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Journal articles on the topic 'BLACK FUNGUS'

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Author: Grafiati
Published: 11 September 2023

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1

Kothari, Ayush Pravin, and Shivam Vivek Kulkarni. "Analysis of Black Fungus." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 6 (June 30, 2022): 2177–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.44215.

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Abstract: Black Fungus has been one of the crucial diseases after the 2nd wave in India Covid-19-era. Researchers have shown that people are more aware of their health now and are starting to take it seriously. Hence even the healthcare system is now extended to online and electronic mediums to assist people. While treating black fungus patients n number of doctors scarifies their lives. This information will be useful for next-generation youth how to take precautions where a pandemic is going on.
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2

Abdel-Gawad, Khayria M. "Mucormycosis (The Black Fungus)." American Journal of Biomedical Science & Research 13, no. 4 (July 21, 2021): 456–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.34297/ajbsr.2021.13.001896.

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3

Wang, Shuaiyang, Weidong Song, Mingyou Wang, Jiaoling Wang, Tianhang Ding, Dehuan Zhou, and Shixin Ma. "Tests and analyses on physical and mechanical properties of fresh black fungus in picking season." PLOS ONE 17, no. 10 (October 13, 2022): e0275565. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0275565.

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This study determined the physical and mechanical characteristics of fresh black fungus during the harvesting season to provide basic data for the development of mechanical equipment for black fungus harvesting and processing. We have conducted a comprehensive test of black fungus cultivars “Heishan”. The mono-factor separation force experiments of black fungus and black fungus virgulate medium were conducted. It was noted that the tension angle was an important factor affecting the separation force, which was mainly distributed between 1.06 and 3.65 N. Besides, the average value of Poisson’s ratio of black fungus was measured to be 0.445 in the tensile test of black fungus leaves using image recognition and analysis techniques, with a test error within 2.5%; and the average value of tensile elastic modulus and shear elastic modulus of black fungus leaves was 0.947 MPa and 0.327 MPa, respectively; we also found that the average tensile strength at the root of black fungus was not significantly different from that at the leaf, which was around 0.436 MPa. In addition, it was obtained that the height and thickness dimensions of black fungus in the picking season conformed to a normal distribution, and concentrated around 34.39mm and 0.92mm respectively.
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Acharya, Biswajeet, Prafulla Kumar Sahu, Gurudutta Pattnaik, Amulyaratna Behera, Santosh Kumar Ranajit, Dinesh Kumar Sharma, and Ashish Kumar Meher. "Black Fungus: Pandemic Devastating India?" International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nanotechnology 15, no. 2 (April 30, 2022): 5898–915. http://dx.doi.org/10.37285/ijpsn.2022.15.2.9.

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Black fungus is the latest threat to the patients who just recovered from the covid-19. Black fungus is a type of mucormycosis infection, predominantly seen in patients with co-morbidities, mainly diabetes, cancer, immunocompromised infections, and organ transplant. Rising black fungus cases are not only a major aesthetic problem disrupting the medical and socioeconomic system, but it also senses another upcoming pandemic in India. Black fungus has a clinical appearance that is indistinguishable from other common illnesses at first, and it is invariably deadly unless diagnosed early or untreated vigorously. Rapid and precise diagnostic procedures, as well as the availability of less toxic, more effective antifungal drugs like posaconazole and isavuconazole, should be pursued as targets for improved black fungus care. The liposomal Amphotericin B had brought new rays of hope for treating black fungus by providing better efficacy amongst people. Since there is a dearth of literature regarding the management of black fungus patients, the article focused on the incidences, prevalence, diagnosis, and treatment protocol, to gain insight into the extent of this epidemic in India in 2021.
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P.Sri Lakshmi Durga and M . Kalidas. "BLACK FUNGUS DETECTIONUSING MACHINE LEARNING." international journal of engineering technology and management sciences 6, no. 6 (November 28, 2022): 393–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.46647/ijetms.2022.v06i06.070.

