Journal articles: 'Blackwater'

1

Henderson, Peter A., and William G. R. Crampton. "A comparison of fish diversity and abundance between nutrient-rich and nutrient-poor lakes in the Upper Amazon." Journal of Tropical Ecology 13, no. 2 (March 1997): 175–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467400010403.

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ABSTRACTA comparative study was undertaken of Amazonian fish diversity and density (abundance and biomass) in nutrient poor (blackwater) and richer (whitewater – várzea) habitats in the vicinity of Tefé, Brazil. The whitewater sampling sites, in the floodplain of the Rios Solimōes and Japurá, had high turbidity (Secchi disc 0.03–0.7 m), a conductivity of 64–110 μS cm–1 at 25°C and a pH of 6.6–6.9. The blackwater sites Lagos Amanã, Iamã and Tefé had a low turbidity (Secchi disc 2.0–2.2 m), a conductivity of 7–11 μS cm–1 at 25°C and a pH of 5.3–6.0. The fish communities of open water, floating meadow and forest margin were sampled. Both whitewater and blackwater sites held high diversity fish communities with many species in common. Whitewater habitats were more diverse yielding 108 species, compared with only 68 from blackwater. Fish density within floating meadow was estimated during high water April and May 1994, and low water October 1994 and March 1995. During the high water season fish biomasses in blackwater lakes (31.1 gm–2) were significantly greater than those of either whitewater lakes (13.4 gm–2) or whitewater river channels (3.45 g m–2). At low water, in October, whitewater channels were generally found to hold the highest fish biomass (204 g m–2) although in March a blackwater site yielded the highest fish biomass recorded (285.9 g m–2). The amount of floating meadow habitat within Whitewaters is however much greater than that in blackwaters. It is suggested that blackwaters may offer a stable habitat resulting in a high standing crop. In comparison, variation in conditions such as dissolved oxygen concentration in the whitewater may limit standing crop, but still allow periods of high productivity. Evidence was found for migration of fish from várzea lakes during periods of low oxygen availability. The high diversity and biomass of fish caught in both whitewater and blackwater lakes indicates that water acidity and conductivity are poor predictors of fish diversity and density in tropical floodplain lakes.

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Wang, Huihui, Zifu Li, Xiaoqin Zhou, Xuemei Wang, and Siqi Zuo. "Anaerobic Co-Digestion of Kitchen Waste and Blackwater for Different Practical Application Scenarios in Decentralized Scale: From Wastes to Energy Recovery." Water 12, no. 9 (September 13, 2020): 2556. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12092556.

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This study was performed to investigate the anaerobic digestion feasibility of kitchen waste and blackwater under different scenarios in laboratory tests. According to biochemical methane potential tests, when the kitchen waste to blackwater solid ratio was 1:1, the cumulative methane production reached the highest amount at 313.2 mL/g volatile solids (VSs), which was 26.4% and 29.4% higher than the anaerobic monodigestion of kitchen waste and blackwater, respectively, indicating that the anaerobic codigestion of kitchen waste and blackwater had a synergetic effect. Furthermore, the effect of different initial total ammonia nitrogen concentrations in blackwater on anaerobic digestion was determined based on the above experimental results, thereby proving that reducing the total ammonia nitrogen concentration in blackwater can appropriately improve the efficiency of methane production. Therefore, anaerobic digestion is a suitable method for the biogas production of kitchen waste and blackwater. It is of great significance for the organic waste stream treatment of households in a decentralized scale, especially in rural areas.

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Zuo, Siqi, Xiaoqin Zhou, Zifu Li, Xuemei Wang, and Longbin Yu. "Investigation on Recycling Dry Toilet Generated Blackwater by Anaerobic Digestion: From Energy Recovery to Sanitation." Sustainability 13, no. 8 (April 7, 2021): 4090. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13084090.

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Anaerobic digestion (AD) has been widely adapted for blackwater treatment, however, the effect of water-conserving toilet generated blackwater on the AD process is still unknown. In this study, the anaerobic digestion process of dry toilet generated blackwater was investigated by means of a biomethane potential test. It was demonstrated that anaerobic digestion was inhibited and then adapted because of a high total ammonium nitrogen (TAN) level (3673.3 mg/L). The start-up period was 14.04 days and the biomethane potential of dry toilet blackwater was 402.36 mLCH4/gVS (55 days, 38 °C). Inhabitation and adaptation could be described as the increase of free ammonia nitrogen content and acetic acid concentration, followed by an enhancement of the relative abundance of acetic acid-type methanogens (from 33.53–61.52%). The main pathogen in dry toilet blackwater fermentation broth, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, kept multiplying in the first 8 days and then stabilized at a higher level than that of the beginning. This work showed the self-adjustment process and pathogen dynamics of dry toilet blackwater anaerobic digestion and highlights the significance of dry toilet blackwater characteristics when designing and maintaining anaerobic digestion sanitary treatment and reuse systems.

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Segovia Bifarini, Marco Antonio, Miha Žitnik, Tjaša Griessler Bulc, and Aleksandra Krivograd Klemenčič. "Treatment and Re-Use of Raw Blackwater by Chlorella vulgaris-Based System." Water 12, no. 10 (September 23, 2020): 2660. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12102660.

