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1

Alexiou, P. N., and J. Hartley. "Veneer recovery from regrowth blackbutt." Australian Forestry 49, no. 2 (January 1986): 97–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049158.1986.10674470.

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2

Sexton, Timothy R., Robert J. Henry, Luke J. McManus, Michael Henson, Dane S. Thomas, and Mervyn Shepherd. "Genetic association studies inEucalyptus pilularisSmith (blackbutt)." Australian Forestry 73, no. 4 (January 2010): 254–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2010.10676336.

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3

Kelman, W. M., and H. Dove. "Effects of a spring-sown brassica crop on lamb performance and on subsequent establishment and grain yield of dual-purpose winter wheat and oat crops." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 47, no. 7 (2007): 815. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea06152.

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We evaluated the integration of a spring forage brassica crop (Brassica campestris cv. Hunter) into a cereal–pasture rotation, as a means of assessing the effects of this practice on the subsequent establishment and grain yield of wheat and oat crops. A brassica crop was grown for lamb production on 0.2 ha plots prepared for dual-purpose cereals, in spring 2003 near Canberra, ACT, Australia. Mackellar winter wheat and Blackbutt oats were sown in the following autumn on the previously sown brassica plots and on plots left fallow over the spring–summer period. A factorial experiment was used to determine the effects of (i) cultivar, (ii) brassica v. fallow, and (iii) grazing on cereal establishment and grain yield. Lamb liveweight gains on brassica over 33 days were rapid (294 g/day) and provided 2141 grazing days/ha and 637 kg lamb weight gain/ha. Average grain yield of Mackellar on plots following brassica (2.8 t/ha) was reduced by 29% compared with plots following fallow. Average grain yield on grazed plots (2.6 t/ha) was reduced by 38% compared with ungrazed plots. In both Mackellar and Blackbutt, reduced numbers of kernels per spike and reduced kernel weight accounted for the reduction in grain yield under grazing. Two other experiments were conducted at a separate site to obtain data on the nutritive value of the cereal forages and to record phenological development of the two cereals and compare grain yield responses to cutting before and after stem elongation stages. In vitro and in vivo measurements of digestibility in the vegetative phase were similar in the two cereals (91–94%). Grain yield was significantly reduced following cutting at the post stem elongation stage in Mackellar and Blackbutt and, in Mackellar, was attributable to reduced kernel number per spike and kernel weight. The overall economic return, combining actual returns from lamb production on the forage brassica, and estimated returns from grazing and grain production, after variable costs of each phase were accounted for, were $1117/ha for Mackellar wheat and $1081/ha for Blackbutt oats. These returns were $583/ha and $910/ha more than the estimated return from the fallow, ungrazed treatments for wheat and oats, respectively.
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4

Bruskin, Spencer. "A site quality model for blackbutt (Eucalyptus PilularisSmith)." Australian Forestry 58, no. 2 (January 1995): 31–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049158.1995.10674640.

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5

Andrews, AC, R. Wright, PG Simpson, R. Jessop, S. Reeves, and J. Wheeler. "Evaluation of new cultivars of triticale as dual-purpose forage and grain crops." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 31, no. 6 (1991): 769. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9910769.

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Two newly registered cultivars of triticale, Tiga and Empat, were compared with existing commercial cultivars of triticale, cereal rye and forage oats, for grain yield and dry matter production. Their performance was evaluated at Armidale, New South Wales, over 3 years with varying defoliation regimes (uncut to grain yield, cut in late autumn, cut in autumn and winter, and cut in winter only). Phenological observations confirmed that Tiga and Empat were midseason cultivars, intermediate between Coolabah and Blackbutt oats. Autumn and winter forage production and organic matter digestibility of Tiga and Empat were equal to those obtained from Cooba and Blackbutt oats. Grain yields (up to 4.0 t/ha) of the highest yielding triticale cultivar (Empat) were equal to, or greater than, the best oats cultivar (Blackbutt). Generally, the highest winter growth rates, dry matter yield at maturity and grain yield were recorded from uncut plots, except in the early oats cultivar Coolabah which, in 1 experiment, lodged in spring if left undefoliated through autumn and winter. Cutting only in autumn had small effects (negative) on grain yields, but cutting in both autumn and winter reduced total dry matter yields at maturity by 30% and grain yields by 50%. Cutting only in winter resulted in higher vegetative forage yields than a double cut (autumn and winter), but the single winter cut subsequently produced lowest dry matter yields at maturity. The high grain yields of triticale were linked to rapid spring growth. Harvest indices of triticale cultivars were generally lower than those of the oat cultivars. The results indicate the potential of triticale, especially cv. Empat, as a dual-purpose forage and grain crop.
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6

Williams, Kristen, Philip Norman, and Kerrie Mengersen. "Predicting the natural occurrence of blackbutt and Gympie messmate in southeast Queensland." Australian Forestry 63, no. 3 (January 2000): 199–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2000.10674832.

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7

Birk, Elaine M., and R. G. Bridges. "Recurrent fires and fuel accumulation in even-aged blackbutt (Eucalyptus pilularis) forests." Forest Ecology and Management 29, no. 1-2 (September 1989): 59–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(89)90056-x.

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8

Cabardo, S. J., T. A. G. Langrish, R. Dickson, and B. Joe. "Variability in Mechanical and Drying Properties for Blackbutt Timber in New South Wales." Journal of the Institute of Wood Science 17, no. 6 (December 2007): 311–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/wsc.2007.17.6.311.

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9

Yazaki, Y., P. J. Collins, and T. Iwashina. "Extractives from Blackbutt(Eucalyptus pilularis)Wood which Affect Gluebond Quality of Phenolic Resins." Holzforschung 47, no. 5 (January 1993): 412–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hfsg.1993.47.5.412.

