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1
Toliver, S. R. "Can I Get a Witness? Speculative Fiction as Testimony and Counterstory." Journal of Literacy Research 52, no. 4 (October 28, 2020): 507–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1086296x20966362.
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Drawing on Black feminist/womanist storytelling and the three-dimensional narrative inquiry space, this article showcases how one Black girl uses speculative fiction as testimony and counterstory, calling for readers to bear witness to her experiences and inviting witnesses to respond to the negative experiences she faces as a Black girl in the United States. I argue that situating speculative fiction as counterstory creates space for Black girls to challenge dominant narratives and create new realities. Furthermore, I argue that considering speculative fiction as testimony provides another way for readers to engage in a dialogic process with Black girls, affirming their words as legitimate sources of knowledge. Witnessing Black girls’ stories is an essential component to literacy and social justice contexts that tout a humanizing approach to research. They are also vital for dismantling a system bent on the castigation and obliteration of Black girls’ pasts, presents, and futures.
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Sell, Zach. "Real Estate Questions." History of the Present 10, no. 1 (April 1, 2020): 46–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/21599785-8221416.
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Abstract Historians of the United States have often described slavery as guided by the chattel principle. Yet in Black Reconstruction, W. E. B. Du Bois wrote, “No matter how degraded the factory hand, he is not real estate.” This article builds upon Du Bois’s description of slavery’s real estate basis and considers real estate as central to both slavery and territorial expansion in the nineteenth-century United States. Real estate formed the basis of slaveholder family stability and also enabled the intergenerational transfer of wealth. The article also considers the continuing influence of real estate after black emancipation. Real estate enabled post-slavery black dispossession and also facilitated the continuation of the United States as a settler empire.
3
Marshall, Ian. "Constructions of Race and Revolution in Ernest Hemingway’s “The Porter”." Hemingway Review 43, no. 1 (September 2023): 110–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hem.2023.a913500.
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Abstract: In this essay, Ian Marshall analyzes Ernest Hemingway’s writing methodology in his short fiction, paying particular attention to constructions of labor, landscape, and African American male identity. Marshall argues that Hemingway was incapable of imagining a black working-class revolution, or a racially unified working-class revolution in the United States. This inability shapes his characters actions, particularly George, the main African American character in “The Porter,” and contributes to our understanding of revolutionary and social class consciousness in the U.S. as presented in Hemingway’s fiction.
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McNicholl, Adeana. "The “Black Buddhism Plan”: Buddhism, Race, and Empire in the Early Twentieth Century." Religion and American Culture 31, no. 3 (2021): 332–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rac.2021.16.
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ABSTRACTThis article traces the life of a single figure, Sufi Abdul Hamid, to bring into conversation the history of the transmission of Buddhism to the United States with the emergence of new Black religio-racial movements in the early twentieth century. It follows Hamid's activities in the 1930s to ask what Hamid's life reveals about the relationship between Buddhism and race in the United States. On the one hand, Hamid's own negotiation of his identity as a Black Orientalist illustrates the contentious process through which individuals negotiate their religio-racial identities in tension with hegemonic religio-racial frameworks. Hamid constructed a Black Orientalist identity that resignified Blackness while criticizing the racial injustice foundational to the American nation-state. His Black Orientalist identity at times resonated with global Orientalist discourses, even while being recalcitrant to the hegemonic religio-racial frameworks of white Orientalism. The subversive positioning of Hamid's Black Orientalist identity simultaneously lent itself to his racialization by others. This is illustrated through Hamid's posthumous implication in a conspiracy theory known as the “Black Buddhism Plan.” This theory drew on imaginations of a Black Pacific community formulated by both Black Americans and by government authorities who created Japanese Buddhists and new Black religio-racial movements as subjects of surveillance. The capacious nature of Hamid's religio-racial identity, on the one hand constructed and performed by Hamid himself, and on the other created in the shadow of the dominant discourses of a white racial state, demonstrates that Buddhism in the United States is always constituted by race.
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Irshad, Saira, and Madiha Naeem. "Feminine Consciousness in Imran Iqbal's Fiction Writing." Negotiations 1, no. 3 (December 22, 2021): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.54064/negotiations.v1i3.25.
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عمران اقبال کی افسانہ نگاری میں تانیثی شعور
Imran Iqbal's name is prominent in Urdu fiction. He is from Bahawalpur but he is residing in the United States for employment. Imran Iqbal tried his hand at travelogues, fiction, novels and memoirs. He has made women and her issues the subject of his fictions. Imran Iqbal has presented a true picture of a woman who at every step faces various forms of male repressive behavior, outdated customs, husband and father-in-law atrocities, domestic violence and sexual harassment. Her fiction depicts women's psychological problems, the sexual appetites of landlords, capitalists, bureaucrats and top officials. Imran Iqbal has awakened Tanila consciousness through his pen.
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Martin, Theodore. "War-on-Crime Fiction." PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 136, no. 2 (March 2021): 213–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/s003081292100002x.
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AbstractThis essay tells the story of how the War on Crime helped remake American crime fiction in the 1960s and 1970s. Amid starkly racialized public anxieties about rising crime rates and urban uprisings, Lyndon B. Johnson officially launched the War on Crime in 1965. The cultural logic of Johnson's crime war infiltrated various kinds of crime writing in the ensuing decade. Tracking the crime war's influence on the police procedurals of Joseph Wambaugh; the Black radical novels of Sam Greenlee, John A. Williams, and John Edgar Wideman; and the vigilante fiction of Donald Goines and Brian Garfield, I argue that crime fiction in the War-on-Crime era emerged as a key cultural site for managing divergent political responses to a regime of social control that worked by criminalizing both race and revolt. By studying how novelists responded to the formative years of the War on Crime, we can begin to understand the complex role that literature played in alternately contesting and abetting the postwar transformation of the United States into a carceral state.
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Riddle, Travis, and Stacey Sinclair. "Racial disparities in school-based disciplinary actions are associated with county-level rates of racial bias." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 17 (April 2, 2019): 8255–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1808307116.
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There are substantial gaps in educational outcomes between black and white students in the United States. Recently, increased attention has focused on differences in the rates at which black and white students are disciplined, finding that black students are more likely to be seen as problematic and more likely to be punished than white students are for the same offense. Although these disparities suggest that racial biases are a contributor, no previous research has shown associations with psychological measurements of bias and disciplinary outcomes. We show that county-level estimates of racial bias, as measured using data from approximately 1.6 million visitors to the Project Implicit website, are associated with racial disciplinary disparities across approximately 96,000 schools in the United States, covering around 32 million white and black students. These associations do not extend to sexuality biases, showing the specificity of the effect. These findings suggest that acknowledging that racial biases and racial disparities in education go hand-in-hand may be an important step in resolving both of these social ills.
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Moore, Jenny C., and Annette L. Wszelaki. "The Use of Biodegradable Mulches in Pepper Production in the Southeastern United States." HortScience 54, no. 6 (June 2019): 1031–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci13942-19.
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Plasticulture systems with polyethylene (PE) mulch and drip tape are common for production of peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) in the United States because of their soil warming, moisture conservation, and other advantageous effects. However, disadvantages include disposal costs and plastic pollution of the environment and temperature stress in warm climates with black mulch. Use of biodegradable plastic mulches (BDMs) is becoming more common, as they provide the same benefits of PE mulch without the disposal problems. In 2017 and 2018, we conducted experiments in Knoxville, TN, comparing production of pepper fruit with five different BDM [one white-on-black (WOB) and four black], one black PE mulch, one brown creped, paper mulch, and bare ground control treatments. We also measured the durability and effectiveness of weed suppression of the different mulches over the growing season compared with a hand-weeded bare ground control. Most mulches were degraded, with 40% to 60% of the soil exposed by the end of the season, with the exception of the paper mulch, which was completely degraded at the end of both seasons. Yields were similar among treatments in 2017, with the exception of Naturecycle, which had the lowest yield. Weed pressure was severe, especially in 2018, largely due to early penetration of all mulches except paper by nutsedge. Due to the early and season-long weed pressure and heat stress in black mulches, there were fewer healthy plants in all black-colored mulch treatments in 2018, leading to reduced yields in these treatments. Paper mulch was the only treatment that prevented nutsedge growth; therefore, this treatment and the hand-weeded bare ground treatment had the greatest yields in 2018. WOB also had yields comparable with paper and bare ground plots in 2018, likely due to the cooling effect of the white mulch. The results suggest that in hot climates and in fields infested with nutsedge, paper mulches perform best for midseason pepper cultivation due to the cooling effects and superior weed control.
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Manditch-Prottas, Zachary. "Never Die Alone: Donald Goines, Black Iconicity, and Série Noire." MELUS: Multi-Ethnic Literature of the United States 48, no. 4 (November 22, 2023): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/melus/mlad073.