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In this study, we examined a Chlorella vulgaris-based system as a potential solution to change liquid waste, such as blackwater, into valuable products for agriculture while protecting waters from pollution without technical demanding pre-treatment. To evaluate the possibility of nutrient removal and biomass production from raw blackwater, four blackwater dilutions were tested at lab-scale: 50%, 30%, 20%, and 10%. The results showed that even the less diluted raw blackwater was a suitable growth medium for microalgae C. vulgaris. As expected, the optimum conditions were observed in 10% blackwater with the highest growth rate (0.265 d−1) and a nutrient removal efficiency of 99.6% for ammonium and 33.7% for phosphate. However, the highest biomass productivity (5.581 mg chlorophyll-a L−1 d−1) and total biomass (332.82 mg dry weight L−1) were achieved in 50% blackwater together with the highest chemical oxygen demand removal (81%) as a result of the highest nutrient content and thus prolonged growth phase. The results suggested that the dilution factor of 0.5 followed by microalgae cultivation with a hydraulic retention time of 14 days could offer the highest biomass production for the potential use in agriculture and, in parallel, a way to treat raw blackwater from source-separation sanitation systems.

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Knerr, H., A. Rechenburg, T. Kistemann, and T. G. Schmitt. "Performance of a MBR for the treatment of blackwater." Water Science and Technology 63, no. 6 (March 1, 2011): 1247–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.367.

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The paper describes the experience gained in operating a membrane bioreactor (MBR) for the treatment of blackwater. Beside a complete characterization of blackwater, operational conditions and removal efficiency concerning parameters such as COD, BOD5, nitrogen and phosphorus as well as microbiological parameters were determined. Furthermore the membrane performance was investigated. The results show that in blackwater treatment nitrogen removal is limited in the biological process, because of the blackwater matrix (BOD5:TKN=1.1:1.0). Blackwater contains a high fraction of soluble, inert COD, which is not degradable by biological operation, only. Phosphorus elimination was negligible, probably induced by precipitation of cellular phosphorus. Although the released permeate was free of the fecal indicators E. coli and streptococcus and met guideline values, a direct reuse as service water is not recommended due to the yellowish coloration.

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Zhang, Tao, Hao Peng, Bo Yang, Haoyu Cao, Bo Liu, and Xiangqun Zheng. "Effects of Partial Blackwater Substitution on Soil Potential NI-Trogen Leaching in a Summer Maize Field on the North China Plain." Life 12, no. 1 (December 31, 2021): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life12010053.

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In China, promoting harmless blackwater treatment and resource utilization in rural areas is a priority of the “toilet revolution”. Exploring the effects of blackwater application in arid areas on soil nitrogen losses can provide a basis for more effective water and fertilizer management. This study analyzed nitrogen leaching and maize yield under blackwater application in the summer maize season of 2020. A total of 5 treatments were used: no fertilizer, single chemical fertilizer application (CF), single blackwater application (HH), and combined chemical fertilizer and blackwater application ratios of 1:1 (CH1) and 2:1 (CH2). The total nitrogen leached from the fertilization treatments was 53.14–60.95 kg·ha−1 and the leached nitrate nitrogen was 34.10–40.62 kg·ha−1. Nitrate nitrogen accounted for 50–62% of the total leached nitrogen. Compared with blackwater treatments, nitrate nitrogen moved into deeper soil layers (80–100 cm depth) during the CF treatment. Compared with CF, HH significantly reduced the maize yield by 24.39%. The nitrogen surplus of HH was higher than that of other fertilizer treatments. Considering nitrogen leaching, maize yield, and economic benefits, the CH2 treatment presented the optimal results. These findings address knowledge gaps and assist in guiding policy-makers to effectively promote China’s “toilet revolution”.

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Rao, Sudhakar M., Nitish V. Mogili, and Lydia Arkenadan. "Role of evaporation in NH4-N transformations in soils artificially contaminated with blackwater." Water Supply 20, no. 1 (October 14, 2019): 165–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2019.145.

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Abstract The study examines the impact of evaporation on the fate of ammonium-N reactions in blackwater-contaminated soils. During evaporation, ammonia (g) volatilization is the preferred route of NH4-N transformation and nitrate formation is initiated thereafter. Ammonia volatilization ceased at residual blackwater contents of 16–40% owing to loss of air-void connectivity. Experimental results indicated that owing to ammonia volatilization and reduced blackwater content only 23–35% of initial NH4-N concentration was transformed to NO3-N. This study also predicted the nitrate accumulation in Mulbagal town aquifer due to blackwater discharge from pit toilets. The prediction indicated that the permissible (45 mg/L) nitrate concentration in the aquifer may have been breached several decades ago, exposing the populace to prolonged drinking water contamination.

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Hawkins, Brian T., Tate W. Rogers, Christopher J. Davey, Mikayla H. Stoner, Ewan J. McAdam, and Brian R. Stoner. "Improving energy efficiency of electrochemical blackwater disinfection through sequential reduction of suspended solids and chemical oxygen demand." Gates Open Research 2 (October 5, 2018): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/gatesopenres.12873.1.

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Onsite reuse of blackwater requires removal of considerable amounts of suspended solids and organic material in addition to inactivation of pathogens. Previously, we showed that electrochemical treatment could be used for effective pathogen inactivation in blackwater, but was inadequate to remove solids and organics to emerging industry standards. Further, we found that as solids and organics accumulate with repeated recycling, electrochemical treatment becomes less energetically sustainable. Here, we describe a pilot study in which concentrated blackwater is pretreated with ultrafiltration and granular activated carbon prior to electrochemical disinfection, and show that this combination of treatments removes 75-99% of chemical oxygen demand, 92-100% of total suspended solids, and improves the energy efficiency of electrochemical blackwater treatment by an order of magnitude.