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10

Cabardo, S. J., T. A. G. Langrish, R. Dickson, and B. Joe. "Variability in Transport Properties Regarding Drying Behavior for Blackbutt Timber in New South Wales." Drying Technology 24, no. 2 (March 2006): 211–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07373930600559167.

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11

Star, M., P. Donaghy, and J. Rolfe. "Economically viable land regeneration in Central Queensland and improved water quality outcomes for the Great Barrier Reef." Rangeland Journal 33, no. 3 (2011): 267. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj10005.

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The impact of excessive sediment loads entering into the Great Barrier Reef lagoon has led to increased awareness of land condition in grazing lands. Improved ground cover and land condition have been identified as two important factors in reducing sediment loads. This paper reports the economics of land regeneration using case studies for two different land types in the Fitzroy Basin. The results suggest that for sediment reduction to be achieved from land regeneration of more fertile land types (brigalow blackbutt) the most efficient method of allocating funds would be through extension and education. However for less productive country (narrow leaved ironbark woodlands) incentives will be required. The analysis also highlights the need for further scientific data to undertake similar financial assessments of land regeneration for other locations in Queensland.
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12

Yazaki, Y., P. J. Collins, and B. McCombe. "Variations in Hot Water Extractives Content and Density of Commercial Wood Veneers from Blackbutt(Eucalyptus pilularis)." Holzforschung 48, s1 (January 1994): 107–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hfsg.1994.48.s1.107.

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13

Cabardo, S. J., D. Edxau, and T. A. G. Langrish. "Variability in Transport Properties for Blackbutt Timber in New South Wales: Within and Between-Tree Variability." Developments in Chemical Engineering and Mineral Processing 14, no. 1-2 (May 15, 2008): 173–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apj.5500140115.

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14

West, PW, and DA Ratkowsky. "Models Relating Individual Tree Basal Area Growth Rates to Tree Basal Areas in Even-Aged, Monoculture Forest Stands." Journal of Forests 9, no. 1 (May 23, 2022): 21–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.18488/jof.v9i1.2999.

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As trees grow larger in even-aged, monoculture forests, stand density increases, taller trees shade smaller trees and a group of smaller, suppressed trees develops that may show little or no growth. Subsequent mortality is most common from this group. This work compares three models that may describe well the relationship between individual tree basal area growth rates and tree basal areas in a forest stand when a suppressed group of trees is present or not. The models are tested using a large collection of data from permanent sample plots in blackbutt (Eucalyptus pilularis Smith) forests in subtropical eastern Australia. An example is given for one stand showing how model parameter values may change as the stand ages; this illustrates how these models have potential for use in the first stage of model development to relate individual tree growth rates to tree sizes and stand characteristics. Such models may then be used widely across the forest population under consideration.
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15

Muir, Lesley, and Brian Madden. "Belmore." Sydney Journal 2, no. 2 (March 15, 2010): 42–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/sj.v2i2.1500.

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Belmore, in the City of Canterbury, is part of the traditional land of the Bediagal people. The area was once covered by a forest of Sydney blue gum, blackbutt, red mahogany and ironbark trees, growing on clay soils derived from Wianamatta shales. Water came from three small creeks, which flowed in a north-easterly direction into Cooks River.The earliest colonial surveyors followed an Aboriginal pathway (which became Punchbowl Road/Milperra Road) which led from Cooks River to Georges River. Before 1810, this pathway became a convenient access road from Sydney through Canterbury Farm, crossing Cooks River at the 'Punch Bowl' ford, and land grants were surveyed along the route. Once over the ford, travellers could turn south on a track, now Burwood Road at Belfield, and pass through country which is today's suburb of Belmore, south-east to King's Grove Farm and the land grants beyond. Canterbury Road was not formed as an access road into Sydney until after the 1830s, and it was not gazetted until 1856.
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16

Home, Ross, Greg Watts, and Grant Robinson. "Current forms and extent of retention areas within a selectively logged blackbutt forest in NSW: a case study." Australian Forestry 54, no. 3 (January 1991): 148–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049158.1991.10674571.

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17

York, Alan. "Long-term effects of frequent low-intensity burning on ant communities in coastal blackbutt forests of southeastern Australia." Austral Ecology 25, no. 1 (February 2000): 83–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-9993.2000.01014.x.

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18

Kinny, Matthew, Chris McElhinny, and Geoff Smith. "The effect of gap size on growth and species composition of 15-year-old regrowth in mixed blackbutt forests." Australian Forestry 75, no. 1 (January 2012): 3–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2012.10676380.

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19

Haywood, A. "Methods for estimating distribution and abundance of Blackbutt in New South Wales, Australia, from fieldbased samples using spatial statistics." International Forestry Review 8, no. 3 (September 2006): 329–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1505/ifor.8.3.329.

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20

West, P. W. "Effects of site productive capacity and stand density management on the maximum density line for Eucalyptus pilularis (blackbutt)." Australian Forestry 84, no. 4 (October 2, 2021): 200–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2021.1997460.

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21

Horne, Ross, and Phil Carter. "Sustained yield, stand structure, and non-wood options after 110 years of logging in a New South Wales blackbutt forest." Australian Forestry 55, no. 1-4 (January 1992): 96–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049158.1992.10676103.

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22

Carnegie, Angus J., Ian G. Johnson, and Michael Henson. "Variation among provenances and families of blackbutt (Eucalyptus pilularis) in early growth and susceptibility to damage from leaf spot fungi." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 34, no. 11 (November 1, 2004): 2314–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x04-114.

