Journal articles on the topic 'Black sea water'
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1
Algan, O., and B. Gönençgil. "Sediment and water influxes into the Black Sea by Anatolian rivers." Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie 43, no. 1 (March 18, 1999): 61–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/zfg/43/1999/61.
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KEMPE, S., G. LIEBEZETT, A. R. DIERCKS, and V. ASPER. "Water balance in the Black Sea." Nature 346, no. 6283 (August 1990): 419. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/346419a0.
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Krivoguz, D., A. Semenova, and S. Mal’ko. "Spatial analysis of seasonal patterns in sea surface temperature and salinity distribution in the Black Sea (1992-2017)." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 937, no. 3 (December 1, 2021): 032013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/937/3/032013.
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Abstract Sea water temperature and water salinity one of the most important environmental factors of the marine ecosystems. Both of them plays an important role in forming suitable environment for marine living organisms and have a great impact on species biodiversity. Our goal for this paper was to identify spatial patterns of interannual variations in the salinity and temperature fluctuations to understand possibilities of future change of the Black Sea ecosystem and its impact on fisheries. We used temperature and salinity data from CMEMS for the 1992-2017 time period. All downloaded data was processed by QGIS 3.14 and R 4.0.3. We found that the temperature regime of the Black Sea in different periods of the year is determined by three main factors - the depth of the shelf zone, the influence of river runoff, and water circulation due to currents. The average salinity of the Black Sea waters is 19 ‰, areas with lower salinity are located near the west shore, due to the flows from the largest rivers (Dnieper, Dniester, Danube) bringing a large amount of fresh water to the Black Sea. The area with higher salinity is located in the south- west due to the water exchange of the Black Sea with the saltier Sea of Marmara (∼ 26 ‰) through the Bosphorus. The currents of the Black Sea pick up the salty water of the Sea of Marmara and slowly moving the water column against the clockwise, carry it across the entire Black Sea, thereby increasing its average salinity.
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Morse, John W. "Black sea oceanography." Marine Chemistry 42, no. 3-4 (June 1993): 255–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-4203(93)90018-j.
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TUGRUL, S., T. BESIKTEPE, and I. SALIHOGLU. "Nutrient exchange fluxes between the Aegean and Black Seas through the Marmara Sea." Mediterranean Marine Science 3, no. 1 (June 1, 2002): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/mms.256.
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Long-term data obtained in the Turkish Strait System (TSS) including the Sea of Marmara, the Dardanelles and Bosphorus straits, during 1990-2000, have permitted us to calculate seasonal and annual fluxes of water and nutrients (nitrate, phosphate) exchanged between the Aegean and Black Seas through the TSS. Two-layer flow regimes in the TSS introduce the brackish waters of the Black Sea into the Aegean basin of the northeastern Mediterranean throughout the year. A counter flow in the TSS carries the salty Mediterranean water into the Black Sea via the Marmara deep basin. The annual volume influx from the Black Sea to the Marmara upper layer is nearly two-fold the salty water exported from the Marmara to the Black Sea via the Bosphorus underflow. The brackish Black Sea inflow is relatively rich in nitrate and phosphate in winter, decreasing to the lowest levels in late summer and autumn. Biologically labile nutrients of Black Sea origin are utilized in photosynthetic processes in the Marmara Sea and are partly exported to the Marmara lower layer. Eventually, the brackish Black Sea waters reach the Dardanelles Strait, with modified bio-chemical properties. On the other hand, the salty Mediterranean waters with low concentrations of nutrients enter the Marmara deep basin. During threir 6-7 year sojourn in the Marmara basin, the salty waters become enriched in nitrate (DIN) and phosphate (DIP), due to oxidation of planktonic particles sinking from the Marmara surface layer. The annual nutrient inputs from the Black Sea to the Marmara basin were estimated as 8.17x108 moles of DIN and 4.25x107 moles of DIP, which are much less than the importation from the Marmara lower layer via the Bosphorus undercurrent. The salty Aegean water introduces nearly 6.13x108 moles of DIN and 2.79x107 moles of DIP into the Marmara lower layer. The estimated DIP outflux from the Aegean Sea is nearly 2 times less than the importation from the Marmara Sea via the Dardanelles Strait.
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Zavialov, Ivan, Alexander Osadchiev, Roman Sedakov, Bernard Barnier, Jean-Marc Molines, and Vladimir Belokopytov. "Water exchange between the Sea of Azov and the Black Sea through the Kerch Strait." Ocean Science 16, no. 1 (January 7, 2020): 15–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-16-15-2020.
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Abstract. The Sea of Azov is a small, shallow, and freshened sea that receives a large freshwater discharge. Under certain external forcing conditions low-salinity waters from the Sea of Azov flow into the north-eastern part of the Black Sea through the narrow Kerch Strait and form a surface-advected buoyant plume. Water flow in the Kerch Strait also regularly occurs in the opposite direction, which results in the spreading of a bottom-advected plume of saline and dense waters from the Black Sea into the Sea of Azov. In this study we focus on the physical mechanisms that govern water exchange through the Kerch Strait and analyse the dependence of its direction and intensity on external forcing conditions. Analysis of satellite imagery, wind data, and numerical modelling shows that water exchange in the Kerch Strait is governed by a wind-induced barotropic pressure gradient. Water flow through the shallow and narrow Kerch Strait is a one-way process for the majority of the time. Outflow from the Sea of Azov to the Black Sea is induced by moderate and strong north-easterly winds, while flow into the Sea of Azov from the Black Sea occurs during wind relaxation periods. The direction and intensity of water exchange have wind-governed synoptic and seasonal variability, and they do not depend on the rate of river discharge to the Sea of Azov on an intra-annual timescale. The analysed data reveal dependencies between wind forcing conditions and spatial characteristics of the buoyant plume formed by the outflow from the Sea of Azov.
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Krivoguz, Denis, Sergei Mal’ko, and Anna Semenova. "Spatial analysis of salinity distribution patterns in upper layers of the Black Sea." E3S Web of Conferences 203 (2020): 03010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020303010.
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Salinity is one of the most important factors that primarily determines the level of seawater’s density and, consequently, the movement of water masses in the World Ocean. Spatial distribution of the salinity in different layers of the Black Sea are associated with varying levels of water balance seasonal variability and, general circulation of Black Seas waters and in the surface layer has a seasonal structure. To study spatial distribution of salinity in upper layers of the Black Sea we’ve used data from Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service, that were processed and aggregate by seasons and depth. We found that the most fluctuated layer is a top layer (up to 2.8 m) and the highest values Black Sea salinity reaches near the Bosporus Strait, where more saline water from the Sea of Marmara connected with fresher water of the Black Sea. Also we found that the impact of the river flows, mixing of the water, water regime of the sea decreasing with depth, so in the bottom of the upper layer the spatial fluctuation of the salinity is minimal and reaches about ±3‰, while in the depth of 2.8 m its reaches ±12-15‰.The lowest level of salinity through all of the upper layer (0-50 m) lays around the seashore and north-western part of the sea.
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Midilli, A., M. Ay, A. Kale, and T. N. Veziroglu. "A PARAMETRIC INVESTIGATION OF HYDROGEN ENERGY POTENTIAL BASED ON H2S IN BLACK SEA DEEP WATERS." Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE), no. 13-15 (August 11, 2018): 113–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.15518/isjaee.2018.13-15.113-121.
