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1
Arivazhagan, Dr. "BLACK ROT DISEASE DETECTION IN GRAPE PLANT (VITIS VINIFERA) USING COLOUR BASED SEGMENTATION." INTERANTIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 07, no. 12 (December 1, 2023): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem27542.
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The cultitechniques for the early and accurate detection of Black Rot disease. Our methodology involves the acquisition of high- resolution images of grape leaves and clusters. These images are then subjected to a color-based segmentation process to isolate regions of interest that exhibit symptoms of Black Rot. The results demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed approach. The integration of Color-Based Segmentation and Machine Learning enables accurate and automated identification of Black Rot disease in grape plants. This system holds promise for early disease intervention, enabling growers to take timely actions to mitigate the spread of Black Rot and prevent potential yield vation of Grape Plants (Vitis vinifera) is of significant economic importance, but the prevalence of diseases such as Black Rot poses a serious threat to grape yields and quality. In this study, we propose a novel approach to address this issue by combining Color-Based Segmentation and Machine Learning losses. In conclusion, this study bridges the gap between agricultural practices and modern technology, offering a reliable and efficient tool for Black Rot disease detection. The combination of Color- Based Segmentation and Machine Learning presents a promising avenue for sustainable grape cultivation by aiding in the preservation of grape plant health and overall yield maximization.
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Hazelrigg, Ann L., Terence L. Bradshaw, and Gabriella S. Maia. "Disease Susceptibility of Interspecific Cold-Hardy Grape Cultivars in Northeastern U.S.A." Horticulturae 7, no. 8 (July 30, 2021): 216. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7080216.
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Susceptibility to diseases of economically important grapes is critical to the evaluation of germplasm recommended for commercial production and for the development of sustainable production systems. In 2018–2019, the cold-hardy grape cultivars including ‘Brianna’, ‘Crimson Pearl’, ‘Itasca’, ‘Louise Swenson’, ‘Marechal Foch’, ‘Marquette’ ‘Petite Pearl’, ‘St. Pepin’, and ‘Verona’ were evaluated on non-treated vines for susceptibility to downy mildew, powdery mildew, black rot, anthracnose, Phomopsis leaf spot and fruit rot, and Botrytis bunch rot. No cultivars were consistently disease-free, and all exhibited some degree of black rot and powdery mildew infection. Relative susceptibility to disease was not consistent across both years, but ‘Brianna’ had greater incidence of black rot and ‘Louise Swenson’ showed lower incidence of powdery mildew in both years. The relatively new cultivars ‘Crimson Pearl’ and ‘Verona’ exhibited comparatively moderate disease susceptibility overall. Growers typically manage diseases with fungicides on commercial farms, so cultivar susceptibility is just one component of a sustainable pest management and production system.
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Bande, La Ode Santiaji, Bambang Hadisutrisno, Susamto Somowiyarjo, and Bambang Hendro Sunarminto. "EPIDEMI PENYAKIT BUSUK PANGKAL BATANG LADA PADA KONDISI LINGKUNGAN YANG BERVARIASI." JURNAL HAMA DAN PENYAKIT TUMBUHAN TROPIKA 15, no. 1 (March 2, 2015): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/j.hptt.11595-103.
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Foot rot disease epidemic on black pepper in variety of environmental conditions. The foot rot disease on black pepper caused by Phytophthora capsici Leonian, is often destructive to farmers of black pepper. This research aims to study the infection rate and the pattern of development of the black pepper foot rot disease in various condition of the environment. The research was conducted in the areas of black pepper cultivation in the Ultisol and Entisol soils. In each location plots were set with few (<25%) and abundant (>75%) weeds. Variable observed was disease incidence. The data were used to analyze model of development of the black pepper foot rot disease and infection rate. Results of the research showed that the model of development of the black pepper foot rot disease was not affected by soil type, but the type of soil affected the infection rate. At the pepper plantation with abundance of weeds, the disease development followes Gompertz model. At the plantation with few weeds, however the disease developed in a logistic model. The rate of disease infection on the black pepper plant with abundant weeds lower compared with those with few weeds.
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Pratama, Sakti Widyanta. "Application of lime and urea and its effect on development of Phythophthora palmivora." Pelita Perkebunan (a Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal) 31, no. 1 (March 31, 2015): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v31i1.70.
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Black pod rot disease (BPRD) which is caused by Phytophthora palmivora is one of the main diseases of cocoa cultivations particularly in plantations with wet climate. Black pod rot can develop rapidly under high humidity environments, particularly during rainy seasons. This disease can cause loss of harvest of up to 46.63% in East Java. The various control efforts attempted so far have not resulted in significant improvements. Urea, in addition to functioning as fertilizer, can also produce the ammonia gas which is believed to be able to suppress black pod rot. This research aims to determine the effectiveness of black pod rot control using the combination of lime and urea. This research was conducted from June to September 2013. The materials used in test included sterile soil, black pod rot infected cocoa, urea, and agricultural lime. Observation results showed that ammonia could form from urea. Lime can increase the speed of the formation. The ammonia gas forming from 0.06% urea and 0.3% lime can control the P. palmivora fungus inside the soil. Key words: Pod rot, P. palmivora, urea, lime, ammonia
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Kumari, Neelam, and Ashok Thakur. "Black Root Rot of Strawberry: A Disease Complex." International Journal of Economic Plants 9, no. 2 (May 28, 2022): 158–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.23910/2/2022.0455a.
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Historically, root diseases have been a production-limiting problem for the strawberry industry worldwide. Even though this disease is of great economic importance, the etiology remains unresolved. However, soilborne fungal root pathogens, particularly Pythium and Rhizoctonia spp. have been implicated as major role players. Presence of nematodes in soil and favourable environmental conditions also play significant role in the disease development. Development of integrated disease management strategies is dependent upon a more complete understanding of the etiology, biology and ecology of the disease complex.
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Hsiao, Chia-Yu, Sabrina Diana Blanco, An-Li Peng, Ju-Yin Fu, Bo-Wei Chen, Min-Chia Luo, Xing-Yu Xie, and Yi-Hsien Lin. "Seed Treatment with Calcium Carbonate Containing Bacillus amyloliquefaciens PMB05 Powder Is an Efficient Way to Control Black Rot Disease of Cabbage." Agriculture 13, no. 5 (April 23, 2023): 926. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13050926.
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Black rot disease is a serious bacterial disease that harms vegetable crops of the Brassica genus (especially cabbage plants) worldwide. The causal agent, Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc), is a seed-borne pathogen that primarily infects seedlings. Previous studies suggest that the bacterial strain, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens PMB05, can intensify the plant immune responses of cabbage against black rot disease and reduce disease occurrence. In plant immunity, several reactions occur during a pathogen attack, but the elevation of calcium ion concentration in plant cells is essential in the induction of plant defense responses. Therefore, this study aims to investigate whether disease control of black rot disease in cabbage plants can be improved by integrating calcium carbonate in the formulation for preparing B. amyloliquefaciens PMB05. Firstly, we found the addition of calcium carbonate in the formulation revealed to have significantly increased the cell and endospore populations of B. amyloliquefaciens PMB05 in the fermentation liquids. To increase the convenience of disease control in the field, these fermentation liquids were converted to powder form for subsequent analysis. Results revealed that the grown seedlings from seeds, mixed with PMB05 powders, significantly intensified plant immune responses and improved black rot disease control. We further compared distinct seed treatments using one PMB05 powder to evaluate its feasibility in field application. The results demonstrated that the disease control efficacy and yield of cabbage were significantly improved in the seed treatment with the powder (SD-160C2) to 56.46% and 5.91%, respectively, at 10 weeks post transplanting. Interestingly, the seed treatment combined with a calcium-containing commercial fertilizer spraying treatment did not increase the control efficacy of black rot disease, but it significantly increased the weight of cabbages after harvest. We concluded that the seed treatment with calcium carbonate-containing Bacillus amyloliquefaciens PMB05 powder is an efficient way to control black rot disease in cabbage.
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Yang, Dongjing, Xiaofeng Bian, Ho Soo Kim, Rong Jin, Fangyuan Gao, Jingwei Chen, Jukui Ma, et al. "IbINV Positively Regulates Resistance to Black Rot Disease Caused by Ceratocystis fimbriata in Sweet Potato." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 22 (November 17, 2023): 16454. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms242216454.
