Academic literature on the topic 'Black rot disease'
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Journal articles on the topic "Black rot disease"
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Arivazhagan, Dr. "BLACK ROT DISEASE DETECTION IN GRAPE PLANT (VITIS VINIFERA) USING COLOUR BASED SEGMENTATION." INTERANTIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 07, no. 12 (December 1, 2023): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem27542.
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The cultitechniques for the early and accurate detection of Black Rot disease. Our methodology involves the acquisition of high- resolution images of grape leaves and clusters. These images are then subjected to a color-based segmentation process to isolate regions of interest that exhibit symptoms of Black Rot. The results demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed approach. The integration of Color-Based Segmentation and Machine Learning enables accurate and automated identification of Black Rot disease in grape plants. This system holds promise for early disease intervention, enabling growers to take timely actions to mitigate the spread of Black Rot and prevent potential yield vation of Grape Plants (Vitis vinifera) is of significant economic importance, but the prevalence of diseases such as Black Rot poses a serious threat to grape yields and quality. In this study, we propose a novel approach to address this issue by combining Color-Based Segmentation and Machine Learning losses. In conclusion, this study bridges the gap between agricultural practices and modern technology, offering a reliable and efficient tool for Black Rot disease detection. The combination of Color- Based Segmentation and Machine Learning presents a promising avenue for sustainable grape cultivation by aiding in the preservation of grape plant health and overall yield maximization.
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Hazelrigg, Ann L., Terence L. Bradshaw, and Gabriella S. Maia. "Disease Susceptibility of Interspecific Cold-Hardy Grape Cultivars in Northeastern U.S.A." Horticulturae 7, no. 8 (July 30, 2021): 216. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7080216.
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Susceptibility to diseases of economically important grapes is critical to the evaluation of germplasm recommended for commercial production and for the development of sustainable production systems. In 2018–2019, the cold-hardy grape cultivars including ‘Brianna’, ‘Crimson Pearl’, ‘Itasca’, ‘Louise Swenson’, ‘Marechal Foch’, ‘Marquette’ ‘Petite Pearl’, ‘St. Pepin’, and ‘Verona’ were evaluated on non-treated vines for susceptibility to downy mildew, powdery mildew, black rot, anthracnose, Phomopsis leaf spot and fruit rot, and Botrytis bunch rot. No cultivars were consistently disease-free, and all exhibited some degree of black rot and powdery mildew infection. Relative susceptibility to disease was not consistent across both years, but ‘Brianna’ had greater incidence of black rot and ‘Louise Swenson’ showed lower incidence of powdery mildew in both years. The relatively new cultivars ‘Crimson Pearl’ and ‘Verona’ exhibited comparatively moderate disease susceptibility overall. Growers typically manage diseases with fungicides on commercial farms, so cultivar susceptibility is just one component of a sustainable pest management and production system.
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Bande, La Ode Santiaji, Bambang Hadisutrisno, Susamto Somowiyarjo, and Bambang Hendro Sunarminto. "EPIDEMI PENYAKIT BUSUK PANGKAL BATANG LADA PADA KONDISI LINGKUNGAN YANG BERVARIASI." JURNAL HAMA DAN PENYAKIT TUMBUHAN TROPIKA 15, no. 1 (March 2, 2015): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/j.hptt.11595-103.
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Foot rot disease epidemic on black pepper in variety of environmental conditions. The foot rot disease on black pepper caused by Phytophthora capsici Leonian, is often destructive to farmers of black pepper. This research aims to study the infection rate and the pattern of development of the black pepper foot rot disease in various condition of the environment. The research was conducted in the areas of black pepper cultivation in the Ultisol and Entisol soils. In each location plots were set with few (<25%) and abundant (>75%) weeds. Variable observed was disease incidence. The data were used to analyze model of development of the black pepper foot rot disease and infection rate. Results of the research showed that the model of development of the black pepper foot rot disease was not affected by soil type, but the type of soil affected the infection rate. At the pepper plantation with abundance of weeds, the disease development followes Gompertz model. At the plantation with few weeds, however the disease developed in a logistic model. The rate of disease infection on the black pepper plant with abundant weeds lower compared with those with few weeds.
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Pratama, Sakti Widyanta. "Application of lime and urea and its effect on development of Phythophthora palmivora." Pelita Perkebunan (a Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal) 31, no. 1 (March 31, 2015): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v31i1.70.
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Black pod rot disease (BPRD) which is caused by Phytophthora palmivora is one of the main diseases of cocoa cultivations particularly in plantations with wet climate. Black pod rot can develop rapidly under high humidity environments, particularly during rainy seasons. This disease can cause loss of harvest of up to 46.63% in East Java. The various control efforts attempted so far have not resulted in significant improvements. Urea, in addition to functioning as fertilizer, can also produce the ammonia gas which is believed to be able to suppress black pod rot. This research aims to determine the effectiveness of black pod rot control using the combination of lime and urea. This research was conducted from June to September 2013. The materials used in test included sterile soil, black pod rot infected cocoa, urea, and agricultural lime. Observation results showed that ammonia could form from urea. Lime can increase the speed of the formation. The ammonia gas forming from 0.06% urea and 0.3% lime can control the P. palmivora fungus inside the soil. Key words: Pod rot, P. palmivora, urea, lime, ammonia
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Kumari, Neelam, and Ashok Thakur. "Black Root Rot of Strawberry: A Disease Complex." International Journal of Economic Plants 9, no. 2 (May 28, 2022): 158–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.23910/2/2022.0455a.
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Historically, root diseases have been a production-limiting problem for the strawberry industry worldwide. Even though this disease is of great economic importance, the etiology remains unresolved. However, soilborne fungal root pathogens, particularly Pythium and Rhizoctonia spp. have been implicated as major role players. Presence of nematodes in soil and favourable environmental conditions also play significant role in the disease development. Development of integrated disease management strategies is dependent upon a more complete understanding of the etiology, biology and ecology of the disease complex.
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Hsiao, Chia-Yu, Sabrina Diana Blanco, An-Li Peng, Ju-Yin Fu, Bo-Wei Chen, Min-Chia Luo, Xing-Yu Xie, and Yi-Hsien Lin. "Seed Treatment with Calcium Carbonate Containing Bacillus amyloliquefaciens PMB05 Powder Is an Efficient Way to Control Black Rot Disease of Cabbage." Agriculture 13, no. 5 (April 23, 2023): 926. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13050926.