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In this study, a parametric investigation is carried out to estimate the hydrogen energy potential depending on the quantities of H2S in Black Sea deep waters. The required data for H2S in Black Sea deep waters are taken from the literature. For this investigation, the H2S concentration and water layer depth are taken into account, and 100% of conversion efficiency is assumed. Consequently, it is estimated that total hydrogen energy potential is approximately 270 million tons produced from 4.587 billion tons of H2S in Black Sea deep waters. Using this amount of hydrogen, it will be possible to produce 38.3 million TJ of thermal energy or 8.97 million GWh of electricity energy. Moreover, it is determined that total hydrogen potential in Black Sea deep waters is almost equal to 808 million tons of gasoline or 766 million tons of NG (natural gas) or 841 million tons of fuel oil or 851 million tons of natural petroleum. These values show that the hydrogen potential from hydrogen sulphur in Black Sea deep water will play an important role to supply energy demands of the regional countries. Thus, it can be said that hydrogen energy reserve in Black Sea is an important candidate for the future hydrogen energy systems.
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Isaia, Ion. "Black Sea Baric Depression." Present Environment and Sustainable Development 9, no. 1 (May 1, 2015): 189–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pesd-2015-0014.
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Abstract This work is meant to demonstrate that, in the special synoptic conditions, on the surface of the Black Sea, a baric depression is being formed. This depression is formed when the Black Sea's water temperature is higher than the surrounding continental ground's temperature. There are situations when the baric depression of the Black Sea occurs because of the consequences of the movement of another baric depression from the east of the Mediterranean Sea to its north-east side. Due to the high atmospheric pressure of the continental zone that's surrounding the Black Sea, the baric depression will get a retrograde movement, towards the north or northwest. Eventually, this depression occludes in the eastern continental zone of Europe or even near the Baltic Sea. During a retrograde movement of a baric depression, the atmospheric precipitations will fall in big quantities, in many situations, causing floods.
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Sytnik, Natalya A. "Hydrometeorological Conditions in the Southern Part of the Kerch Strait and the Pre-Strait Zone of the Black Sea as a Potential Area for Industrial Shellfish Cultivation." UNIVERSITY NEWS. NORTH-CAUCASIAN REGION. NATURAL SCIENCES SERIES, no. 4 (208) (December 23, 2020): 112–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.18522/1026-2237-2020-4-112-117.
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Considered materials on the hydrometeorological conditions of the Kerch Strait and the Black Sea. The data on the wind regime in the study areas are presented. The materials on currents and water exchange in the southern part of the Kerch Strait and the Black Sea waters are presented. The average monthly, annual, minimum and maximum values of air temperature at the coastal hydrometeorological stations are analyzed. In the seasonal course of salinity, in contrast to the regularities in the sea zone (in the surface and bottom layers), there is no summer minimum in the bottom layer of the strait. This indicates the development of coastal upwellings in the Black Sea in the summer, which facilitates the penetration of the Black Sea waters into the strait in the bottom layer. The oxygen saturation of the waters in the strait (both in the surface and in the bottom layers) is higher than in the sea area. This indicates a more intensive course of production processes. The stable Azov currents are most favorable for the plantations located in the strait near the Crimean coast during the collection of larvae on the collector and for the improvement of trophic conditions in the plantation areas. For the purification of coastal waters from suspended matter, the Black Sea currents are preferred. The frequent change of the Azov and Black Sea currents creates favorable conditions for the effective operation of mariculture farms. On the basis of the studies carried out, conclusions were drawn about the possibility of industrial cultivation of mollusks in the water area of the Kerch Strait and the Black Sea.
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Pratt, A., J. Lønholdt, P. E. Jørgensen, B. Persson, V. Nikolov, R. Ianev, V. Dontchev, and M. Klint. "Implementing the Water Framework Directive in Bulgaria: integrated river basin management on the Black Sea coast." Water Science and Technology 51, no. 11 (June 1, 2005): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0390.
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EC member states and candidate countries are in the process of implementing the requirements of the EC Water Framework Directive 2000/60,[Q1] which came into force on 22 December 2000. At the core of the Directive is an integrated approach for sustainable water management in river basin districts. The overall objective is to reach good water status for all waters by the year 2015. The challenges for countries implementing the Directive are substantial not least for the River Basin Management Authorities who will be the implementing unit at the regional level. The Black Sea River Basin Directorate in Varna is one of four Directorates established in Bulgaria in 2002 in accordance with the Bulgarian Water Act and is the regional operational unit under the Ministry of Environment and Water for the Black Sea Basin catchment area. The catchment area covers 20% of Bulgaria and 100% of the Bulgarian Black Sea coast. Current implementation activities in the Black Sea Basin Directorate and also at the national level are supported by the Danish EPA through its DANCEE programme in collaboration with the Ministry of Environment and Water. This paper highlights the main activities and outputs of the technical and institutional undertakings in the Black Sea Basin Directorate focusing on the preparation of the River Basin Overview by Dec. 2004.
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Dyrssen, David, Conny Haraldsson, Stig Westerlund, and Kerstin Årén. "Indication of thiols in black sea deep water." Marine Chemistry 17, no. 4 (December 1985): 323–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-4203(85)90005-2.
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Zaika, V., and N. Sergeeva. "Deep-Water Benthic Polychaetes (Vigtorniella Zaikai and Protodrilus sp.) in the Black Sea as Indicators of the Hydrogen Sulfide Zone Boundary." Vestnik Zoologii 46, no. 4 (January 1, 2012): e-19-e-27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10058-012-0026-9.
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Deep-Water Benthic Polychaetes (Vigtorniella ZaikaiandProtodrilussp.) in the Black Sea as Indicators of the Hydrogen Sulfide Zone BoundaryThe Black Sea hypoxic layer, situated near the boundary of the hydrogen sulfide zone, is inhabited by the polychaetesVigtorniella zaikai, Kisseleva, 1992 andProtodrilussp., which can serve as indicators of the interface between oxic and anoxic water. The maximum number of polychaetes in the northern part of the Black Sea occur at a depth of 150 m, while near Bosporus, where the flow of the Marmara Sea water enters the Black Sea, the peak depth varies from 150 to 250 m.
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ULGER, Suleyman, and Yoshiro HIGANO. "A Preliminary Study to Improve the Water Quality in the Black Sea: Turkish Black Sea Basin." Studies in Regional Science 32, no. 1 (2001): 353–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2457/srs.32.353.
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Tikhonova, E. A., N. V. Burdiyan, and O. V. Soloveva. "The chemical-microbiological characteristics of sea water and bottom sediments of the Kerch Strait and adjacent water areas." Marine Biological Journal 2, no. 3 (September 30, 2017): 75–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.21072/mbj.2017.02.3.07.
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This paper presents the results of contamination level of sea bottom sediments and seawater in the water areas by the strait of the Black Sea and the Azov Sea by oil hydrocarbons and chloroform-extractable substances studies (spring, autumn 2016). Comparison of marine environment pollution levels with the results of previous studies (2007–2010) and sanitary norms is given. The quantitative characteristics of heterotrophic and oil-oxidizing microbiota in the designated areas are presented. It was determined that the concentration of oil hydrocarbons in the water surface layer in the water area by the strait of the Azov Sea did not exceed the current norm (0.05 mg·l-1). The single cases of the maximum permissible concentration exceeding were registered in the water area by the strait of the Black Sea (autumn 2016). In the surface layer of Azov Sea water, the number of heterotrophic bacteria ranged from 104 to 105 cells·ml-1, and the oil-oxidizing bacteria were isolated in single quantities. In the water area of the Black Sea region of the strait the number of heterotrophic bacteria was 106, the number of oil-oxidizing bacteria did not exceed 10 cells·ml-1. In comparison with the previous years’ data, there was an increase in quantitative indicators of chloroform-extractable substances and oil hydrocarbons in the sea bottom sediments. The overall level of pollution did not exceed the average values determined for the region. The number of heterotrophic bacteria in the sea bottom sediments varied in the Strait of Azov water area from 2,5·104 to 4,5·104 cells·g-1, while that of oil-oxidizing bacteria varied from 2,5·10 to 4,5·102 cells·g-1. In the sea bottom sediments of the Black Sea, the number of heterotrophic bacteria was 4,5·103 cells·g-1, the number of oil oxidizing bacteria was 10 cells·g-1.