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Black rot disease, caused by Ceratocystis fimbriata Ellis & Halsted, severely affects both plant growth and post-harvest storage of sweet potatoes. Invertase (INV) enzymes play essential roles in hydrolyzing sucrose into glucose and fructose and participate in the regulation of plant defense responses. However, little is known about the functions of INV in the growth and responses to black rot disease in sweet potato. In this study, we identified and characterized an INV-like gene, named IbINV, from sweet potato. IbINV contained a pectin methylesterase-conserved domain. IbINV transcripts were most abundant in the stem and were significantly induced in response to C. fimbriata, salicylic acid, and jasmonic acid treatments. Overexpressing IbINV in sweet potato (OEV plants) led to vigorous growth and high resistance to black rot disease, while the down-regulation of IbINV by RNA interference (RiV plants) resulted in reduced plant growth and high sensitivity to black rot disease. Furthermore, OEV plants contained a decreased sucrose content and increased hexoses content, which might be responsible for the increased INV activities; not surprisingly, RiV plants showed the opposite effects. Taken together, these results indicate that IbINV positively regulates plant growth and black rot disease resistance in sweet potato, mainly by modulating sugar metabolism.
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Prasad, Durga, and R. N. Singh. "Major diseases of field and horticultural crops in Northern Bihar region of India." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCES 17, no. 2 (July 15, 2022): 180–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.15740/has/ijps/17.2/180-190.
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A survey was conducted to determine the status of major diseases of field and horticultural crops grown in Saharsa, Supaul, Madhepura and Khagaria districts of northern Bihar, India. Three blocks in each district and three villages in each block were surveyed through a random field survey method. Per cent disease incidence was recorded on randomly selected plants in a particular field of selected location. The incidence of diseases was observed on the basis of typical field symptoms and later the association was confirmed through microscopic examinations in the laboratory. In view of maximum diseases incidence; foliar blight of wheat, sheath blight of rice, turcicum leaf blight of maize, mungbean yellow mosaic virus, Alternaria blight of mustard were recorded with >50% incidence in these districts. However, dry root rot and wilt of chickpea and lentil, wilt of pigeonpea, powdery mildew of pea, Alternaria leaf spot of linseed, Fusarium wilt and red rot of sugarcane and root rot of jute were noticed with 10 to 50% incidence. In fruit crops; sigatoka disease of banana was noticed with >50% incidence, while, anthracnose/ die back and floral malformation of mango, wilt of banana, foot rot of papaya and anthracnose of guava and citrus canker were observed with 10-50% incidence. Diseases viz., late blight, bacterial wilt, black leaf spot/ rot, leaf curl, yellow vein mosaic virus, die back and late blight were recorded with >50% incidence in tomato, brinjal, cauliflower, cucurbits, okra, chilli and potato, respectively. The purple blotch of onion, black leaf rot of cabbage and collar rot of elephant foot yam were noticed with 10-50% incidences.
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Keinath, Anthony P. "Effect of Fungicide Applications Scheduled to Control Gummy Stem Blight on Yield and Quality of Watermelon Fruit." Plant Disease 85, no. 1 (January 2001): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2001.85.1.53.
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Yield and quality reductions in watermelon infected with Didymella bryoniae may be attributed to reduced number or weight of fruit, sunburned fruit, fruit rot, or low sugar content due to gummy stem blight on foliage and black rot on fruit. Number, weight, soluble solids content, and external appearance of fruit were determined in four experiments conducted in fall 1996 and 1997 and spring 1997 and 1998. Severity of gummy stem blight was varied by applying no fungicide, mancozeb, or chlorothalonil according to different schedules. In the fall, when disease severity was high, total fruit weight, percent marketable fruit, and soluble solids content were lower and percent fruit with black rot was higher in nonsprayed than in sprayed treatments. Fungicide applications did not affect total fruit weight, soluble solids content, or black rot in the spring, when disease severity was moderate to low. Percent sunburned fruit was greater in treatments sprayed every 14 days than in those sprayed weekly. In fall experiments, the number of healthy, unblemished fruit increased linearly as the number of fungicide applications was increased from zero to nine per season. Yield losses in watermelon to gummy stem blight and black rot resulted primarily from a reduction in total fruit weight and an increase in number of diseased and sunburned fruit.
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Saleem, Sana, Lucia Nedorost Ragasova, Dorota Tekielska, Maciej Fidurski, Agnieszka Sekara, and Robert Pokluda. "Serendipita indica as a Plant Growth Promoter and Biocontrol Agent against Black Rot Disease in Cabbage Grown in a Phytotron." Agriculture 13, no. 11 (October 25, 2023): 2048. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13112048.
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Serendipita indica, a mutualistic root endophytic fungus, has gained attention for its potential to enhance plant health and resistance to various stresses. This study investigated the impact of S. indica (strain DSM 11827) on plant growth promotion and the management of black rot disease. This is a devastating bacterial ailment caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, which affects cruciferous crops worldwide. The experiment was conducted under sterile conditions in a phytotron for 10 weeks. It involved the substrate and seed inoculation of S. indica in a cabbage crop. The findings suggested that S. indica establishes mutualistic relationships with cruciferous plants, positively influencing their growth while simultaneously reducing their susceptibility to black rot disease. Plant morphological and physiological parameters were enhanced by S. indica application. Additionally, bio stress markers were also enhanced in response to black rot disease. Moreover, disease severity was reduced by 27.9% and 18.8% in the substrate and seeds treated with S. indica, respectively. However, our findings did not report any antagonistic effect between S. indica and two pathogens, i.e., Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris and Alternaria brassicicola under the in vitro test, suggesting that the suppression of black rot disease in cabbage seedlings was induced indirectly by S. indica. This study, therefore, underscores the promising prospect of utilizing S. indica to promote crop productivity and combat the destructive impact of black rot disease in cruciferous plants, contributing to more sustainable and resilient agriculture.
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Stahr, M., and L. M. Quesada-Ocampo. "Assessing the Role of Temperature, Inoculum Density, and Wounding on Disease Progression of the Fungal Pathogen Ceratocystis fimbriata Causing Black Rot in Sweetpotato." Plant Disease 104, no. 3 (March 2020): 930–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-12-18-2224-re.
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In 2014, Ceratocystis fimbriata, causal agent of black rot in sweetpotato, reemerged and inflicted large financial losses on growers in the United States. Black rot continues to damage sweetpotatoes and has become a priority to the industry since then. In contrast, little is known about the biology of C. fimbriata and the epidemiology of sweetpotato black rot. In this study, effects of environmental factors such as inoculum density, RH, and temperature on sweetpotato black rot were determined. Cured sweetpotatoes were wounded with a toothpick to simulate puncture wounds, inoculated with different spore suspensions (inoculum density) (104, 105, or 106 spores/ml), and incubated under different RH (85.53, 94.09, or 97.01%) and temperature (13, 18, 23, 29, or 35°C) for 21 days. In a separate experiment, five root wounding types (cuts, punctures, abrasions, end breaks, and macerating bruises) were compared. All wounded roots were subsequently soaked in a 103 spores/ml suspension and incubated at 100% RH and 23°C for 21 days. This study found 29 and 23°C to be the optimal temperature for black rot disease development and sporulation, respectively. No pathogen growth was observed at 13 and 35°C. Increased inoculum density significantly (P < 0.0001) increased disease incidence, but increasing RH had an effect only on sporulation area. All wound types resulted in increased disease incidence and sporulation as early as 7 days postinoculation. Our results highlight the importance of characterizing factors that affect disease development for achieving successful disease management strategies. Findings from this study will be used to improve disease management for sweetpotato black rot by suggesting tighter regulation of curing and storage conditions and better postharvest handling of sweetpotato roots to avoid unnecessary wounding.
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Umer, Muhammad, Mustansar Mubeen, Muhammad Ateeq, Munsif Ali Shad, Muhammad Nauman Atiq, Muhammad Mohsin Kaleem, Shehzad Iqbal, et al. "ETIOLOGY, EPIDEMIOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF CITRUS BLACK ROT CAUSED BY ALTERNARIA CITRI- AN OUTLOOK." Plant Protection 5, no. 2 (August 31, 2021): 105–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.33804/pp.005.02.3701.