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Hawkins, Brian T., Tate W. Rogers, Christopher J. Davey, Mikayla H. Stoner, Ewan J. McAdam, and Brian R. Stoner. "Improving energy efficiency of electrochemical blackwater disinfection through sequential reduction of suspended solids and chemical oxygen demand." Gates Open Research 2 (January 23, 2019): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/gatesopenres.12873.2.

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Onsite reuse of blackwater requires removal of considerable amounts of suspended solids and organic material in addition to inactivation of pathogens. Previously, we showed that electrochemical treatment could be used for effective pathogen inactivation in blackwater, but was inadequate to remove solids and organics to emerging industry standards. Further, we found that as solids and organics accumulate with repeated recycling, electrochemical treatment becomes less energetically sustainable. Here, we describe a pilot study in which concentrated blackwater is pretreated with ultrafiltration and granular activated carbon prior to electrochemical disinfection, and show that this combination of treatments removes 75-99% of chemical oxygen demand, 92-100% of total suspended solids, and improves the energy efficiency of electrochemical blackwater treatment by an order of magnitude.

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10

Winkel, Brenda S. J. "Charting blackwater rivers." Nature Plants 4, no. 12 (November 26, 2018): 987–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41477-018-0314-7.

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Sellgren, Katelyn L., Christopher W. Gregory, Ethan J. D. Klem, Jeffrey R. Piascik, and Brian R. Stoner. "Microwave disinfection as a treatment for blackwater from dewatered sludge." Gates Open Research 2 (March 23, 2018): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/gatesopenres.12801.1.

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Background: Fast and efficient on-site treatment of blackwater, rejected from the dewatering process, can decrease the costs associated with disposal of fecal sludge removed from pit latrines by reducing the volume of sludge transported to the disposal site.Methods: In this study, we examine the potential use of low cost consumer microwave units for disinfecting pathogen-rich blackwater. Domestic bench top microwave units were modified to allow flow through and re-circulation of blackwater. Energy, throughput, and disinfection characteristics related to microwaves are studied and compared to conventional thermal heating. A custom flow through stack of 5 microwaves was designed and used to examine the feasibility of single pass, high throughput application.Results and Conclusions: The results show microwave energy does not play a role in the disinfection of blackwater. The benefits of a microwave disinfection system are shown to be high energy efficiency, compact size, and cost efficiency.

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12

King, A. J., Z. Tonkin, and J. Lieshcke. "Short-term effects of a prolonged blackwater event on aquatic fauna in the Murray River, Australia: considerations for future events." Marine and Freshwater Research 63, no. 7 (2012): 576. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf11275.

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Blackwater contains high levels of dissolved organic carbon that can be rapidly consumed by microbes, sometimes leading to extremely low levels of dissolved oxygen (hypoxia) and drastic consequences for aquatic life, including fish kills. Drought-breaking rains in late 2010 inundated large areas of the Barmah–Millewa Forest, southern Murray–Darling Basin, Australia, and resulted in a prolonged hypoxic blackwater event within the forest and the Murray River downstream. This study investigated the short-term effects of the blackwater event on fish and crayfish. Compared with non-affected sites, blackwater affected sites had: significantly higher abundances of emerged Murray crayfish (Euastacus armatus) that were vulnerable to desiccation, predation and exploitation; large numbers of dead or dying shrimp and yabbies; significantly reduced abundances of native fish; but contained similar abundances of alien fish species (particularly common carp, Cyprinus carpio). The nature of the mechanisms that caused these changes and the longer term significance of the event on the river system remains an important area for future research. We also propose a range of management considerations for reducing the blackwater impacts, such as the timing of environmental water delivery after prolonged drought and the importance of maintaining river–floodplain connectivity during flood periods.

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Tolksdorf, J., P. Cornel, and M. Wagner. "Resource-efficient infrastructure for fast growing cities – realization of a Resource Recovery Center." Water Practice and Technology 13, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 513–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2018.071.

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Abstract The SEMIZENTRAL approach is an infrastructure solution for the challenges of high growth dynamics and resource scarcity in fast growing urban areas. The integration of water, wastewater, waste, and energy in one system increases resource efficiency. District-wise realization enables the infrastructure system to grow at the same rate as the city. The concept has been realized for the first time on a scale of 12,000 population equivalent in Qingdao, China. Greywater and blackwater are collected separately; treated greywater is reused for toilet flushing. Reclaimed blackwater is used for irrigation. The analyses of the wastewater composition reveal significant differences in comparison to design values as well as to literature values for greywater and blackwater. Unexpected user behaviour, as well as cross-connections, are likely reasons. The greywater and blackwater treatment processes in the Resource Recovery Center were adapted to the influent's characteristics, so that legal effluent limits are fulfilled, despite changes in influent quality. Small systems often show higher influent variability. Design data for systems with source separation are still lacking. Measurement campaigns in areas similar to the planning area are recommendable, but might not always be possible. In addition, there is a risk of cross-connections between blackwater and greywater, though this can be reduced. For these reasons, there is (possibly high) uncertainty regarding design values for greywater and blackwater. Correspondingly, the treatment processes need to be designed flexibly. For future implementation, technical risks deriving from source separation have to be weighed against the expected higher acceptance of reuse of treated greywater in households. Intra-urban reuse of total wastewater, in combination with extensive public relations programs, might be an alternative.

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Herrmann, T., and T. Hesse. "Wastewater recycling concept for an urban multi-storey building." Water Science and Technology 46, no. 6-7 (September 1, 2002): 325–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0696.

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An innovative system for blackwater recycling is described. An existing building comprising of 32 flats built in 1962 was renovated and equipped with vacuum toilets to collect blackwater separately. The energy and water consumption was determined. The flushing water consumption decreased from 40 l/p/d to 9 l/p/d.

