as, the growing number of energy research centers founded by the academia as well as the budget-cuts of ERL’s research funds by the Legislative. These impacts may soon result in harder competition and change to the ERL’s organization structure. Therefore, how The Energy and Resources Laboratories (ERL) take an approach to making innovation and system reform to meet the challenges toward to the future? The Balanced-scorecard System will be the key to the solution for a new mechanism. This research was initiated with a case study that analyzes the characteristics of the ERL’s organization structure. The study approached in four steps. First, it probed into the environment that the non-profit organizations of research and development currently face, then defined the reasons for the implimentation the Balanced-scorecard system is needed. Secondly, established the indices of evaluation for the major factors that include finance, clients, internal process, learning and advancing, community responsibilities, etc., based on the concept of Balanced scorecard, then constructed the tactics maps applied to ERL. Also, according to the case studies in the past documents, pinpointed the potential problems that may occur in the actual application and suggested the solutions for solve them. Finally, via the internal interviews in the ERL departments, surveyed the cognition of the officials in pursuing the scorecard of the balance. The results of the research reveal that the Balance-scorecard system can be carried out successfully in the strength of five elements: 1. Support of team management and execution of the team works; 2. Participation of total staff and the reconstruction of organizational culture; 3. The open information and the integration of the information systems; 4. Coordination of human resources help build the Balanced-scorecard system according to the five major factors aforementioned; 5. Such a management tool helps the ERL systems toward the innovation and motivation of learning and advancement.

Glacial-dominated areas pose unique challenges to downstream communities in adapting to recent and continuing global climate change, including increased threats of glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs) that have substantial impacts on regional social, environmental and economic systems increasing risk due to flooding of downstream communities. In this dissertation, two lakes with potential to generate GLOFs were studied, Imja Lake in Nepal and Palcacocha Lake in Peru. At Imja Lake, basic data was generated that allowed the creation of a conceptual model of the lake. Ground penetrating radar and bathymetric surveys were performed. Also, an inundation model was developed in order to evaluate the effectiveness of a project that seeks to reduce flooding risk by lowering the lake at least 3 meters. In Peru, a GLOF inundation model was created. Also, the vulnerability of the people living downstream in the City of Huaraz was calculated, and the impacts of an early warning system were evaluated. The results at Imja indicated that the lake deepened from 98 m in 2002 to 116 m in 2012. Likewise, the lake volume increased from 35.8 to 61.6±1.8 million m3 over the past decade. The GPR survey at Imja and Lhotse-Shar glaciers shows that the glacier is over 200 m thick in the center of the glacier. The modeling work at Imja shows that the proposed project will not have major impacts downstream since the area inundated does not reduce considerably unless the lake is lowered by about 20 m. In Huaraz, the results indicate that approximately 40646 people live in the potentially inundated area. Using the flow simulation and the Peru Census 2007, a map of vulnerability was generated indicating that the most vulnerable areas are near the river. Finally, the potential number of fatalities in a worst case GLOF scenario from Lake Palcacocha was calculated to be 19773 with a standard deviation of 1191 if there is no early warning system and 7344 with a standard deviation of 1446 people if an early warning system is installed. Finally, if evacuation measures are improved the number reduces to 2865 with a standard deviation of 462.
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