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Citrus is an important fruit crop of the world. It is the most important commercial fruit crop having higher moisture contents and nutrient composition. Citrus losses are mainly due to diseases that highly affect their quality and quantity. Black rot of fruit caused by Alternaria citri, is a significant fungal disease of citrus that causes severe losses in citrus orchards of the world. It affects most of the members of the citrus family and often causes severe losses. The disease primarily affects the aboveground parts of plants, leaves explicitly, and fruits. The first symptoms, however, usually appear on the leaves as black necrotic lesions. Later black necrotic lesions are also formed on fruits, and with the age of plants, the fruits become soft and black rot. The disease has been controlled by cultural practices and by growing resistant cultivars that do not allow the entry of the pathogen. Preharvest fungicides are also applied to prevent the disease but are not highly effective. Postharvest sprays with fungicides have also controlled the disease. However, fungicides are not eco-friendly, and demands for alternatives are arising. Other options are the application of biological control agents; however, biological agents are not effective under field conditions. The present review summarizes the current status of black rot of citrus and its management strategies.
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Haji, H. M., S. Mishra, and M. DeVos. "CTH2 flue-cured tobacco F1 hybrid." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 87, no. 2 (April 1, 2007): 383–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p06-146.
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CTH2 is the first flue-cured tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) hybrid recommended for commercial release in Canada. Yields and economic returns of CTH2 are significantly higher than the check varieties, Delgold and CT157. It has uniform growth both in the greenhouse and in the field, and is resistant to black root rot disease (Chalara elegans Nag Raj and Kendrick, causal agent). Leaf quality traits of CTH2 are far superior to Delgold, as well as commercial varieties that are also immune to black root rot disease. Key words: Nicotiana tabacum L., tobacco, hybrid, male sterility, black root rot, cultivar description
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Mundy, D. C. "Ecology and control of grapevine root diseases in New Zealand a review." New Zealand Plant Protection 68 (January 8, 2015): 396–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2015.68.5818.
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Grapevine root diseases can result in economic loss during vineyard establishment Symptoms may not be noticed in vineyards until vines die The death of young vines as a result of root rots can be a point of contention between the grower and the nursery supplying the plants In New Zealand root diseases include black foot rot (caused by Cylindrocarpon spp) verticillium wilt (caused by Verticillium dahlia) phytophthora root rot (caused by various Phytophthora spp) and armillaria root rot (caused in New Zealand by Armillaria novaezelandiae and A limonea) Of these diseases black foot rot is the most commonly observed in the field in New Zealand and has received the most study This review provides information on symptoms causal organisms disease cycles and where available control of grapevine root rots under New Zealand conditions
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De Jong, Van, B. E. Braithwaite, T. L. Roush, A. Stewart, and J. G. Hampton. "Opportunities for developing value-added brassica seed." NZGA: Research and Practice Series 14 (January 1, 2010): 139–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.14.2008.3174.
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New Zealand produces approximately 5,500 tonnes of brassica seed per year, two thirds of which, valued at $13M, is exported. Black rot caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris is a common disease of brassicas, and while crop losses are not extensive in New Zealand, internationally total crop losses have been reported. Seeds are the primary source of inoculum and the ease with which this inoculum spreads means that even small traces can cause severe epidemics. Genetic resistance to black rot is a complex trait which makes breeding for resistance in brassicas challenging. The effectiveness of chemical and cultural practices is variable. Biological control with natural antagonistic microbes may provide a more effective means of controlling black rot and other pests and diseases, and create opportunities for increasing the export value of brassica seed. Current cultural practices and the potential for biological control for the management of black rot are reviewed. Keywords: biocontrol, Brassicaceae, crucifer
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Ezra, David, Benny Kirshner, Michal Hershcovich, Dani Shtienberg, and Itzhak Kosto. "Heart Rot of Pomegranate: Disease Etiology and the Events Leading to Development of Symptoms." Plant Disease 99, no. 4 (April 2015): 496–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-07-14-0707-re.
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Pomegranate fruit rot disease, known as “heart rot” or “black heart,” is a major pomegranate disease that impacts production worldwide. Heart rot is characterized by black rot of the fruit core that spreads from the calyx area, whereas the outer peel and the hard rind retain their healthy appearance. Aims of the present study were to identify the pathogen that causes pomegranate heart rot in Israel and to study the dynamics of fruit-organ colonization by fungi during fruit development, as the first steps toward the development of management strategies. Several fungi were isolated from pomegranate fruits, among which were species of Penicillium, Aspergillus, Botrytis, and Rhizopus, but the causative pathogen of the disease was identified as Alternaria alternata. This fungus was isolated from the pistils of more than 85% of open flowers and ∼20% of the loculi of asymptomatic fruits and from all tissues of the symptomatic fruits. The dynamics of fruit-organ colonization by fungi during fruit development was recorded in six commercial orchards in 2010 and 2011. It was found that A. alternata spores germinate on the stigmata of open flowers and develop into the style. In some fruits, the mycelium grows into the tunnel and reaches the lower loculus, where the fungus becomes latent for about 3 to 4 months pending initiation of fruit ripening. Then, in a small number of fruits, the fungus starts growing and invades the arils, causing black rot of the arils in the lower loculus. At the beginning of disease development, the fungus causes brown soft rot of the arils, which becomes black and dry as the fungus grows. Eventually, the fungus grows from the lower loculus into the upper loculi, causing rot of the entire fruit.
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Abbas, Asmaa, Heba Abd El Nabi, and Manal Eid. "Management of Black Rot Disease of Navel Orange." Journal of Applied Plant Protection 12, no. 1 (December 1, 2023): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/japp.2023.336318.
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Asif, Nishat. "Fungal disease complex in Balsam plant-A new record from Uttar Pradesh." Environment Conservation Journal 13, no. 1&2 (June 18, 2012): 63–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.36953/ecj.2012.131211.
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During survey for foliicolus fungi in Bahraich the authors noted a fungal disease complex in Balsam plants Impatiens balsamina (L.) Balsaminaceae.The plants were found suffering from black stem rot as well as the same plant was infected with blight and powdery mildew of leaves. Microscopic examination of infected samples and cultural studies reveals that black stem rot was caused by Fusarium oxysporum whereas blight and powdery mildew was caused by Rhizoctonia solani and Cercospora sp.respectively.
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KWAN, YEE MIN, and JOY FRANCO WILSON. "Characterisation of Trichoderma spp. and Assessment as Biocontrol Using Dual Culture Assay Against Fungi Associated with Black Pepper (Piper nigrum L.) Diseases in Sarawak." Borneo Journal of Resource Science and Technology 12, no. 1 (June 30, 2022): 60–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.33736/bjrst.4358.2022.
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Black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) is one of the most widely used spices in food, beverage, cosmetics, and medicine. Black pepper production has suffered from various fungal diseases. Microbial biological control is an essential part of integrated disease management to reduce the heavy reliance on chemical fungicides. Trichoderma fungi comprise a large group of rhizocompetent filamentous fungi widely used in the biocontrol of plant pathogens. Three field surveys conducted on five black pepper farms in Belaga, Sarawak, identified three fungal diseases: yellowing, black berry, and foot rot. Based on the morphological and molecular characterisation, the identified fungal causal agents were Fusarium solani (yellowing disease), Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (black berry disease), and Phytophthora palmivora (foot rot disease). Twenty isolates of Trichoderma spp. were isolated from secondary forest and Biopark in Bintulu, Sarawak. Trichoderma isolates were characterised based on the morphological characteristics and molecular phylogenetic analysis using the rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. Trichoderma isolates were separated into five distinct species, namely T. harzianum, T. virens, T. brevicompactum, T. tawa, and telomorphic Hypocrea lixii. Among the Trichoderma fungi, T. harzianum was the most frequently (65%) isolated species. Trichoderma harzianum (Isolates of TJ9, 10, and 16) showed antagonistic and inhibitory effects by 61 to 70% on in vitro mycelial growth against three common fungal pathogens of black pepper, P. palmivora, C. gloeosporioides, and F. solani. This study highlights the potential of using native Trichoderma fungi as biocontrol agents in the black pepper integrated disease management program.
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Copes, Warren E., and Katherine L. Stevenson. "A Pictorial Disease Severity Key and the Relationship Between Severity and Incidence for Black Root Rot of Pansy Caused by Thielaviopsis basicola." Plant Disease 92, no. 10 (October 2008): 1394–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-92-10-1394.