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Abstract Depending on who you ask, Donald Goines is a pioneer of Black popular fiction or a purveyor of shoddy pulp. This duality is illustrative of an impasse between American intelligentsia and Goines’s folk readership. Goines wrote sixteen novels between 1971-74 that have remained in print for sixty years with sales in the millions. Yet Goines remains an understudied American author and unacknowledged in the transnational reach of his writing. This essay offers the first scholarly consideration of Donald Goines’s status as a transnational author. Specifically, I analyze Goines’s promotion and reception in America and France. I will focus on Goines’s two prime distributors: Holloway House Publishing, which debuted Goines’s novels as the premier works of its Black Experience Books imprint in the early 1970s, and Gallimard Publishing, which translated Goines’s work into French as part of its famed crime fiction imprint, Série Noire, in the 1990s and early 2000s. This transnational comparative approach draws on three archives: Holloway House’s promotional materials that endorse Goines as the unprecedented authentic authorial voice of American Blackness, an unexamined element of the Holloway House archive that promotes Goines as an internationally revered author, and the nearly unacknowledged materials of Goines’s French publisher Gallimard that situate Goines as an author of American noir. Holloway House’s shift in promotional tactics and Série Noire’s prioritization of Goines as an author of American noir has two telling implications. First, it exposes how the racially essentialist logic of Holloway House linked authorial experience and literary fiction to promote the “authentic” Black experience as tethered to criminality. Second, it situates Goines in an internationally recognized US tradition of crime fiction in a way still largely unacknowledged in the United States.
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McCall, Srimayee Basu. "“Flaming Madras handkerchiefs and calico blazing with crimson and scarlet flowers”: Antebellum World Systems in Hannah Crafts’s The Bondwoman’s Narrative." Nineteenth Century Studies 35 (November 2023): 33–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/ninecentstud.35.0033.
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Abstract Hannah Crafts’s The Bondwoman’s Narrative (ca. 1853–61) is the earliest known work of fiction written by a Black woman in the United States. Its distinctiveness lies in the internationalism through which the labor regimes of the southern plantation are shown to be intimately bound to global sites of colonial dispossession. Besides unpacking the entangled strands of British and American imperialisms, the author-narrator critically emulates conventions of the nineteenth-century transatlantic literary marketplace, evincing an understanding of both her embodied self and her intellectual labor as commodities in a world system built with racialized labor. Crafts’s novel revises the notion of chattel slavery as provincial, situating it instead within the Atlantic World’s expansive flows of capital and commodities. It presents not a geographically and socially demarcated institution but a plantation empire that goes far beyond the contours of the American South or, indeed, the continental United States, creating a remarkably nuanced conception of Black positionality, one informed not only by race but also by global capital. As part of a broader field-based inquiry, this article probes the affordances of thinking about antebellum Black Atlantic political subjectivity as positioned between two imperialist projects: British abolitionism and American plantocratic expansionism.
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Martirosian, G. E. "AFRICANFUTURISM IN CONTEMPORARY NIGERIAN LITERATURE: THE CASE OF ‘PET’ BY AKWAEKE EMEZI." Bulletin of Udmurt University. Series History and Philology 32, no. 5 (October 14, 2022): 1104–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2412-9534-2022-32-5-1104-1109.
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This article is devoted to the literary analysis of Akwaeke Emezi’s ‘Pet’, the novel, as an Africanfuturist artifact of the contemporary literature of the Nigerian diaspora in the United States. Africanfuturism is considered in both political and methodogical opposition to Afrofuturism, and is understood as a critical artistic method that, within the framework of Black science fiction, recounts an alternative version of the future of African people. The scientific article describes the features of the implementation of science fiction subgenres in the literature of Nigerians, residents of Nigeria, and representatives of the Nigerian diaspora, and also substantiates their differences from traditional (European) fantasy narratives. By the case of ‘Pet’ by A. Emezi, which at many artistic levels goes against both the Nigerian and pan-European canons of science fiction, the markers of Africanfuturist criticism of the culture, the correlation between the magical (mythogical) and futurological as the main difference between Africanfuturism and Afrofuturism are shown.
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Barnard, John Levi. "Ancient History, American Time: Chesnutt's Outsider Classicism and the Present Past." PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 129, no. 1 (January 2014): 71–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2014.129.1.71.
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This essay advances a theory of black classicism as a mode of resistance to the dominant narrative of American history, according to which the United States was to be a new Rome, rooted in the best traditions of classical antiquity yet destined to surpass its antecedent through the redeeming power of American exceptionalism. In the late nineteenth century this narrative reemerged as a means of getting beyond sectional conflict and refocusing on imperial expansion and economic growth. For Charles Chesnutt, a post-Reconstruction African American writer, the progress of American civilization was a dubious notion, a fiction suited to the nation's imperial purposes. In opposition, Chesnutt developed an outsider classicism, challenging the figuration of the United States as inheritor of the mantle of Western civilization by linking the nation to the ancient world through the institution of slavery—a very present relic of the past.
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Haan, Michael. "The Homeownership Hierarchies of Canada and the United States: The Housing Patterns of White and Non-White Immigrants of the past Thirty Years." International Migration Review 41, no. 2 (June 2007): 433–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2007.00074.x.
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In this paper two gaps in North American immigrant homeownership research are addressed. The first concerns the lack of studies (especially in Canada) that identify changes in homeownership rates by skin color over time, and the second relates to the shortage of comparative research between Canada and the United States on this topic. In this paper the homeownership levels and attainment rates of Black, Chinese, Filipino, White, and South Asian immigrants are compared in Canada and the United States for 1970/1971–2000/2001. For the most part, greater similarities than differences are found between the two countries. Both Canadian and U.S. Chinese and White immigrants have the highest adjusted homeownership rates of all groups, at times even exceeding comparably positioned native-born households. Black immigrants, on the other hand, tend to have the lowest ownership rates of all groups, particularly in the United States, with Filipinos and South Asians situated between these extremes. Most of these differences stem from disparities that exist at arrival, however, and not from differential advancement into homeownership.
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Smith, Jacob. "Representing Themselves: Contesting Western Representations of Minoritized Communities in the Poetry of Danez Smith, Franny Choi, and Tommy Pico." Oregon Undergraduate Research Journal 20, no. 2 (November 16, 2022): 119–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5399/uo/ourj/20.2.9.
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Over time, dominant world powers like the United States have levied the tool of definition to dehumanize, delegitimatize, and disempower certain peoples. How society defines what is normal vs. abnormal, human vs. inhuman, positive vs. negative, and so on has the potential to privilege certain groups over others who are defined as worse in some way. However, dominant cultures do not hold the power of definition exclusively. In recent years, individuals from minoritized communities have taken to defining their identities independently of their dominant culture’s representation of them after fighting for and winning certain rights and liberties that they had previous been denied. In particular, some poets from minoritized communities within the United States have made self-identification central to their works. They do this by examining the ingrained misrepresentation of minoritized communities—located in the numerous forms of American mass media (television, film, literature, news, etc.)—and unmasking the embedded systems of oppression that pervade those misrepresentations. This essay analyzes a collection of poetry from three contemporary poets of minoritized communities within the United States: Danez Smith’s Don’t Call Us Dead, Franny Choi’s Soft Science, and Tommy Pico’s Nature Poem. In each of their collections, the poets resist American media’s misrepresentations of their specific identity by asserting their own experiences and identities as a point of direct contrast. Specifically, Danez Smith resists American media’s obsession with the deaths of contemporary Black people by celebrating Black life; Franny Choi addresses American media’s dehumanization of Asian-descended peoples by contesting the Asian-robot archetype from American science fiction; and Tommy Pico resists the historical ecological Indian stereotype by reimagining the nature poem. In all three of their collections, the poets take up the powerful weapon of language to both reject the false identities the United States has forced upon them and represent themselves in a way that is unadulterated by American media.
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Wang, Qiong. "A Brief Analysis on the Narrative Art of Pulp Fiction." Art and Society 2, no. 1 (February 2023): 42–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.56397/as.2023.02.06.
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Pulp Fiction by Quentin Tarantino was made in 1994. With its novel and unique method and structure of narration, the film won many international awards including the Academy Award, the Golden Globe Award and the Golden Palm. The film adopted a seemingly messy but orderly form of expression, showing black violence, vulgar, marginal and other narrative elements, as well as subverting the traditional narrative perspective and space, creating a brand new visual experience for the audience. Today, China’s movie market is very prosperous, China has become the second largest movie market after the United States, and has the largest movie audience in the world. However, the overall level of Chinese film industry is low. This paper analyzes the non-linear narrative structure and omniscient narrative perspective of Pulp Fiction, thus exploring the feelings it brought to the audience through its unique narrative method. By doing so, this paper hopes to provide some reference for the development of Chinese narrative film.