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Diasamidze, Mzia, and Ana Shotadze. "Renewable energy sources in maintaining environmental stability on the Black Sea coast." E3S Web of Conferences 250 (2021): 05001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202125005001.
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The aim of this research is to study the main ecological parameters of the Black Sea in an experimental way as well as to evaluate the results and to draw conclusions. We aim at determining the cause of pollution of the sea area represented by the emissions from ships’ engines and pollution by surface waters. Our empirical part that included the field expeditions, sampling was carried out with the involvement of students within the framework of the internal grant research project “Monitoring of the Black Sea Ecological Status - Sea Water Quality Survey”. We studied the level of pollution of two rivers flowing into the Black Sea, Bartskhana and Kubistskali, and made relevant conclusions about the types of pollution, proper measurements and causal relationship of the causes of sea water pollution with the vessels entering the port of Batumi.
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Özturk, Mehmet, Cihan Sahin, and Yalcin Yuksel. "ANALYZING FLOW ENERGY POTENTIAL OF THE BOSPHORUS STRAIT." Coastal Engineering Proceedings, no. 36 (December 30, 2018): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v36.risk.76.
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Ocean currents represent a potentially notable, currently untapped, reservoir of energy. The regions with strong current velocities such as narrow straits connecting two water bodies exhibit high current energy (power) potential especially where the water depths are relatively shallow (EECA, 2009). The Bosphorus, connecting the Black Sea to the Sea of Marmara, is a typical narrow sea strait that generally exhibits a two-layered flow pattern: the upper layer current flows south towards the Sea of Marmara while the underlying current flows in opposite direction towards the Black Sea (Yüksel et al., 2008). The predominant mechanisms for the upper and lower layer flows are the higher water level of the Black Sea and the denser water of the Sea of Marmara, respectively.
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PETIHAKIS, G., K. TSIARAS, G. TRIANTAFYLLOU, S. KALARONI, and A. POLLANI. "Sensitivity of the N. AEGEAN SEA ecosystem to Black Sea Water inputs." Mediterranean Marine Science 15, no. 4 (December 23, 2014): 790. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/mms.955.
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The effect of Black Sea Water (BSW) inputs on the North Aegean Sea productivity and food web dynamics was investigated, by means of sensitivity simulations, investigating the effect of the inflowing BSW, in terms of inorganic nutrients and dissolved organic matter. The model used has been successfully applied in the area in the past and extensively presented. Considering the importance of the microbial loop in the ecosystem functioning, the role of the dissolved organics and in order to achieve a more realistic representation of the Dissolved Organic Matter pool, the bacteria sub-model was appropriately revised. The importance of the microbial loop is highlighted by the carbon fluxes where almost 50% of carbon is channelled within it. The impact of dissolved organic matter (DOM) (in the inflowing to the Aegean Sea, BSW) appears to be stronger than the impact of dissolved inorganic nutrients, showing a more extended effect over the N Aegean. Bacterial production and biomass is more strongly affected in the simulations by modified DOM, unlike phytoplankton biomass and production, which are more dependent on the inflowing nutrients and particularly phosphorus (inorganic and dissolved organic). In the phytoplankton composition, the dinoflagellates appear to be mostly affected, being favoured by higher nutrient availability at the expense of all other groups, particularly picoplankton, indicating a shift to a more classical food chain.
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Marks, A. A., and M. D. King. "The effects of additional black carbon on Arctic sea ice surface albedo: variation with sea ice type and snow cover." Cryosphere Discussions 7, no. 2 (March 6, 2013): 943–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tcd-7-943-2013.
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Abstract. Black carbon in sea ice will decrease sea ice surface albedo through increased absorption of incident solar radiation, exacerbating sea ice melting. Previous literature has reported different albedo responses to additions of black carbon in sea ice and has not considered how a snow cover may mitigate the effect of black carbon in sea ice. Sea ice is predominately snow covered. Visible light absorption and light scattering coefficients are calculated for a typical first year and multi-year sea ice and "dry" and "wet" snow types that suggest black carbon is the dominating absorbing impurity. The albedo response of first year and multi-year sea ice to increasing black carbon, from 1–1024 ng g−1, in a top 5 cm layer of a 155 cm thick sea ice was calculated using the radiative transfer model: TUV-snow. Sea ice albedo is surprisingly unresponsive to black carbon additions up to 100 ng g−1 with a decrease in albedo to 98.7% of the original albedo value due to an addition of 8 ng g−1 of black carbon in first year sea ice compared to an albedo decrease to 99.6% for the same black carbon mass ratio increase in multi-year sea ice. The first year sea ice proved more responsive to black carbon additions than the multi-year ice. Comparison with previous modelling of black carbon in sea ice suggests a more scattering sea ice environment will be less responsive to black carbon additions. Snow layers on sea ice may mitigate the effects of black carbon in sea ice. "Wet" and "dry" snow layers of 0.5, 1, 2, 5 and 10 cm were added onto the sea ice surface and the snow surface albedo calculated with the same increase in black carbon in the underlying sea ice. Just a 0.5 cm layer of snow greatly diminishes the effect of black carbon on surface albedo, and a 2–5 cm layer (less than half the e-folding depth of snow) is enough to "mask" any change in surface albedo owing to additional black carbon in sea ice, but not thick enough to ignore the underlying sea ice.
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Tugrul, Suleyman, and Colpan Polat. "Quantitative comparison of the influxes of nutrients and organic carbon into the Sea of Marmara both from anthropogenic sources and from the Black Sea." Water Science and Technology 32, no. 2 (July 1, 1995): 115–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0085.
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The Sea of Marmara, an intercontinental basin with two narrow and shallow straits permitting the exchange of the Mediterranean and Black Sea waters, receives 2.8×104 tons TP (total phosphorus), 2.7×105 tons TN (total nitrogen) and 1.9×106 tons TOC (total organic carbon) per year from the Black Sea inflow, from the lower layer by vertical mixing and from anthropogenic inputs of various origins including riverine discharges. The Black Sea input through the Bosphorus constitutes about 35, 64 and 77 %, respectively, of the total annual loads of TP, TN and TOC entering the Marmara surface waters. Pollution loadings from Istanbul make up a major fraction (40-65%) of the total anthropogenic discharges. The biochemical properties of the productive Marmara upper layer appear to be dominated by the inputs both from its lower layer by vertical mixing and from the Black Sea throughout the year. Pollution discharges from Istanbul have secondary importance for the nutrient and organic carbon pools of the Marmara Sea; however, the land-based chemical pollution has drastically modified the ecosystem of coastal margins and semi-enclosed bays (e.g. Golden Horn, Izmit and Gemlik) where water exchanges with the open sea are limited. Biologically labile nutrients increasingly exported from the Black Sea in the spring-early summer, are compensated by importation from the Marmara Sea through the Bosphorus underflow. The less labile dissolved organic nitrogen and carbon input from the Black Sea appears to reach as far as the Aegean basin of the Northeastern Mediterranean in 4-5 months without contributing to the net production in the Marmara Sea.
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Berlinsky, N. "Hydrological factors of formation of oxygen regime of inland seas." Ukrainian hydrometeorological journal, no. 21 (March 20, 2018): 90–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.31481/uhmj.21.2018.09.
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Introduction. The regularities of the formation and dynamics of the oxygen regime in inland seas - the Black Sea and Caspian, under the influence of natural and anthropogenic factors are estimated.