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A pictorial key was developed and the relationship between disease severity (S) and incidence (I) was examined to aid in the assessment of black root rot of pansy caused by Thielaviopsis basicola. The key consisted of photographs of root segments that represented nine disease severity levels ranging from 1 to 91%. Pansies that had received different fertility treatments, as part of seven separate experiments, were inoculated with T. basicola. Four weeks after inoculation, roots were washed, and incidence and severity of black root rot were visually assessed using a grid-line-intersect method. Disease incidence ranged from 1.3 to 100%, and severity ranged from 0.1 to 21.4% per plant. Four different mathematical models were compared to quantitatively describe the I-S relationship for the combined data from all seven experiments. Although all models provided an adequate fit, the model that is analogous to the Kono-Sugino equation provided the most reliable estimate of severity over the entire range of disease incidence values. The predictive ability and accuracy of this model across data sets was verified by jackknife and cross-validation techniques. We concluded that incidence of black root rot in pansy can be assessed more objectively and with greater precision than disease severity and can be used to provide reliable estimates of disease severity based on derived regression equations that quantify the I-S relationship for black root rot.
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Rubel, Mehede Hassan, Md Abuyusuf, Ujjal Kumar Nath, Arif Hasan Khan Robin, Hee Jeong Jung, Hoy Taek Kim, Jong In Park, and Ill Sup Nou. "Glucosinolate Profile and Glucosinolate Biosynthesis and Breakdown Gene Expression Manifested by Black Rot Disease Infection in Cabbage." Plants 9, no. 9 (August 30, 2020): 1121. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9091121.
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Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) is an economically important crop in the family Brassicaceae. Black rot disease is a top ranked cabbage disease, which is caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) and may reduce 50% crop loss. Therefore, we need a clear understanding of black rot disease resistance for sustainable disease management. The secondary metabolites, like Glucosinolate (GSL) presents in Brassica species, which plays a potential role in the defense mechanism against pathogens. However, there is little known about GSL-regulated resistance mechanisms and GSL biosynthesis and the breakdown related gene expression after black rot disease infection in cabbage. In this study, relative expression of 43 biosynthetic and breakdown related GSLs were estimated in the black rot resistant and susceptible cabbage lines after Xcc inoculation. Ten different types of GSL from both aliphatic and indolic groups were identified in the contrasting cabbage lines by HPLC analysis, which included six aliphatic and four indolic compounds. In the resistant line, nine genes (MYB122-Bol026204, MYB34-Bol017062, AOP2-Bo9g006240, ST5c-Bol030757, CYP81F1-Bol017376, CYP81F2-Bol012237, CYP81F4-Bol032712, CYP81F4-Bol032714 and PEN2-Bol030092) showed consistent expression patterns. Pearson’s correlation coefficient showed positive and significant association between aliphatic GSL compounds and expression values of ST5c-Bol030757 and AOP2-Bo9g006240 genes as well as between indolic GSL compounds and the expression of MYB34-Bol017062, MYB122-Bol026204, CYP81F2-Bol012237, CYP81F4-Bol032712 and CYP81F4-Bol032714 genes. This study helps in understanding the role of GSL biosynthesis and breakdown related genes for resistance against black rot pathogen in cabbage, which could be further confirmed through functional characterization either by overexpression or knock-out mutation.
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Gitaitis, R. D., R. R. Walcott, H. F. Sanders, L. Zolobowska, and J. C. Diaz-Perez. "Effects of Mulch and Irrigation System on Sweet Onion: II. The Epidemiology of Center Rot." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 129, no. 2 (March 2004): 225–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.129.2.0225.
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Mulch (black plastic, wheat straw, or bare ground) and irrigation (drip or overhead sprinkler) treatments were evaluated for their effect on center rot of onion (Allium cepa L.), caused by the bacterium Pantoea ananatis, over the course of two seasons. Irrigation type had no effect on center rot incidence or severity in either year. In contrast, center rot development was delayed by 7 to 14 days on onions grown in straw mulch or bare ground compared to those in black plastic. Straw mulch resulted in later harvest dates and was associated with reduced levels of center rot. In contrast, black plastic increased disease incidence and hastened the onset of the epidemic. The spatial distribution of disease incidence in both years indicated the presence of a primary disease gradient. At harvest, infected plants were segregated by treatment and by duration of infection [based on disease ratings taken from the time of first symptom expression (beginning at 110 to 120 days after transplanting and then every 5 to 10 days until harvest)]. Early-vs. late-infected plants had no significant effect on yield (bulb weight). However, symptom expression in terms of the number of days after planting was significantly correlated with a disease severity index. Amount of rot in bulbs from plants displaying their first symptoms only 1 to 2 days before harvest (late-season infection) was not significant from rot levels in control bulbs at harvest. However, at 4 weeks after harvest, onions from plants with late-season infections exhibited significantly more rot in storage compared to the control.
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Berbec, A., and D. Laskowska. "Agronomic Performance of Flue-Cured Tobacco F1 Hybrids Obtained with Different Sources of Male Sterile Cytoplasm." Beiträge zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research 21, no. 4 (December 1, 2004): 235–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2013-0785.
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AbstractFour cytoplasmic male sterile (cms) F1flue-cured hybrids cv. Wiaelica × cv. Virginia Golta (VG), the male fertile analogue and the parental varieties were tested at two locations in Poland in a replicated field trial. The cms sources in the hybrids wereN. suaveolens,N. amplexicaulis,N. bigeloviiand aN. tabacumcms mutant. Under the slight to moderate pressure from black root rot present at the trial sites the hybrids showed a moderate tolerance of the disease characteristic of VG as opposed to medium strong susceptibility of Wislica. Apart from the effect of black root rot tolerance the vegetative vigor of the hybrids (plant height, leaf size, earliness) was affected by cytoplasm source. The F1hybrid withN. suaveolens cytoplasm flowered approximately three days later than the remaining hybrids. Of the cms hybrids tested cmsN. bigelovii produced the tallest plants with largest mid-position leaves. Yields of cured leaves were largely influenced by black root rot and were generally higher in VG and in the hybrids than in Wislica. Leaf yields and curability were generally little affected by cms source under low pressure from black root rot. At the site with a relatively high level of black root rot infestation the yields of cmsN. suaveolens were slightly lower but the percentage of light grades slightly higher compared to those of other cms hybrids. CmsN. suaveolens was the best hybrid in terms of money returns at the low black root rot field but it was the poorest hybrid performer under high pressure from the disease. Contents of nitrogen, sugars, nicotine and ash was little affected by source of cms. There was an increased incidence of potato virus Y (PVY) and white spots in cmsN. suaveolens and, to a lesser extent, in cmsN. bigelovii as compared to the remaining disease-free entries.
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MAURYA, MANISH KUMAR, H. K. SINGH, S. K. SINGH, and DINESH SINGH. "Management of black rot disease of rapeseed (Brassica napus)-Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris." Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 92, no. 8 (August 18, 2022): 1033–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v92i8.108616.
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Out of 340 genotypes/varieties screened against black rot disease in rapeseed-Indian mustard under field conditions, 15 genotypes found resistant, viz. RTM 1624, RTM 1626, TM EPAU, DRMRAB-7-116, NPJ-177, LES-55, DRMRIJ 16-1, RH 1514, BASANTI, NDRS 1-2, TMR 14-1, TMR- 14-4, TMR 14-5, TMR 14-3, T 27, can be utilized as a donor for the development of black rot disease resistant varieties in crucifer crops. All genotypes of Eruca sativa were found resistant against black rot disease. Under in vitro conditions, streptocycline @200 ppm had maximum inhibition zone 3.8 cm diameter with 73.48% inhibition over control. In vivo, minimum disease severity 13.29% and 14.29%, lowest AUDPC 185.8% and 201.4% and highest yield 16.45 q/ha and 16.62 q/ha was recorded in the treatment T1, Streptocycline @200 ppm on rapeseed-mustard var. NDR 8501 (Narendra Rai) in 2017–18 and 2018–19 respectively.
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C, Kannan. "EVALUATION OF FUNGAL ANTAGONIST TRICHODERMA SPECIES AGAINST MACROPHOMINA PHASEOLINA IN BLACK GRAM." Journal of Biopesticides 12, no. 02 (December 1, 2019): 171–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.57182/jbiopestic.12.2.171-176.