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Mehedinți, Mihaela. "Great Britain and the United States of America as alterity figures for Romanians in the modern epoch: Ethno-cultural images and social representations." Romanian Journal for Baltic and Nordic Studies 14, no. 1 (August 1, 2022): 99–123. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rjbns-2022-0006.
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Abstract The main characteristics of any given social group are defined through comparisons with members of other communities and result from a complex interplay. Identity and alterity are thus constructed simultaneously and interdependently in accordance with group representations emerging from various sources: direct contact through travelling, mere legends or more verifiable accounts, scientific or fictional works, press articles tackling diverse topics, school textbooks, almanacs, etc. The British and the Americans were not identified as the most noteworthy alterity figures by the Romanian mentality of the modern period, but they were surely perceived distinctively from other foreigners. Despite the cultural and/or geographical distance between Transylvania, Wallachia and Moldavia, on the one hand, and Great Britain and the United States of America, on the other hand, towards the end of the 19th century average Romanians were able to interwove information gathered from a wide range of sources and to transform it into realistic depictions of these two countries and their inhabitants. This process of defining the Other combined diachronic and synchronous tendencies, fiction and facts, stereotypes and truth. By synthesising the work done by previous researchers, the present study provides an overall image of the ways in which Great Britain and the United States of America were perceived by Romanians throughout the 18th and 19th centuries.
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Alsan, Marcella, and Sarah Eichmeyer. "Experimental Evidence on the Effectiveness of Nonexperts for Improving Vaccine Demand." American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 16, no. 1 (February 1, 2024): 394–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pol.20210393.
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We experimentally vary signals and senders to identify which combination will increase vaccine demand among a disadvantaged population in the United States—Black and White men without a college education. Our main finding is that laypeople (nonexpert concordant senders) are most effective at promoting vaccination, particularly among those least willing to become vaccinated. This finding points to a trade-off between the higher qualifications of experts on the one hand and the lower social proximity to low-socioeconomic-status populations on the other hand, which may undermine credibility in settings of low trust. (JEL D82, H51, I11, I12, I14, J15)
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Hidalgo, Dennis. "Charles Sumner and the Annexation of the Dominican Republic." Itinerario 21, no. 2 (July 1997): 51–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300022841.
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During his first term in the White House, President Ulysses Grant attempted to annex the Dominican Republic to the United States. Support for the proposed treaty came from both countries. The United States pressed the annexation plans motivated by the prospects of acquiring hegemony in the Caribbean, by the likelihood of increasing its commercial avenues, by the possibility of establishing a black state, by opportunistic entrepreneurs, and by the idea of the Manifest Destiny Doctrine intermingled with the Monroe Doctrine. On the other hand, the Dominican government supported annexation with the intention of annihilating a rebellion backed by the Haitian government, and by the desire to satisfy personal financial interest among the government elite. Moreover, the typical colonial structure of the country assisted the government's efforts toward annexation.
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Hensmans, Manuel. "A history of racial imaginaries: Mainstreaming the illicit industry of interracial porn in the United States (1916–2022)." Organization 31, no. 5 (June 20, 2024): 752–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13505084241237471.
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This paper analyzes how the socio-economic development of an industry co-evolves with the articulation of imaginaries of emancipation and domination. Drawing on political discourse theory, I analyze the US’ interracial porn movie industry (1916–2022) from its early, illicit beginnings through its commercial mainstreaming. Organized agents have developed this industry by articulating imaginaries that evoke economic emancipation, but provide new political and fantasmatic relevance to origin myths of racial and gendered superiority. The articulations of each generation of organized agents transgressed prior episodes’ limits to visualizing interracial sex. Yet, transgression remained firmly within the bounds of the disciplinary and security power apparatus of white patriarchical domination. In particular, successive imaginaries modernized the stereotypical myths of black Jezebels, black Brutes, pure white women, and civilized white men. Modernization of myths, technological democratization and mainstreaming went hand in hand. I provide critical explanations for these findings that contribute to the organizational literature on imaginaries. This includes the entrepreneurship-as-emancipation literature, and scholarship on myths, feminism and prefigurative organizing. Emancipatory imagining requires challenging the disciplinary and security limits of origin myths. By default of political and fantasmatic challenging of these mythical limits, they function as empty signifiers that are easily adapted to contemporary imagining. As a result, entrepreneurs’ and performers’ socio-economic emancipation discourse effectively re-articulates an imaginary of domination.
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Malykh, Viacheslav Sergeyevich. "HYBRID SPECULATIVE FICTION AS A GENRE PHENOMENON IN MODERN LITERATURE OF THE U.S. AND RUSSIA." Russian Journal of Multilingualism and Education 14 (December 28, 2022): 79–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2500-0748-2022-14-79-85.
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The article is devoted to theoretical exploration of modern hybrid speculative fiction. This term comprises a huge body of creative works which are written at the intersection of genres related to speculative prose. On the one hand, hybrid speculative fiction is rooted in post-modern epoch, on the other hand, it returns to the principles of hybrid genre genesis, which flourished at the beginning of the 20th century. The tendency to genre eclecticism is a common feature of a great number of modern creative works and seems to be an efficient way out of conceptual crisis emerged in speculative fiction at the close of the 20th century, that is why the future development of speculative fiction is expected to be closely connected with the expansion of hybrid genre forms. The overall goal of the article is to scientifically comprehend hybrid genres in modern speculative fiction of the United States and Russia. The investigation of hybrid speculative fiction as a genre and cultural phenomenon leads to setting three goals. Firstly, it is necessary to determine genre taxonomy of such genres of traditional speculative fiction as science fiction, fantasy, and horror. Secondly, it is necessary to investigate genre-forming models, which underlie modern hybrid works. Thirdly, it is important to understand common features of the works of hybrid speculative fiction. The study of the genre interaction in modern speculative fiction is based on the descriptive and functional methods. The comparison of Russian and American works involves the use of comparative, typological and cultural-historical methods. Using the genre blocks common for both literary criticism, readers’ expectations and publishing practice, it is possible to identify such genre-forming models of hybrid speculative fiction, as: science fiction+fantasy; science fiction+horror; fantasy+historical novel; fantasy+postmodernist novel. It is also possible to sum up such common features of the works of hybrid speculative fiction, as: irrational world outlook; distortion of the very structural basis of traditional science fiction; shift of sociocultural model of world outlook; polyphonic principle of narration and potentially an endless unravelling of the plot without a pronounced climax; postclassical narrative model; the complexity of storyline. To conclude, modern hybrid speculative fiction can be treated as a separate literary and sociocultural phenomenon in the literature of the U.S. and Russia. It destroys inner canons of traditional science fiction, it is deeply influenced by post-modern cultural paradigm, and could be described as a significant cultural movement, which is aligned with demands and values of modern society.
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Meyer, Ronald. "Anna Frajlich's New York City." Polish Review 67, no. 1 (April 1, 2022): 119–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/23300841.67.1.10.
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Abstract Anna Frajlich was exiled from her homeland in 1969 and arrived in the United States a year later. This article traces through her poetry and prose the arc of Frajlich's residence in New York, from wary foreigner, residing in windswept Brooklyn, up to her present status as retired Columbia University faculty member who has made her home on Manhattan's Upper East Side. In other words, from her earliest poem about Brooklyn in 1973 to poems in which she describes events from her apartment on the Upper East Side, published in early 2021. In the essay the author draws on his first-hand experience as participant in her 2017 reading at the Cornelia Street Café; translator of Frajlich's volume of short fiction, Laboratorium [The laboratory, 2018], and editor of Frajlich's Ghost of Shakespeare: Collected Essays (2020). While the poetry is the main object of study, the article looks at the short story “Laboratorium,” filling in the realia about the New York Blood Center behind the fiction, including the biography of the head researcher, Dr. Wolf Szmuness, an internationally recognized expert who came to the United States from Poland, after spending time in Stalin's Gulag. And lastly, the piece examines two poems published in 2021: “Morza i rzeki” [Seas and rivers], which brilliantly sums up Frajlich's interest in bodies of water, for example, “Brooklyn Canzone” (1973), and the poem “Z marginesu pandemii” [From the margins of the pandemic], where the poet sees hope for the end of the pandemic and the unnatural isolation experienced by so many in the previous year and a half.
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Coulibaly, Zakaria. "HUMAN RIGHTS ISSUES IN TRADITIONAL AFRICA VERSUS BLACKS’ CIVIL RIGHTS IN CONTEMPORARY AMERICA: A READING OF THE STORY OF OLAUDAH EQUIANO." Kurukan Fuga 2, no. 8 (December 31, 2023): 118–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.62197/qnar4532.