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Black rot disease is a serious bacterial disease that harms vegetable crops of the Brassica genus (especially cabbage plants) worldwide. The causal agent, Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc), is a seed-borne pathogen that primarily infects seedlings. Previous studies suggest that the bacterial strain, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens PMB05, can intensify the plant immune responses of cabbage against black rot disease and reduce disease occurrence. In plant immunity, several reactions occur during a pathogen attack, but the elevation of calcium ion concentration in plant cells is essential in the induction of plant defense responses. Therefore, this study aims to investigate whether disease control of black rot disease in cabbage plants can be improved by integrating calcium carbonate in the formulation for preparing B. amyloliquefaciens PMB05. Firstly, we found the addition of calcium carbonate in the formulation revealed to have significantly increased the cell and endospore populations of B. amyloliquefaciens PMB05 in the fermentation liquids. To increase the convenience of disease control in the field, these fermentation liquids were converted to powder form for subsequent analysis. Results revealed that the grown seedlings from seeds, mixed with PMB05 powders, significantly intensified plant immune responses and improved black rot disease control. We further compared distinct seed treatments using one PMB05 powder to evaluate its feasibility in field application. The results demonstrated that the disease control efficacy and yield of cabbage were significantly improved in the seed treatment with the powder (SD-160C2) to 56.46% and 5.91%, respectively, at 10 weeks post transplanting. Interestingly, the seed treatment combined with a calcium-containing commercial fertilizer spraying treatment did not increase the control efficacy of black rot disease, but it significantly increased the weight of cabbages after harvest. We concluded that the seed treatment with calcium carbonate-containing Bacillus amyloliquefaciens PMB05 powder is an efficient way to control black rot disease in cabbage.
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Yang, Dongjing, Xiaofeng Bian, Ho Soo Kim, Rong Jin, Fangyuan Gao, Jingwei Chen, Jukui Ma, et al. "IbINV Positively Regulates Resistance to Black Rot Disease Caused by Ceratocystis fimbriata in Sweet Potato." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 22 (November 17, 2023): 16454. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms242216454.
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Black rot disease, caused by Ceratocystis fimbriata Ellis & Halsted, severely affects both plant growth and post-harvest storage of sweet potatoes. Invertase (INV) enzymes play essential roles in hydrolyzing sucrose into glucose and fructose and participate in the regulation of plant defense responses. However, little is known about the functions of INV in the growth and responses to black rot disease in sweet potato. In this study, we identified and characterized an INV-like gene, named IbINV, from sweet potato. IbINV contained a pectin methylesterase-conserved domain. IbINV transcripts were most abundant in the stem and were significantly induced in response to C. fimbriata, salicylic acid, and jasmonic acid treatments. Overexpressing IbINV in sweet potato (OEV plants) led to vigorous growth and high resistance to black rot disease, while the down-regulation of IbINV by RNA interference (RiV plants) resulted in reduced plant growth and high sensitivity to black rot disease. Furthermore, OEV plants contained a decreased sucrose content and increased hexoses content, which might be responsible for the increased INV activities; not surprisingly, RiV plants showed the opposite effects. Taken together, these results indicate that IbINV positively regulates plant growth and black rot disease resistance in sweet potato, mainly by modulating sugar metabolism.
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Prasad, Durga, and R. N. Singh. "Major diseases of field and horticultural crops in Northern Bihar region of India." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCES 17, no. 2 (July 15, 2022): 180–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.15740/has/ijps/17.2/180-190.
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A survey was conducted to determine the status of major diseases of field and horticultural crops grown in Saharsa, Supaul, Madhepura and Khagaria districts of northern Bihar, India. Three blocks in each district and three villages in each block were surveyed through a random field survey method. Per cent disease incidence was recorded on randomly selected plants in a particular field of selected location. The incidence of diseases was observed on the basis of typical field symptoms and later the association was confirmed through microscopic examinations in the laboratory. In view of maximum diseases incidence; foliar blight of wheat, sheath blight of rice, turcicum leaf blight of maize, mungbean yellow mosaic virus, Alternaria blight of mustard were recorded with >50% incidence in these districts. However, dry root rot and wilt of chickpea and lentil, wilt of pigeonpea, powdery mildew of pea, Alternaria leaf spot of linseed, Fusarium wilt and red rot of sugarcane and root rot of jute were noticed with 10 to 50% incidence. In fruit crops; sigatoka disease of banana was noticed with >50% incidence, while, anthracnose/ die back and floral malformation of mango, wilt of banana, foot rot of papaya and anthracnose of guava and citrus canker were observed with 10-50% incidence. Diseases viz., late blight, bacterial wilt, black leaf spot/ rot, leaf curl, yellow vein mosaic virus, die back and late blight were recorded with >50% incidence in tomato, brinjal, cauliflower, cucurbits, okra, chilli and potato, respectively. The purple blotch of onion, black leaf rot of cabbage and collar rot of elephant foot yam were noticed with 10-50% incidences.
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Keinath, Anthony P. "Effect of Fungicide Applications Scheduled to Control Gummy Stem Blight on Yield and Quality of Watermelon Fruit." Plant Disease 85, no. 1 (January 2001): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2001.85.1.53.
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Yield and quality reductions in watermelon infected with Didymella bryoniae may be attributed to reduced number or weight of fruit, sunburned fruit, fruit rot, or low sugar content due to gummy stem blight on foliage and black rot on fruit. Number, weight, soluble solids content, and external appearance of fruit were determined in four experiments conducted in fall 1996 and 1997 and spring 1997 and 1998. Severity of gummy stem blight was varied by applying no fungicide, mancozeb, or chlorothalonil according to different schedules. In the fall, when disease severity was high, total fruit weight, percent marketable fruit, and soluble solids content were lower and percent fruit with black rot was higher in nonsprayed than in sprayed treatments. Fungicide applications did not affect total fruit weight, soluble solids content, or black rot in the spring, when disease severity was moderate to low. Percent sunburned fruit was greater in treatments sprayed every 14 days than in those sprayed weekly. In fall experiments, the number of healthy, unblemished fruit increased linearly as the number of fungicide applications was increased from zero to nine per season. Yield losses in watermelon to gummy stem blight and black rot resulted primarily from a reduction in total fruit weight and an increase in number of diseased and sunburned fruit.
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Saleem, Sana, Lucia Nedorost Ragasova, Dorota Tekielska, Maciej Fidurski, Agnieszka Sekara, and Robert Pokluda. "Serendipita indica as a Plant Growth Promoter and Biocontrol Agent against Black Rot Disease in Cabbage Grown in a Phytotron." Agriculture 13, no. 11 (October 25, 2023): 2048. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13112048.
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Serendipita indica, a mutualistic root endophytic fungus, has gained attention for its potential to enhance plant health and resistance to various stresses. This study investigated the impact of S. indica (strain DSM 11827) on plant growth promotion and the management of black rot disease. This is a devastating bacterial ailment caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, which affects cruciferous crops worldwide. The experiment was conducted under sterile conditions in a phytotron for 10 weeks. It involved the substrate and seed inoculation of S. indica in a cabbage crop. The findings suggested that S. indica establishes mutualistic relationships with cruciferous plants, positively influencing their growth while simultaneously reducing their susceptibility to black rot disease. Plant morphological and physiological parameters were enhanced by S. indica application. Additionally, bio stress markers were also enhanced in response to black rot disease. Moreover, disease severity was reduced by 27.9% and 18.8% in the substrate and seeds treated with S. indica, respectively. However, our findings did not report any antagonistic effect between S. indica and two pathogens, i.e., Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris and Alternaria brassicicola under the in vitro test, suggesting that the suppression of black rot disease in cabbage seedlings was induced indirectly by S. indica. This study, therefore, underscores the promising prospect of utilizing S. indica to promote crop productivity and combat the destructive impact of black rot disease in cruciferous plants, contributing to more sustainable and resilient agriculture.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Black rot disease"
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Mauk, P. A., and R. B. Hine. "A Predictive System for Disease Incidence of Black Root Rot of Cotton." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/204490.