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India is the world's largest producer and consumer of black gram. India produces about 1.5 to 1.9 million tones of black gram annually from about 3.5 million hectares of area, with an average productivity of 500 kg per hectare. Black gram output accounts for about 10 per cent of India's total pulse production. Root rot caused by Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid is one of the most important fungal diseases of Black gram. It inflicts serious economic loss to the crop. It was reported to result in a loss of 28.6 per cent in black gram yield. Trichoderma species are effective biocontrol agents for several soil borne fungal plant pathogens including M. phaseolina and some species are also known for their to enhance systemic resistance to plant disease. Soil application of T. viride significantly controlled the blackgram root rot caused by M. phaseolina by means of several antagonistic mechanisms such as nutrient composition, antibiotic production and mycoparasitism. Results showed in vitro efficiency of antagonist inhibited the mycelial growth. T. viride (Tv3) recorded the maximum inhibition zone (73.74%), followed by T. viride (Tv1) which recorded 71.74 per cent inhibition on the growth of pathogen over control. The isolate T. viride (Tvs) recorded the minimum inhibition (69.37%). Keywords: Root rot, Macrophomina phaseolina, Trichoderma, Root rot.
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Lu, Lu, Sokrat G. Monakhos, Yong Pyo Lim, and So Young Yi. "Early Defense Mechanisms of Brassica oleracea in Response to Attack by Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris." Plants 10, no. 12 (December 9, 2021): 2705. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10122705.
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Black rot disease, caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc), results in significant yield losses in Brassica oleracea crops worldwide. To find black rot disease-resistant cabbage lines, we carried out pathogenicity assays using the scissor-clipping method in 94 different B. oleracea lines. By comparing the lesion areas, we selected a relatively resistant line, Black rot Resistance 155 (BR155), and a highly susceptible line, SC31. We compared the two cabbage lines for the Xcc-induced expression pattern of 13 defense-related genes. Among them, the Xcc-induced expression level of PR1 and antioxidant-related genes (SOD, POD, APX, Trx H, and CHI) were more than two times higher in BR155 than SC31. Nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) and diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride (DAB) staining analysis showed that BR155 accumulated less Xcc-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) than did SC31. In addition, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assays showed that BR155 had higher antioxidant activity than SC31. This study, focused on the defense responses of cabbage during the early biotrophic stage of infection, indicated that Xcc-induced ROS might play a role in black rot disease development. We suggest that non-enzymatic antioxidants are important, particularly in the early defense mechanisms of cabbage against Xcc.
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Szabó, Márton, Anna Csikász-Krizsics, Terézia Dula, Eszter Farkas, Dóra Roznik, Pál Kozma, and Tamás Deák. "Black Rot of Grapes (Guignardia bidwellii)—A Comprehensive Overview." Horticulturae 9, no. 2 (January 18, 2023): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9020130.
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The aim of this review is to provide readers with an integrated knowledge on black rot of grapes, based on a critical survey of previous and recent studies of scientific importance. The current state of the art and perspectives of science are presented, not only on the genetic determinants of grapevine resistance to black rot, predictive models of black rot epidemics, but also on the potential of metabolomics to explore black rot-grape interactions and shorten plant breeding processes. Numerous complications of disease management and ambiguities in phenotype-classification are highlighted, and by exploring the limitations and inconsistencies of previous studies, insights into key dilemmas and controversial findings are also provided, suggesting future research directions. Much research has been conducted, but biochemical and molecular studies of the true interactions between grapevine and Guignardia bidwellii are still rarity.
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Gupta, Meenu, Amit Vikram, and Narender Bharat. "Black rot-A devastating disease of crucifers: A review." Agricultural Reviews 34, no. 4 (2013): 269. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/j.0976-0741.34.4.012.
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Mohamed, Al-Sman K., Abo-El-yousr A. M. Kamal, Eraky Amal, and El-Zawahry Aida. "Isolation, Identification and Biomanagement of Root Rot of Black Cumin (Nigella sativa) Using Selected Bacterial Antagonists." International Journal of Phytopathology 6, no. 3 (December 30, 2017): 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.33687/phytopath.006.03.2387.
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The study deal with potentiality of some bioagents for controlling the root rot of black cumin under greenhouse conditions, caused by Fusarium spp. Eight fungal isolates were obtained from diseased of back cumin plants collected from Assiut Governorate. These isolates were belonged to the genus Fusarium spp. They were identified as, four isolates of F. comptoceras, three isolates of F. solani and one isolate Fusarium lateritium. Pathogenicity tests indicated that all tested fungal isolates were able to infect black cumin plants causing symptoms of root rot resulted in dwarfism and death before the capsules mature. They varied in their pathogenicity, Fusarium comptoceras No.1 gave the highest percentage of disease severity and percentage of infection on black cumin plants (53 and 50% respectively), while isolates F. comptoceras Nos. 3 and F. solani No. 6 gave the lowest percentage of infection (15 and 17% respectively) the rest of isolates showed moderate of percentage of infection. Antagonistic capability of 15 isolates (PGPR) was tested in vitro against growth of three isolates of Fusarium spp. the causal pathogen of root rot of black cumin. Seeds black cumin plant treated with all bioagents as a suspension significantly increased the root dry weigh and foliar dry weigh compared to infected control. In conclusion, our study confirmed that used of bioagents may be applied as future ecofriendly alternatives to synthetic fungicides for controlling the disease of black cumin.
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Sodikov, Bakhrom, and Maruf Matkarimov. "Carrot (Daucus carota L.) of the plant Alternaria disease (review)." E3S Web of Conferences 389 (2023): 03073. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202338903073.
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Nowadays, fungi-related illnesses are widespread in all nations that cultivate vegetables, which lowers output. Carrots are harmed by pathogenic fungus both during the growing season and while they are in storage, which reduces both the amount and quality of the crop. From this perspective, it is critical to investigate the bioecological characteristics of the fungus that cause illnesses in carrots and to carry out research on the creation of effective and ecologically friendly countermeasures. Alternaria diseases Daucus carota L. is one of the most common diseases of the carrot plant and often has a significant impact on the yield of carrots. Carrot Alternaria several fungi belonging to the genus are harmful and the symptoms of the disease are manifested in the form of leaf spotting, black crown and black rot of roots. Protecting carrots from these diseases is one of the main tasks facing field experts. Therefore, this research intends to make a summary of literature data on Alternaria leaf spotting, root rot and black rot of young seedlings caused by Alternaria fungi. The results showed that the most stable yielding carrot hybrid was F1 Santa Cruz taken as the control variant, which showed the highest yield, accounted for 113.7, however, its resistance to alternariosis was slightly lower, which was 2.3. In this regard, it is recommended to continue research on other new hybrids.
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Stahr, Madison N., and Lina M. Quesada-Ocampo. "Black Rot of Sweetpotato: A Comprehensive Diagnostic Guide." Plant Health Progress 20, no. 4 (January 1, 2019): 255–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-08-19-0052-dg.
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Black rot of sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas) has been considered one of the most historically devastating diseases of the crop. The pathogen, Ceratocystis fimbriata (Ellis and Halst), is able to infect a variety of hosts including morning glory (Ipomoea sp.), coffee (Coffea sp.), and mango (Mangifera indica) over a wide geographic range. The slow-growing nature of the pathogen can lead to difficulty in isolating and maintaining cultures of the fungus. Thus, the objective for this diagnostic guide is to provide information about effective techniques for pathogen isolation, identification, storage, and pathogenicity testing as well as describe the host and geographic range, taxonomy, and disease in sweetpotato.
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Lewthwaite, S. L., and P. J. Wright. "Diseases of the kumara crop." New Zealand Plant Protection 62 (August 1, 2009): 402. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2009.62.4845.