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Gonçalves, Cristina da Silva, and Francisco Manoel de Souza Braga. "Changes in ichthyofauna composition along a gradient from clearwaters to blackwaters in coastal streams of Atlantic forest (southeastern Brazil) in relation to environmental variables." Neotropical Ichthyology 10, no. 3 (September 2012): 675–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1679-62252012000300022.

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The lack of knowledge of the freshwater ichthyofauna of coastal streams in the State of São Paulo (Brazil) is a cause of concern, as these streams are inserted in the Atlantic forest, a hotspot highly threatened. The aim of the present study is to investigate the freshwater ichthyofauna composition of clear and blackwater streams in a preservation area of Brazilian Atlantic forest. Fish samples were taken using electrofishing. A total of 20 species were registered, with Astyanax ribeirae, Hollandichthys multifasciatus, and Mimagoniates microlepis (Characiformes, Characidae) as the more representative. In general, the observed pattern of occurrence and distribution of fish species varied according to habitat characteristics, due to the longitudinal gradient in clearwaters, and among clearwaters and blackwaters. In clearwater streams, the headwater stretches had lower species diversity, while the opposite occurred in the middle and lower sites. These longitudinal variations of ichthyofauna were related with habitat characteristics (depth, stream flow, and bottom type) in which they were found, since the diversity of habitats was higher in headwaters and lower in downstream reaches (middle and lower sites). The physical and chemical variables of water do not seem to have influenced the distribution of species in clearwater streams, but the clear and blackwater fish composition was influenced mainly by pH concentration. Unlike the spatial differences, significant temporal differences were not registered in fish assemblages, probably due to the absence of a pronounced dry season in the studied region.

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Spisak, April. "Blackwater by Jeannette Arroyo." Bulletin of the Center for Children's Books 75, no. 10 (June 2022): 316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/bcc.2022.0276.

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Orlando, Giovanna, Luigi Isabella, Chiara Atzori, and Antonietta Cargnel. "Blackwater fever after halofantrine." Lancet 347, no. 9012 (May 1996): 1408–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(96)91047-8.

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Schwartzman, David. "Schwartzman Replies to Blackwater." Capitalism Nature Socialism 23, no. 4 (December 2012): 100–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10455752.2012.722310.

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Lies Kurniawati Wulandari, Sudirman Indra, and Lalu Mulyadi. "MENURUNKAN UNSUR LOGAM BESI PADA LIMBAH DOMESTIK BLACKWATER DENGAN AKAR WANGI." INFOMANPRO 10, no. 1 (May 31, 2021): 7–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.36040/infomanpro.v10i1.3629.

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Abdimas ini berisikan model pengolahan limbah rumah tangga blackwater yang diolah sebelum terbuang ke sungai dengan cara penyaringan pada bagian hulu dengan menggunakan filtrasi wetland akar wangi (vertiveria zizanoides). Air pada kolam pertama diserap oleh akar tanaman dengan waktu tinggal dengan memperhatikan beberapa parameter yaitu kekeruhan (NTU), dan Unsur Logam (Fe), pada awal dan keluarannya. Fenomena keluaran aliran air yang terjadi dipergunakan untuk merancang penetapan desain suatu bangunan IPAL baru yang keluarannya dapat memenuhi syarat air kesehatan. Dalam hal ini dapat dibuat suatu rumusan masalah dengan beberapa hal yaitu : (1) bagaiamana data blackwater awal dengan parameter yang ditinjau, (2) Bagaimanakah data blackwater keluaran dari filtrasi yang menggunakan wetland akar wangi, (3) Berapa waktu tinggal yang diperlukan supaya keluaran air limbah domestik menjadi lebih jernih.

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Daouda, Mohamed M. Arêmou, S. Peace Hounkpè, M. Belfrid Djihouessi, A. V. Onesime Akowanou, Martin Pépin Aïna, and Patrick Drogui. "Physicochemical assessment of urban wastewater of Cotonou (Benin)." Water Science and Technology 83, no. 6 (February 17, 2021): 1499–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2021.073.

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Abstract The present study aims to fill the data gap analysis in urban wastewaters characteristics in Benin and its statistical analysis. Physicochemical parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity (EC), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5), Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN), Total Phosphorus (TP) and UV Absorbance at 254 nm, were determined on domestic (greywater and blackwater) and industrial (hospital, pharmaceutical and commercial laundry) wastewater in Cotonou city. Analysis of variance showed a strong significant difference in the physico-chemistry of the various effluents. The pharmaceutical wastewater has the highest concentration of organic pollution (COD = 5,912 ± 1,026 mg/L, Abs.UV254 = 2.667 ± 0.327 cm−1). The organic load of blackwater is mainly in particulate and biodegradable form. Besides, the correlation study showed the limits of pH and EC as an indicator of organic load. Furthermore, the choice of COD or BOD5 as the main design parameter would be limited to blackwater treatment. Abs.UV254 was found to be the parameter having a strong relationship with other parameters of all effluents except blackwater. It then takes priority over COD for the treatment of greywater and industrial wastewater. For future wastewater treatment plant design, we recommend to consider Abs.UV254 as an important parameter.

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Todt, Daniel, and Petter D. Jenssen. "Particle removal in a novel sequential mechanical filter system loaded with blackwater." Water Science and Technology 71, no. 9 (March 6, 2015): 1407–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2015.114.