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A quantitative technique has been developed to assay cotton soils for populations of Thielaviopsis basicola, a soil occurring fungus that causes the seedling disease of cotton known as Black Root Rot. The procedure utilizes a soil dilution technique with a carrot extract agar containing etridiazol, Mystatin, streptomycin sulfate, chlortetracycline, calcium carbonate and PCNB. Populations of the fungus have been monitored from April to December, 1986 in a heavily infested Pima S-6 field in cooperation with Bob Cockrill, a Coolidge grower. When field soils containing approximately 600 propagules of the fungus per gram of air dry soil were planted to Pima S-6 in the laboratory, 75-100% and 50-75% cortical decay occurred at 20 and 28 C, respectively. This seedling damage was related to subsequent reduced seedling vigor.
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Rana, Sanjay. "Studies on the resistance of camellia sinensis(L) O Kuntze to corticium theae Bernard causing black rot disease." Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/1072.
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Tyler, Ray, Edith DeRosa, Lee J. Clark, and Mary Olsen. "Seed Treatment to Prevent Black Root Rot." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/219773.
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The 1985 and 1986 Cotton Reports have the same publication and P-Series numbers.NU-Zone (imazalil) + Nu-Flow ND (TCMTB + Chloroneb), NU-Flow ND, and Vitavax (carboxin) were evaluated as seed treatments with and without in-furrow PCNB. The following was learned: - Vitavax-treated seed got out of the ground faster than the other treatments, which brings out the possibility that NU-Flow or NU-Zone slows germination. - Stands and root development were slightly better when NUZone was present. - NU-Zone + NU-Flow ND seed treatment is not totally effective in controlling black root rot in heavily inoculated soils. - NU-Flow ND alone is the least effective of the treatments. - In-furrow PCNB did not affect yields.
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Hine, R. B., P. A. Mauk, and Tesfaye Tedla. "The Effect of Soil Temperature and Inoculum Levels of Thielaviopsis basicola on Black Root Rot of Cotton." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/204546.
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Two planting dates, March 28, and April 28 were used to study the effect of soil temperature during planting on black root rot of cotton. Also, several cotton varieties were evaluated for response to the disease under varying soil temperatures and inoculum levels.
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ONESTI, GIOVANNI. "Studi sulle dinamiche dell'inoculo di Guignardia bidwellii, agente causale del marciume nero della vite." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/10799.
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L’ascomicete Guignardia bidwellii, agente causale del marciume nero della vite, è un patogeno economicamente importante in alcuni areali viticoli. La conoscenza, disponibile sul marciume nero dell’uva, è stata recuperata dalla letteratura, analizzata e sintetizzata per sviluppare un modello meccanicistico del ciclo di vita del patogeno, guidata dalle variabili meteorologiche e dalla fenologia della vite, e basata sull'analisi dei sistemi. Il modello è stato poi valutato per la sua capacità di rappresentare il sistema reale e la sua utilità per la comprensione di epidemie di marciume nero su foglie e grappoli in un vigneto del Nord Italia, nel 2013 al 2015. Successivamente, le mancanze di conoscenza sono state analizzate, studiate e quindi colmate attraverso specifici esperimenti. In un primo passo, le dinamiche dell’inoculo primario e dei modelli di dispersione (di entrambi ascospore e conidi) da mummie svernate sono state studiate in un vigneto sperimentale per tre anni. In un secondo passo, l'effetto della temperatura e dell'umidità sulla formazione di picnidi di G. bidwellii e la successiva estrusione di cirri, nelle lesioni su foglia, la produzione e la germinazione dei conidi (inoculo secondario), e la lunghezza del periodo di latenza sono stati studiati sia in condizioni di campo che in ambiente controllato. In un terzo passo, sono stati condotti studi in ambiente controllato per studiare la produzione di conidi di G. bidwellii sulle lesioni di foglie, influenzata da lavaggi ripetuti e alternando periodi di secco ed umido. Il modello epidemiologico sviluppato in questa tesi può essere utilizzata da viticoltori come strumento predittivo per la pianificazione di trattamenti fungicidi nei vigneti.The ascomycete Guignardia bidwellii, causal agent of black-rot on grapevines, is an economically important pathogen in some viticultural areas. The available knowledge on black-rot of grape was retrieved from literature, analyzed, and synthesized to develop a mechanistic model of the life cycle of the pathogen, driven by weather and vine phenology, and based on the systems analysis. The model was then evaluated for its ability to represent the real system and its usefulness for understanding black-rot epidemics on leaves and bunches in a vineyard of north Italy, in 2013 to 2015. Thereafter, weaknesses in our knowledge were analysed and studied through specific experiments. In a first step, dynamics of primary inoculum and dispersal patterns (both ascospores and conidia) from overwintered grape mummies were investigated in an experimental vineyard during three years. In a second step, the effect of temperature and humidity on the formation of G. bidwellii pycnidia and the extrusion of cirri in grape leaf lesions, production and germination of conidia (secondary inoculum), and the length of the latency period were studied under both environmental and controlled conditions. In a third step, environmental-controlled studies were conducted to investigate the production course of G. bidwellii conidia on grape leaf lesions as influenced by repeated washing events and alternate dry and wet periods. The model developed in this thesis can be used by vinegrowers as a predictive tool for scheduling fungicide sprays in the vineyards.
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ONESTI, GIOVANNI. "Studi sulle dinamiche dell'inoculo di Guignardia bidwellii, agente causale del marciume nero della vite." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/10799.
Full textAbstract:
L’ascomicete Guignardia bidwellii, agente causale del marciume nero della vite, è un patogeno economicamente importante in alcuni areali viticoli. La conoscenza, disponibile sul marciume nero dell’uva, è stata recuperata dalla letteratura, analizzata e sintetizzata per sviluppare un modello meccanicistico del ciclo di vita del patogeno, guidata dalle variabili meteorologiche e dalla fenologia della vite, e basata sull'analisi dei sistemi. Il modello è stato poi valutato per la sua capacità di rappresentare il sistema reale e la sua utilità per la comprensione di epidemie di marciume nero su foglie e grappoli in un vigneto del Nord Italia, nel 2013 al 2015. Successivamente, le mancanze di conoscenza sono state analizzate, studiate e quindi colmate attraverso specifici esperimenti. In un primo passo, le dinamiche dell’inoculo primario e dei modelli di dispersione (di entrambi ascospore e conidi) da mummie svernate sono state studiate in un vigneto sperimentale per tre anni. In un secondo passo, l'effetto della temperatura e dell'umidità sulla formazione di picnidi di G. bidwellii e la successiva estrusione di cirri, nelle lesioni su foglia, la produzione e la germinazione dei conidi (inoculo secondario), e la lunghezza del periodo di latenza sono stati studiati sia in condizioni di campo che in ambiente controllato. In un terzo passo, sono stati condotti studi in ambiente controllato per studiare la produzione di conidi di G. bidwellii sulle lesioni di foglie, influenzata da lavaggi ripetuti e alternando periodi di secco ed umido. Il modello epidemiologico sviluppato in questa tesi può essere utilizzata da viticoltori come strumento predittivo per la pianificazione di trattamenti fungicidi nei vigneti.The ascomycete Guignardia bidwellii, causal agent of black-rot on grapevines, is an economically important pathogen in some viticultural areas. The available knowledge on black-rot of grape was retrieved from literature, analyzed, and synthesized to develop a mechanistic model of the life cycle of the pathogen, driven by weather and vine phenology, and based on the systems analysis. The model was then evaluated for its ability to represent the real system and its usefulness for understanding black-rot epidemics on leaves and bunches in a vineyard of north Italy, in 2013 to 2015. Thereafter, weaknesses in our knowledge were analysed and studied through specific experiments. In a first step, dynamics of primary inoculum and dispersal patterns (both ascospores and conidia) from overwintered grape mummies were investigated in an experimental vineyard during three years. In a second step, the effect of temperature and humidity on the formation of G. bidwellii pycnidia and the extrusion of cirri in grape leaf lesions, production and germination of conidia (secondary inoculum), and the length of the latency period were studied under both environmental and controlled conditions. In a third step, environmental-controlled studies were conducted to investigate the production course of G. bidwellii conidia on grape leaf lesions as influenced by repeated washing events and alternate dry and wet periods. The model developed in this thesis can be used by vinegrowers as a predictive tool for scheduling fungicide sprays in the vineyards.