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The predominant diseases of the commercial kumara (Ipomoea batatas) or sweetpotato crop are caused by fungal pathogens The field disease pink rot results from infection by the fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Lesions form on vines but may spread down stems to the roots The widespread nature of this disease in sweetpotato appears peculiar to New Zealand Scurf is a disease caused by Monilochaetes infuscans which occurs in the field but may proliferate amongst stored roots The disease causes a superficial discolouration of the root surface which is mainly cosmetic but can also increase root water loss in storage Infection by Ceratocystis fimbriata produces a disease known as black rot The disease can be transmitted amongst plants at propagation but is particularly rampant amongst roots in storage This disease is readily transmitted and can cause severe economic loss Fusarium oxysporum causes surface rots in stored roots characterised by light to dark brown lesions that tend to be firm dry and superficial The lesions may be circular and centred on wounds caused by insects or mechanical damage at harvest Soft rot caused by Rhizopus stolonifer generally occurs in roots after they are washed and prepared for the market Fungal infection occurs through wounds or bruised tissue producing distinctive tufts of white fungal strands and black spores
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Fatimah, Fety, Hidayatun Nurul Khasanah, Rif'atin Khoirunnisa, Farhah Qurrotu 'Aini, and Nur Rokhimah Hanik. "Identification of Diseases and Pests of Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea) in the Pedan Hamlet Plantation, Karanglo, Tawangmangu." Jurnal Biologi Tropis 22, no. 1 (January 4, 2022): 113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/jbt.v22i1.3072.
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Cauliflower (Brassicca oleracia var.brotrytis L.) is a type of vegetable that belongs to the Brassicaceae family (a type of cabbage with small white flowers). The purpose of the research on cauliflower (Brasica oleracea var. Botrytis L.) was to identify pests and diseases that attack cauliflower (Brasica oleracea var. Botrytis L.). The method used in this study was to go directly to the field once in August 2021. Observations were made on agricultural land owned by farmers in Pedan Hamlet, Karanglo Village, Tawangmangu, Karanganyar. The results showed that from three different land samples, different pests and diseases were encountered. In the first land sample, several pests were found such as grasshoppers, capers, spiders, and cauliflower caterpillars (Plutella xylostella) while the diseases that attacked were some cauliflower affected by whip tail disease, but very many cauliflower plants were found that were attacked by black rot and soft. In the second land sample, the most common pests found were capers, third field mop spiders, and the pests encountered were grasshoppers, spiders, capers and caterpillars and cauliflower caterpillars. While the disease that attacks is whiptail disease. In conclusion, the average pests that attack cauliflower plants are capers, spiders, cauliflower caterpillars and grasshoppers. And the common diseases that attack cauliflower plants are black rot, soft rot and whip tail.
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Yi, Xiaomei, Yue Zhou, Peng Wu, Guoying Wang, Lufeng Mo, Musenge Chola, Xinyun Fu, and Pengxiang Qian. "U-Net with Coordinate Attention and VGGNet: A Grape Image Segmentation Algorithm Based on Fusion Pyramid Pooling and the Dual-Attention Mechanism." Agronomy 14, no. 5 (April 28, 2024): 925. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14050925.
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Currently, the classification of grapevine black rot disease relies on assessing the percentage of affected spots in the total area, with a primary focus on accurately segmenting these spots in images. Particularly challenging are cases in which lesion areas are small and boundaries are ill-defined, hampering precise segmentation. In our study, we introduce an enhanced U-Net network tailored for segmenting black rot spots on grape leaves. Leveraging VGG as the U-Net’s backbone, we strategically position the atrous spatial pyramid pooling (ASPP) module at the base of the U-Net to serve as a link between the encoder and decoder. Additionally, channel and spatial dual-attention modules are integrated into the decoder, alongside a feature pyramid network aimed at fusing diverse levels of feature maps to enhance the segmentation of diseased regions. Our model outperforms traditional plant disease semantic segmentation approaches like DeeplabV3+, U-Net, and PSPNet, achieving impressive pixel accuracy (PA) and mean intersection over union (MIoU) scores of 94.33% and 91.09%, respectively. Demonstrating strong performance across various levels of spot segmentation, our method showcases its efficacy in enhancing the segmentation accuracy of black rot spots on grapevines.
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Cwalina-Ambroziak, Bożena, and Józef Tyburski. "Health status of carrots Daucus carota L. ssp. sativus grown in integrated and organic farming systems." Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus 21, no. 1 (February 28, 2022): 21–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.24326/asphc.2022.1.3.
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Carrot culrivars ‘Bolero’, ‘Fayette F1’, ‘Flakke, Koral’, ‘Nantes’, ‘Perfekcja’ and ‘Sukces’ were grown in integrated and organic farming systems. The severity of Alternaria leaf blight and root diseases was evaluated at harvest and after five months of storage. Fungi were isolated from carrot roots. Disease severity was affected by the years of the study, farming system and cultivar. The severity of Alternaria leaf blight was lower in the integrated farming system than in the organic system. Carrots of cvs. ‘Bolero’ and ‘Fayette F1’ were healthiest. In both production systems, the symptoms of mixed rot (soft rot, Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum and Sclerotinia rot, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum), dry rot (Fusarium spp.), common scab (Streptomyces scabies), crater rot (Rhizoctonia carotae) and black rot (Alternaria radicina, A. dauci) were encountered sporadically, and their severity was low on carrot roots analyzed at harvest. Disease symptoms became more severe during storage, and they were more frequently observed on carrot roots in the organic farming system. Cultivars exerted varied effects on the severity of the analyzed root diseases. The fungal pathogens isolated from carrot roots confirmed the presence of disease symptoms.
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Trivedi, R. S., J. Townshend, M. V. Jaspers, H. J. Ridgway, and J. G. Hampton. "Relationship between Alternaria radicina soil population density and carrot black rot." New Zealand Plant Protection 62 (August 1, 2009): 405. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2009.62.4850.
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Alternaria radicina is a seed and soilborne pathogen that causes black rot of carrot tap roots and black rings on the root crown The A radicina population density in spring was determined in carrot field soils to investigate the relationship between soil conidial populations and black rot levels in summer In each of 15 carrot fields four randomly selected 30 m2 plots were used for soil sampling to a depth of 5 cm in September Alternaria radicina population densities (cfu/g soil) were determined using a soil dilution method and selective agar Black rot disease incidence was expressed as the number of infected plants/m of row and severity was assessed using a 0 to 4 rating scale Alternaria radicina soil population density (33233 cfu/g soil) correlated positively (P
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Pereg, Lily L. "Black root rot of cotton in Australia: the host, the pathogen and disease management." Crop and Pasture Science 64, no. 12 (2013): 1112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp13231.
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Black root rot is a seedling disease caused by the soil-borne fungal pathogen Thielaviopsis basicola, a species with a worldwide distribution. Diseased plants show blackening of the roots and a reduced number of lateral roots, stunted or slow growth, and delayed flowering or maturity. It was first detected in cotton in Australia in 1989, and by 2004, T. basicola reached all cotton-growing regions in New South Wales and Queensland and the disease was declared as an Australian pandemic. This review covers aspects of the disease that have implications in black root rot spread, severity and management, including the biology and ecology of T. basicola, host range and specificity, chemical and biological control of T. basicola in cotton cropping systems, and crop rotations and host resistance. This review is of special interest to Australian readers; however, the incorporation of ample information on the biology of the pathogen, its interactions with plants and it relation to disease management will benefit readers worldwide.
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Biango-Daniels, Megan N., and Kathie T. Hodge. "Paecilomyces Rot: A New Apple Disease." Plant Disease 102, no. 8 (August 2018): 1581–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-12-17-1896-re.
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Paecilomyces niveus is an important food spoilage fungus that survives thermal processing in fruit products, where it produces the mycotoxin patulin. Spoilage of products has been attributed to soil contamination; however, little is known about the ecology of this organism. In this study, orchard soils and culled apple fruit were surveyed and the ability of P. niveus to infect apple was tested on two popular apple varieties. P. niveus was found in 34% of sampled orchard soils from across New York. Completing Koch’s postulates, P. niveus was demonstrated to cause postharvest disease in Gala and Golden Delicious apple. Symptoms of this disease, named Paecilomyces rot, resemble several other apple diseases, including black rot, bitter rot, and bull’s-eye rot. External symptoms of Paecilomyces rot include brown, circular, concentrically ringed lesions, with an internal rot that is firm and cone-shaped. Both Gala and Golden Delicious apple fruit inoculated with P. niveus developed lesions ≥43 mm in size at 22 days after inoculation. There is some evidence that the size of lesions and rate of infection differ between Gala and Golden Delicious, which may indicate differing resistance to P. niveus. This work shows that P. niveus is common in New York orchard soil and can cause a novel postharvest fruit disease. Whether infected fruit can serve as an overlooked source of inoculum in heat-processed apple products requires further study.