Purpose. One of the features of the Black Sea is the absence of dissolved oxygen in the water below 200 meters depth. A comparison is made between the hydrological conditions of the Black Sea and the Caspian, where the depths are also quite large, but the intensity of vertical exchange is different. In addition, it is necessary to distinguish the reasons for the formation of oxygen deficient in the seas. They can be natural and human-made origin as well. The paper presents an analysis of the cause-and-effect patterns of the development of pelagial hypoxia as the examples of the Caspian and the Black Sea.
Methods. The work is the review of the problem literature that allows an assessment of the cur-rent state of gas exchange of pelagic and abyssal marine basins.
Results. Three main formation factors of the features of the hydrological structure and processes responsible for the intensity of gas exchange in the pelagic zone are identified. So, in the Black Sea, saline waters come with the Lower Bosporus Current and flow down the slope, filling the deep layers of the Black Sea basin, forming a stable vertical stratification density, that limiting vertical gas exchange. The second factor is contributing to oxygen saturation of the lower layers during the process of winter vertical circulation that is mainly expressed in the northwestern part.
The third factor is the regime shift of 1976-1978 in the Black Sea as a decrease of the winter temperature and salinity in the surface layer that led to increasing of static stability. According to actively developed convection processes, covering the entire body of the Caspian Sea, in contrast to the Black Sea, there is an intensive exchange between the upper and the deep layers and the intensity of convection depends on the temperature regime of the year. In the Caspian Sea, the regime shift of 1976-1978 led to a twofold increase in the static stability of water below 100 m, the almost complete cessation of the ventilation of the deep waters of the (the process the slope cascading) and the extreme decrease in the concentrations of dissolved oxygen.
Conclusion. In the Black Sea, the formation of a stable of the density vertical stratification is due to the intrusion of saline dense waters of the Lower Bosporus Current, and the winter vertical circulation is expressed only in the northwestern part of the sea, which generally limits vertical gas exchange with the deep water. In the Caspian Sea, convective mixing plays a main role in the for-mation of the hydrological structure of water and the ventilation of the bottom layers. In cold winters in the northern Caspian, strong cooling, as well as salinity during ice formation, creates the conditions for the formation of waters with a density that allows them to flow down the slopes of the bottom along isopycnic surfaces and aerating the deep layers of the sea.
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M, Pricop. "New considerations regarding underwater noise in Black Sea." Scientific Bulletin of Naval Academy XIX, no. 1 (July 15, 2018): 381–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.21279/1454-864x-18-i1-058.
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The development and standardization of measurement techniques for underwater noise sources are important to both military and civil fields regarding the reduction of sound emitted by commercial and military ships. This paper presents new analysis of the acoustic signature of a small vessel during a voyage in the Black Sea. The measurements were made when the ship was moored in shallow waters. The measuring system had 3 hydrophones that were positioned at different depths. Using the coherence function, it was determined the correlation between the recordings. The results were analysed to determine the acoustic signature of the ship. Thermal variations of sea water and effects of sound reflection from the bottom of the sea were taken into account. Conclusions have been made regarding the utility of this type of analysis and the levels of underwater noise in the shallow waters of the Black Sea.
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Khilchevskyi, V. K., S. M. Kurylo, and N. P. Sherstyuk. "Chemical composition of different types of natural waters in Ukraine." Journal of Geology, Geography and Geoecology 27, no. 1 (July 10, 2018): 68–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/111832.
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The results of studies of the chemical composition in various types of natural waters of the territory of Ukraine – atmospheric precipitation, surface (river and lake), groundwaters and sea waters are comprehensively summarized and presented for the territory of Ukraine in this paper. The chemical composition of Ukraine's natural waters (rivers, lakes, underground aquifers, seas) is the result of the interaction of a combination of natural factors, as well as their location, mainly in the temperate climatic zone. The average long–term mineralization of atmospheric precipitation is usually in the range of 20–40 mg/l, its chemical composition is predominantly sulfate magnesium–calcium. For the chemical composition of water in the small and medium rivers of Ukraine, hydrochemical zoning is observed in the direction from the northwest to the south-east of the country. Mineralization of river waters also increases in this direction (from 200–300 mg/l to 1,500–3,000 mg/l and more). The composition of the water varies from bicarbonate calcium in the north and west to sodium chloridein the south and southeast. The value of mineralization of lake water varies within very wide limits. There are lakes with very fresh water and low salinity (30 mg/l – small lakes of glacial origin in the Ukrainian Carpathians), and lakes whose water has a mineralization of more than 100 g/l (salt lakes of the Crimea). In the chemical composition of groundwater, the territory of Ukraine mainly exhibits vertical hydrochemical zoning, which manifests itself in the separation of zones of intensive or difficult water exchange. Hydrocarbonate or sulfate waters with a small mineralization (up to 1.0 g/l) are characteristic for the zone of active water exchange. Highly mineralized (50–300 g/l and more) chloride, sodium and chloride-sodiumcalcium waters are common in a zone of hindered water exchange. The ionic composition of the Black Sea water has all the characteristic features of ocean waters but differs from them in relative poverty with ions of chlorine and sodium, the average salinity of the Black Sea waters is 18–19 ‰. In the narrow coastal zone near the mouths of large rivers (the Danube, the Dniester, the Southern Bug, the Dnieper) a decrease in the salinity of the Black Sea waters (up to 5–10 ‰) is observed. The main factors that determine the salinity regime in the Azov Sea (10–13 ‰) are the inflow of saline Black Sea and fresh river (the Don and the Kuban rivers) waters that are mixed in the Azov Sea, as well as the arrival of atmospheric precipitation.
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Borcia, Constantin. "Aspects on the History of Observations and Measurements in the Black Sea Coastal Zone, Rehabilitation Projects and Marine Modeling Issues." Ovidius University Annals of Constanta - Series Civil Engineering 20, no. 1 (December 1, 2018): 31–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ouacsce-2018-0003.
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Abstract Over time, the content, scope and objectives of hydrological research in the Romanian Black Sea coastal area varied according to the state of society development, technology development and financial resources. Along with the activities of capitalizing on natural resources, water use, river and sea navigation, there have been demands for knowledge of the water regime and the interaction between the resource potential and the characteristics of the hydrological regime. As a result, hydrographic and hydrological research was started and developed in the Black Sea coastal zone. These researches developed in the first half of the nineteenth century, and then continued throughout this century and later in the twentieth century, with interruptions caused by the two world wars. Among the important activities that have taken place over time, there have been hydro-technical works. The design and elaboration of the projects of these works were based on the knowledge of the hydrographic and hydrological characteristics of the Black Sea coastal zone. This knowledge has evolved over time so that there is currently an important pool of data and information related to the hydrological, morphological, hydrochemical, hydrobiological characteristics of the water bodies mentioned. The paper presents briefly the most important moments of the history of the monitoring activity carried out over time in the Black Sea coastal zone, the types of coastal and transitional waters in Romania, coastal rehabilitation projects of the Black Sea, hydrological features, the structure of the marine complex model pom / ersem III) BREG / BSHELF.
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Baeva, Yu I., and N. A. Chernykh. "ASSESSMENT OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL STATE OF THE BLACK SEA COASTAL WATERS BY BIOINDICATION METHODS." Water and Ecology 25, no. 3 (2020): 22–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.23968/2305-3488.2020.25.3.22-31.