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Botha, Adri. "A study on the etiology and epidemiology of black root rot of strawberries in the Western Cape." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52712.
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Thesis (MScAgric)--University of Stellenbosch, 2002.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Historically root diseases have been a production-limiting problem for the strawberry industry worldwide. In the Western Cape Province of South Africa the most serious root disease is black root rot, which causes losses of up to 30%, annually. The aims of this study were to investigate aspects of the etiology and epidemiology of this disease in the Western Cape, and to provide information that can be incorporated in an integrated disease management strategy. In Chapter I a summary of published information on this disease is presented. Disease symptoms include severe stunting of plants, which have black, rotted, reduced root systems. Even though this disease is of great economic importance, the etiology remains unresolved. However, soilborne fungal root pathogens, particularly Pythium and Rhizoctonia spp. have been implicated as major role players. Control of this disease, as well as the other root diseases affecting strawberries, has relied on soil fumigation with broad spectrum chemical fumigants, in particular methyl bromide. However, due to the ozone depleting action of methyl bromide it was decided at the signing of the Montreal Protocol to remove this chemical from the market. This action has caused great demand for alternative measures to control root diseases on many crops including strawberries. Development of integrated disease management strategies is dependent upon a more complete understanding of the etiology, biology and ecology of the disease complex. In Chapter 2 fungal pathogens associated with diseased plants were isolated and Koch's postulates were carried out. The most frequently isolated fungal pathogens were Pythium irregulare, Rhizoctonia spp. and Cylindrocarpon destructans. Two morphotypes of Rhizoctonia were isolated viz. a brown and a white type. Pythium irregulare was isolated more frequently in July than in September, and was not isolated at all in November. Rhizoctonia spp. were present at all sampling dates but were more frequently isolated in November than at the other times. All the fungi that were tested were pathogenic and caused root lesions. Cylindrocarpon destructans and Coniella fragariae did not have a stunting effect on the plants. These results confirm a major role for Pythium and Rhizoctonia in the black root rot complex and suggest that there is a complimentary seasonal variation in occurrence between these two pathogens. The Rhizoctonia species and anastomosis groups of isolates obtained from diseased strawberries in the Western Cape Province were determined, and their pathogenicity and relative virulence assessed. Both binucleate and multinucleate types were recovered from diseased roots and identified as R. fragariae and R. so/ani, respectively. All isolates of R. solani were members of anastomosis group (AG) 6, whereas three AG types were identified among isolates of R. fragariae, viz. AG-A, AG-G and AG-I at a relative occurrence of 69%, 25%, 6% respectively. All Rhizoctonia isolates were pathogenic to strawberry, but R. solani (AG 6) was the most virulent causing severe stunting of plants. This is the first species confirmation and AG type identification of Rhizoctonia taxa causing root rot of strawberries in South Africa. An assessment of the presence and quantity of black root rot pathogens associated with soils prior to fumigation and post fumigation with methyl bromide, was made in Chapter 4. Isolations were also made from nursery plants to determine whether any black root rot pathogens were in the plants before transplanting. Results demonstrated that after fumigation the soil was free of all pathogenic fungi associated with the disease. However, the main pathogens involved in black root rot, viz. Rhizoctonia fragariae, R. solani and Pythium spp. were isolated from nursery plants. The fact that the plants are already infected with these pathogens renders the prospects for control of this disease difficult. Further studies are urgently required to develop production practices that can be included in disease management programmes. In vitro studies were carried out to determine the ECso values of different fungicides for isolates of Pythium irregulare, Rhizoctonia fragariae AG-A, AG-G and AG-I and R. solani AG 6. Benomyl, fludioxonil and tolc1ofos-methyl were used in these tests. Field trials were also conducted using these fungicides. In Chapter 5 it is shown that in general application of fungicides improved the yield and did not affect the survival rate of strawberry plants. Fludioxonil showed potential for short-term use. Applications of fungicides that targeted specific fungal genera were not sufficient to control the disease. Seasonal fluctuation of Pythium and Rhizoctonia spp. became apparent with the occurrence of Pythium being relatively high early in the season but low late in the season. Conversely, the occurrence of Rhizoctonia was low at the beginning of the season but high late in the season. In the short-term there is potential for fungicide applications as part of an integrated disease management strategy, but the economic feasibility of this practice needs to be assessed. In this study the major pathogens causing black root rot were identified in the Western Cape Province of South Africa, and important information regarding the epidemiology of the disease was reported. These results can be incorporated in an integrated management strategy to reduce losses of strawberry production, attJibutable to black root rot.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Wortelsiektes is wêreldwyd 'n produksie-beperkende probleem vir die aarbeibedryf. . Swartwortelvrot, wat jaarliks verliese van tot 30% veroorsaak, is die belangrikste wortelsiekte in die Wes-Kaap Provinsie van Suid-Afrika. Die doelwitte van hierdie studie was om aspekte van die etiologie en epidemiologie van die siekte in die Wes- Kaap te ondersoek en inligting wat in geïntegreerde siektebestuurstrategië ingesluit kan word, te voorsien. In Hoofstuk 1 word 'n opsomming van gepubliseerde inligting aangaande die siekte uiteengesit. Siektesimptome sluit ernstige verdwerging van plante met swart verotte en verkleinde wortelstelsels in. Alhoewel die siekte van groot ekonomiese belang is, is die etiologie grootliks onbekend. Grondgedraagde wortelpatogene swamme, spesifiek Pythium en Rhizoctonia spp., is egter as belangrike rolspelers geïdentifiseer. Tot dusver het die beheer van hierdie siekte sowel as ander wortelsiektes van aarbeie berus op grondberoking met breë spektrum chemiese berokingsmiddels, spesifiek metielbromied. As gevolg van die osoonafbrekende aksie van metielbromied is daar egter tydens die ondertekening van die Montreal Protocol besluit om dié middel van die mark te verwyder. Hierdie besluit het 'n groot aanvraag na alternatiewe beheermaatreëls vir wortelsiektes van verskeie gewasse, insluitende aarbeie, veroorsaak. Die ontwikkeling van geïntegreerd siektebestuurstrategieë is egter afhanklik van 'n meer volledige begrip van die etiologie, biologie en ekologie van die siektekompleks. In Hoofstuk 2 is die patogene swamme wat met die siekte geassosieer word, geïsoleer, en is Koch se postulate uitgevoer. Die mees algemeen geïsoleerde patogene swamme was Pythium irregulare, Rhizoctonia spp. en Cylindrocarpon destructans. Twee morfotipes van Rhizoctonia is geïsoleer, nl. 