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Wenyue, Ma, Zhang Ya, Wang Chong, Liu Shuangqing, and Liao Xiaolan. "A new disease of strawberry, fruit rot, caused by Geotrichum candidum in China." Plant Protection Science 54, No. 2 (February 10, 2018): 92–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/76/2017-pps.
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A new disease of strawberry (Fragaria ananassa Duch.) was discovered in the Lianqiao strawberry planting base in Shaodong County, in Hunan Province, China. In the early disease stage, leaves showed small black spots surrounded by yellow halos, while in the late stage, a white fluffy layer of mold appeared. Fruits were covered with a white layer of mold. The symptoms were observed using in vitro inoculation experiments. After the spray-inoculation of stabbed leaves, small black spots surrounded by yellow halos occurred on leaves, with no clear boundary between diseased and healthy areas. In the late stage, disease spots gradually expanded and a white fluffy layer of mold formed under humid conditions. Unstabbed leaves had almost no disease occurrence after spray-inoculation. After the spray-inoculation of stabbed fruits, by the late stage, a dense white layer of mold formed. According to Koch’s postulates, the isolated strain was verified as a pathogen. The pathogenic strain, designated SDLQ16, was isolated from diseased fruit by dilution method and tentatively identified as G. candidum based on the culture characteristics, morphologies, physio-biochemical analysis, and phylogenetic analysis of the rDNA-ITS sequence. The fungus was able to grow on different culture mediums, with a broad range of nutrition. The colonies on PDA medium were raised and pale white, with a neat edge and visible hyphae. The hyphae were friable but the spores were developing. Basal hyphae rapidly grew close to the medium to 3.2–4.2 µm in diameter, with septa and forked branches at acute angles. The solitary or beaded spores with smooth surfaces were 3.5–7.5 µm in length and 3.5–4.5 µm in width. This strain was able to gelatin liquefaction, proteolysis, grease, peptonised milk, urea, and so on. The pathogenicity on strawberry from strong to weak was: fruit > leaf > stem. A BLAST algorithm was used to query SDLQ16’s rDNA-ITS sequence (cloned and deposited as GenBank number KU373122) against the NCBI database, and it was located in the Acinetobacter sp. branch of a phylogenetic tree. SDLQ16 was most closely related to Geotrichum candidum ATCC34614 (GQ4580314.1), with a sequence similarity of 99%.
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Sumaya, NPDN. "Characterization and pathogenicity of Aspergillus carbonarius on Coffea excelsa causing berry rot and premature fall in Southern Philippines." Plant Pathology & Quarantine 14, no. 1 (2024): 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5943/ppq/14/1/4.
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Mycotoxigenic fungi in the family Aspergillaceae are among the most popular pathogens associated with post-harvest conditions. However, a recent discovery of a disease in 30–year–old trees of Excelsa coffee that caused black rot and resulted in the premature falling of the coffee berries in the Philippines. This study aims to characterize the pathogen of Coffea excelsa berries under pre-harvest conditions. Aspergillus carbonarius was ascertained through the combined results of cultural, morphological, molecular, and phylogenetic analyses of the rDNA ITS region of the isolate obtained from thirty diseased berries of twenty coffee trees examined. The results of the pathogenicity test also verified the virulence of the fungus. Hence, this study confirms that the disease infection of A. carbonarius is not only limited to post-production but also initiates pre– harvest disease infection by causing black rot and premature fall of coffee berries in the Philippines.
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Suvarnaphaet, P., V. Tanmala, and M. Kanjanamaneesathian. "A nondestructive method to assess rot root severity of Lactuca sativa L." New Zealand Plant Protection 66 (January 8, 2013): 375. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2013.66.5705.
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Root rot disease caused by aquatic fungi such as Aphanomyces sp and Pythium sp is prevalent in Lactuca sativa grown in a dynamic root floating technique (DRFT) hydroponic system in Phetchaburi College of Agriculture and Technology Thailand Roots of this plant have been severely infected with these fungi and plant growth has been affected resulting in a decline of yield over time Symptoms of root rot are initially characterised by tissue discoloration in some parts of the root followed by a loss of tissue integrity of the whole root In the DRFT system root rot symptoms of L sativa range from severe (complete) root rot to a healthylooking root (no symptoms)This study investigated the potential for using digital images as an objective tool for assessing disease severity with the aim of the tool being applied by assessors with no previous experience in disease assessment Lactuca sativa that had been grown in DRFT for 30 days and had various degrees of root rot symptoms were selected for the study Visual evaluation of the diseased root indicated that there were six levels of disease severity with root colour ranging from white (healthy looking) to completely black (severe root rot)When the diseased root samples were subjected to digital image analysis between the black and white extremes there was one shade of grey and three shades of brown The images of these six levels of severity were analysed using Hunter L a and b values It was found that the six levels of root rot severity could be distinguished based upon the L parameters The value of Lightness (Hunter L) which is transformed from RGB digital image (using a color calculator in http//wwweasyrgbcom) decreased exponentially (from severity level 1 to 6) with a constant value at 048 This indicates that digital image analysis using this simple tool can be utilised to objectively assess root rot disease in L sativa Once this technology is thoroughly studied developed and validated for lettuce growing in the DRFT system there is potential for it to be a useful tool to assist lettuce growers in making a decision to implement control measures
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Scruggs, A. C., T. Basaiah, M. L. Adams, and L. M. Quesada-Ocampo. "Genetic Diversity, Fungicide Sensitivity, and Host Resistance to Ceratocystis fimbriata Infecting Sweetpotato in North Carolina." Plant Disease 101, no. 6 (June 2017): 994–1001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-11-16-1583-re.
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Black rot of sweetpotato, caused by Ceratocystis fimbriata, has recently reemerged as a significant threat to sweetpotato production in North Carolina and other states across the United States. This disease has historically been controlled largely through cultural management strategies and, in some cases, fungicide application. The sudden and destructive reemergence of this disease in 2015 created the need for rapidly evaluating disease control strategies. Genetic diversity of current C. fimbriata isolates infecting sweetpotato in North Carolina was assessed using ITS, TEF, and MAT-2 sequences. All 50 tested isolates were confirmed to be of a single mating type, MAT-2, based on PCR amplification. Alignment of ITS, TEF, and MAT-2 sequences revealed all isolates were identical at each locus. Fourteen common sweetpotato cultivars and advanced breeding lines were screened for black rot resistance using two isolates. None of the cultivars were completely resistant to the disease and most were equally susceptible. ‘Stokes Purple’ and ‘Covington’ were the least susceptible, but significantly (P < 0.05) differed only from ‘Bellevue’, the most susceptible cultivar. Sensitivity of 50 C. fimbriata isolates to difenoconazole, fludioxonil, thiabendazole, dicloran, azoxystrobin, pyraclostrobin, fenamidone, and fluazinam was evaluated in vitro. Difenoconazole, thiabendazole, and fluazinam were most effective in reducing mycelia growth. Postharvest fungicide application on black rot-infected roots provided similar results. Low efficacy of dicloran, as well as a range of EC50 values among isolates, suggests potential resistance to this commonly applied fungicide. Results obtained in this study provide current and useful information so that improved recommendations can be made to reduce losses in sweetpotato to black rot.
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Wing, Katherine B., and Marvin P. Pritts. "FIELD EVALUATION OF FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO STRAWBERRY BLACK ROOT ROT DISEASE." HortScience 29, no. 4 (April 1994): 245e—245. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.4.245e.
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Black root rot is a devastating, poorly understood disease complex affecting strawberries in temperate regions. The objective of the study was to conduct a comprehensive field survey of environmental, cultural, and pathological factors contributing to black root rot disease of strawberries as it occurs in New York. In Spring 1992, growers were visited to collect information on cultural practices, field measurements, and plant and soil samples from healthy and infected fields. Plants were scored for root health and measurements were made for nematode densities, soil compaction, soil texture, soil nutrients, and plant dry weights. Variables significantly correlated with poor root health were soil compaction, fine soil texture, absence of raised beds, high rates of terbacil (Sinbar) use, advanced age of planting, and many cumulative years of strawberry culture.
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Drake*, Chrislyn A., and James F. Hancock. "Evaluation of Strawberry Genotypes for Tolerance to Black Root Rot." HortScience 39, no. 4 (July 2004): 889D—889. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.39.4.889d.