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Introduction. Using bioindication methods, the authors assessed the environmental state of water at the place where the Hadzhiyska River flows into the Black Sea (Slanchev Bryag / Sunny Beach resort, Bulgaria). Methods. The studies were carried out in the summer seasons of 2017–2019 during sea water “blooming”. The quality of river water was assessed by the state of the community of zoobenthic organisms using the Trent biotic index originally developed by Woodiwiss and the Mayer index, and the state of the coastal marine ecosystem was assessed by the species composition of the Black Sea macroalgae. Results. The waters at the mouth of the Hadzhiyska River can be classified as “polluted” and represent the main local source of biogenic elements entering the coastal sea waters. In the marine macrophytobenthos, representatives of green, brown and red algae were identified, including two species listed in the Red Book of the Black Sea — Cystoseira barbata and Zostera marina. The authors noted a displacement of native species — representatives of Cystoseira and Zostera genera — due to an increase in the number of associated algae from Ceramium, Cladophora and Ulva genera, which confirms organic pollution and eutrophication in coastal waters. The taxonomic structure of the macrophytes allows for the conclusion that the environmental state of the marine ecosystem in the area is satisfactory. The authors also provide a rationale for the use of benthic organisms in the express diagnostics of water environment quality in resort areas.
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Efimov, V. V., V. N. Belokopytov, and A. E. Anisimov. "Estimation of water balance components in the Black Sea." Russian Meteorology and Hydrology 37, no. 11-12 (November 2012): 769–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1068373912110118.
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Neretin, Lev N., Michael E. Böttcher, and Vladimir A. Grinenko. "Sulfur isotope geochemistry of the Black Sea water column." Chemical Geology 200, no. 1-2 (October 2003): 59–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0009-2541(03)00129-3.
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RAŢᾸ, Vasile, and Liliana RUSU. "BALLAST WATER POLLUTION RISK ASSESSMENT IN THE BLACK SEA." Mechanical Testing and Diagnosis 10, no. 4 (January 12, 2021): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.35219/mtd.2020.4.05.
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Since the emergence of humanity, the marine environment has provided a safety net in many ways, has fostered socio-economic development, creating links between states, between continents. In the same time, it represents a priority source of food for a considerable percentage of the population. The same marine environment also creates solutions to current global problems, as a potential source of sustainable energy for the future. In recent decades, the stability of this ecosystem has been considerably shaken by the various types of pollution resulting from human activities. The Black Sea is not immune to these results from economic activities, such as the transport of goods by water, which creates the context for the migration of living organisms from one geographical region to another. The threat of ecosystems has been intensified by the process of globalization, by changing the natural food chains following the accidental introduction of non- indigenous marine life by discharging ballast water from ship tanks. Risk assessment to limit the effects of this biohazard problem is the first step in a normal regional chain of action..
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Bondarenko, L. V. ,., and V. A. Timofeev. "TAXOCENE MALACOSTRACA OF LASPI BAY WATER AREA (BLACK SEA)." Ekosistemy, no. 25 (2021): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.37279/2414-4738-2021-25-41-48.
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The water area of Laspi Bay is located between the Cape Aya Nature Reserve and the coastal-acval complex near Cape Sarich. The benthic samples were collected during the summer period 2016–2019. The taxonomic diversity and current condition of the higher crustaceans, which live on the loose littoral and sublittoral bottoms of the bay, was assessed. 41 species of Malacostraca have been identified. They belong to 6 groups. In bay other Arthropoda representatives were found: Amphibalanus improvisus (Darwin, 1854) and Harpacticoida. The average biomass of higher crustaceans was 0.454±0.228 g/m2. The main role in its formation is played by Decapoda and is dominated by Diogenes pugilator. The average number of Malacostraca was 280±158 ind./m2. The highest percentage of occurrence and high density of settlement were recorded for Amphipoda. The ranked series by density index was headed by D. pugilator, Echinogammarus foxi, Centraloecetes dellavallei and Echinogammarus karadagiensis. The highest numbers were recorded at stations in the flood zone (0–0.5 m). High abundance and biomass concentrations of Malacostraca were recorded at the stations with sand and pebbles.
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KIRCI-ELMAS, ELMAS, ATIKE NAZIK, SEVINÇ KAPAN, ENGIN MERIÇ, EMINE ŞEKER ZOR, BESTE KALKAN, TAMER DOGAN, and AYŞEGÜL GÜNEY. "PONTO-CASPIAN AND MEDITERRANEAN FAUNAL AND FLORAL RECORDS OF UPPER PLEISTOCENE-HOLOCENE SEDIMENTS FROM THE İZMİT GULF (MARMARA SEA, TURKEY)." Acta Palaeontologica Romaniae, no. 17 (2) (April 8, 2021): 23–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.35463/j.apr.2021.02.03.
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İzmit Gulf is located between Kocaeli and Armutlu peninsulas at east of Marmara Sea and the interaction area of North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ) and Marmara Graben systems. In this study, the faunal and floral contents (ostracod, foraminifer, mollusc and diatom) of the samples belonging to seven drilling cores were studied and obtained the radiocarbon and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) age data in order to establish on the Black Sea – Marmara Sea - Mediterranean water connections and palaeoenvironmental changes. The sediments in this study are Late Pleistocene-Holocene aged and only cover the Marine Isotope Stages MIS-5 (interglacial), MIS-3 (an interstadial period between MIS-4 and MIS-2 glacial epochs) and MIS-1. The determination of ostracod and mollusc fauna of the Mediterranean and Ponto-Caspian origin provide important clues to water exchange between the Mediterranean and the Black Sea. Although some Mediterranean originated ostracods occur sporadically with low abundance, absence of foraminiferal fauna and existence of Ponto-Caspian ostracods together with fresh water and cosmopolitan diatom flora indicate that the area strongly interacted with the Black Sea waters during MIS-5. The faunal and floral characteristics of the sediments deposited during MIS-3, clearly denote that the Izmit Gulf was connected with the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea at the beginning of MIS-3 (ca. 52.0 - 40.0 ky BP) and the shallow shelf areas were frequently affected by both the Black Sea discharge and Mediterranean input. A thick Holocene sedimentary sequence recovered from the southern Hersek Burnu drilling cores reflects the environmental changes after the latest Black-Mediterranean seas connection. The studied ostracod and mollusc assemblages are mainly characterized by the Mediterranean originated species with a few relict Ponto-Caspian fauna. Also, the benthic foraminiferal assemblages are dominated by normal marine and euryhaline species, reflecting the salinity fluctuations in the Holocene interval.
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COBAN-YILDIZ, Y., S. TUGRUL, D. EDIGER, A. YILMAZ, and C. POLAT. "A comparative study on the abundance and elemental composition of POM in three interconnected basins: the Black, the Marmara and the Mediterranean Seas." Mediterranean Marine Science 1, no. 1 (June 1, 2000): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/mms.5.
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The abundance and elemental composition of suspended particulate organic matter in the upper layers of the interconnected Mediterranean, Marmara and Black Seas having different ecosystems were determined in 1990-1998. The aim was principally to compare the C:N:P ratio of seston and understand factors controlling the seston composition in near- and off-shore waters of these seas. In the Marmara Sea, euphotic zone average particulate concentrations varied regionally and seasonally between 10-35 ìM for POC, 0.4-4.5 ìM for PON and 0.05-0.45 ìM for PP. These concentrations are mostly above the off-shore Black Sea values but much greater than those measured in the open waters of the north-eastern Mediterranean whose near-shore data are comparable with the seston content of the deep Black Sea. Comparison of C:N:P ratios of seston reveals that atmospheric and land-based phosphorus input influences the C:P and N:P ratios in the near-shore waters. Apparent nutrient deficiencies observed in the water column were not as remarkable in the elemental composition of seston. Unexpectedly, in the NE Mediterranean, N:P ratios from regression analyses of particulate data are very low (7-9) in the coastal region but slightly increase to levels of 10-15 in the open sea. In the Sea of Marmara, the N:P ratios (7-12) of seston are as low as in the Mediterranean, being consistent with the particulate ratios of the Black Sea inflow and NO3:PO4 ratios of the Marmara sub-halocline water. The Black Sea seston is relatively rich in carbonaceous compounds with N:P ratio ranging merely between 15-17 in the open sea but 9-27 in coastal waters where riverine discharges markedly influence the stoichiometry of seston.