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Growth to 38 months and severity of Mycosphaerella leaf disease and target spot (caused by Aulographina eucalypti (Cooke & Mass.) von Arx & Muller) were assessed in a Eucalyptus pilularis Smith (blackbutt) family trial in New South Wales (NSW), Australia. Significant variation in growth, disease, and defoliation was found among the 40 provenances and 321 families tested; however, relatively few provenances had concentrations of superior or poor families. Most families in three higher altitude NSW provenances were superior for volume increment, while three southeast Queensland provenances had low mean volume increment. Mycosphaerella damage and defoliation tended to be low in several higher altitude northern NSW provenances, but the southeast Queensland provenances had significantly higher mean defoliation. Individual narrow sense heritability estimates were low to moderate for Mycosphaerella damage (0.38) and defoliation (0.22) and low for Aulographina damage (0.13) and volume increment (0.13). Significant genetic and phenotypic correlations between Mycosphaerella damage and defoliation were low and positive. Low to moderate negative correlations occurred between Mycosphaerella damage and volume increment and between defoliation and volume increment, suggesting that Mycosphaerella leaf disease, in particular, and defoliation had deleterious effects on tree growth. However, the impact of these foliar pathogens on the volume of E. pilularis is often low, so selecting for growth and form alone in the early stages of domestication could provide acceptable gains in yield.
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23

Russell, MJ, and BR Roberts. "Effects of Four Low-Intensity Burns Over 14 Years on the Floristics of a Blackbutt (Eucalyptus pilularis) Forest in Southern Queensland." Australian Journal of Botany 44, no. 3 (1996): 315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9960315.

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A grassy open forest of Eucalyptus pilularis Smith, E. saligna Smith, and other eucalypts, with an understorey of Allocasuarina torulosa (Aiton) L.A.S.Johnson and Acacia spp., was studied by belt transect for 14 years. The forest, north of Toowoomba in Queensland, was divided by a fire break into a non-burned section and a section that had a low-intensity prescribed burn through it four times over the observation period. Cover of herbaceous species, measured with the intercept method, and density of perennial species were recorded six times in the burned section and seven times in the non-burned section over the observation period. There was no difference between burning treatments in cover or density of the species sampled nor in their diversity (Shannon index) over this period. Classification analysis of data sets of the whole transect did not show clear groups and ordination of these data sets produced axes related to distribution of major species. These analyses indicated spatial variability along the transect as was apparent in the field. Total cover of the main grass species confirmed this variability, but also showed changes in parts of the transect over the period that were ascribed to changes in cover of the shrub layer. Data suggested that low-intensity burning stimulated ecesis of Acacia spp. but did not affect density of Allocasuarina torulosa (Aiton) L.A.S.Johnson and young eucalypts in this forest. Burning kept Lantana camara L. bushes small compared with not burning. Covers of the major grasses, Microlaena stipoides (Labill.) R.Br., Themeda triandra Forssk and Imperata cylindrica (L.) Rauschel, were not different between burning treatments. It appears that low-intensity prescribed burning produced less change over the 14 year period than did no burning. Change in the non-burned section may be attributed to encroachment of the exotic species Lantana camara. This situation is discussed in relation to recent plant succession theory.
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24

LEWIS, TOM, MICHAEL REIF, ELLY PRENDERGAST, and CUONG TRAN. "The effect of long-term repeated burning and fire exclusion on above- and below-ground Blackbutt (Eucalyptus pilularis) forest vegetation assemblages." Austral Ecology 37, no. 7 (January 16, 2012): 767–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9993.2011.02337.x.

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25

Alcorn, Philip J., Jürgen Bauhus, R. Geoff B. Smith, Dane Thomas, Ryde James, and Adrienne Nicotra. "Growth response following green crown pruning in plantation-grown Eucalyptus pilularis and Eucalyptus cloeziana." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 38, no. 4 (April 2008): 770–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x07-185.

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Pruning of live branches is performed to enhance wood quality in plantation trees. Stem, branch and wood properties may be altered following pruning from below, but the extent and duration of such effects are unknown for many plantation Eucalyptus species. The effect of 0%, 20%, 50%, and 70% green crown length removal on growth and wood quality was examined in 3.5-year-old plantation-grown Eucalyptus pilularis Sm. (blackbutt) and Eucalyptus cloeziana F. Muell. (Gympie messmate) trees on two subtropical sites in eastern Australia. Growth increment of the stem at breast height was not affected by 20% crown removal. However, stem increment at breast height was reduced for up to 8 months with 50% crown removal and up to 12 months with 70% crown removal. Pruning had no impact on height growth. However, the height of trees pruned to 70%, relative to the height of the surrounding unpruned trees, was temporarily reduced 12 months after pruning in both species. Stem form, stem taper, wood density, and residual branch growth above the pruned zone were unaffected by pruning. Owing to the fast vertical crown expansion, trees were able to rapidly compensate for leaf area removal without long-term reductions in stem growth. The implications for management operations utilizing pruning as a means of enhancing timber quality are discussed.
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26

Huang, Z., Z. Xu, T. J. Blumfield, and K. Bubb. "Variations in relative stomatal and biochemical limitations to photosynthesis in a young blackbutt (Eucalyptus pilularis) plantation subjected to different weed control regimes." Tree Physiology 28, no. 7 (July 1, 2008): 997–1005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/treephys/28.7.997.

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27

West, P. W., and D. A. Ratkowsky. "Problems with models assessing influences of tree size and inter-tree competitive processes on individual tree growth: a cautionary tale." Journal of Forestry Research 33, no. 2 (October 4, 2021): 565–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11676-021-01395-9.