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A novel sequential mechanical filter system was developed as an alternative primary treatment method for onsite wastewater treatment. The filter combines traditional screening with a novel type of counter-flow filter using wood-shavings as a biodegradable filter matrix. This study tested the system in a batch loading regime simulating high frequency toilet flushing using blackwater from a student dormitory. The filter removed 78–85% of suspended solids, 60–80% of chemical oxygen demand, and 42–57% of total-P in blackwater, giving a retentate with a dry matter content of 13–20%. Data analysis clearly indicated a tendency towards higher removal performance with high inlet concentrations, hence, the system seems to be most applicable to blackwater or other types of wastewater with a high content of suspended solids.

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Moges, Melesse Eshetu, Arve Heistad, and Thorsten Heidorn. "Nutrient Recovery from Anaerobically Treated Blackwater and Improving Its Effluent Quality through Microalgae Biomass Production." Water 12, no. 2 (February 21, 2020): 592. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12020592.

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The blackwater stream of domestic wastewater contains energy and the majority of nutrients that can contribute to a circular economy. Hygienically safe and odor-free nutrient solution produced from anaerobically treated source-separated blackwater through an integrated post-treatment unit can be used as a source of liquid fertilizer. However, the high water content in the liquid fertilizer represents a storage or transportation challenge when utilized on agricultural areas, which are often situated far from the urban areas. Integration of microalgae into treated source-separated blackwater (BW) has been shown to effectively assimilate and recover phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) in the form of green biomass to be used as slow release biofertilizer and hence close the nutrient loop. With this objective, a lab-scale flat panel photobioreactor was used to cultivate Chlorella sorokiniana strain NIVA CHL 176 in a chemostat mode of operation. The growth of C. sorokiniana on treated source-separated blackwater as a substrate was monitored by measuring dry biomass concentration at a dilution rate of 1.38 d−1, temperature of 37 °C and pH of 7. The results indicate that the N and P recovery rates of C. sorokiniana were 99 mg N L−1d−1 and 8 mg P L−1d−1 for 10% treated BW and reached 213 mg N L−1d−1 and 35 mg P L−1d−1, respectively when using 20% treated BW as a substrate. The corresponding biomass yield on light, N and P on the 20% treated BW substrate were 0.37 g (mol photon)−1, 9.1 g g−1 and 54.1 g g−1, respectively, and up to 99% of N and P were removed from the blackwater.

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Jiang, Haixin, Xianchun Tang, Yexuan Wen, Yi He, and Hongbin Chen. "Carbon capture for blackwater: chemical enhanced high-rate activated sludge process." Water Science and Technology 80, no. 8 (October 15, 2019): 1494–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2019.400.

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Abstract Blackwater has more benefits for carbon recovery than conventional domestic wastewater. Carbon capture and up-concentration are crucial prerequisites for carbon recovery from blackwater, the same as domestic wastewater. Both chemical enhanced primary treatment (CEPT) and high-rate activated sludge (HRAS) processes have enormous potential to capture organics. However, single CEPT is subject to the disruption of influent sulfide, and single HRAS has insufficient flocculation capacity. As a result, their carbon capture efficiencies are low. By combining CEPT and HRAS with chemical enhanced high rate activated sludge (CEHRAS) process, the limitations of single CEPT and single HRAS offset each other. The carbon mineralization efficiency was significantly influenced by SRT rather than iron salt dosage. An iron dosage significantly decreased chemical oxygen demand (COD) lost in effluent. Both SRT and iron dosage had a significant influence on the carbon capture efficiency. However, HRT had no great impact on the organic mass balance. CEHRAS allowed up to 78.2% of carbon capture efficiency under the best conditions. The results of techno-economic analysis show that decreasing the iron salt dosage to 10 mg Fe/L could promise profiting for blackwater treatment. In conclusion, CEHRAS is a more appropriate technology to capture carbon in blackwater.

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Onyeabo, Chukwunonyerem, Ngozi Onu, Chukwunonso Iheji, Nneka Nwokoye, and Ikenna Ndu. "Blackwater fever following artemether-lumefantrine administration in children in a malaria holoendemic region: A case series." Atlantic Journal of Medical Science and Research 3, no. 2 (2023): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/atjmed.2023.02.09.

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Aim: Blackwater fever is one of the severe forms of malaria that is infrequently reported. The association of blackwater fever with quinine is supported by its disappearance following the replacement of quinine with chloroquine. However, there seems to be a resurgence with recently introduced artemisinin-based antimalarials. Case Presentation: This is a case series of four males aged 3 – 11 years who presented to our facility with features of intravascular hemolysis following the intake of appropriate doses of Artemether/Lumefantrine for malaria treatment. Two of the cases were transfused, and one had two sessions of hemodialysis, however, all recovered fully and remained stable during follow-up visits. Conclusion: These cases underscore the need for a high index of suspicion for early detection of blackwater fever while using Artemether/Lumefantrine and the need for more post-market surveillance of the drug.

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Wulandari, Lies Kurniawati, and Munasih Munasih. "Blackwater Purification Using Sand Filter." Journal of Applied Philosophical Management and Innovation 1, no. 1 (December 9, 2018): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.26805/japmai.v1i1.19.

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This study aimed to determine the effect of the thickness of the sand filter and the best residence time for water purification. The type of sand used in this study was concrete sand, and the observation was focused on turbidity (NTU) parameter. Measurements of turbidity were performed before treatment, as well as at each retention time from 1 to 9 days. The method of data analysis was Linear Regression analysis on SPSS 21 program. Blackwater was collected in the morning and afternoon, and the turbidity of each sample was 1000 and 800 NTU, respectively. Wastewater turbidity was continued to decreased along with the longer retention time. The best results were obtained from the treatment 3 (sand filter 20 cm) with 9 days retention time, in which the turbidity levels decreased to 90 NTU (morning sample), and 105 NTU (afternoon sample).