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This article aims at presenting and demonstrating through Equiano's story how the Traditional Africans of pre-colonial Africa perceived and dealt with the issue of human rights on the one hand; and on the other hand, it examines how the question of the rights of Black Americans are perceived and treated in American society today. In doing so, the study has used the theory of post-colonialism and comparative literature to analyze and interpret the two situations. As expected results, study has demonstrated that traditional Africans had established some social norms and rules which protected and guaranteed the basic rights of the populations without discrimination. However, it has been able to show that in the United States of today, portrayed as one of the most democratic nations and defenders of human rights, the basic rights of black Americans are still not guaranteed. They continue to experience multifaceted discrimination every day.
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Klikauer, Thomas, Norman Simms, Marcus Colla, Nicolas Wittstock, Matthew Specter, Kate R. Stanton, John Bendix, and Bernd Schaefer. "Book Reviews." German Politics and Society 40, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 104–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/gps.2022.400106.
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Heinrich Detering, Was heißt hier “wir”? Zur Rhetorik der parlamentarischen Rechten (Dietzingen: Reclam Press, 2019).Clare Copley, Nazi Buildings: Cold War Traces and Governmentality in Post-Unification Berlin (London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2020).Tobias Schulze-Cleven and Sidney A. Rothstein, eds., Imbalance: Germany’s Political Economy after the Social Democratic Century (Abingdon: Routledge, 2021).Benedikt Schoenborn, Reconciliation Road: Willy Brandt, Ostpolitik and the Quest for European Peace (New York: Berghahn Books, 2020).Tiffany N. Florvil, Mobilizing Black Germany: Afro-German Women and the Making of a Transnational Movement (Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 2020).Ingo Cornils, Beyond Tomorrow: German Science Fiction and Utopian Thought in the 20th and 21st Centuries (Rochester, NY: Camden House, 2020).Christian F. Ostermann, Between Containment and Rollback: The United States and the Cold War in Germany (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2021).
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Avant, Nicole D. "Structural Racism and Supporting Black Lives – A Pharmacist’s Vow amid COVID-19." INNOVATIONS in pharmacy 12, no. 2 (June 10, 2021): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.24926/iip.v12i2.3411.
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COVID-19 is disproportionately impacting Black communities in the United States due to racial structures that increase exposure (e.g., densely populated areas, substandard housing, overrepresentation in essential work) and promote underlying diseases that exacerbate COVID-19. This manuscript uses Oath of a Pharmacist as a framework to propose a set of best practices for pharmacists to mitigate inequities such as achieve competence in the ideology of structural racism; identify systems of power that jeopardize Black health; value Black voices; name the socio-structural determinants of health; define race as a socio-political construction; name historical and contemporary racism; apply resources equitably based on need; collect robust data to solve complex problems; diminish bias and view patients holistically in the contexts of inequities; and advocate for Black lives. While race is biological fiction, Black individuals are at an increased risk for COVID-19 cases, hospitalizations, and deaths than their white counterparts due to navigating generations of racist practices that often converge with other inequities—such as sexism, classism. To describe these racial health disparities, structured, racial disadvantage is commonly ignored while personal choices and clinical care are highlighted as the culprits. Achieving health equity requires comprehension, acceptance, and assessment of structural racism, and pharmacists are highly trusted, uniquely positioned healthcare professionals who, through their knowledge, skills, and resources, can help attenuate the effects of structural racism to support Black lives.
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McCormick, Marcia L. "The Equality Paradise: Paradoxes of the Law’s Power to Advance Equality." Texas Wesleyan Law Review 13, no. 2 (March 2007): 515–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.37419/twlr.v13.i2.9.
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This paper will compare the history of two of the three major civil rights movements in the United States, comparing the victories and defeats, and their results. The movement for Black civil rights and for women's rights followed essentially the same pattern and used similar strategies. The gay and lesbian civil rights movement, on the other hand, followed some of the same strategies but has differed in significant ways. Where each movement has attained success and where each has failed demonstrates the limits of American legal structures to effectuate social change.
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Tuncali, Dogan, Unzile B. Akbuga, and Gurcan Aslan. "Cutaneous anthrax of the hand: Some clinical observations." Indian Journal of Plastic Surgery 37, no. 02 (July 2004): 131–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1697228.
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ABSTRACT CONTEXT: Anthrax is a very rare disease in Europe and the United States. AIM: A case of cutaneous anthrax of the hand with a wide skin defect is presented and some clinical observations highlighted. CASE REPORT: A 56-year-old male patient with cutaneous anthrax attended our infectious diseases department with a swelling up to the upper arm. An urgent fasciotomy was undertaken with a diagnosis of compartment syndrome. A black eschar had formed on the dorsal surface of the hand. A superficial tangential escharectomy was performed. RESULTS: Viable fibrous tissue, about 4 to 5 mm in thickness over the extensor tendons, was found under the eschar. At the postoperative 2-year follow-up, remarkable healing was observed via skin grafting. CONCLUSIONS: Hand surgeons should be cautious against the compartment syndrome that may accompany cutaneous anthrax of the hand. A consistent viable fibrous tissue can be found below the eschar. The mechanism for the involvement of the hand dorsum needs further concern.
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Steyn, Johan. "Guantanamo Bay: The Legal Black Hole1." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 53, no. 1 (January 2004): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iclq/53.1.1.
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The most powerful democracy is detaining hundreds of suspected foot soldiers of the Taliban in a legal black hole at the United States naval base at Guantanamo Bay, where they await trial on capital charges by military tribunals. This episode must be put in context. Democracies must defend themselves. Democracies are entitled to try officers and soldiers of enemy forces for war crimes. But it is a recurring theme in history that in times of war, armed conflict, or perceived national danger, even liberal democracies adopt measures infringing human rights in ways that are wholly disproportionate to the crisis. One tool at hand is detention without charge or trial, that is, executive detention. Ill-conceived rushed legislation is passed granting excessive powers to executive governments which compromise the rights and liberties of individuals beyond the exigencies of the situation. Often the loss of liberty is permanent. Executive branches of government, faced with a perceived emergency, often resort to excessive measures. The litany of grave abuses of power by liberal democratic governments is too long to recount, but in order to understand and to hold governments to account, we do well to take intoaccount the circles of history.
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Hurley, Brian. "Murakami Haruki’s America: Talk, Taste, and The Specter of the Untranslatable." Japanese Language and Literature 58, no. 1 (April 5, 2024): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/jll.2024.344.
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The world-famous Japanese novelist Murakami Haruki (1949-) has been said to write universally-legible, made-to-be-translated fiction that is designed to circulate through the channels of global cultural commerce unimpeded by the thorny particularities of local specificity. But this article explores a different side of Murakami—a side that attuned to the untranslatable particularity of socially contextualized language as he heard it spoken around him during his time living in the United States in the early 1990s. Drawing on the scholar of comparative literature Michael Lucey’s approach to reading “the ethnography of talk,” the analysis focuses on how Murakami reconstructs a conversation about jazz that he had with a Black American interlocutor in New Jersey in the short essay “The Road Home From Berkeley” (Bākurē kara no kaerimichi), which appears in his volume of essays about living in the United States titled The Sadness of Foreign Language (Yagate kanashiki gaikokugo, 1994). As the article compares the styles of speaking documented in “The Road Home From Berkeley” with those that appear in the English- and Japanese-language versions of Miles Davis’s autobiography Miles (which Murakami discusses in “The Road Home From Berkeley”) and J.D. Salinger’s Catcher in the Rye (which Murakami translated himself), it reveals how Murakami has reflected on the specter of the untranslatable that haunts the global circulations of literature and pop culture.
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Melonas, Desireé R. "A Refusal to Be Cool." National Review of Black Politics 3, no. 3-4 (July 2022): 62–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/nrbp.2022.3.3-4.62.
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On July 1, 1968, closely following the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr., Esquire magazine published an interview with James Baldwin. At the very start of this interview, soliciting Baldwin’s view on the state of race relations in the United States, the editors of the magazine asked him rather straightforwardly: “How can we get the black people to cool it?” Baldwin responded without hesitation: “It is not for us to cool it.” I argue that this accusation-framed-as-question is an example of what philosopher Lewis Gordon calls a theodicean grammar, which refers to the way one expresses the belief that something or someone possesses god-like qualities or is, in actuality, a god. The result of adopting such a standpoint is that when problems arise, the deified being(s) evade responsibility, for it is presumed that “god” in its perfection cannot have imperfections. Against this view, it appears, then, that the responsibility for dealing with problems inherent in a given system, structure, or society rests squarely with those experiencing or having called attention to the issues at hand. Through a close read of this interview, I examine how the Esquire editors’ queries to Baldwin and his treatment of the question of race in the United States reveal the theodicizing evident in misrecognizing/mislocating the sources of black people’s suffering.