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AbstractIn forest growing at any one site, the growth rate of an individual tree is determined principally by its size, which reflects its metabolic capacity, and by competition from neighboring trees. Competitive effects of a tree may be proportional to its size; such competition is termed ‘symmetric’ and generally involves competition below ground for nutrients and water from the soil. Competition may also be ‘asymmetric’, where its effects are disproportionate to the size of the tree; this generally involves competition above ground for sunlight, when larger trees shade smaller, but the reverse cannot occur. This work examines three model systems often seen as exemplars relating individual tree growth rates to tree size and both competitive processes. Data of tree stem basal area growth rates in plots of even-aged, monoculture forest of blackbutt (Eucalyptus pilularis Smith) growing in sub-tropical eastern Australia were used to test these systems. It was found that none could distinguish between size and competitive effects at any time in any one stand and, thus, allow quantification of the contribution of each to explaining tree growth rates. They were prevented from doing so both by collinearity between the terms used to describe each of the effects and technical problems involved in the use of nonlinear least-squares regression to fit the models to any one data set. It is concluded that quite new approaches need to be devised if the effects on tree growth of tree size and competitive processes are to be quantified and modelled successfully.
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28

West, P. W., and D. A. Ratkowsky. "Problems with models assessing influences of tree size and inter-tree competitive processes on individual tree growth: a cautionary tale." Journal of Forestry Research 33, no. 2 (October 4, 2021): 565–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11676-021-01395-9.

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AbstractIn forest growing at any one site, the growth rate of an individual tree is determined principally by its size, which reflects its metabolic capacity, and by competition from neighboring trees. Competitive effects of a tree may be proportional to its size; such competition is termed ‘symmetric’ and generally involves competition below ground for nutrients and water from the soil. Competition may also be ‘asymmetric’, where its effects are disproportionate to the size of the tree; this generally involves competition above ground for sunlight, when larger trees shade smaller, but the reverse cannot occur. This work examines three model systems often seen as exemplars relating individual tree growth rates to tree size and both competitive processes. Data of tree stem basal area growth rates in plots of even-aged, monoculture forest of blackbutt (Eucalyptus pilularis Smith) growing in sub-tropical eastern Australia were used to test these systems. It was found that none could distinguish between size and competitive effects at any time in any one stand and, thus, allow quantification of the contribution of each to explaining tree growth rates. They were prevented from doing so both by collinearity between the terms used to describe each of the effects and technical problems involved in the use of nonlinear least-squares regression to fit the models to any one data set. It is concluded that quite new approaches need to be devised if the effects on tree growth of tree size and competitive processes are to be quantified and modelled successfully.
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29

Dove, H., and W. M. Kelman. "Comparison of the alkane-based herbage intakes and the liveweight gains of young sheep grazing forage oats, dual-purpose wheat or phalaris-based pasture." Animal Production Science 55, no. 10 (2015): 1230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an15020.

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Two experiments were conducted between 2004 and 2006 near Canberra, Australia, to provide information about herbage intake and liveweight gains of young sheep grazing dual-purpose crop cf. pasture. In an indoor feeding trial (2004–2005), dual-purpose wheat (cv. Mackellar) and oats (cv. Blackbutt) had estimated organic matter (OM) digestibilities of 0.849 ± 0.0070 and 0.847 ± 0.0001, respectively. The indoor trial also provided data for the concentrations and faecal recoveries of the cuticular wax alkane and long-chain alcohol (LCOH) markers used to estimate diet composition and intake in the grazing trial. The faecal recoveries of both alkanes and LCOH were well described by asymptotic regressions. Alkane recovery differed between crops, though not between years. Faecal LCOH recovery did not differ between crops or years. Under grazing conditions in 2004–2005, the OM digestibility (OMD) of crop herbage was 0.825–0.871, significantly higher than the OMD of phalaris-based pasture (0.752–0.758). The estimated OMD of wheat in 2006 (0.792) was lower than in the earlier years. Sheep consumed ~1 kg/day digestible OM intake (DOMI) from crop in 2004–2005. In 2004 this was significantly higher than the DOMI of sheep grazing pasture (0.75 kg/day) whereas in 2005 the DOMI from pasture was slightly (1.15 kg/day) but significantly higher than that from crop (mean 0.97 kg/day). Regardless of the source of herbage consumed, sheep daily liveweight gains were in the range 200–250 g/kg DOMI. Liveweight gains of sheep grazing crop were also predicted from their calculated metabolisable energy intakes and requirements for maintenance and were within 1% of the observed liveweight gains. Our results demonstrate that in high-rainfall areas, the quantity and quality of the herbage provided by sowing dual-purpose crops, and the resultant increased animal liveweight gains, justify the inclusion of dual-purpose crops in grazing systems.
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ALLSOPP, PETER G. "Clarification of the status of the types of Australian Melolonthini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae) described before 1950." Zootaxa 4885, no. 4 (November 27, 2020): 451–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4885.4.1.