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Fungus is extremely disreputable and dangerous for human health and cause various life- threatening diseasesto humans. Thousands of different fungusspecies exist in the world and sporesalways present in environment. Its sign and symptom are non-specific. Mucormycosis also knownas black fungus is a fungal infection that causes discoloration over nose and eye, blurred or doublevision, chest pain, breathing difficulties, fever and cough.The main aim of this project is to analyse and predict the infection probability based on the black fungus images with help of fungus detection system and algorithms to automatically detects fungus using machine learning techniques. we are using in project CNN algorithm.The dataset used is raw data based on the pulmonary Mucormycosis symptoms.
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6

Uddin, Khwaja Nazim. "Black fungus: a new threat." BIRDEM Medical Journal 11, no. 3 (August 22, 2021): 164–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/birdem.v11i3.55213.

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7

Ahammed, Shaik Gundikota Javeed, Pradeepkumar Bhupalam, Hindustan Abdul Ahad, Haranath Chinthaginjala, Syed Rahamathulla, and Srividya Yadav. "Black Fungus: A Lethal Communal Issue After Winning the Life Battle Against COVID-19." Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal 14, no. 4 (December 30, 2021): 2095–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bpj/2306.

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The authors aimed to give a quick reference guide for humanity about the new threat even after the COVID-19 health battle i.e., the Black fungus also baptized as Mucormycosis infection. After recovering from COVID-19, patients with diabetes mellitus and patients who have undergone steroidal treatment are more prone to black fungus infection. This review gives quick information about various types of Mucormycosis infections, risk factors, symptoms, treatment, and prevention of black fungus. The things that can be and cannot be done to eradicate the black fungus. Any sign of black nasal mucosa/sputum, fever, headache, hazy/blurred/double vision with eye pain, loss of one side sensation on face and loss in the sensation while chewing, etc., then it should not be neglected and immediately intimated to the health professionals and get treated. If black fungus is unidentified early stages and untreated in time, the patients may lose their facial/neck parts as a part of cleaning surgery. The study concludes that by maintaining hygienic conditions, health checkups, and doctors’ advice one can fight and eradicate the black fungus.
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8

Khan, Md Mohasin Hussain, and Mohammed Daulat Hossain Bhuiyan. "Black fungus gnat – An invasive pest of French bean in Bangladesh." Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, Science 49, no. 1 (July 11, 2023): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jasbs.v49i1.67591.

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French bean is an important vegetable in most tropical and subtropical countries and is a food source for humans and animals. A survey was carried out on the Patuakhali Science and Technology University (PSTU) campus, Narsingdi, Sylhet, Hobigonj, and Mowlovibazar districts of Bangladesh to know the incidence pattern of insect pests of French bean from November 2016 to January 2017. Field screening of nine French bean varieties against major insect pests was conducted in the Regional Horticulture Research Centre, BARI, Shibpur, Narsingdi, from November 2017 to January 2018. Seven varieties viz., BARI Jharsheem-1, BARI Jharsheem-2, BARI Jharsheem-3, Sylhet local- 4, Sylhet local-5, Sylhet local- 6 and Sylhet local-7 were used as study materials to evaluate against major insect pests of French bean under natural field condition. Results revealed that black fungus gnat was first noticed on 13th December, 2016 and the prevalence continued upto the 12th January, 2017. The highest incidence (21/plant) of black fungus gnat was found in Habiganj and the lowest (9/plant) was on the PSTU campus. The highest number of black fungus gnats were captured at 38 DAS (89/trap) and the lowest number (56/trap) of black fungus gnats were at 28 DAS using a yellow sticky trap. The variety BARI Jharshim-3 had the highest population of Black fungus gnats, which indicated that the variety was highly susceptible to Black fungus gnats, while Sylhet local-7 had the lowest population of black fungus gnats indicating least susceptible to Black fungus gnats. Among all tested varieties, none showed complete resistance against black fungus gnats. J. Asiat. Soc. Bangladesh, Sci. 49(1): 1-11, June 2023
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9

Ratulangi, Max Marthen, Jimmy Rimbing, Berty H. Assa, and Frangky Rorong. "Exploring and Identifying the Effects of Entomopathogenic Fungi to Rice black bugs, Scotinophara sp in Rice paddy in Bolaang Monondow." International Journal of ChemTech Research 13, no. 3 (2020): 218–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.20902/ijctr.2019.130319.