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Lesieur, O., P. Dudeffant, B. Courtiade, and P. Haglund. "Blackwater fever: a fatal case." Intensive Care Medicine 23, no. 11 (November 1997): 1188. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/pl00012676.

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Gobbi, Federico, Sabrina Audagnotto, Laura Trentini, Innocent Nkurunziza, Manuel Corachan, and Giovanni Di Perri. "Blackwater Fever in Children, Burundi." Emerging Infectious Diseases 11, no. 7 (July 2005): 1118–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1107.041237.

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Williams, Alan. "The Case for Overseas Article III Courts: The Blackwater Effect and Criminal Accountability in the Age of Privatization, The." University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform, no. 44.1 (2010): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.36646/mjlr.44.1.case.

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A series of high-profile cases involving the alleged murders of Iraqi civilians by U.S. contractors operating overseas has highlighted the longstanding problem of how best to address crimes committed overseas by civilian employees, dependents, or contractors of the U.S. government. Among the most notorious of these incidents is the alleged killing of seventeen Iraqi civilians in Nisour Square in Baghdad on September 16, 2007 by employees of Blackwater Worldwide, a private corporation specializing in military operations that has subsequently renamed itself "Xe."2News reports of this incident prompted embarrassment and outrage as many Americans learned that U.S. civilian contractors like the Blackwater/Xe employees serving overseas had been operating with impunity during the U.S. invasion and occupation of Iraq. Although a federal judge recently dismissed the cases of the five former Blackwater employees charged in the Nisour Square incident because of the prosecution's misuse of compelled statements, unresolved questions linger about whether the assertion of criminal jurisdiction over them was proper in the first place.

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Fidjeland, Jörgen, Sven-Erik Svensson, and Björn Vinnerås. "Ammonia sanitization of blackwater for safe use as fertilizer." Water Science and Technology 71, no. 5 (January 31, 2015): 795–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2015.033.

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Source-separated blackwater from low-flush toilets contains plant-available nutrients and can be used as a fertilizer. The aim of the study was to evaluate the impact on pathogen inactivation when treating blackwater with urea and/or lime. Blackwater was spiked with Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli O157, Enterococcus faecalis, and Ascaris suum eggs, and treated with urea and/or lime in concentrations up to 0.1% w/w. The bottles were kept in a storage facility (manure slurry tank) for 102 days while monitoring the pathogen concentrations. The treatment time needed to meet the requirement for Salmonella and E. coli reduction could be reduced at least six-fold. The enterococci were more persistent, and only the highest treatment doses had a significantly higher inactivation than the controls. The Ascaris egg viability was only reduced by around 50%, so higher urea/lime doses and/or longer treatment times are required to fulfill the treatment requirements of 3 log10 reductions of parasite eggs.

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GIRARD, MATTHEW G., H. JACQUE CARTER, and G. DAVID JOHNSON. "New species of Monomitopus (Ophidiidae) from Hawaiʻi, with the description of a larval coiling behavior." Zootaxa 5330, no. 2 (August 15, 2023): 265–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5330.2.5.

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In 1985, Carter and Cohen noted that there are several yet-to-be described species of Monomitopus (Ophidiidae), including one from Hawaiʻi. Recently, blackwater divers collected a larval fish off Kona, Hawaiʻi, similar to the previously described larvae of M. kumae, but DNA sequence data from the larva does not match any of the six previously sequenced species within the genus. Within the Smithsonian Institution’s National Museum of Natural History Ichthyology Collection, we find a single unidentified adult specimen of Monomitopus collected North of Maui, Hawaiʻi in 1972 whose fin-ray and vertebral/myomere counts overlap those of the larval specimen. We describe this new Hawaiian species of Monomitopus based on larval and adult characters. Additionally, blackwater photographs of several species of Monomitopus show the larvae coiled into a tight ball, a novel behavior to be observed in cusk-eels. We describe this behavior, highlighting the importance of blackwater photography in advancing our understanding of marine larval fish biology.

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Talekar, Guruprasad V., and Srikanth Mutnuri. "Electrochemical removal and recovery of ammonia and phosphates from blackwater and wetland passed blackwater." Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments 47 (October 2021): 101374. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2021.101374.

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Soyan, Rhesa Valerio, Evi Siti Sofiyah, and Nurulbaiti Listyendah Zahra. "Perancangan Instalasi Pengolahan Air Limbah Domestik pada Industri Pertambangan PT X." Journal of Sustainable Infrastructure 1, no. 1 (July 19, 2022): 13–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.61078/jsi.v1i1.3.

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Kegiatan industri pertambangan pada PT X menghasilkan air limbah domestik yang terdiri dari blackwater dan greywater. Fasilias di PT X yang menghasilkan air limbah domestik adalah hunian pekerja, kantor, kantin, dan binatu (laundry). Sumber greywater berasal hunian pekerja, kantin, dan binatu. Sedangkan blackwater berasal dari toilet hunian pekerja dan kantor. Efluen air limbah masih melebihi baku mutu. Instalasi Pengolahan Air Limbah Domestik (IPALD) dibutuhkan untuk mengolah air limbah domestik agar dapat memenuhi baku mutu. Pada perancangan ini diawali dengan perhitungan debit air limbah domestik dari setiap fasilitas pada PT X, kemudia dilakukan analisis karakteristik greywater dan blackwater. Data debit dan karakteristik air limbah tersebut dijadikan sebagai dasar acuan dalam perhitungan unit IPALD. Unit IPALD yang digunakan yaitu oil and grease trap, bak pengmpul, biofilter anaerob-aerob, bak pengendap, dan desinfeksi. Efisiensi untuk unit oil and grease trap adalah 95%, biofilter anaerob 85% untuk BOD dan COD, biofilter aerob 80% untuk BOD dan COD, bak pengendap 90% dan 75% untuk ammonia dan TSS, dan unit desinfeksi 95% untuk total koliform. Berdasarkan perancangan ini air limbah hasil pengolahan nilainya telah memenuhi baku mutu

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Skjelhaugen, O. J. "Closed system for local reuse of blackwater and food waste, integrated with agriculture." Water Science and Technology 39, no. 5 (March 1, 1999): 161–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0235.