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Izhitskaya, Elena S., Alexander V. Egorov, Alexander S. Izhitskiy, Osmar O. Möller, and Peter O. Zavialov. "Dissolved Methane in Coastal Waters of the Northeastern Black Sea." Water 14, no. 5 (February 25, 2022): 732. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14050732.
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As the largest methane reservoir in the world, the Black Sea is characterized by significant variability in its dissolved methane distribution patterns. Aerobic waters in the coastal regions are influenced by various factors governing the biogeochemical processes in the water column; however, their impact on the distribution pattern of dissolved methane is not always well studied, especially in the shallow areas of the northeastern Black Sea, which have hitherto not been thoroughly covered by observations. Here, we consider the measurements of methane content in several regions of the northeastern Black Sea carried out from 2013–2017 with large and detailed spatial coverage in order to identify the key factors determining the dissolved methane pattern in each region of the study area. The CH4 pattern in the region of Sochi is dominated by the impact of river flow. The increased methane saturation in surface waters of the southeastern Crimean shelf (up to 40 nM) is caused by the influence of the Azov Sea outflow. The waters of the Feodosia Bay and to the south of it are mainly characterized by an increase in methane content towards the bottom (up to 100 nM), which is associated with water–sediment interactions and gas emission from the bottom.
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Orhon, Derin. "Evaluation of the impact from the Black Sea on the pollution of the Marmara Sea." Water Science and Technology 32, no. 7 (October 1, 1995): 191–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0231.
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The Marmara Sea is now the recipient of a large number of wastewater discharges from land-based sources. At the same time, it is in direct exchange both with The Black Sea and The Mediterranean. A correct and efficient wastewater management programme with nutrient removal may be acceptable if it can effectively reduce the pollution in The Marmara Sea. This can only be evaluated by means of a comparative evaluation of the relevant pollutant loads originating from the land-based sources in the coastal zone and from the adjacent seas. This paper evaluates significant quality parameters related to the Black Sea – The Bosphorus – The Marmara Sea system, quantifies the pollution exchange between The Marmara Sea and The Black Sea and provides a critical appraisal of the effect of The Black Sea on the pollution in The Marmara in comparison with land-based sources.
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Tuchkovenko, Yurii, Oksana Tuchkovenko, and Valeriy Khokhlov. "MODELLING WATER EXCHANGE BETWEEN COASTAL ELONGATED LAGOON AND SEA: INFLUENCE OF THE MORPHOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS OF CONNECTING CHANNEL ON WATER RENEWAL IN LAGOON." EUREKA: Physics and Engineering 5 (September 17, 2019): 37–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.21303/2461-4262.2019.00979.
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The north-western part of the Black Sea Ukrainian coast is characterized by the presence of 12 marine lagoons which do not presently have permanent natural connections with the sea. Because of regional climate change, these lagoons have experienced a significant deficit of annual freshwater balance during the last decades and, consequently, an increase in salinity and eutrophication of their waters. One way to stabilize the hydroecological regime of lagoons is to maintain their regular connection with the sea via artificial connecting channels. The deepest and most prolonged Tyligulskyi Liman lagoon is used as an example to determine the morphometric characteristics (width, depth) of the artificial connecting channel which ensures bidirectional water exchange of the lagoon with the sea, i. e. its partial flushing. A numerical hydrodynamic model is used to estimate how the morphometric characteristics of the connecting channel influence the intensity of water exchange between the lagoon and the sea and of water renewal by seawater for the various parts of the lagoon. The dynamics of sea water volume concentration in reference points in the lagoon is used as an indicator of seawater intrusion into the lagoon and their degree of water renewal in its various zones. The proposed methodology could be used for other lagoons of the same type in the north-western part of the Black Sea.
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Marks, A. A., and M. D. King. "The effects of additional black carbon on the albedo of Arctic sea ice: variation with sea ice type and snow cover." Cryosphere 7, no. 4 (July 30, 2013): 1193–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-7-1193-2013.
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Abstract. The response of the albedo of bare sea ice and snow-covered sea ice to the addition of black carbon is calculated. Visible light absorption and light-scattering cross-sections are derived for a typical first-year and multi-year sea ice with both "dry" and "wet" snow types. The cross-sections are derived using data from a 1970s field study that recorded both reflectivity and light penetration in Arctic sea ice and snow overlying sea ice. The variation of absorption cross-section over the visible wavelengths suggests black carbon is the dominating light-absorbing impurity. The response of first-year and multi-year sea ice albedo to increasing black carbon, from 1 to 1024 ng g−1, in a top 5 cm layer of a 155 cm-thick sea ice was calculated using a radiative-transfer model. The albedo of the first-year sea ice is more sensitive to additional loadings of black carbon than the multi-year sea ice. An addition of 8 ng g−1 of black carbon causes a decrease to 98.7% of the original albedo for first-year sea ice compared to a decrease to 99.7% for the albedo of multi-year sea ice, at a wavelength of 500 nm. The albedo of sea ice is surprisingly unresponsive to additional black carbon up to 100 ng g−1 . Snow layers on sea ice may mitigate the effects of black carbon in sea ice. Wet and dry snow layers of 0.5, 1, 2, 5 and 10 cm depth were added onto the sea ice surface. The albedo of the snow surface was calculated whilst the black carbon in the underlying sea ice was increased. A layer of snow 0.5 cm thick greatly diminishes the effect of black carbon in sea ice on the surface albedo. The albedo of a 2–5 cm snow layer (less than the e-folding depth of snow) is still influenced by the underlying sea ice, but the effect of additional black carbon in the sea ice is masked.
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Seregin, S. A., and E. V. Popova. "Species composition and abundance of metazoan microzooplankton in the north-eastern waters of the Black Sea in summer 2013." Marine Biological Journal 1, no. 3 (September 29, 2016): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.21072/mbj.2016.01.3.06.
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Metazoan microzooplankton plays a crucial role in the feeding of larvae and juveniles of many fish species, including commercial. The aim of the work was to study the metazoan microzooplankton abundance and species composition in the waters of North-East of the Black Sea, for which such information is rare. Bathometric water samples for the research were taken in 2 water areas in the Kerch sea area: on the shelf (I) and in continental slope waters (II). The concentration of plankton in the surface layer above large depths was almost 2 times higher and the proportion of neritic species was much lower compared to the waters over the shelf. The character of the microzooplankton abundance vertical distribution depended on the temperature and salinity gradients expression. Compared with the coastal waters of the southern coast of Crimea general decline of the abundance with depth is much more pronounced over the continental slope. Copepods of the genus Acartia and Centropages ponticus were dominating in the upper layers of the water; a recent invader in the Black Sea Oithona davisae played a significant role in the shelf waters, also. Abundant copepod species in the waters under thermocline were Oithona similis, Acartia clausi, Paracalanus parvus; Rotifera dominated in non-crustacean plankton. Newly obtained and previously published data indicate an increasing trend of total micrometazoans abundance in the Crimean Black Sea waters in recent years.
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Klyuvitkin, A. A., A. V. Garmashov, A. A. Latushkin, N. A. Orekhova, A. I. Kochenkova, and G. V. Malafeev. "Comprehensive studies of the Black Sea during the cruise 101 of the research vessel Professor Vodyanitskiy." Океанология 59, no. 2 (June 9, 2019): 315–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0030-1574592315-318.