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Dworkin, Ira. "Radwa Ashour, African American Criticism, and the Production of Modern Arabic Literature." Cambridge Journal of Postcolonial Literary Inquiry 5, no. 1 (January 2018): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/pli.2017.44.
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In 1973, at the suggestion of her mentor Shirley Graham Du Bois, the Egyptian scholar, activist, teacher, and novelist Radwa Ashour enrolled at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, to study African American literature and culture. Ashour’s 1975 dissertation “The Search for a Black Poetics: A Study of Afro-American Critical Writings,” along with her 1983 autobiography,Al-Rihla: Ayyam taliba misriyya fi amrika[The Journey: An Egyptian Woman Student’s Memoirs in America], specifically engage with debates that emerged at the First International Congress of Negro Writers and Artists in September 1956 between African Americans and others from the African diaspora (most notably Aimé Césaire) regarding the applicability of the “colonial thesis” to the United States. This article argues that Ashour’s early engagement with African American cultural politics are formative of her fiction, particularly her 1991 novel,Siraaj: An Arab Tale,which examines overlapping questions of slavery, empire, and colonialism in the Arab world.
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Ghosn, Katia. "Procédés de décrédibilisation dans al-Fīl al-azraq, roman noir d’Aḥmad Murād." Arabica 65, no. 1-2 (February 27, 2018): 207–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700585-12341478.
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Abstract Contemporary Egyptian author Aḥmad Murād writes works of fiction as well as crime novels. The detective genre emerged very late on the Arab literary scene in comparison to its birth in the 19th century in the West. Al-Fīl al-azraq (The blue elephant), that we are about to analyse, is based on a psychological story. It fits into the matrix of the black novel as it appeared in the United States in the interwar period and incorporates many of its strategies. In this article, we will try to uncover the processes of “decredibilization” established in the novel, in order to create “undecidability” as to the outcome of the investigation and to set up, from a hermeneutic point of view, some confusion of meaning. We will try subsequently to underline the distinctive features of the generic model of the novel, prominent among which, the open structure, the fantastic themes, the use of the vernacular and a certain social realism outlook.
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Morozova, Irina V. "“A Woman Called Moses”: Literary Interpretations of Harriet Tubman’s Life." Literature of the Americas, no. 16 (2024): 169–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.22455/2541-7894-2024-16-169-189.
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The article is devoted to the formation of Harriet Tubman's image in the US literature. Two books belonging to the spread of Afrocentrism and the second wave of feminism — A. Petrie's non-fiction novel A Girl Called Moses: The Story of Harriet Tubman and M. Heidish's novel A Woman Called Moses — are chosen as the material for analysis. The article analyzes the main qualitative characteristics identified as early as in S. Bradford's book Harriet, Moses of Her People that form the discourse of race and gender in the mentioned narratives about Tubman, and identifies the main transformations of these characteristics. Thus, the work of African-American author A. Petrie reflects to a greater extent the sentiments of all her fellow women in the 1950s-60s Black Civil Rights Movement in the United States: while remaining within the generally accepted gender framework of feminine virtues, at the same time, the black woman was stepping out of her allotted racial limits. Furthermore, she shows that slavery is a cultural trauma that still defines how the African American community sees itself and its place in the society and how slavery is remembered as a means of self-identification within the African American community. Created by the white writer M. Heidish in the mid-1970s, during the rise of the second wave of the feminist movement, the novel reflects the very sentiments that characterized this movement and shows the view of a sympathetic Other on the issue of race. Thus, the article establishes the fact that Harriet Tubman plays a very important role in the African-American and women's discourse in the United States as an image that is given the necessary functions and qualities for its time based on the socio-cultural context contemporary to the interpreter.
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Guchua, Alika. "NATO Regional Approaches to Missile Defense – in the Context of Black Sea Security." Ante Portas - Studia nad bezpieczeństwem 2(15)/2020, no. 2(15)/2020 (December 2020): 11–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.33674/120201.
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In modern times, the security of the Black Sea region is given great attention in international politics. This is an important area of interest for the EuroAtlantic Alliance, as evidenced by the European Parliament's Strategy for the Black Sea, adopted in 2011. NATO's close attention at the 2016 Warsaw Summit and the Parliamentary Assembly in Bucharest in 2017 shows its interest in this issue, as well as at the 2019 Washington Ministerial meeting, which approved a package of security actions The Black Sea. After the annexation of Crimea by Russia, we can safely say that the region is included in the sphere of interests of global players. The Black Sea is simultaneously a confrontation line between global powers, where the interests of Russia and NATO, Russia and the European Union, on the one hand, and Turkey, Russia, and the United States, on the other, diverge. The article discusses the importance and role of the Black Sea in the context of global security. The policy of modernization and development of missile defense systems and strategic strike weapons in the Black Sea region is also being discussed. The main approaches and characteristics of NATO's regional security policy in the Black Sea are discussed.
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Serafinelli, Lorenzo. "Spatial Injustice and the Informal Housing Market in the United States: How Predatory Practices Impact upon Geographies." Legalities 4, no. 1 (March 2024): 98–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/legal.2024.0066.
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A large share of the African American population in the U.S. lives in poor areas characterized by high unemployment, low housing quality, and unhealthy living conditions, thus making low socioeconomic status a critical risk factor. Consequently, the higher Covid-19 death toll paid by Black Americans has been linked to the Redlining policies introduced by the Home Owners Loan Corporation in the 1930s. These policies are believed to have contributed to the development of segregated neighborhoods and ghettoization. Nowadays, we implicitly support a new form of Redlining, which comes in the different shape of the formal/informal market divide in housing. In fact, two pathways to homeownership have always existed in this legal framework. On the one hand, there is a well-established legal regime that provides families with a secure and marketable title to their homes. On the other hand, an informal regime is applied where the most vulnerable citizens (such as Blacks, Latinos, immigrants, and the poor) buy ‘on contract’. This is similar to an installment land contract whereby the seller can easily repossess the house since they are entitled to evict the would-be owner even when a single monthly payment is missed. Indeed, such contracts grew in number particularly in the aftermath of the 2007 subprime mortgage crisis, when the lack of equal access to credit for homeownership led many people to buy houses ‘on contract’. The article aims to show how these predatory lending practices, by fostering ghettoization, favored inequalities and jeopardized the spatial allocation of justice in the U.S.
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Bonnette, Lakeyta M., Sarah M. Gershon, and Precious D. Hall. "Free Your Mind: Contemporary Racial Attitudes and Post Racial Theory." Ethnic Studies Review 35, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 71–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/esr.2012.35.1.71.
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The inauguration of the United States first Black President has prompted mass discussions of race relations in America. It is often articulated that America is now in a post-racial society. However, the question still remains: does the election of a Black president demonstrate that America is now a “color-blind” society? To answer this question, we rely on data collected by PEW (2007). Our results suggest that white and African Americans differ significantly in the extent to which they express post-racial attitudes. Specifically, we find that whites more commonly express post-racial attitudes, claiming that racism and discrimination are rare, in opposition to African American views. On the other hand, blacks are more likely to believe that discrimination still occurs. We further find that whites' post-racial beliefs are significant determinants of their attitudes towards race-related policies, such as affirmative action.
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Lovelace, H. Timothy. "Making the World in Atlanta's Image: The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, Morris Abram, and the Legislative History of the United Nations Race Convention." Law and History Review 32, no. 2 (May 2014): 385–429. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0738248013000667.
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Atlanta's human rights community was buzzing, because the United Nations (U.N.) was coming to town. On Sunday, January 19, 1964, the front page of theAtlanta Daily World, the city's oldest black newspaper and the South's only black daily, announced, “United Nations Rights Panel to Visit Atlanta.” The U.N. Sub-Commission on the Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities (Sub-Commission), theDaily Worldexplained, was a fourteen nation “body that surveys the worldwide problems of discrimination.” The Sub-Commission had been invited to Atlanta by Morris Abram, a former Atlanta attorney and the lone United States member of the Sub-Commission, to study first-hand the city's well-publicized, efforts to improve in race relations. Sunday morning'sDaily Worldalso noted that the U.N. delegation “composed of experts, mostly lawyers and jurists” was in the midst of drafting a global treaty designed to end racial discrimination, and the local paper highlighted Abram's role as the primary drafter of the race accord. “Mr. Abram, as the U.S. expert on the subcommission has proposed a sweeping eight-point treaty,” the article reported. According to theDaily World, the pending race treaty—the treaty that would ultimately become the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD or Convention)—would address “segregation, hate groups and discrimination in public accommodations.”
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Hoke, Omer, Benjamin Campbell, Mark Brand, and Thao Hau. "Impact of Information on Northeastern U.S. Consumer Willingness to Pay for Aronia Berries." HortScience 52, no. 3 (March 2017): 395–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci11376-16.