'n bruin tipe en 'n wit tipe. Pythium irregulare is meer dikwels in Julie as in September geïsoleer, maar glad nie in November nie. Rhizoetonia het tydens alle monstertye voorgekom, maar is meer dikwels in November geïsoleer. Al die swamme wat getoets is, was patogenies en het letsels op die wortels veroorsaak. Cylindroearpon des true tans en Coniella fragariae het nie'n verdwergingseffek op plante gehad nie. Hierdie resultate bevestig die dominante rol van Pythium en Rhizoctonia in die swartwortelvrot kompleks en dui op 'n komplementêre seisoenale variasie in die voorkoms van hierdie twee patogene. Die Rhizoctonia spesies en anastomose groepe (AG) van die isolate geisoleer vanaf siek aarbeiplante in die Wes-Kaap Provinsie is bepaal, en die patogenisiteit en relatiewe virulensie is beraam. Sowel tweekernige as multikernige tipes is vanaf siek wortels geïsoleer en respektiewelik as R. fragariae en R. so/ani geïdentifiseer. Alle isolate van R. so/ani was lede van anastomose groep 6, terwyl drie AG tipes, nl. AGA, AG-G en AG-I onder die R. fragariae isolate geïdentifiseer is met relatiewe voorkomste van 69%, 25%, 6% respektiewelik. Alle Rhizoctonia isolate was patogenies op aarbeie, maar R. so/ani (AG 6) was die mees virulente en het ernstige verdwerging van plante veroorsaak. Hierdie is die eerste bevestiging van spesies en identifisering van AG tipes van Rhizoctonia taksa wat wortelvrot van aarbeie in Suid Afrika veroorsaak. In Hoofstuk 4 is 'n beraming van die voorkoms en hoeveelheid swartwortelvrot patogene geassosieer met grond voor, en na beroking met metielbromied, gemaak. Isolasies is ook vanaf kwekeryplante gemaak om te bepaal of enige swartwortelvrot patogene voor oorplanting in die plante teenwoordig was. Die resultate het getoon dat grond na beroking vry was van alle patogeniese swamme geassosieër met die siekte. Die hoof patogene betrokke in die swartwortelvrot kompleks, nl. Rhizoctonia fragariae, R. so/ani en Pythium spp. was egter in die kwekery plante teenwoordig. Die feit dat plante reeds met hierdie patogene geïnfekteer is, maak die vooruitsigte vir die beheer van hierdie siekte moeilik. Verdere studies word dringend benodig vir die ontwikkeling van produksiepraktyke wat by siektebestuursprogramme ingesluit kan word. In vitro studies om die ECso waardes van die isolate van Pythium irregulare, Rhizoctonia fragariae AG-A, AG-G en AG-I en R. so/ani AG 6 vir die fungisiedes benomyl, fludioxonil en tolclofos-metiel te bepaal, is uitgevoer. Hierdie fungisiedes is ook in veldproewe getoets. In Hoofstuk 5 is getoon dat aanwending van fungisiedes die opbrengs verbeter het en nie die oorlewing van aarbeiplante beïnvloed het nie. Fludioxonil het potensiaal vir korttermyn gebruik getoon. Die aanwending van fungisiedes wat spesifieke swamgenera teiken, was nie voldoende om die siekte te beheer nie. Seisoenale fluktuasies van Pythium en Rhizoctonia spp. het duidelik geword met die relatief hoë voorkoms van Pythium vroeg in die seisoen, maar lae voorkoms laat in die seisoen, terwyl die voorkoms van Rhizoctonia laag was aan die begin van die seisoen, maar hoog later in die seisoen. In die korttermyn is daar potensiaal vir fungisiedtoedienings as deel van 'n geïntegreerde siektebestuurstrategie, maar die ekonomiese haalbaarheid van hierdie praktyk moet bepaal word. In hierdie studie is die hoof patogene wat swartwortelvrot van aarbeie in die Wes-Kaap Provinsie van Suid-Afrika veroorsaak geïdentifiseer, en belangrike inligting rakende die epidemiologie van die siekte is aangeteken. Hierdie resultate kan in 'n geïntegreerde bestuurstrategie geïnkorporeer word om verliese van aarbeiproduksie, toeskryfbaar aan swartwortelvrot te, verminder.
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Chapman, M. A., and R. B. Hine. "The Effect on Yield of Cotton Due to Incidence and Severity of Black Root Rot Caused by Thielaviopsis Basicola." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/208267.
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Incidence of Black Root Rot of cotton and soil inoculum potential of the causal agent Thielaviopsis basicola were monitored throughout the season in two adjacent fields planted in mid April, 1987 in Duncan, Arizona. Mean inoculum potential in Field 1 soil was 65 cfu/g and 20 % of the seedlings were infected. In Field 2 the inoculum potential and percentage of infected plants were 225 cfu/g and 93, respectively. No cortical decay was noted after June 6 in either field. Yields were similar in both fields.
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Specht, Lawrence P. "Inoculum densities of Thielaviopsis basicola in tobacco fields in Virginia, and the relationship of inoculum density to the severity of black root rot and growth of tobacco." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/49854.
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A new selective medium (TB-CEN) was developed for isolating Thielaviopsis basicola, cause of black root rot of tobacco, from soil. TB-CEN medium contains etridiazol and nystatin to inhibit the growth of undesired fungi, and unautoclaved extract from carrot to selectively enhance for the growth of T. basicola. Inoculum and/or population densities of T. basicola in five burley tobacco fields were 74-166 propagules per g of soil, and 0-12 propagules per g of soil in three other burley fields. Inoculum and/or population densities of T. basicola in 12 flue-cured and 2 sun-cured tobacco fields were 0-26 propagules per g of soil, and 101 and 402 propagules per g of soil in two other flue-cured fields. Environmental factors apparently had a strong effect on black root rot development, since root rot and plant stunting were severe in two burley fields that had 148 and 158 propagules per g of soil, but were not severe in the two flue-cured fields that had 101 and 402 propagules per g of soil. All of the cultivars planted in the four fields were susceptible. Black root rot was the major disease associated with the stunting of tobacco plants in the burley region of Virginia, but not in the flue- and sun-cured regions. No evidence was found to indicate that endomycorrhizae were involved in tobacco stunting in Virginia. T basicola inoculum density-disease severity studies were conducted both in soil-temperature tanks and in the field. Tobacco seedlings were grown in temperature tanks (20-23 C) for 30-31 days in naturally infested field soil (pH 6.5). For all cultivars tested (Burley 21, NC95, and Va Gold), the mean percent of roots that were rotted increased significantly (P=0.001) as inoculum density increased (R² range for regressions=0.93-0.97). Severe levels of root rot occurred at inoculum densities of 50-200 propagules per g of soil. Significant (P=0.01) reductions in plant growth occurred at inoculum densities as low as 5-10 propagules per g of soil. In a study conducted on a commercial burley tobacco (cv. B21-Ky10) field, inoculum densities of 150 and 683 propagules per g of soil were associated with moderate and severe levels of black root rot, respectively. Differences between soil-temperature tank and field studies appeared to be due to variations in environmental- and host-related factors. In another burley field study, the fungicide imazalil, which completely inhibited the growth of T. basicola when amended into agar media at a concentration of 1.0 μg a.i./ml, failed to control black root rot when it was added to transplanting water (50 ml/plant) at concentrations as high as 1,500 μg a.i./ml.Ph. D.