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From 14 to 28 December 2017, in the central part of the Black Sea, within the exclusive economic zone of the Russian Federation, a joint interdepartmental comprehensive oceanological expedition was carried out on board the R/V «Professor Vodyanitsky». The main goal of the expedition was to study the characteristics of the hydrological, hydrochemical, hydro-optical and hydrobiological structure of the Black Sea waters during the winter, as well as to collect material for studying the sedimentation system of the sea, which allows assessing the particle fluxes in the water column, the rate of its sedimentation to the bottom and biogeochemical processes occurring in water and bottom sediments.
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Lantseva, Veronika Yurievna. "On the issue of international legal regulation of ensuring environmental safety in water transport in the Black Sea." SHS Web of Conferences 134 (2022): 00113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202213400113.
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This article studies the mechanism of protection of the Black Sea marine environment ensuring environmental safety in water transport in its water area, which was normatively consolidated in the 1992 Convention on the Protection of the Black Sea from Pollution. The article studies and describes the international and regional experience of regulating public relations arising from the provision of environmental safety, as well as proposals for improving international law in this area. The article presents the major research outcomes on the main measures aimed to introduce amendments to the current international law on regulation of public relations arising in the field of ensuring environmental safety in water transport in the Black Sea. Based on the analysis of the current international regional agreement in the area under consideration, the author has proposed some recommendations for its further development, and also highlighted the main areas to be regulated taking into account the need to conduct research in order to create the necessary rules and regulations that can ensure environmental safety in the operation of sea vessels. In order to improve the ecological situation in the Black Sea water area, it is necessary to amend the Convention on the Protection of the Black Sea against Pollution by introducing a number of special measures proposed in the article.
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Koloren, Zeynep, Derya Kaya, and Cumhur Avsar. "Detection ofCryptosporidiumSpecies in the Sea and Tap Water Samples of Black Sea, Turkey." Journal of Parasitology 99, no. 3 (June 2013): 554–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1645/ge-3232.1.
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Kokkos, Nikolaos, and Georgios Sylaios. "Modeling the buoyancy-driven Black Sea Water outflow into the North Aegean Sea." Oceanologia 58, no. 2 (April 2016): 103–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oceano.2015.12.003.
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Zessner, M., and J. van Gils. "Nutrient fluxes from the Danube Basin to the Black Sea." Water Science and Technology 46, no. 8 (October 1, 2002): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0134.
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This paper deals with the state of the art of quantification of sources, pathways and sinks of nutrients in the Danube Basin and their transport from the catchment to the Black Sea. It shows main results of emission estimates to surface waters and the Danube Water Quality Model approach to link these emissions estimates to measured water monitoring data. The current paper provides a quantitative synthesis of available knowledge regarding the fate of nutrients in the Danube Basin. Even though many knowledge gaps existed, our understanding of the system has increased. As such, the paper provides a vehicle to carry the discussion one step beyond just complaining about how much we do not know yet.
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Esin, Nikolay V., Nikolay I. Esin, Igor S. Podymov, Anna V. Lifanchuk, and Irina V. Melnikova. "Assessment of the influence of material glaciation in the Northern Hemisphere on the processes of water desalination in the Mediterranean Sea in the Pliocene-Pleistocene." Hydrosphere Еcology (Экология гидросферы), no. 2(4) (2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.33624/2587-9367-2019-2(4)-1-7.
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The article calculates the freshwater balance of the ancient Black and Caspian seas and estimates the volume of water flowing from the Black Sea to the Mediterranean during the melting of glaciers. It is shown that during this period up to 855 km3/year of freshwater is discharged into the Mediterranean Sea, which is involved in the formation of sea level. A comparison of calculations and geological data showed that there are no signs of the influx of salty ocean water into the Akchagyl Sea. It was also shown that water from the ocean cannot flow up since the sea level was below sea level.
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Stoyan Vergiev. "Sea water flood resilience of five plant species with conservation status over the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast." GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences 16, no. 3 (September 30, 2021): 019–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gscbps.2021.16.3.0260.
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The Bulgarian Black Sea coastal zone is relatively protected from sea floods. Only extreme meteorological events such as unusual storms can cause flooding of coastal areas. Crucial for the application of rapid methods for vulnerability assessment of coastal plant communities from flooding caused by unusual storms over the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast is to obtain experimental data for sea water flood resilience. This study aims to determine the plant species survival in simulated flooding experiments in order to identify sea water flood resilience of five plant species with conservation status: Centaurea arenaria M. Bieb. ex Willd., Crambe tataria Sebeok, Aurinia uechtritziana (Bornm.) Cullen & Dudley, Silene thymifolia Sm., and Stachys maritima Gouan. As a result of a simulated flooding experiment, Critical Decomposition Time (CDT) was obtained. The five species were within the most vulnerable group (CDT < 48 h). The CDT was significantly shorter than floods with a maximum duration for the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast. Only the values of the parameter beginning of decomposition of the leaves were accelerated by higher water temperatures. Other parameters were unrelated to different water temperatures. The investigated species have low survival rates and low degree of sea water flood resilience and their communities will not be able to recover after flooding with maximum duration within one vegetation season.
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Jönsson, L. "SeaWiFs satellite data analysis of Black Sea water discharge pattern into the Aegean Sea." Water Science and Technology 46, no. 8 (October 1, 2002): 195–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0180.
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Satellite data from the SeaWiFS sensor has been used to determine chlorophyll-a contents in the North Aegean Sea using SEADAS 3.3 software. The data is used to extract knowledge on water movements/flow phenomena using chlorophyll as a “tracer” but will also indicate water quality. More than 100 SeaWiFS scenes from 1998 up to 2001 have been analyzed in terms of hydrodynamic phenomena, mainly the transport and spreading pattern of Black Sea Water in the North Aegean Sea but also concerning the water quality and its seasonal and yearly variation at the mouth region of the Dardanelles. Some comparison with earlier studies using NOAA AVHRR thermal data and historical CZCS scenes is also made.
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Koyun, İlknur, Zeynep Kolören, Ülkü Karaman, Amalia Tsiami, and Panagiotis Karanis. "Acanthamoeba spp. in river water samples from the Black Sea region, Turkey." Journal of Water and Health 18, no. 2 (February 20, 2020): 186–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2020.170.
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Abstract The present study aims to investigate the occurrence of free living amoeba (FLA) in water resources (rivers and tap water) in Samsun in the Black Sea. The presence of Acanthamoeba spp. was confirmed in 98 of 192 water samples collected from 32 sites of Samsun province (Samsun centre, Terme, Carsamba, Tekkekoy, Bafra) by PCR. Acanthamoeba spp. were found in 15/36 river samples from Samsun, in 58/90 from Terme, in 12/30 from Carsamba, in 7/18 from Tekkekoy and in 6/18 from Bafra. No Acanthamoeba species were detected in tap water samples. The highest rate in river waters contaminated with Acanthamoeba species was in Terme followed by Samsun centre (41.7%), Carsamba (40%), Tekkekoy (38.9%) and Bafra districts (33.3%), respectively. The result of the subsequent sequence analysis showed Haplotype I (A. triangularis) in 5%, Haplotype II (A. polyphaga) in 29.6%, Haplotype III (Acanthamoeba spp.) in 62% and Haplotype IV (A. lenticulata) in 3%. The most common genotype was Acanthamoeba T4 (Acanthamoeba spp., A. polyphaga, A. triangularis) and T5 genotype was also found in 3%. The T4 genotype is the most common genotype associated with Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK) worldwide; therefore, humans and animals living in the area are at risk after contact with such waters.