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Consumption of berries has increased significantly over the past couple of years. As such, producers and retailers are experimenting with new berry varieties to capture market share and increase their profitability. We examine consumer preference and willingness to pay (WTP) for a relatively new-to-market berry (aronia: Aronia mitschurinii Skvortsov et Maitulina) compared with another relatively new berry (black currant: Ribes nigrum L.) as well as more traditional (raspberry: Rubus idaeus L., blueberry: Vaccinium corymbosum L., and blackberry: Rubus fruticosus L.) berries. Given that aronia berries have an astringent/bitter flavor while having high antioxidant levels we investigate how taste and health information impact preference and WTP. Furthermore, we add to the literature by investigating the differences in WTP for locally and nonlocally (regional, the United States, and outside the United States) labeled berries across varying retail outlets (i.e., farmer’s markets, farm stands, grocery store). We find that new berries (aronia and black currant) are heavily discounted compared with more traditional berries. Potentially negative taste information (i.e., astringent/bitter flavor) has a negative impact on WTP, whereas positive health information has a positive impact on WTP. The positive effect of health information tends to offset the impact of the negative taste information. With respect to local labeling and retail outlet, locally labeled berries at a farmer’s market and farm stand have WTP values similar to locally labeled berries at a grocery store. On the other hand, nonlocally labeled berries sold at a grocery store were discounted compared with locally labeled berries at a grocery store.
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Corten, André. "Port-au-Prince, Washington, Santo Domingo Premières leçons d'un embargo (Note)." Études internationales 25, no. 4 (April 12, 2005): 671–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/703386ar.
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After three pro-embargo resolutions from the OAS and five from the Security Council, an American military intervention authorized by the United Nations has enabled the democratically elected president Jean-Bertrand Aristide to return to office. This article seeks to trace the escalation from embargo to military intervention with reference to the transnationalization of social, economic, and political relations in which Haïti, the United States, and the Dominican Republic are directly involved. Large-scale population movements - deemed to be "threats to peace", and the importance of a "humanitarian" form of discourse and, even more so, a form of discourse about the "suffering" of the "unfortunate people of Haïti who are bearing... the full weight of sanctions" (Boutros-Ghali) are components of such transnationalized relations. These relations have developed in a setting that the boat people issue has determined in several ways, a setting where one can make out, on the one hand, a joining of forces between, among other people, the Haïtian priest-president and the U.S. congressional black caucus and, on the other hand, a shaky coalition comprising notably the president of the Dominican Republic, the Dominican archbishop, the Conference of Haitian bishops, the Vatican, and certain sectors of the American administration. Pena Gomez - a black man believed to be of Haïtian origin - ran as candidate for the Dominican presidential election and his candidacy was favoured for quite some time in the opinion polls. He ultimately failed, however, to provide an alternative in terms of political culture. The election on May 16, 1994 in the Dominican Republic was marked by incidents of fraud. The "international community", preoccupied as it was with re-establishing peace in Haiti, reacted feebly.
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Etherington, Norman. "Were There Large States in the Coastal Regions of Southeast Africa Before the Rise of the Zulu Kingdom?" History in Africa 31 (2004): 157–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0361541300003442.
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The Zulu kingdom holds a special place in both popular culture and historical scholarship. Zulu—a famous name, easy to spell and pronounce—is as recognizably American as gangster rap. The website of the “Universal Zulu Nation” (www.hiphopcity.com/zulu_nation/) explains that as “strong believers in the culture of hiphop, we as Zulus … will strive to do our best to uplift ourselves first, then show others how to uplift themselves mentally, spiritually, physically, economically and socially.” The Zulu Nation lists chapters in New York, Philadelphia, Chicago, Washington, Miami, Virginia Beach, Los Angeles, Detroit, New Haven, Hartford, New Jersey, and Texas. Mardi Gras in New Orleans has featured a “Zulu Parade” since 1916. The United States Navy underscores its independence from Britain by using “Zulu time” instead of Greenwich Mean Time. Not to be outdone, the Russian Navy built “Zulu Class” submarines in the 1950s and Britain's Royal Navy built a “Tribal Class Destroyer,” HMS Zulu. The common factor linking black pride, Africa, and prowess in war is the Zulu kingdom, a southeast African state that first attained international fame in the 1820s under the conqueror Shaka, “the black Napoleon.” His genius is credited with innovations that reshaped the history of his region. “Rapidly expanding his empire, Shaka conquered all, becoming the undisputed ruler of the peoples between the Pongola and Tugela Rivers … In hand-to-hand combat the short stabbing spear introduced by Shaka, made the Zulus unbeatable.” In South Africa Shaka's fame continues to outshine all other historical figures, including Cecil Rhodes and Paul Kruger. A major theme park, “Shakaland,” commemorates his life and Zulu culture. A plan was unveiled in 1998 to erect a twenty-story high statue of the Zulu king in Durban Harbor that would surpass the ancient Colossus of Rhodes.
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Karpf, Juanita. "The Vocal Teacher of Ten Thousand: E. Azalia Hackley as Community Music Educator, 1910–22." Journal of Research in Music Education 47, no. 4 (December 1999): 319–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3345487.
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Known as “the vocal teacher often thousand, ”Emma Azalia Hackley (1867-1922) dedicated much of her career to the promotion of music activities in black communities. She organized dozens of community gatherings at which she taught music reading fundamentals, techniques of singing, and appreciation of the classics to huge groups of amateur musicians and the general public. This essay introduces aspects of the late nineteenth-century musical landscape in the United States that preceded Hackley's entry into music education, and recounts her career as a community music educator. The article concludes with the identification of more recent manifestations of the philosophical underpinnings that informed her teaching, thereby establishing connections between her work and contemporary educational thought. Hackley's own writings serve as the primary source material for this discussion whenever possible, supplemented by first-hand accounts of her activities that appeared in the black press and those written by her associates. Her accomplishments add an important chapter to the history of community music education which has thus far received little scholarly attention.
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Anatol, Giselle Liza. "Getting to the Root of US Healthcare Injustices through Morrison’s Root Workers." MELUS 46, no. 4 (December 1, 2021): 186–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/melus/mlab053.
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Abstract Although a number of scholars have tackled the figure of the Black folk-healer in Toni Morrison’s novels, the character deserves greater attention in the present moment for the insights she provides into two contemporary catastrophes: the coronavirus pandemic and the structural racism that precipitates rampant violence against brown-skinned people in the United States. Beginning with M’Dear, the elderly woman who is brought in to treat Cholly’s Aunt Jimmy in The Bluest Eye (1970), I survey descriptions of several root workers, hoodoo practitioners, and midwives in Morrison’s fiction, including Ajax’s mother in Sula (1973) and Milkman’s aunt Pilate in Song of Solomon (1977). Morrison’s portraits of these women and their communities capture the endurance of African folk customs, the undervalued knowledge of aged members of society, and a sense of Black women’s strength beyond that of the physical, laboring, or hypersexual body. The fictional experiences of Morrison’s healers also alert readers to the very real injustices that have historically impeded the successes of African Americans—and continue to hamper them, as has been exposed during the COVID-19 crisis and public outrages over police brutality. These injustices include inequities in lifelong earning potential, education, housing, and access to healthcare. Paying closer attention to the Nobel Laureate’s root-working women makes her novels more than simply “transformative” and “empowering” for individual readers; analyzing these figures allows one to unearth important critiques of medical bias and other forms of discrimination against marginalized members of society—disparities that must be dismantled in the push for social change.
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Nelson, E. Charles. "Charles Whitlaw (né Whitly) (1771–1850): botanist, horticulturist, charlatan and quack." Archives of Natural History 40, no. 1 (April 2013): 94–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/anh.2013.0139.
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Charles Whitlaw (otherwise Whitly) was born in Yester, East Lothian, and received training in Edinburgh as a horticulturist before emigrating to North America where he spent about two decades from 1794. He collected botanical specimens, some of which are preserved in the herbarium at the National Botanic Gardens, Glasnevin, Dublin. In the United States, Whitlaw obtained a patent for processing the fibres of Urtica whitlawii which was named after him by Muhlenberg. On returning to Britain, he was proposed for election as a Fellow of The Linnean Society of London, but was black-balled. Returning again to North America Whitlaw gave lectures on botanical topics to general audiences using hand-painted “transparencies” acquired from Dr Robert Thornton. Later Whitlaw established “patent medicated vapour baths” in which he employed various North American plants with reputed medicinal properties. Claiming to be able to cure diseases such as scrofula, Whitlaw outraged the medical establishment and he was branded a charlatan and a quack.