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Scotinophara sp is a major pest that damages rice fields in Bolaang Mongondow. The use of insecticides failed to stop the rice black bugs attacks. Entomopathogenic fungi can be used to reduce rice black bugs population. However, the function of the type of fungus that can eradicate rice black bugs was not yet identified. This experimental research was conducted to identify the types of fungus that attack rice black bugs by taking samples of nymphs and imago attacked by entomopathogenic fungi in Bolaang Mongondow Regency. Sampling of rice black bugs was done 3 times. Koch’s postulates test was employed to see the fungus that infect the rice black bugs. Samples were isolated on PDA media (Patato dextrose agar). Entomopathogenic fungi were purified, then inoculated on healthy rice black bugs. Rice black bugs infected with fungi were isolated again on PDA media. In a mass, of fungus colonies showed reddish white field and after being isolated on PDA media of the colony agregate, entomopathogenic Paecilomyces sp. fungus and Fusarium sp were found. Fungi as pathogenic agent was only found in Paecilomyces sp. The rice black bugs (Scotinophara sp.) were isolated on culture media and inoculation in healthy Scotinophara sp showed the same color of the colony during sampling of Scotinophara sp. infected with fungus. Both fungi were scattered at the location of Scotinophara sp infected with fungi.
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Eman A.R. Al-Mazorey and Saleh Easa Mohammad. "Isolation and Identification of Some contaminant fungi and Detection of Aflatoxin in flour and produced bread and loaf in Duhok city." Tikrit Journal of Pure Science 21, no. 7 (February 8, 2023): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjps.v21i7.1103.

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This study aimed to isolate and detect some contaminant fungi and its produced mycotoxins on flour and its produced bread and loaf in Duhok city, Kurdistan Region, Iraq, This study included samples of local and imported flour (White & Black), and also the produced bread and loaf. The study showed different species of contaminant fungi , and the fungus Aspergillus flavus was the dominant fungus, which isolated from both the local black flour and Iranian black flour, and fungus Penicillium sp, which isolated from both the local white flour and Iranian black flour, then fungus A.niger, which isolated from Iranian black flour only, and all the samples of produced bread and loaf were free from any contaminant fungi. Investigation of effect of temperature degrees and cultures media on growth of the isolated fungi from flour samples, its cultured characteristics and microscopic picture, showed that this fungus is A.flavus, and there are two isolates (7,9) produced aflatoxin, which are local black flour and black Iranian flour respectively, but agreed with the allowed limits of World Health Organization.
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11

Yao, Hongwei, Yang Liu, Zheng Feei Ma, Hongxia Zhang, Tingting Fu, Zunqiang Li, Yuanjing Li, et al. "Analysis of Nutritional Quality of Black Fungus Cultivated with Corn Stalks." Journal of Food Quality 2019 (June 10, 2019): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/9590251.

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Black fungus is a homologous fungus of medicine and food. Its nutrient content determines the health value, and the accumulation of nutrients is easily affected by the substitute materials. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of corn stalks as a cultivation substitution material for sawdust on macronutrients, micronutrients, and functional components of black fungus. The results reported that corn stalks could significantly increase the content of ash, protein, copper, and iron in black fungus, but reduce the content of zinc, magnesium, manganese, and colloidal substances; corn stalks had less effect on melanin and polyphenols; its effect on water, total sugar, reducing sugar, crude fiber, and total flavonoids was insignificant. Therefore, the study provided a theoretical basis for the cultivation of black fungus with corn stalks.
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12

Gundavarapu, Mallikarjuna Rao, Bhargavi Lella, Shriya Manda, Lakshmi Prasanna Nekkanti, and Prerana Panchareddy. "Performance Analysis of Deep Learning Techniques Detecting Black Fungus." International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology 11, no. 4 (April 30, 2022): 87–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijeat.d3481.0411422.