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Vitalii V. Yakovlev, Volodymyr A. Voskoboinick, Vitalii V. Khomicky, Viktor O. Tkachenko, Oleksandr A. Voskoboinyk, Lidiia M. Tereshchenko, Andrew V. Voskoboinick, and Viktoriia V. Bondar. "Influence of water area depth on wind waves." Environmental safety and natural resources 36, no. 4 (December 22, 2020): 77–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2411-4049.2020.4.77-88.
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A semi-empirical technique for calculating the parameters of wind waves at variable sea depths along the wind acceleration has been developed and presented. This technique allows you to determine the average values of wind wave heights, their length and period depending on the wind velocity, taking into account and without taking into account the heaping of water by wind. Within the framework of the described method, the calculations of wind wave parameters suitable for isobaths d = 20 m were performed for a specific study area of the Bistre (Novostambulske) branch of the Danube estuary, for the north-eastern and eastern wind directions. Numerical simulations were performed for the Black Sea in the location of the protection dam of the Maritime approach channel of the Danube-Black Sea deep-sea navigation. Numerical calculations of wind wave transformation in the water area near the protection dam for the most dangerous wind directions in stormy conditions were performed. For mathematical simulation, the maximum values of wind velocity and wave height were used, which were observed during the whole period of research of the Black Sea water area in the region of the dam. Within the framework of refraction theory, wave transformation calculations have been performed for the most wave-hazardous wind acceleration directions, namely, the north-eastern and eastern wind directions. It is shown that taking into account the heaping of water by wind leads to an increase in the parameters of gravitational waves. The results of numerical simulations have shown that with the increase of wind acceleration exceeding the limit values, the parameters of the waves reach constant values. These values depend on the bathymetry of the seabed, wind velocity and direction. It was found that the increase in the deviation of the free surface of the sea from the undisturbed level significantly depends on the heaping of water by wind. It was found that the relative increase in the wave parameters is observed higher in the east wind direction than in the northeast wind direction in the study area of the Black Sea.
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Marks, A. A., and M. D. King. "The effect of snow/sea ice type on the response of albedo and light penetration depth (<i>e</i>-folding depth) to increasing black carbon." Cryosphere 8, no. 5 (September 3, 2014): 1625–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-8-1625-2014.
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Abstract. The optical properties of snow/sea ice vary with age and by the processes they were formed, giving characteristic types of snow and sea ice. The response of albedo and light penetration depth (e-folding depth) to increasing mass ratio of black carbon is shown to depend on the snow and sea ice type and the thickness of the snow or sea ice. The response of albedo and e-folding depth of three different types of snow (cold polar snow, wind-packed snow and melting snow) and three sea ice (multi-year ice, first-year ice and melting sea ice) to increasing mass ratio of black carbon is calculated using a coupled atmosphere–snow/sea ice radiative-transfer model (TUV-snow), over the optical wavelengths of 300–800 nm. The snow and sea ice types are effectively defined by a scattering cross-section, density and asymmetry parameter. The relative change in albedo and e-folding depth of each of the three snow and three sea ice types with increasing mass ratio of black carbon is considered relative to a base case of 1 ng g−1 of black carbon. The relative response of each snow and sea ice type is intercompared to examine how different types of snow and sea ice respond relative to each other. The relative change in albedo of a melting snowpack is a factor of four more responsive to additions of black carbon compared to cold polar snow over a black carbon increase from 1 to 50 ng g−1, while the relative change in albedo of a melting sea ice is a factor of two more responsive to additions of black carbon compared to multi-year ice for the same increase in mass ratio of black carbon. The response of e-folding depth is effectively not dependent on snow/sea ice type. The albedo of sea ice is more responsive to increasing mass ratios of black carbon than snow.
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Kiran, Nilgün, Orhan Yenigün, Erdem Albek, and Osman Börekçi. "Wind-induced circulations of the black sea." Water Science and Technology 32, no. 7 (October 1, 1995): 87–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0208.
Full textAbstract:
A two-dimensional single layer hydrodynamic model of the Black Sea is constructed in which currents are driven by the forcing effect of the wind. An explicit finite difference scheme was used where the equations were discretized over a 128 × 79 non-staggered grid. To represent the seasonal wind patterns the sea is divided into 14 sectors and for each season the dominating wind in each sector was selected. The model incorporating the sectoral wind patterns was applied to all of the four seasons. The results successfully simulate some of the well known circulation patterns in the sea.
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Kwiecien, O., H. W. Arz, F. Lamy, S. Wulf, A. Bahr, U. Röhl, and G. H. Haug. "Estimated Reservoir Ages of the Black Sea Since the Last Glacial." Radiocarbon 50, no. 1 (2008): 99–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200043393.
Full textAbstract:
Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) radiocarbon dating of ostracod and gastropod shells from the southwestern Black Sea cores combined with tephrochronology provides the basis for studying reservoir age changes in the late-glacial Black Sea. The comparison of our data with records from the northwestern Black Sea shows that an apparent reservoir age of ∼1450 14C yr found in the glacial is characteristic of a homogenized water column. This apparent reservoir age is most likely due to the hardwater effect. Though data indicate that a reservoir age of ∼1450 14C yr may have persisted until the Bølling-Allerød warm period, a comparison with the GISP2 ice-core record suggests a gradual reduction of the reservoir age to ∼1000 14C yr, which might have been caused by dilution effects of inflowing meltwater. During the Bølling-Allerød warm period, soil development and increased vegetation cover in the catchment area of the Black Sea could have hampered erosion of carbonate bedrock, and hence diminished contamination by “old” carbon brought to the Black Sea basin by rivers. A further reduction of the reservoir age most probably occurred contemporary to the precipitation of inorganic carbonates triggered by increased phytoplankton activity, and was confined to the upper water column. Intensified deep water formation subsequently enhanced the mixing/convection and renewal of intermediate water. During the Younger Dryas, the age of the upper water column was close to 0 yr, while the intermediate water was ∼900 14C yr older. The first inflow of saline Mediterranean water, at ∼8300 14C yr BP, shifted the surface water age towards the recent value of ∼400 14C yr.
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Ozturk, Mehmet Nuri, and Yalçın Yüksel. "THE NUMERICAL MODELLING OF THE EFFECT OF OCCURRENCE DURATION ON THE WATER LEVEL DIFFERENCE FOR THE BOSPHORUS STRAIT." Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, no. 32 (January 31, 2011): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v32.currents.28.
Full textAbstract:
The straits connecting two large water bodies show highly strong and stratified currents related to meteorological, morphological and hydrodynamic conditions. The Bosphorus is a long sea strait connecting the Black Sea and the Sea of Marmara. There is a two layer current system in the Bosphorus, which is largely determined by conditions at the Black Sea. The upper layer flows from the Black Sea to the Sea of Marmara caused by decline in surface elevation between the Black Sea and Sea of Marmara. The lower layer flows in opposite direction caused by the density difference which is due to the difference in salinities.
In this study the effect of occurrence duration of water level difference (Δh) on the Bosphorus current structure was modelled using a three dimensional hydrodynamic modelling approach. The approach is based on an unstructured flexible mesh and uses a finite volume solution technique, which provides an optimal flexibility while retaining an efficient numerical solution. The meshes are based on linear triangular elements. An uniform rectangular channel which has simple geometry compare with Bosphorus was used for modelling. The channel has Bosphorus average values in dimensions. It is 900 m in width, 32,000 m in length and 64 m in depth. The constant salinty bondary conditions were described at the open bondaries corresponding Marmara and Black Sea boundaries and no water level difference as initial surface elevation. Using k-ε turbulence choice and hydrostatic pressure assumption, the two different occurrence duration for the same increase at the water level difference were modelled. In the first case the increasing of the duration for the water level difference described shorter than the second case. The model results show that, in the first case one-layered flow becomes dominated whole the channel flow, on the other hand in the second case two-layered flow persisted.