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Chapman, M. A., and R. B. Hine. "Suppresion of Inflection of Cotton Seedlings by Rhizoetonia Solani in the Presence of Thielaviopsis Basicola, the Causal Agent of Black Root Rot." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/208309.
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High population levels of Rhizoctonia solani in a field in Coolidge, AZ which also contained Thielaviopsis basicola failed to cause the expected infection by R. solani in untreated seeds of Gossypium hirsutum. Growth chamber experiments with autoclaved soil amended with inoculum of both R. solani, and T. basicola had a significantly lower infection rate by R. solani than did the control soil with R. solani alone.
Books on the topic "Black rot disease"
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Hunt, R. S. Black stain root disease. Victoria, B.C: Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Pacific Forestry Centre, 1995.
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Lundquist, J. E. Distribution and causes of canopy gaps in white spruce in the Black Hills. [Fort Collins, CO] (240 Prospect Rd., Fort Collins 80526): USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, 1993.
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Hessburg, Paul F. Black stain root disease of conifers. [Washington, D.C.?]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, 1995.
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Hessburg, Paul F. Black stain root disease of conifers. [Washington, D.C.?]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, 1995.
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Alvarez, A. M. Black rot of cabbage in Hawaii. Honolulu, Hawaii: HITAHR, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii, 1987.
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Peck, Eva Jane, and Michelle Gemma. The Root of Twinkle. Housatonic, MA: Eva Peck and Michelle Gemma, 2020.
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Antonelli, Arthur L. Root weevil control on rhododendrons. Pullman: Cooperative Extension, Washington State University, 2001.
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DeAngelis, Jack D. Root weevils in the nursery and landscape: Identification and control. [Corvallis, Or.]: Oregon State University Extension Service, 1997.
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Lessard, Gene. Association of Armillaria root disease with mountain pine beetle infestations on the Black Hills National Forest, South Dakota. Fort Collins, Colo: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Pest Management, Methods Application Group, 1985.
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Sharon, E. M. Evaluation of control measures for black stain root disease in pinyon pine in southwestern Colorado. 1987.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Black rot disease"
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Chang, Albert Ling Sheng, Suhaida Salleh, Ahmad Kamil Mohd Jaaffar, and Haya Ramba. "Modelling the Disease Severity of Cocoa Black Pod Rot Disease." In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Fundamental and Applied Sciences, 551–63. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4513-6_48.
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Ahmad, Khairulmazmi, and Tijjani Ahmadu. "Prospect and Potential of Burkholderia sp. Against Phytophthora capsici Leonian: A Causative Agent for Foot Rot Disease of Black Pepper." In Agriculturally Important Microbes for Sustainable Agriculture, 343–74. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5343-6_12.
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Alvarez, Anne M. "Black Rot of Crucifers." In Mechanisms of Resistance to Plant Diseases, 21–52. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3937-3_2.
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Bailey, Bryan A., Shahin S. Ali, Andrews Y. Akrofi, and Lyndel W. Meinhardt. "Phytophthora megakarya, a Causal Agent of Black Pod Rot in Africa." In Cacao Diseases, 267–303. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24789-2_8.
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Daivasikamani, S., and A. P. Ranjini. "Diseases affecting coffee: an overview." In Climate-smart production of coffee: Improving social and environmental sustainability, 259–94. Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19103/as.2021.0096.22.
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Among the various diseases of coffee, leaf rust, black rot, anthracnose, root diseases and nursery diseases are of particular importance, causing considerable damage every year in most coffee regions. Control measures are based on integrated disease management (IDM) techniques which include growing resistant/tolerant varieties, cultural and biological control measures and where appropriate, judicious and timely application of chemical control.
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Pocasangre, Luis Ernesto, and Alfonso Martinuz. "Minor fungal diseases of banana." In Achieving sustainable cultivation of bananas Volume 3: Diseases and pests, 165–80. Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.19103/as.2022.0108.07.
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This chapter gives an overview of a number of minor diseases which affects bananas in different parts of the world. It gives an overview of the occurence, causal agent, key disease symptoms, host susceptibility and control of the the following diseases: Cordana leaf spot, Deightoniella leaf spot, Speckle, Anthracnose, Cigar-end rot, Banana blast disease, Freckle disease and Black cross.
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Raju, Harsha, Veena Kalludi Narasimhaiah, and Mukil Alagirisamy. "Apple Leaf Disease Identification and Segmentation Using Enhanced Learning-Driven Feature Representation Model." In AI and Blockchain Applications in Industrial Robotics, 322–45. IGI Global, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-0659-8.ch013.
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The field of automatic segmentation and identification of plant diseases from leaf images has become increasingly significant in recent years. There are a number of fungal diseases that affect apple quality and yield, including apple scab, cedar rust, and black rot. In order to prevent crop losses, it is essential to identify these diseases quickly as possible. Despite many approaches being discussed, segmenting the diseased part of leaves with high accuracy and low false positive rates remains a challenging task. This study suggests that by isolating the color background and highlighting the area of interest, a substantial feature set can be constructed to enhance deep learning generalization capability for disease classification. An algorithm for fitness function is developed to represent the features that are relevant to disease classes and optimally adjusts the weights and biases in the training phase. Based on visual outcome and comparative analysis in terms of precision, recall rate, and F1-scores, the efficacy of the proposed work is justified.
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Xue, Huali, and Zhimin Yang. "Potato Dry Rot Caused by Fusarium spp. and Mycotoxins Accumulation and Management." In Fusarium - An Overview of the Genus. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.100651.
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Dry rot of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is an important postharvest disease during storage. The decay can be caused by several different species of Fusarium spp., such as, F. sambucinum, F. coeruleum, F. oxysporum, F. avenaceum, F. culmorum. The pathogen of Fusarum spp. causing dry rot of potato is considerable different in different countries and regions. The typical symptom of potato dry rot is sunken and wrinkled brown to black tissue patch on tuber with less dry matter and shriveled flesh. Fusarium spp. only invades host through wound or natural orifice during pre-harvest, storage and transportation period. Some Fusarium species infection associated with mycotoxins accumulation, which has phytotoxicity and mycotoxicoses in humans and animals. Synthetic fungicide is the main strategy to control the dry rot of potato, however, there are series of problem, such as environmental pollution, pathogen resistance. An integrated approach to manage the disease includes the introduction of resistant cultivar, appropriate cultural practices, and storage conditions combined with the application of synthetic fungicides pre-harvest or post-harvest. Moreover, some chemical fungicides and microbial antagonists have been integrated into potato dry rot management.