Full textAbstract:
Black root rot is a serious disease of strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa Duch.) that causes the death of feeder roots, the degradation and blackening of structural roots, and an overall decrease in plant vigor and productivity. The causal organisms of black root rot are Rhizoctonia fragariae, Pythium sp. and Pratylenchus penetrans (the root lesion nematode). Each organism alone can cause extensive damage to strawberry roots, but studies have shown that black root rot may be more severe when all organisms are present, indicating there is an interaction between the fungal organisms and the nematode. The current method of control for black root rot is methyl-bromide fumigation; however, methyl bromide is to be phased out by 2005, and it is not very effective in perennial matted-row systems. The objectives of the study are to measure levels of tolerance to black root rot in 21 strawberry genotypes. The genotypes were planted in four blocks each of methyl-bromide fumigated and non-fumigated soil, and were evaluated for crown, runner, and inflorescence number; yield; average berry weight; and root health. `Cavendish', `Kent', `Midway' and `Winona' showed the highest degree of tolerance, while `Jewel', `Mesabi', and LH50-4 (a F. virginiana genotype) were the poorest performers.
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EICHMEIER, Ales, Emilia DIAZ-LOSADA, Eliska HAKALOVA, Jakub PECENKA, Katerina STUSKOVA, Sonia OJEDA, and David GRAMAJE. "Draft genome sequence of Phyllosticta ampelicida, the cause of grapevine black rot." Phytopathologia Mediterranea 16, no. 2 (July 19, 2022): 279–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/phyto-13516.
Full textAbstract:
Phyllosticta ampelicida causes grapevine black rot, a potentially damaging disease for grape production. This paper reports the draft genome sequence of P. ampelicida PA1 Galicia CBS 148563, which is 30.55 Mb and encodes 10,691 predicted protein-coding genes. This is the first sequence genome assembly of P. ampelicida, and this information is a valuable resource to support genomic attributes for determining pathogenic behaviour and comparative genomic analyses of grapevine black rot fungi.
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Haji, H. M., R. A. Brammall, and D. L. VanHooren. "Effect of the Nicotiana debneyi black root rot resistance gene on the yield and quality characteristics of flue-cured tobacco in Ontario." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 83, no. 4 (October 1, 2003): 939–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p02-134.
Full textAbstract:
The effects of Nicotiana debneyi-derived resistance to black root rot disease were evaluated for yield, agronomic and quality traits by comparing the near isogenic cultivars AC Gayed (resistant) and Delgold (susceptible). Over 7 yr of trials the possession of resistance led to yields and economic returns that averaged 6 and 7% lower, respectively, than for the susceptible line. Key words: Flue-cured tobacco, Nicotiana tabaccum, Black Root Rot, Chalara elegans, Nicotiana debneyi, yield, quality
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Katoh, H., A. Isshiki, A. Masunaka, H. Yamamoto, and K. Akimitsu. "A Virulence-Reducing Mutation in the Postharvest Citrus Pathogen Alternaria citri." Phytopathology® 96, no. 9 (September 2006): 934–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-96-0934.
Full textAbstract:
Alternaria citri causes Alternaria black rot, a postharvest fruit disease, on a broad range of citrus cultivars. We previously described that an endopolygalacturonase minus mutant of A. citri caused significantly less black rot in citrus fruit. To search for other essential factors causing symptoms in addition to endopolygalacturonase, a random mutation analysis of pathogenicity was performed using restriction enzyme-mediated integration. Three isolates among 1,694 transformants of A. citri had a loss in pathogenicity in a citrus peel assay, and one of these three mutants was a histidine auxotroph. Gene AcIGPD that encodes imidazole glycerol phosphate dehydratase, the sixth enzyme in the histidine biosynthetic pathway, was cloned, and the mutant containing the disrupted target gene, AcIGPD, caused less black rot.
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Ismiyatuningsih, Ismiyatuningsih, Tri Joko, and Sedyo Hartono. "Survey and Detection of Pectobacterium atrosepticum in Major Potato-Growing Areas in Central Java Province, Indonesia." Ilmu Pertanian (Agricultural Science) 1, no. 1 (April 3, 2016): 001. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ipas.11654.
Full textAbstract:
Potato (Solanum tuberosum) is a seasonal shrub-tuber crop originated from sub-tropical area. Soft-rot is one of the most important diseases of potato. It can be caused by Pectobactorium atrosepticum, a pathogen within a status of quarantine plant pest A1 type I in Indonesia. The objective of this study was to know the incidence of potato soft rot disease and to detect P. atrosepticum in major potato-growing areas in Central Java Province by applying the serology method using DAS-ELISA technique. Survey of soft rot disease was carried out in some regencies in Central Java Province, i.e. Magelang, Banjarnegara, Wonosobo and Karanganyar. The field survey of potato plant in all the regencies indicated symptoms of stem rot which was black in color (blackleg) and foul-smelling, with disease incidence of about 10–90%. The laboratory testing showed that by applying DAS-ELISA method, P. atrosepticum was detected in samples collected from Pandean and Bagongan villages, district of Ngablak,Regency of Magelang, Central Java Province.
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Msikita, W., H. T. Wilkinson, and J. C. Silva Dias. "Variation for Black Rot Resistance in Tronchuda Regenerated from Epicotyl Segments." HortScience 30, no. 6 (October 1995): 1298–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.6.1298.
Full textAbstract:
Tronchuda (Brassica oleracea var. tronchuda Bailey syn. costata) regenerants with resistance to Xanthomonas campestris pathovar campestris Pammel (Dawson) were produced by culturing epicotyl segments of 3-week-old seedlings on Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 2 mg BAP and NAA at 0.1 mg·liter–1. Cultures were placed in darkness (1, 2, or 3 weeks) or in a 16-hour·day–1 light regime. Seedlings of all four cultivars were more susceptible (mean disease severity rating of 3.8 to 4.0; where 1 = trace and 4 = more than 2 cm2 diseased leaf tissue) than the respective regenerants. There were significant differences in disease severity of regenerants among and within the four cultivars. Dark incubation of cultured explants generated plants with higher disease resistance than evident with control plants. One week of dark incubation resulted in increased resistance in regenerants of `Penca de Chaves', `Portuguesa', and `Vilinda' (2.1, 2.3, and 2.7 mean disease severity, respectively), whereas 2 weeks of dark incubation increased resistance in regenerants of `Ana Maria' and `Vilinda' (2.1 and 2.7 mean disease severity, respectively). The genotype×plant treatment interaction was significant. Chemical names used: 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP); a-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA).
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Islam, Mohammed Syeful, Iftekhar Ahmad, and Mohammad Ali. "Biocontrol studies on rizpspheric microorganisms against black rot disease of tea caused by Corticium theae Bernard." Bangladesh Journal of Botany 47, no. 4 (December 31, 2018): 985–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjb.v47i4.47399.
Full textAbstract:
Assessment of plant growth promoter and biocontrol properties of plant growth promoting rhizomicroorganisms (PGPR) from tea soil against black rot disease agent of tea caused by Corticium theae Bernard in Bangladesh was done. The antagonistic microorganisms were isolated from rhizosphere soils of tea fields and cultured on different nutrient media. The isolates were screened for their antagonism against Corticium theae by dual culture technique. The microbial strains were inoculated with tea nursery soils by mixing with 50 g of decomposed cowdung. In tea plantations, the microbial strains were sprayed on diseased plants two times at 15 days intervals. Four different species of PGPR strains such as Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Streptomyces, Trichoderma were isolated from rhizospheric soil of tea. These PGPR strains enhanced plant growth in nursery and had a positive effect on the rate of increased in number of leaves, height of plants and girth of plants by 33, 43 and 3%, respectively. Lowest severity of black rot was found in plants treated with Trichoderma followed by Bacillus, Pseudomonas and Streptomyces strains. Trichoderma and Bacillus caused 16 and 14% reduction of disease severity while both Pseudomonas and Streptomyces strains reduced disease severity by 10%. All the PGPR’s have a great influence in reducing disease severity by 19% with optimistic relations. Radial mycelial growth of C. theae was also inhibited in similar trends. The biofertilizer showed comparatively lower response in reducing disease severity (8%) in comparison to PGPR’s. It can be concluded that Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Streptomyces and Trichoderma isolated from tea soil have their growth enhance capacity as well as decrease the disease severity of black rot in tea.