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The status of the primary and sometimes secondary types of each of the species-level names within the Australian Melolonthini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae) described by Ernst Germar, Hermann Burmeister, Charles Blanchard, William Macleay, Charles Waterhouse, Thomas Blackburn, Ernst Brenske, Anton Nonfried, Julius von Moser, Arthur Olliff, Arthur Lea, Gilbert Arrow, and Alexandre Girault are clarified. Lectotypes are designated for Antitrogus nigricornis Blackburn, 1911 (= Antitrogus tasmanicus (Burmeister, 1855)), Holophylla australis Blackburn, 1888 (Rhopaea australis), Holophylla furfuracea Burmeister, 1855 (Pseudholophylla furfuracea), Lepidioderma glaber Brenske, 1895 (= Dermolepida lixi (Nonfried, 1894)), Lepidioderma lansbergei Brenske, 1895 (= Dermolepida albohirtum (Waterhouse, 1875)), Lepidioderma waterhousei Brenske, 1895 (= Dermolepida albohirtum (Waterhouse, 1875)), Lepidiota bovilli Blackburn, 1912 (= Lepidiota rothei Blackburn, 1888), Lepidiota caudata Blackburn, 1890, Lepidiota darwini Blackburn, 1888 (= Lepidiota squamulata Waterhouse, 1875), Lepidiota deceptrix Blackburn, 1912 (= Lepidiota negatoria Blackburn, 1912), Lepidiota degener Blackburn, 1888, Lepidiota delicatula Blackburn, 1888, Lepidiota frenchi Blackburn, 1912, Lepidiota gilesi Blackburn, 1912, Lepidiota grata Blackburn, 1890, Lepidiota koebelei Blackburn, 1912 (= Lepidiota rothei Blackburn, 1888), Lepidiota laevis Arrow, 1932, Lepidiota leai Blackburn, 1912 (= Lepidiota squamulata Waterhouse, 1875), Lepidiota negatoria Blackburn, 1912, Lepidiota oblonga Brenske, 1900, Lepidiota perkinsi Blackburn, 1912, Lepidiota platyura Lea, 1924 (= Lepidiota podicalis Moser, 1913), Lepidiota rubrior Blackburn, 1912, Lepidiota rufa Blackburn, 1888, Lepidiota rugosipennis Lea, 1924 (= Lepidiota squamulata Waterhouse, 1875), Lepidiota sororia Moser, 1913, Lepidiota suavior Blackburn, 1912 (= Lepidiota delicatula Blackburn, 1888), Lepidioderma albohirtum Waterhouse, 1875 (Dermolepida albohirtum), Microrhopaea flavipennis Lea, 1920, Rhopaea assimilis Blackburn, 1911, Rhopaea callabonnensis Blackburn, 1894 (Pararhopaea callabonnensis), Rhopaea consanguinea Blackburn, 1911 (Antitrogus consanguineus), Rhopaea dubitans Blackburn, 1911 (= Antitrogus mussoni (Blackburn, 1892)), Rhopaea hirtuosa Blackburn, 1898, Rhopaea incognita Blackburn, 1911 (= Antitrogus morbillosus (Blackburn, 1898)), Rhopaea laticollis Blackburn, 1911, Rhopaea morbillosa Blackburn, 1898 (Antitrogus morbillosus), Rhopaea mussoni Blackburn, 1892 (Antitrogus mussoni), Rhopaea soror Blackburn, 1892 (= Rhopaea heterodactyla (Germar, 1848)), and Zietzia geologa Blackburn, 1894. The presumed type of Lepidiota consobrina Girault, 1918 is shown not to be from the type locality, and syntypes of Othnonius batesii Olliff, 1890, Rhizotrogus tasmanicus Burmeister, 1855 (Antitrogus tasmanicus), and Rhopaea verreauxii Blanchard, 1851 and the lectotype of Melolontha heterodactyla Germar, 1848 (Rhopaea heterodactyla) could not be located. The remaining species-level taxa either have had lectotypes designated previously or have valid holotypes. Paratypes or paralectotypes are also indicated for some species.
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31

Britton, EB. "A synopsis of the Australian genera of Liparetrini (Coleoptera : Scarabaeidae : Melolonthinae)." Invertebrate Systematics 4, no. 1 (1990): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/it9900159.

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The tribe Liparetrini Dalla Torre and 30 included genera are defined. Keys to tribes of Melolonthinae and to genera of Liparetrini are provided. New genera described are: Aphanesia, Astibicola, Cheilo, Dikellites, Hadropechys, Parasciton, Paronyx, Scitaloides, Stenochelyne, Teluroides, Xyridea. New species described are: Aphanesia greyi, Astibicola bicolor, Cheilo liparetroides, Dikellites abditus, Parasciton inermis, Paronyx setifera, Scitaloides malanda, Stenochelyne noctis. The following new names are proposed to replace homonyms: Anacanthodes (for Anacanthopus Blackburn, 1898), Engyopsina (for Engyops Blackburn, 1898) and Macleayella (for Macleayia Blackburn, 1888). New synonymies established are: Colobostoma Blanchard, 1851 = Pteroplatydesmus Dalla Torre, 1912; Colobostoma rufipennis (Boisduval, 1835) = Pteroplatydesmus sulcipennis (Macleay, 1887); Colobostoma rufipennis (Boisduval, 1835) = Frenchella sparsiceps Blackburn, 1898; Glossocheilifer labialis Blackburn, 1898 = G. addendus Blackburn, 1907. The following species, previously described, are transferred to other genera: Aneucomides hirticollis Blackburn to Xyridea, Haplonycha ruficollis Lea to Ictigaster, Engyops castaneus Lea, Haplonycha minuta Lea and Platydesmus flavipennis Macleay to Neso, Pachygastra victoriae Blackburn to Hadropechys, Telura suturalis Lea and Telura clypealis Lea to Teluroides, Platydesmus castaneus Lea, Platydesmus inamoenus Blackburn, Platydesmus inusitatus Blackburn, Platydesmus major Blackburn, Platydesmus obscuricornis (Blanchard), Platydesmus punctulaticeps Blackburn, Frenchella hirsuta Frey and Frenchella sparsiceps Blackburn to Colobostoma.
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32

Bayer, Penny. "The Memoir of Florence Garstang (1870-1941): Honour, Injustice, and Gendered Sacrifice in an Upwardly Mobile Blackburn Family." Transactions of the Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire: Volume 170, Issue 1 170, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 93–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/transactions.170.9.

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This article introduces the previously unexamined Blackburn memoir of Florence Garstang (1870-1941). It contributes to women’s history by providing her response to injustices in the Blackburn cotton riots and to a gendered injustice that marked her own life. It reveals a creative, precariously upwardly-mobile Blackburn family, whose sons had unusually successful careers, whilst Florence became women’s editor on the Blackburn Standard. It shows her close relationship with her father, Dr Walter Garstang (1832-1899), rooted in values of self- and mutual improvement, continual learning, pride in local traditions and pleasure in books and the local newspaper culture. The article builds on Andrew Hobbs’ work by providing a previously unknown case study of a female participant in Blackburn newspaper culture. Dr Garstang’s work as a Blackburn Poor Law medical officer and in private practice is discussed as the context in which he asked Florence to sacrifice her Oxford dream.
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33

Stebnicka, Z. T., and H. F. Howden. "Revision of the Australian Species of Ataenius Harold (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea: Aphodiinae: Eupariini)." Invertebrate Systematics 11, no. 5 (1997): 735. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/it95046.