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Parisot, Paul, Facerlyn Wheeler, Kemberlee Bonnet, Peter F. Rebeiro, Korlu McCainster, Robert Cooper, Vladimir Berthaud, David Schlundt, and April Pettit. "51. Patient Reported Outcomes Collection: A Mixed Methods Study at an urban HIV Clinic associated with a Historically Black Medical College in the Southern United States." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 8, Supplement_1 (November 1, 2021): S35—S36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofab466.051.
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Abstract Background Black Americans, particularly in the South, are disproportionately affected by the US HIV epidemic. We piloted the use of an electronic tablet to collect patient reported outcomes (PRO) data on social and behavioral determinants of health among people with HIV (PWH) at the Meharry Community Wellness Center (MCWC), an HIV clinic affiliated with a Historically Black Medical College in Nashville, Tennessee. Studies have shown PRO collection can improve patient outcomes and provide oft-overlooked data on mental health, substance use, and patient adherence to ART. Methods We enrolled 100 PWH in care at the MCWC consecutively to complete validated PRO tools (Table 1) using the Research Electronic Data Capture (REDCap) platform on a hand-held tablet. Using a purposive sampling strategy, we enrolled 20 of the 100 participants in an in-depth interview (IDI). Interview guide development was grounded in the Cognitive Behavioral Model in which thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are inter-related. IDIs were audio recorded, transcribed, de-identified, and formatted for coding. A hierarchical coding system was developed and refined using an inductive-deductive approach. Results Among 100 PWH enrolled, median age was 50 years, 89% were Black, 60% were male, and 82% were living below 100% of the Federal Poverty Level. IDI participants felt the tablet was easy to use and the question content was meaningful. Question content related to trauma, sexual and drug use behaviors, mental health, stigma, and discrimination elicited uncomfortable or distressing feelings in some participants. Patients expressed a strong desire to be truthful and most would complete these surveys without compensation at future visits if offered. Conclusion The use of an electronic tablet to complete PRO data collection was feasible and well received by this cohort of vulnerable persons in HIV care in the US South. Despite some discomfort, our cohort overwhelmingly believed this was a valuable part of their medical experience. Real-time PRO data collection allows providers to screen for and act on social and behavioral determinants of health. Future research will focus on scaling up the implementation and evaluation of PRO data collection in a contextually appropriate manner. Disclosures Peter F. Rebeiro, PhD, MHS, Gilead (Other Financial or Material Support, Single Honorarium for an Expert Panel)
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Esquivel-Suarez, Fernando. "The Wiz Khalifa Controversy and Hip-Hop's Pablo Escobar Archives." Cultural Politics 19, no. 2 (July 1, 2023): 241–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/17432197-10434405.
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Abstract This article analyzes the controversy caused in 2017 by US rapper Wiz Khalifa's narco-tour photos in Medellín, Colombia. Narco-tours are day-long excursions through the mobster Pablo Escobar's landmarks in the city: his properties, the neighborhoods he built, and the roof where the police killed him after years of waging war against the Colombian state. Unlike the polemic films and series on the Colombian drug lord, the Wiz Khalifa controversy was the first time an outcry about the depiction of Escobar was aimed at a US Black artist, particularly a rapper. The outraged reaction exhibited by politicians, audiences, and the national media reveal an unexplored archive of exchanges, miscommunications, and negotiations between, on one hand, a long list of hip-hop household names—including Jay-Z, Nas, Kanye West, Lil Wayne, and many others—who have incorporated the image of Escobar in their music, lyrics, aesthetics, and rhetoric and, on the other hand, Colombian institutional memorialization of the war on drugs. The author argues that Wiz Khalifa's pictures exemplify how mainstream hip-hop brings together the images of the Black American “hustler” and the Latin American “narco.” The juxtaposition of these two images is a denunciation of the similar conditions in Colombia and the United States that force people into the trade as well as a complicated and gory representation of the neoliberal ethos Escobar represents. The article concludes by registering how hip-hop's artistic uses of “Pablo”—as Escobar is known in the genre—clash with Colombian elites’ iconoclastic and moralistic stance in opposition to any representation of Escobar in the media.
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Benguigui, Daniel Romero. "Identidad nacional en Blacksad mediante la cultura marítima: análisis sobre las influencias del Atlántico y el Mediterráneo: LINEBMLCM." Traduction et Langues 22, no. 1 (June 30, 2023): 132–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.52919/translang.v22i1.933.
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National identity in Blacksad through maritime culture: analysis on the influences of the Atlantic and the Mediterranean: LINEBMLCM
Since its origins, the noir-criminal genre has produced debate on the national question in its narrative. Developed in the United States after the war, its adaptation to the european market led to the copy of american affairs, although it soon wanted to incorporate national themes. The debate continues to this day, and the Blacksad comic is proof of this. By spanish authors, published in the french-belgian market, and characterized as north american hard-boiled fiction, the discussion generated deals with their affiliation to one or another culture. In order to provide new perspectives, we want to incorporate recent studies on the mediterranean black novel into the narrative in Blacksad, to consider where the gaze of the character and its authors points. For this reason, our analysis consists of exposing the state of the question on the debate instituted around the comic, and inquiring into the cultural aspects that have determined its character, as it is a product where three different aspects converge. The three societies present in the discussion, in turn, are conditioned by thoughts born from looking towards the sea, being able to distinguish the influence of the Atlantic and the Mediterranean, which bathe the countries in ideological brawl: The United States with respect to the first; France and Spain for the second. Each one has developed a different line towards the genre that concerns us, the noir-criminal narrative, and although no one denies the birth of this literature by the north american hard-boiled, nor the influence of the french market to revive the genre even towards new media, such as comics, Spain seems to lose importance in the matter. The appearance of the previously mentioned mediterranean black novel offers new arguments to outline the treatment of culture in the work, which will be analyzed by referring to works consecrated in this narrative, with the goal of estimating to what extent the national and the homeland in the Blacksad series, more specifically, in the works included in his “color cycle”. In these comics, the plots derive from essential issues of the genre in its american aspect, but the treatment and character coincide with attitudes presented in the mediterranean narrative, which arose in response to the stereotypes of the genre. For this reason, the germ to debate about the homeland of the work is developed through examples, which rekindle the debate beyond propaganda, and allows us to delimit the extent to which the importance of culture, original and acquired, influences artistic creation and literature.
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Sampietro-Colom, Laura, Victoria L. Phillips, and Angela B. Hutchinson. "Eliciting women's preferences in health care: A review of the literature." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 20, no. 2 (April 2004): 145–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462304000923.
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Objectives: The increasing availability of information about health care suggests an expanding role for consumers to exercise their preferences in health-care decision-making. Numerous methods are available to assess consumer preferences in health care. We conducted a systematic review to characterize the study of women's preferences about health careMethods: A MEDLINE search from 1965 to July 1999 was conducted as well as hand searches of the itshape Medical Decision Making Journal (1981–1999) and references from retrieved articles. Only original articles on women's health issues were selected. Information on thirty-one variables related to study characteristics and preferences were extracted by two independent investigators. A third investigator resolved disagreements. Qualitative and quantitative analyses were conducted to synthesize the data.Results: Four hundred eighty-three studies were identified in the initial search. Seventy articles were selected for review based on title, abstract, and inclusion criteria. There was an increase in published articles and number of methods used to elicit preferences. White women were studied more than black women (p<.001). Preferences were mainly studied in outpatient settings (p<.005) and in the United States, United Kingdom, and Canada (83 percent). Preferences related to participation in decision-making were the most common (21 percent). Only 4 percent of the studies were performed to inform the debate for public policy questions. Willingness to pay was the method most used (11 percent), followed by category scaling (10 percent), rating scale (9 percent), standard-gamble (6 percent). Preferences for individual particular (opposed to sequential and health states) outcomes (68 percent), different treatments/tests (47 percent), and related to a treatment episode (31 percent) were addressed. Information regarding diseases, conditions, or procedures was given in 57 percent of studies. Information provided was mainly written (37 percent) and included positive and negative potential outcomes (67 percent). There is no relationship between the method or tool used for delivery information and the choice performed.Conclusions: The literature on preferences in women's health care is limited to a fairly homogeneous population (white women from the United States, United Kingdom, and Canada). Additionally, use of utility-based measures to capture preferences has decreased over time while others methods (e.g., time trade-off [TTO], contingent valuation) have increased. Women's preferences are not necessarily uniform even when asked similar questions using similar tools. Little information on women's preferences exists to inform policy-makers about women's health care.
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Lu, Yi, Zhenyu Huo, Fan Ge, and Jiachun Luo. "Pregnancy Status Is Associated with Lower Hemoglobin A1c among Nondiabetes Women in the United States from NHANES 2005–2016." International Journal of Endocrinology 2022 (January 24, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/4742266.