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To increase the recycling rate of blackwater and food waste to farm land, a small scale system, independent of sewer pipelines and sewage works, has been developed. It reduces water and air pollution, allows for source control of the recycled material, integrates farmers into the waste handling business, and reduces domestic water consumption. Parts of the system have been implemented in four Norwegian communities. Greywater is treated in local nature-based systems or in a new compact filter unit. Food waste and blackwater from new water saving toilets is stored in sub-surface tanks close to the house for one to two years, and then treated in a closed system. By combining the separate blackwater and food waste streams into one, logistics are greatly simplified. After collection by a tanker, the material is sanitised and stabilised in a thermophilic aerobic reactor, especially suited for decentralised solutions. No ammonia is lost, and the product has the highest possible agronomic value, with respect to nutrient content and organic matter. The treated material is spread onto farm land during the growing season. The different parts of the system can be implemented step by step over a longer time period.

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Biswas, SN, PP Chakraborty, and M. Chakraborty. "An unusual case of blackwater fever." Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology 34, no. 3 (July 2016): 393–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0255-0857.188373.

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35

Shanks, G. Dennis. "The Multifactorial Epidemiology of Blackwater Fever." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 97, no. 6 (December 6, 2017): 1804–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.17-0533.

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36

Meyer, Judy L. "A Blackwater Perspective on Riverine Ecosystems." BioScience 40, no. 9 (October 1990): 643. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1311431.

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37

Knights, R. I., and J. N. Rawlins. "SOUTH BLACKWATER PRODUCT QUALITY IMPROVEMENT PROGRAMME." RESOURCES PROCESSING 33, no. 4 (1986): 254–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4144/rpsj1986.33.254.

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38

Harper, Craig A., and Eric G. Bolen. "Leaf-Litter Decomposition in Blackwater Impoundments." Journal of Freshwater Ecology 10, no. 2 (June 1995): 193–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02705060.1995.9663435.

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39

Zurbuch, Peter E. "Historic Fishery of the Blackwater River." Southeastern Naturalist 14, sp7 (October 2015): 276–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1656/058.014.sp723.

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40

Rivera, Norma, Samanta E. Romero, Ángeles Menchaca, Armando Zepeda, Luis E. García, Gerardo Salas, Laura Romero, and Filiberto Malagón. "Blackwater fever like in murine malaria." Parasitology Research 112, no. 3 (December 21, 2012): 1021–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-012-3224-z.

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41

Whitworth, Kerry L., and Darren S. Baldwin. "Improving our capacity to manage hypoxic blackwater events in lowland rivers: The Blackwater Risk Assessment Tool." Ecological Modelling 320 (January 2016): 292–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2015.10.001.

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Meyer, Judy L. "Dissolved organic carbon dynamics in two subtropical blackwater rivers." Archiv für Hydrobiologie 108, no. 1 (November 25, 1986): 119–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/archiv-hydrobiol/108/1986/119.

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43

Smith, H. M., P. Rutter, and P. Jeffrey. "Public perceptions of recycled water: a survey of visitors to the London 2012 Olympic Park." Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination 5, no. 2 (August 26, 2014): 189–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2014.146.

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The Old Ford Water Recycling Plant, operated by Thames Water, was used to supply non-potable recycled blackwater to some of the venues at the London 2012 Games. In an effort to learn from this experience, Thames Water commissioned a survey of visitors to the Olympic Park during the Games to explore public responses to the water recycling project. Results show a very high level of support for using non-potable recycled blackwater, both in public venues and in homes. Such findings may indicate a growing receptivity towards this technology, and show that Thames Water (and other private water companies) are well placed to encourage and even lead public discussion around the role of water reuse in the future of urban water supplies.

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44

Moran, Emilio F. "Human Adaptive Strategies in Amazonian Blackwater Ecosystems." American Anthropologist 93, no. 2 (June 1991): 361–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/aa.1991.93.2.02a00050.

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45

Benke, Arthur C., and J. Bruce Wallace. "Wood Dynamics in Coastal Plain Blackwater Streams." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 47, no. 1 (January 1, 1990): 92–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f90-009.

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We quantified woody debris in the river swamps of the sixth order Ogeechee River and several smaller tributaries in the Coastal Plain of the southeastern USA, compared swamp wood with woody debris in the channel, and studied wood movement in the swamp and main channel over 20 mo. Woody debris in the Ogeechee River swamps was relatively low (0.362–0.880 kg ash-free dry mass (AFDM)/m2) in comparison to several mixed temperate deciduous forests. Similarly, wood in the tributary swamps was low (mean = 0.82 kg AFDM/m2), and there were no trends along the river continuum. Wood in the channels of both the Ogeechee (6.46 kg AFDM/m2) and a fourth order tributary (2.24 kg AFDM/m2) were significantly higher than found in their adjacent floodplains. Woody debris appeared to increase in stream channels from smaller tributaries to the sixth order river, opposite of that observed in other river systems. Tagging of logs showed that only 17% of wood in the Ogeechee channel had moved after 3 major floods, much less than in the swamps (21–84%). The abundance and stability of woody debris in the main channel allows it to be a major habitat type and source of food for both riverine invertebrates and fishes. The fate of most swamp wood appears to be decomposition and fragmentation, rather than import to the river channel.