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The Australian species of Ataenius Harold are revised. In all, 55 species are described or redescribed, keyed and illustrated. The following new species (19) are recognised: A. annanus, Qld; A. benarabyensis, NSW, Qld;A. edungalbae, Qld; A. eringundae, SA; A. gammonensis, SA; A. gascoyneensis, WA;A. gilesi, WA; A. gungareei, NT; A. humptydooensis, NT, Qld; A. kapalgaensis, NT, Qld, WA; A. millstreamae, WA;A. murchisoni, NT, WA; A. peregianensis, Qld; A. pseudimparilis, Qld; A. seaforthensis, Qld; A. synnotensis, WA;A. tindalensis, NT, Qld; A. uriarrae, ACT, NSW;A. windjanae, WA. Fourteen species are synonymised: Ataenius inciderusPetrovitz (= spinipennis Lea), A. katherinei Petrovitz (= deserti Blackburn),A. laevifrons Lea and A. demarziPetrovitz [= semicoecus (Macleay)], A. molestus Petrovitz (= insularis Lea), A. moniliatus Blackburn (= palmerstoni Blackburn), A. similis Petrovitz (= freyiPetrovitz),A. taylori Petrovitz [= elongatulus (Macleay)], A. thoracicus Petrovitz and A. setipennis Petrovitz (= torridus Blackburn), A. tweedensis Blackburn [ = australasiae (Boheman)],A. vulpes Petrovitz (= microtrichopterus Lea), Saprosites australis Petrovitz (=A. nudus Blackburn), S. clypealis Lea (= A. peregrinator Harold).
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34

Stebnicka, ZT, and HF Howden. "Australian genera and species in the tribes Odontolochini, Psammodiini, Rhyparini, Stereomerini and part of the Eupariini (Coleoptera : Scarabaeoidea : Aphodiinae)." Invertebrate Systematics 10, no. 1 (1996): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/it9960097.

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One tribe, Odontolochini, and three genera, Airapus, Euparotrix and Gongrolophus, are described as new. Fifty species are discussed, keyed and illustrated; in addition, Airapus sumatrae (Fairmaire) from Sumatra is illustrated. Included in the above are 14 species described as new: Airapus bruxnerensis, NSW; A, burrundieae, Qld; A. henriettae, Qld; Australammoecius peckorum, NT; Cnematoplatys tozerensis, Qld; Gongrolophus storeyi, Qld; Leiopsammodius newcastleensis, NSW; Odontolochus monteithi, NSW, Qld; O . weiri, NSW, Qld; Rhyparus ironensis, Qld; Saprosites bunyaensis, Qld; S. clydensis, NSW, Qld, Vic.; S. mistakensis, Qld; S. porongurupae, WA. One genus and 14 species are synonymised: Neosaprosites Endrödi (= Cnematoplatys Schmidt); Aphodopsammobius matthewsi Rakovic [= rugicollis (Macleay)]; Ataenius consors Blackburn [= Australammoecius goyderensis (Blackburn)]; A. consobrinus Petrovitz, A. latericollis Lea and A. spissus Blackburn [= Australammoecius occidentalis (Macleay)]; Australammoecius australis Petrovitz, A. bicolor Petrovitz, A. brunneus Petrovitz and A. granuliceps Petrovitz (= persimilis Lea); A. demarzi Petrovitz (= coloratus Blackburn); A. flavipennis Petrovitz [= Aphodopsammobius zietzi (Blackburn)]; Euparia acutula Schmidt [= Airapus sumatrae (Fairmaire)]; E. olliffi Blackburn [= Airapus obscurus (Macleay)] and Rhyssemus australis Petrovitz [= inscitus (Walker)].
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35

Chaudhary, Ram Bahadur, and Mahendra Maharjan. "Parasitic infection in blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra Linnaeus, 1758) of Blackbuck Conservation Area, Bardiya and Shuklaphanta Wildlife Reserve, Kanchanpur, Western Nepal." Nepal Journal of Environmental Science 5 (December 4, 2017): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njes.v5i0.22710.

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Blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra) is Near Threatened species which are conserved in blackbuck Conservation Area (BCA), Khairapur, Bardiya and Shuklaphanta Wildlife Reserve (SWR), Kanchanpur district. The present study was conducted to determine the parasitic infection in blackbuck of BCA and SWR. A total of 150 and 70 fresh faecal samples of blackbuck were collected from BCA and SWR respectively and examined by floatation, sedimentation and Stoll's counting technique. The overall prevalence of GI parasites was found to be 90.00%. The protozoan and helminthic parasitic prevalence revealed 55% and 89% respectively in both the study area. Blackbuck of BCA were found to be infected with 12 different species of parasites which includes Entamoeba sp. (20%) and Eimeria sp. (45.33%) among protozoa; Paramphistomum sp. (25.33%) and Fasciola sp. (17.33%) among trematodes; Moniezia sp. (14%) among cestode; Trichostrongylus sp. (75.33%), Ascaris sp. (57.33%), Haemonchus sp. (18%), Strongyloides sp. (16%), Bunostomum sp. (12.67%), Trichuris sp. (6%) and Oxyuris sp. (4.67%) among nematodes; while blackbuck of SWR were found to be infected with 10 different parasitic genera, i.e. Entamoeba sp. (8.57%) and Eimeria sp. (51.43%) among protozoa; Paramphistomum sp. (38.57%), Fasciola sp. (21.43%) and Schistosoma sp. (7.14%) among trematodes; Trichostrongylus sp. (55.71%), Ascaris sp. (38.57%), Haemonchus sp. (14.28%), Strongyloides sp. (12.86%) and Bunostomum sp. (2.86%) among nematodes. The present findings provide some baseline information on the parasitic burden in Blackbuck and help to formulate appropriate strategies to mitigate the endoparasitic problem of blackbuck in SWR and BCA.
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36

Berlind, Robert, and Bob Blackburn. "Bob Blackburn." Art Journal 53, no. 1 (1994): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/777523.