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Soytong, Kasem, Somdej Kahonokmedhakul, Jiaojiao Song, and Rujira Tongon. "Chaetomium Application in Agriculture." In Technology in Agriculture [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.99402.
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Chaetomium species for plant disease control are reported to be antagonize many plant pathogens. It is a new broad spectrum biological fungicide from Chaetomium species which firstly discovered and patented No. 6266, International Code: AO 1 N 25/12, and registered as Ketomium® mycofungicide for plant disease control in Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Cambodia and China. Chaetoimum biofungicide and biostimulants are applied to implement integrated plant disease control. It showed protective and curative effects in controlling plant disease and promoting plant growth. It has been successfully applied to the infested soils with integrated cultural control for the long-term protection against rice blast (Magnaporte oryzae), durian and black Pepper rot (Piper nigram L.) (Phytophthora palmivora), citrus rot (Phytophthora parasitica) and strawberry rot (Fragaria spp.) caused by Phytophthora cactorum, wilt of tomato (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici), basal rot of corn (Sclerotium rolfsii) and anthracnose (Colletotrichum spp.) etc. Further research is reported on the other bioactive compounds from active strains of Chaetomium spp. We have discovered various new compounds from Ch. globosum, Ch. cupreum, Ch. elatum, Ch. cochliodes, Ch. brasiliense, Ch. lucknowense, Ch. longirostre and Ch. siamense. These new compounds are not only inhibiting human pathogens (anti-malaria, anti-tuberculosis, anti-cancer cell lines and anti-C. albicans etc) but also plant pathogens as well. These active natural products from different strains of Chaetomium spp. are further developed to be biodegradable nanoparticles from active metabolites as a new discovery of scientific investigation which used to induce plant immunity, namely microbial degradable nano-elicitors for inducing immunity through phytoalexin production in plants e.g. inducing tomato to produce alpha-tomaline against Fusarium wilt of tomato, capsidiol against chili anthracnose, sakuranitin and oryzalexin B against rice blast, scopletin and anthrocyaidin against Phytophthora or Pythium rot Durian and scoparone against Phytophthora or Pythium rot of citrus. Chaetomium biofungicide can be applied instead of toxic chemical fungicides to control plant diseases.
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Dwivedi, Pankaj Prasad, and Dilip Kumar Sharma. "Optimizing Leaf Diseases of Apple Scab and Apple Black Rot in the Context of “Useful” Information Measures and Distance Measurements." In Advances in Artificial and Human Intelligence in the Modern Era, 141–62. IGI Global, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-1301-5.ch008.
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Detecting disease on crops is an essential and time-consuming operation in agricultural techniques. It takes a significant amount of time and specialized effort. This research provides a clever and effective agricultural disease detection system based on information theory. In the present chapter, first information measures, ‘useful' information measures, and distance measures are defined and explained. The authors find out the distance measures between leaves of apple scab (AS) and apple black rot (ABR). Six leaves of AS and ABR are taken into consideration. After measuring the distance, the impact of disease in the leaves of AS and ABR has been noticed. It is shown that this measure can be embedded in most image classification techniques and is subject to reference transformation. Weak and strong information is also obtained. Finally, minimum and maximum distances are evaluated, and our findings indicate that the likelihood of illnesses in plant leaves is low when the information measure of leaves is low.
Conference papers on the topic "Black rot disease"
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Puig, Alina S., Brian Irish, Tomás Ayala-Silva, Sarah Wurzel, and Osman Gutierrez. "Effect of Cacao Black Pod Rot Screening Method on Disease Reaction Determination." In IOCAG 2022. Basel Switzerland: MDPI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/iocag2022-12215.
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Kirti and Navin Rajpal. "Black Rot Disease Detection in Grape Plant (Vitis vinifera) Using Colour Based Segmentation & Machine Learning." In 2020 2nd International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communication Control and Networking (ICACCCN). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icacccn51052.2020.9362812.
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Gaur, Poonam, Rohit Sharma, Ravi Kumar, Amit Gupta, Rishabh Sharma, and Vinay Kukreja. "Fighting Grape Black Rot with Deep Learning: A CNN-LSTM Hybrid Model for Disease Severity Classification." In 2023 4th International Conference for Emerging Technology (INCET). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/incet57972.2023.10170159.
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Sharma, Rishabh, Vinay Kukreja, Prince Sood, and Abhishek Bhattacharjee. "Classifying the Severity of Apple Black Rot Disease with Deep Learning: A Dual CNN and LSTM Approach." In 2023 3rd International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communication, Embedded and Secure Systems (ACCESS). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access57397.2023.10199549.
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Gupta, Aryan, Aditya Sinha, and Shaleen Poddar. "Lesion Isolation from Apple Plant Leaves Affected by Black Rot Disease using Optimized Masking on Various Color Channels." In 2022 3rd International Conference on Issues and Challenges in Intelligent Computing Techniques (ICICT). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icict55121.2022.10064523.
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Khaeruni, Andi, Andi Hiqmawati, Vit Neru Satrah, Gusti Ayu Kade Sutariati, Teguh Wijayanto, and Nini Mila Rahni. "Effectiveness and synergistic of endophytic bacteria in inhibiting the development of cocoa black pod rot disease (Phytophthora palmivora bult.)." In PROCEEDINGS OF THE 4TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (ICAST 2021). AIP Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0145270.
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Konrat, A. N. "NEMATICIDAL AND NEMATOSTATIC EFFICACY OF VEGETABLE JUICES OF SOME REPRESENTATIVES OF THE FAMILY SOLANACEAE." In THEORY AND PRACTICE OF PARASITIC DISEASE CONTROL. All-Russian Scientific Research Institute for Fundamental and Applied Parasitology of Animals and Plant – a branch of the Federal State Budget Scientific Institution “Federal Scientific Centre VIEV”, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.31016/978-5-6048555-6-0.2023.24.220-224.
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The effect of the tested substances on in vitro nematicidity and nematostaticity was
verified on saprobiotic (Caenorhabditis elegans, Turbatrix aceti) and phytoparasitic
nematodes (Ditylenchus destructor). Working solutions were prepared in the
following dilutions: 1) 1/1000, 2) 1/100, 3) 1/10, 4) 1/1, 5) undiluted, 6) control,
water, and 7) standard (horseradish root juice). The solution of above concentrations
was introduced into the plate wells of 0.5 mL in 4 repetitions, then a well-mixed
nematode suspension of 0.5 mL was added with 50±10 nematodes in average. After
24 hours of hold-times, mobile and immobile nematodes were counted, then after
48 hours nematodes were counted again. At the end of the experiment, nematodes
were washed from the drug in order to determine the nematostatic effect. In vitro
screening showed that the horseradish root juice, black nightshade berry juice, and
red nightshade leaf and berry juice had nematicidal properties. The nematostatic
effect was recorded in shoots of the green tuber, tissues of the green surface of the
tuber and tuber juices, juice of red nightshade leaves, and juice of black nightshade
leaves and berries.
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Tuszynski, George P., Vicki L. Rothman, Andrew Murphy, Katherine Siegler, Linda Smith, Sena Smith, Jerzy Karczewski, and Karen A. Knudsen. "Thranbospondin Promotes Cell-and Platelet-Substratum Adhesion." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1643820.