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46

Flores, Bernardo M., Maria-Teresa F. Piedade, and Bruce W. Nelson. "Fire disturbance in Amazonian blackwater floodplain forests." Plant Ecology & Diversity 7, no. 1-2 (September 28, 2012): 319–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17550874.2012.716086.

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Szpak, Agnieszka. "Amerykańska odpowiedzialność za działania Blackwater w Iraku." Studia Orientalne 4, no. 2 (2013): 156–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.15804/so2013206.

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The article deals with the issue of private military contractors (for example the titled Blackwater), in other words private companies that in situations of international or non-international armed conflicts fulfill the following tasks: protection of particular persons, objects or places, logistics, provisioning or providing interpreters during interrogations. This issue is important for many reasons, inter alia because of the increasing number of such companies and of the character of their tasks, the latter getting closer and closer to military operations. Taking into account the fact that the private military contractors work during armed conflicts, they will very often be threatened with armed attacks. On the other hand there is a huge risk of private military contractors committing crimes. This article concentrates on the problem of responsibility of States for the acts of private military contractors (including violations of international humanitarian law). Which State is responsible for such violations? Three possibilities are following: the State hiring of such a contractor, a State in whose territory such contractors operate and the State of their registration. When delving into details of this problem the author uses the example of the Blackwater.

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Florentino, Anna Patrícya, Ahmed Sharaf, Lei Zhang, and Yang Liu. "Overcoming ammonia inhibition in anaerobic blackwater treatment with granular activated carbon: the role of electroactive microorganisms." Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology 5, no. 2 (2019): 383–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ew00599k.

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Methanogenesis and enrichment of microorganisms capable of interspecies electron and/or hydrogen exchange was investigated with addition of granular activated carbon (GAC) to batch anaerobic digesters treating vacuum collected blackwater with high ammonia concentration.

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Spencer, K. L., and C. L. MacLeod. "Distribution and partitioning of heavy metals in estuarine sediment cores and implications for the use of sediment quality standards." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 6, no. 6 (December 31, 2002): 989–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-6-989-2002.

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Abstract. Total metal concentrations in surface sediments and historically contaminated sediments were determined in sediment cores collected from three estuaries (Thames, Medway and Blackwater) in south-east England. The partitioning behaviour of metals in these sediments was also determined using a sequential extraction scheme. These data were then compared with sediment quality values (SQVs) to determine the potential ecotoxicological risk to sediment dwelling organisms. When total metal concentrations in surface sediments are examined, no risk to biota in any of the estuaries is indicated. However, when historically contaminated sediments at depth are also considered, risks to biota are apparent and are greatest for the Thames, followed by the Medway and then the Blackwater. This suggests that regulatory authorities should examine vertical metal profiles, particularly in estuaries that are experiencing low sediment accumulation rates where historically contaminated sediments are in the shallow sub-surface zone and where erosion or dredging activities may take place. When metal partitioning characteristics are also considered, the risk to biota is comparable for the Medway and the Blackwater with the potentially bioavailable fraction presenting no ecotoxicological risk. Conversely, over 70% of metals are labile in the Thames Estuary sediments and toxic effects are probable. This suggests that the application of SQVs using total sediment metal concentrations may over- or under-estimate the risk to biota in geochemically dissimilar estuarine sediments. Keywords: sediment quality values, estuarine sediments, metal contamination, partitioning, sequential extraction

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Allison, Sarah, Malcolm Hardy, Kate Hayward, Tom C. Cameron, and Graham J. C. Underwood. "Strongholds of Ostrea edulis populations in estuaries in Essex, SE England and their association with traditional oyster aquaculture: evidence to support a MPA designation." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 100, no. 1 (December 9, 2019): 27–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315419001048.

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AbstractThe flat oyster Ostrea edulis has declined significantly in European waters since the 1850s as a result of anthropogenic activity. Ostrea edulis was designated a UK Biodiversity Action Plan Species and Habitat in 1995, and as a Feature of Conservation Importance (FOCI) within the UK Marine & Coastal Access Act 2009. To promote the recovery of oyster beds, a greater understanding of its abundance and distribution is required. Distribution of O. edulis across the proposed Blackwater, Crouch, Roach and Colne MCZ in Essex was determined between 2008 and 2012. Ostrea edulis were present in four estuary zones; with highest sample abundance in the Blackwater and Ray Sand zones. Size structure of populations varied, with the Ray Sand and Colne zones showing a significant lack of individuals with shell height <39 mm. Ostrea edulis occurred in highest number on shell substratum, followed by silty sediments. There were no significant associations between O. edulis abundance or size structure with water column Chl a, suspended solids, oxygen, nitrate or ammonium concentrations, temperature or pH. Highest abundance and most equitable population shell-size distribution for O. edulis were located within, or adjacent to, actively managed aquaculture zones. This suggests that traditional seabed management contributed to the maintenance or recovery of the species of conservation concern. Demonstration that the Essex estuaries were a stronghold for Ostrea edulis in the southern North sea area led to the designation of the Blackwater, Crouch, Roach and Colne estuaries Marine Conservation Zone in 2013.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Blackwater'

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