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37

Bartlet, L. "Raymond Blackburn." BMJ 328, no. 7430 (January 3, 2004): 52—a—52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.328.7430.52-a.

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38

Berner, R. L., and Stephan Gray. "Douglas Blackburn." World Literature Today 59, no. 2 (1985): 313. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40141649.

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39

Birmingham, Karen. "Elizabeth Blackburn." Nature Medicine 7, no. 5 (May 2001): 520. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/87827.

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40

Allen, Margaret. "Jean Blackburn." Australian Feminist Studies 17, no. 39 (November 2002): 255–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0957126022000018052.

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41

Jovanovic, Monika. "Simon Blackburn's projectivism and quasi-realism." Theoria, Beograd 57, no. 1 (2014): 87–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/theo1401087j.

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In this paper, I will deal with Simon Blackburn?s metaethical theory. Blackburn?s metaethics can be described by two ?-isms? - projectivism and quasi-realism. In the first part of the paper, I will try to show what the nature of their relation is. In the second part of the paper, I will discuss two reasons Blackburn advances in favor of his projectivism. The first pertains to the simplicity of his position, whereas the second claims that projectivism, unlike cognitivism, can explain the thesis of supervenience of moral features over the natural features. I will try to show that the first argument does not have the strength, and that the second argument does not have the plausibility that Blackburn ascribes to the two. In the third part of the paper, I will point out to probably the hardest problem that every non-cognitivist theory is faced with - the Frege-Geach problem. I will discuss Blackburn?s attempt at a solution, and after that, express some doubts with respect to the proposal that Blackburn puts forward.
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42

Hsieh, Annie Hui-Hsin. "Manuella Blackburn - Manuella Blackburn: Petites Etincelles. Empreintes DIGITALes." Tempo 73, no. 288 (March 18, 2019): 102–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0040298218001158.

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43

LEVEY, BRIAN. "A revision of the Australian species of the genus Melobasis Laporte & Gory 1837 (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), Part 2 (Revision of the nervosa species group)." Zootaxa 4528, no. 1 (December 10, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4528.1.1.

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This is the second part of a revision of the Australian members of the genus Melobasis Laporte & Gory 1837 and revises the species of the nervosa species group.13 new species and subspecies are described: M. angustecostata angustecostata ssp. n., M. angustecostata subacuta ssp. n., M. barkeri sp. n., M. brevimaculata sp. n., M. breviserrata sp. n., M. cupreovittata queenslandica ssp. n., M. cupreovittata westralica ssp. n., M. dissimilis sp. n., M. fortipunctata sp. n., M. latecostata sp. n., M. planithorax sp. n., M. soror basicostata ssp. n., M. vertebralis cuneata ssp. n. The following new synonymies are proposed: M. bicolor Blackburn is synonymised with M. rubromarginata Saunders; M. costata Thomson is synonymised with M. nervosa (Boisduval); M. semistriata Blackburn is synonymised with M. viridiceps Saunders; M. viridisterna Carter is synonymised with M. sordida Blackburn; M. victoriae Obenberger is synonymised with M. viridiceps Saunders. The following changes of status are proposed: M. costipennis Kerremans is removed from synonymy with M. lathami (Laporte & Gory); M. costata Thomson is removed from synonymy with M. interstitialis Blackburn; M. rubromarginata Saunders is removed from synonymy with M. lathami (Laporte & Gory); M. bicolor Blackburn is removed from synonymy with M. lathami (Laporte & Gory); M. sordida Blackburn is removed from synonymy with M. simplex Germar; M. soror Blackburn is removed from synonymy with M. lathami (Laporte & Gory).
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44

Kelman, W. M., and H. Dove. "Growth and phenology of winter wheat and oats in a dual-purpose management system." Crop and Pasture Science 60, no. 10 (2009): 921. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp09029.

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Dual-purpose cereal cropping is gaining acceptance among growers in mixed farming systems. Success in particular seasons depends on management decisions regarding choice of cereal species, sowing date, timing of grazing, and stocking rate. A more detailed understanding of how these factors influence the growth, phenology, and grain yield of the major cereal forages is needed to model these systems. Wheat (cvv. Whistler and Mackellar) and oats (cv. Blackbutt) were grown under dual-purpose management near Canberra, ACT, over 3 years (2004–06) in 2 crop sequences: wheat-oats-wheat and oats-wheat-wheat. In each year, crops were grazed by sheep at low (20/ha), medium (30–35 /ha), and high (40–52 /ha) grazing intensities. In the pre-grazing periods, measurements of phyllochron interval (PI), tiller development rate (TDR), and stem apex height were made. Post-grazing growth rate was determined from shoot biomass cuts taken at the end of grazing and at grain harvest. Soil moisture changes during each year were monitored to examine the pattern of soil water use under varying grazing intensities. In unusually dry periods in March–April 2004 and 2005, oats established significantly denser plant populations than wheat. In 2004, this initial advantage of oats resulted in greater feed on offer at the start of grazing than wheat, whereas in 2005, higher TDR, lower PI of wheat, and the longer duration of tillering resulted in similar amounts of feed on offer at the start of grazing. Elongation of the stem apex was more rapid in wheat than oats, indicating that wheat would be more at risk of damage during grazing. The post-grazing growth rate of wheat and oats was significantly lower than the ungrazed control in the dry spring years of 2004 and 2006, but significantly higher in the wetter spring year of 2005. While reduction in growth rate at high stocking rate was most likely caused by extreme reduction in leaf area, the causes of increases in growth rate following more lenient grazing require further investigation. In 2004 and 2005, there was no significant difference between crops or between stocking rate treatments in soil water depletion during the post-grazing period. However, in 2006, when soil moisture was not affected by rainfall in the post-grazing period, significantly more water was depleted from soil in the 0.60–1.70 m depth under low and medium stocking rate treatments than under the ungrazed control treatment. A gross margin analysis showed greater economic returns for the dual-purpose compared with a grain-only option in each year, most notably in the very dry season in 2006, when conventional practice would have been to sacrifice the grain crop to grazing or hay production.
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45