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Background. It has been verified that the incidence rate of diabetes mellitus (DM) is sharply increased in pregnant female adults. However, the relationship between pregnant status and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) in nondiabetes women remains unclear. Methods. We conducted a cross-sectional study of 7762 participants in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005–2016. Multivariable linear regression models were performed to evaluate the associations between pregnant status with HbA1c and serum glucose in nondiabetes women. Results. HbA1c was significantly lower in the pregnant group than in the nonpregnant group. There was a negative association between urine pregnancy test and HbA1c in all three models (model 1: β = −0.23, 95% CI: (−0.18 to −0.27); model 2: β = −0.20, 95% CI: (−0.15 to −0.24); model 3: β = −0.24, 95% CI: (−0.20 to −0.29)). In the subgroup analysis stratified by age, this negative association existed in all age subgroups (age <20: β = −0.20, 95% CI: (−0.04 to −0.27); age ≥20, <35: β = −0.24, 95% CI: (−0.20 to −0.29); age ≥35: β = −0.28, 95% CI: (−0.17, −0.39)). In the subgroup analysis stratified by race, the negative associations steadily existed in different subgroups (Mexican American:β = −0.20, 95% CI:(-0.11 to -0.29); Other Hispanic:β = -0.31, 95% CI: (-0.16 to -0.46); Non-Hispanic White: β = −0.24, 95% CI: (−0.17 to −0.31); Non-Hispanic Black: β = −0.21, 95% CI: (−0.12 to −0.31); Other races:β = −0.22, 95% CI: (−0.08 to −0.35)). On the other hand, a negative association between self-reported pregnant status and HbA1c was also found (model 1: β = −0.22, 95% CI: (−0.18 to −0.27); model 2: β = −0.19, 95% CI: (−0.15 to −0.2); model 3: β = −0.23, 95% CI: (−0.19 to −0.28)). In the subgroup analysis stratified by age, this negative association also existed in all age subgroups. Conclusions. The study indicated that nondiabetes women with pregnant status had significantly lower HbA1c compared with those nonpregnant. Moreover, the negative associations between pregnant status and HbA1c steadily existed in subgroups stratified by age and gender.
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Otero, Jessica, Emeka Iweala, Ademola Popoola, Paul Jibrin, Mohammed Faruk, Anthonia Sowumi, Omolara Fatiregun, et al. "Abstract B073: Quality of life indicators including mental health factors in CaPTC prostate cancer familial cohort study of men of African Ancestry in Nigeria, Cameroon, and United States." Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 32, no. 1_Supplement (January 1, 2023): B073. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7755.disp22-b073.
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Abstract INTRODUCTION The Prostate Cancer Transatlantic Consortium (CaPTC) has the goal of better understanding the burden of prostate cancer among Black men of West African descent. While prostate cancer disproportionately affects Blacks around the world, little research is done to understand what mental health and social support play a role in prostate cancer risk factors. The purpose of this 10-year longitudinal study is to establish a cohort of U.S.-born Black men, West African-born Black men who reside in the U.S, and West African Black men in Africa who would be prospectively and longitudinally followed to better understand the cause of prostate cancer and how different factors might influence it. METHODS Study staff partnered with community-based organizations, events, and stakeholders to engage with the priority population. Snowball sampling was also used for recruitment. All participants were made aware of the longitudinal nature of the study and that they would be contacted every two years for follow-up. Informed consent was done in community settings electronically and on paper. Once consent was received, participants completed the survey with a unique identifier and filled out a Cohort Contact sheet. They were given the option to complete this on their own or with the help of the study staff. Study Staff would then measure participants’ weight, height, and waistline, to be recorded on the survey form. After this, participant saliva was collected and tracked with the unique identifier. All collected data was stored on RedCap and a Chi-squared test was utilized to identify statistical significance. RESULTS 803 participants are included in this data with 77 in Cameroon, 663 in Nigeria, and 59 in the United States. When asked about emotional support, 13.6% (US) 11.8% (Nigeria), and 14.3% (Cameroon) indicated never or rarely having emotional support. 5.8% of those in the United States, 5.6% of those in Nigeria, and 7.8% of those in Cameroon felt dissatisfied or very dissatisfied with their lives. The p-value for both was found to be <0.001, therefore, suggesting statistical significance. On the other hand, participants described having an average of 6.53 (US), 9.4 (Nigeria), and 8.26% (Cameroon) days where their mental health was not good. However, this was statistically insignificant with a p-value of .95. CONCLUSION Mental health issues have been on the rise since the COVID-19 pandemic. While many people of color have stigmatized needing mental health help, it is important to find ways to overcome this barrier in assessing mental health and social support needs. Future research should continue to ask mental health and social support questions in order to assess their role in prostate cancer risk factors. Citation Format: Jessica Otero, Emeka Iweala, Ademola Popoola, Paul Jibrin, Mohammed Faruk, Anthonia Sowumi, Omolara Fatiregun, Nkegoum Blaise, Catherine Oladoyinbo, Ifeoma Okoye, Abdulkadir Ayo Salako, Abidemi Omonisi, Iya Eze Bassey, Kayode Adenji, Nggada Haruna Asura, Ernest Kaninjing, Oluwole Kukoyi, Parisa Fathi, Ruth Enuka, Oluwaseyi Toye, Jennifer Crook, Folakemi Odedina. Quality of life indicators including mental health factors in CaPTC prostate cancer familial cohort study of men of African Ancestry in Nigeria, Cameroon, and United States [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 15th AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2022 Sep 16-19; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2022;31(1 Suppl):Abstract nr B073.
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Belle, La Vaughn, Tami Navarro, Hadiya Sewer, and Tiphanie Yanique. "Ancestral Queendom." Nordisk Tidsskrift for Informationsvidenskab og Kulturformidling 8, no. 2 (February 11, 2020): 19–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/ntik.v7i2.118478.
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This article is written in what can be described as the “post-centennial” era, post 2017, the year marked by the 100th anniversary of the sale and transfer of the Virgin Islands from Denmark to the United States. 2017 marked a shift in the conversation around and between Denmark and its former colonies in the Caribbean, most notably the increasing access of Virgin Islanders to the millions of archival records that remain stored in Denmark as they began to emerge in online databases and temporarily in exhibitions. That year the Virgin Islands Studies Collective, a group of four women (La Vaughn Belle, Tami Navarro, Hadiya Sewer and Tiphanie Yanique) from the Virgin Islands and from various disciplinary backgrounds, also emerged with an intention to center not only the archive, but also archival access and the nuances of archival interpretation and intervention. This collaborative essay, Ancestral Queendom: Reflections on the Prison Records of the Rebel Queens of the 1878 Fireburn in St. Croix, USVI (formerly the Danish West Indies), is a direct engagement with the archives and archival production. Each member responds to one of the prison records of the four women taken to Denmark for their participation in the largest labor revolt in Danish colonial history. Their reflections combine elements of speculation, fiction, black feminitist theory and critique as modes of responding to the gaps and silences in the archive, as well as finding new questions to be asked.
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Owens, Sherry, Alfgeir Kristjansson, and Haslyn E. R. Hunte. "A Differential Item Functional Analysis by Age of Perceived Interpersonal Discrimination in a Multi-racial/ethnic Sample of Adults." Ethnicity & Disease 25, no. 4 (November 10, 2015): 479. http://dx.doi.org/10.18865/ed.25.4.479.
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<p> We investigated whether individual items on the nine item William’s Perceived Everyday Discrimination Scale (EDS) functioned differently by age (<45 vs ≥45) within five racial groups in the United States: Asians (<em>n</em>=2,017); Hispanics (n=2,688); Black Caribbeans (<em>n</em>=1,377); African Americans (<em>n</em>=3,434); and Whites (<em>n</em>=854). We used data from the 2001-2003 National Survey of American Lives and the 2001- 2003 National Latino and Asian Studies. Multiple-indicator, multiple-cause models (MIMIC) were used to examine differential item functioning (DIF) on the EDS by age within each racial/ethnic group. Overall, Asian and Hispanic respondents reported less discrimination than Whites; on the other hand, African Americans and Black Caribbeans reported more discrimination than Whites. Regardless of race/ethnicity, the younger respondents (aged <45 years) reported less discrimination than the older respondents (aged ≥45 years). In terms of age by race/ethnicity, the results were mixed for 19 out of 45 tests of DIF (40%). No differences in item function were observed among Black Caribbeans. “Being called names or insulted” and others acting as “if they are afraid” of the respondents were the only two items that did not exhibit differential item functioning by age across all racial/ethnic groups. Overall, our findings suggest that the EDS scale should be used with caution in multi-age multi-racial/ethnic samples. <em>Ethn Dis</em>.2015;25(4):479-486; doi:10.18865/ed.25.4.479</p>