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Thrombospondin (TSP), isolated from human platelets, promotes the in vitro, calcium-specific adhesion of a variety of cells, including platelets, melanoma cells, muscle cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and epithelial cells. The cell adhesion-promoting activity of TSP is species independent since human, bovine, pig, rat and mouse cells all adhered to TSP. Furthermore, the cell adhesion-promoting activity of TSP is specific and not due to a nonspecific protein effect or to contamination by fibronectin, vitronectin, or laminin. That is, neither bovine serum albumin nor TSP preparations treated with a monospecific anti-TSP antibody support cell adhesion. As analyzed by polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis and specific antibody binding assays, the TSP preparations used in these studies contained no detectable fibronectin or laminin and less than 0.04% vitronectin. The cell surface receptor for TSP appears distinct frcm that of fibronectin since an antiserum that blocks cell adhesion to fibronectin has no effect on adhesion to TSP. In addition, The platelet cell surface receptor for TSP appears distinct, frcm that of fibrinogen since thrcmbasthenic platelets adhere to TSP as well as control platelets. Antibodies to the GPIIb-GPIIIa complex block platelet adhesion to fibrinogen but have no effect on adhesion to TSP. Initial characterization of the cell surface receptor for TSP shows it to be protein in nature since cells treated with trypsin fail to adhere to TSP. In summary, our results provide the first clear evidence that TSP specifically promotes cell-substratum adhesion of a variety of cell types independent of the animal species. Our preliminary evidence suggests that the cell-surface receptor(s) for TSP is protein and that it is distinct for the receptor for fibronectin and fibrinogen. Our data suggest that TSP may play a central role in normal adhesive events mediated by platelets and other cells, such as those involved in hemostasis and wound healing. In addition, TSP may be involved in pathological adhesive events mediated by platelets and tumor cells, such as those involved in cardiovascular disease and tumor cell metastasis.
Reports on the topic "Black rot disease"
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Tipton, Kelley, Brian F. Leas, Emilia Flores, Christopher Jepson, Jaya Aysola, Jordana Cohen, Michael Harhay, et al. Impact of Healthcare Algorithms on Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health and Healthcare. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), December 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer268.
Full textAbstract:
Objectives. To examine the evidence on whether and how healthcare algorithms (including algorithm-informed decision tools) exacerbate, perpetuate, or reduce racial and ethnic disparities in access to healthcare, quality of care, and health outcomes, and examine strategies that mitigate racial and ethnic bias in the development and use of algorithms. Data sources. We searched published and grey literature for relevant studies published between January 2011 and February 2023. Based on expert guidance, we determined that earlier articles are unlikely to reflect current algorithms. We also hand-searched reference lists of relevant studies and reviewed suggestions from experts and stakeholders. Review methods. Searches identified 11,500 unique records. Using predefined criteria and dual review, we screened and selected studies to assess one or both Key Questions (KQs): (1) the effect of algorithms on racial and ethnic disparities in health and healthcare outcomes and (2) the effect of strategies or approaches to mitigate racial and ethnic bias in the development, validation, dissemination, and implementation of algorithms. Outcomes of interest included access to healthcare, quality of care, and health outcomes. We assessed studies’ methodologic risk of bias (ROB) using the ROBINS-I tool and piloted an appraisal supplement to assess racial and ethnic equity-related ROB. We completed a narrative synthesis and cataloged study characteristics and outcome data. We also examined four Contextual Questions (CQs) designed to explore the context and capture insights on practical aspects of potential algorithmic bias. CQ 1 examines the problem’s scope within healthcare. CQ 2 describes recently emerging standards and guidance on how racial and ethnic bias can be prevented or mitigated during algorithm development and deployment. CQ 3 explores stakeholder awareness and perspectives about the interaction of algorithms and racial and ethnic disparities in health and healthcare. We addressed these CQs through supplemental literature reviews and conversations with experts and key stakeholders. For CQ 4, we conducted an in-depth analysis of a sample of six algorithms that have not been widely evaluated before in the published literature to better understand how their design and implementation might contribute to disparities. Results. Fifty-eight studies met inclusion criteria, of which three were included for both KQs. One study was a randomized controlled trial, and all others used cohort, pre-post, or modeling approaches. The studies included numerous types of clinical assessments: need for intensive care or high-risk care management; measurement of kidney or lung function; suitability for kidney or lung transplant; risk of cardiovascular disease, stroke, lung cancer, prostate cancer, postpartum depression, or opioid misuse; and warfarin dosing. We found evidence suggesting that algorithms may: (a) reduce disparities (i.e., revised Kidney Allocation System, prostate cancer screening tools); (b) perpetuate or exacerbate disparities (e.g., estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR] for kidney function measurement, cardiovascular disease risk assessments); and/or (c) have no effect on racial or ethnic disparities. Algorithms for which mitigation strategies were identified are included in KQ 2. We identified six types of strategies often used to mitigate the potential of algorithms to contribute to disparities: removing an input variable; replacing a variable; adding one or more variables; changing or diversifying the racial and ethnic composition of the patient population used to train or validate a model; creating separate algorithms or thresholds for different populations; and modifying the statistical or analytic techniques used by an algorithm. Most mitigation efforts improved proximal outcomes (e.g., algorithmic calibration) for targeted populations, but it is more challenging to infer or extrapolate effects on longer term outcomes, such as racial and ethnic disparities. The scope of racial and ethnic bias related to algorithms and their application is difficult to quantify, but it clearly extends across the spectrum of medicine. Regulatory, professional, and corporate stakeholders are undertaking numerous efforts to develop standards for algorithms, often emphasizing the need for transparency, accountability, and representativeness. Conclusions. Algorithms have been shown to potentially perpetuate, exacerbate, and sometimes reduce racial and ethnic disparities. Disparities were reduced when race and ethnicity were incorporated into an algorithm to intentionally tackle known racial and ethnic disparities in resource allocation (e.g., kidney transplant allocation) or disparities in care (e.g., prostate cancer screening that historically led to Black men receiving more low-yield biopsies). It is important to note that in such cases the rationale for using race and ethnicity was clearly delineated and did not conflate race and ethnicity with ancestry and/or genetic predisposition. However, when algorithms include race and ethnicity without clear rationale, they may perpetuate the incorrect notion that race is a biologic construct and contribute to disparities. Finally, some algorithms may reduce or perpetuate disparities without containing race and ethnicity as an input. Several modeling studies showed that applying algorithms out of context of original development (e.g., illness severity scores used for crisis standards of care) could perpetuate or exacerbate disparities. On the other hand, algorithms may also reduce disparities by standardizing care and reducing opportunities for implicit bias (e.g., Lung Allocation Score for lung transplantation). Several mitigation strategies have been shown to potentially reduce the contribution of algorithms to racial and ethnic disparities. Results of mitigation efforts are highly context specific, relating to unique combinations of algorithm, clinical condition, population, setting, and outcomes. Important future steps include increasing transparency in algorithm development and implementation, increasing diversity of research and leadership teams, engaging diverse patient and community groups in the development to implementation lifecycle, promoting stakeholder awareness (including patients) of potential algorithmic risk, and investing in further research to assess the real-world effect of algorithms on racial and ethnic disparities before widespread implementation.