Tahir, Rabia. "Population Status, Distribution, Threats and Conservation of the Blackbuck, Antilope cervicapra in South Asia: An Updated Review." Bioscience Biotechnology Research Communications 15, no. 1 (March 25, 2022): 26–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.21786/bbrc/15.1.4.

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Blackbuck, Antilope cervicapra, is a diurnal ungulate species with distinct sexual dimorphism and spellbinding beauty. Male blackbuck has mesmeric beauty with its unique darker coat, showing the increased intensity of color with age. Blackbuck is endemic to Pakistan, Nepal, India and Bangladesh but now its population is reduced to a few areas. Threats such as hunting, stress, habitat loss, diseases, poaching, road accidents, habitat fragmentation, interspecific competition, predation pressure etc., have reduced the population size of blackbuck to a threatened level. Therefore, different conservation strategies are underway to increment its count for improvement of faunal diversity, tourism development and dispersal of the local culture in South Asia. Captive breeding of species is the most efficacious conservation strategy in South Asia so far. Furthermore, various rules and regulations along with strategies like hormone-mediated conservation by injections of prostaglandin and artificial insemination are assisting the species by increasing its birth rate. Genetic studies, introduction to non-endemic but suitable habitat and religious affiliation of communities also contributed to blackbuck conservation. Current conservation practices are helping to conserve the blackbuck but are associated with a few concerns also, thereby proper management, planning, monitoring of conservation practices is required. Population size, distribution range, threats confronted by species, conservation practi
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46

Rai, Deepak, and Jyoti. "Crowding, group size and population structure of the Blackbuck Antilope cervicapra (Linnaeus, 1758) (Mammalia: Cetartiodactyla: Bovidae) in the semi-arid habitat of Haryana, India." Journal of Threatened Taxa 11, no. 9 (July 26, 2019): 14194–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.4788.11.9.14194-14203.

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To understand the population growth dynamics and life history parameters of the Blackbuck, 24 fortnightly visits were made in and around Lalpur Jheel, Dobhi Village of district Hisar (Haryana) from March 2017 to February 2018. Scan sampling method was used to record the Blackbuck population. In the present study, a total of 68 sightings of Blackbuck were made including a minimum of one sighting per visit to a maximum of seven sightings per visit with group size varying from one individual to a maximum of 58 individuals per sighting. The overall mean group size and crowding of the Blackbuck population were 13.84 ± 1.89 S.E. and 31.31 (N=941 individuals), respectively. The population structure of Blackbuck revealed six different age and sex classes, namely, adult male, adult female, sub-adult male, sub-adult female, yearling male, and fawn. As far as the social organization of the Blackbuck is concerned, six different types of social grouping were recorded, namely lone territorial male (adult male), unimale-unifemale (adult male and adult female), bachelor herd (adult male(s)/ sub-adult male(s)/ yearling male(s)), mixed herd (adult male(s)/ sub-adult male(s)/ yearling male(s)/ adult female(s)/ sub-adult female(s)/ fawn(s)), harem herd (1 adult male/ adult female(s)/ sub-adult female(s)/ fawn(s)), and female herd (adult female(s)/ sub-adult female(s)/ fawn(s)). It was concluded that Blackbuck shows partial social organization as both the solitary and herd were observed during the present study.
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47

Tahir, Rabia. "Population Status, Distribution, Threats and Conservation of Blackbuck Antilope cervicapra in South Asia: An Updated Literature Review." Bioscience Biotechnology Research Communications 15, no. 1 (March 25, 2022): 12–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.21786/bbrc/15.1.3.

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Blackbuck, Antilope cervicapra, is a diurnal ungulate species with distinct sexual dimorphism and spellbinding beauty. Male blackbuck has mesmeric beauty with its unique darker coat, showing the increased intensity of color with age. Blackbuck is endemic to Pakistan, Nepal, India and Bangladesh but now its population is reduced to a few areas. Threats such as hunting, stress, habitat loss, diseases, poaching, road accidents, habitat fragmentation, interspecific competition, predation pressure etc., have reduced the population size of blackbuck to a threatened level. Therefore, different conservation strategies are underway to increment its count for improvement of faunal diversity, tourism development and dispersal of the local culture in South Asia. Captive breeding of species is the most efficacious conservation strategy in South Asia so far. Furthermore, various rules and regulations along with strategies like hormone-mediated conservation by injections of prostaglandin and artificial insemination are assisting the species by increasing its birth rate. Genetic studies, introduction to non-endemic but suitable habitat and religious affiliation of communities also contributed to blackbuck conservation. Current conservation practices are helping to conserve the blackbuck but are associated with a few concerns also, thereby proper management, planning, monitoring of conservation practices is required. Population size, distribution range, threats confronted by species, conservation practices and recommendations have been discussed in this article, which will help in advancement of work in this area.
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48

Blackburn, Simon. "Interview - Simon Blackburn." Philosophers' Magazine, no. 40 (2008): 38–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/tpm200840106.

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49

Kirchin, Simon. "How Blackburn Improves." Cogito 11, no. 2 (1997): 123–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/cogito199711213.

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50

Gibbard, Allan. "Reply to Blackburn." Philosophical Issues 4 (1993): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1522828.

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