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Mucormycosis, which is also commonly known as "Black Fungus", is a deadly fungal infection that is caused by a group of molds called "mucormycetes". Black Fungus attacks when one gets in contact with fungus spores in the environment, especially when a person is having any kind of skin trauma like a cut, scrape, burn, etc. They noted that this infection affects a person who is having other health issues like diabetes, cancer, organ transplants, or who is using other drugs which compromise the immune system. The spread of coronavirus has hiked the cases of Black Fungus as coronavirus leaves its patient’s immune systems in a weakened state, making them more susceptible to Mucormycosis. The symptoms of black fungus when the body gets attacked vary depending on where it is growing in your body, some of the recognized symptoms include fever, cough, chest pain, headache, swelling and redness of eyes, discoloration over the eyes, nose, and sides of one's face, blurred vision and in severe cases loss of vision, blood vomits, shortness of breath. It enters the body via the nose, mouth, or eyes and can affect the brain and other organs if not treated on time. The primary aim of this project is to detect black fungus using Deep Neural Networks based on the iris dataset. We have experimented with various deep learning techniques for detecting black fungus from eye image datasets, such as VGG16, ResNet-50, InceptionV3, and AlexNet.
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13

Zafar, Humaira, Irfan Ali Mirza, Wajid Hussain, and Muhammad Fayyaz. "Black Fungus an Escalating Threat for Covid-19 Patients Calling Out Captivation." Clinical Research and Clinical Trials 4, no. 2 (August 24, 2021): 01–05. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2693-4779/053.

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Background Current year 2021, brought a hope for the world due to availability of various vaccines to prevent COVID 19. Researchers around the Globe, kept working around the clock to dig up various correlations of this infection. So, that morbidity and mortality rates can be reduced. In all this sprint, cases of black fungus came into light in India. The Indian researchers identified strong association of black fungus co infection in COVID patients resulting in high mortality rates. Objectives Therefore, this current systematic review was planned to identify the predisposing factors, clinical presentations and management options for black fungus in COVID 19 patients. Methodology: This ‘systematic review’ was carried out following preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis (PRISMA) guidelines & various search engines. Total 20(N) articles were selected and included for study. After following PRISMA guidelines and based upon inclusion and exclusion criteria of study, total 05 (N) manuscripts, were included. Results Out of 05(N) selected articles, 80 %( 04) strongly supported strong association of black fungus with COVID 19 patients. The highlighted predisposing factors includes, immunosuppression, anti virals, prolong hospital stay, use of tocilizumab and steroids as management of COVID patients. Timely diagnosis and provision of anti-fungal can be helpful to reduce mortality form this co infection. Conclusion It is concluded that immunosuppression, anti virals, prolong hospital stay, use of tocilizumab and steroids as management of COVID predisposes to black fungus. Timely diagnosis and use of systematic anti fungals can reduce mortality rate form this co infection.
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14

Little, Ainslie E. F., and Cameron R. Currie. "Symbiotic complexity: discovery of a fifth symbiont in the attine ant–microbe symbiosis." Biology Letters 3, no. 5 (August 7, 2007): 501–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2007.0253.

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The fungus-growing ant–microbe mutualism is a classic example of organismal complexity generated through symbiotic association. The ants have an ancient obligate mutualism with fungi they cultivate for food. The success of the mutualism is threatened by specialized fungal parasites ( Escovopsis ) that consume the cultivated fungus. To defend their nutrient-rich garden against infection, the ants have a second mutualism with bacteria ( Pseudonocardia ), which produce antibiotics that inhibit the garden parasite Escovopsis . Here we reveal the presence of a fourth microbial symbiont associated with fungus-growing ants: black yeasts (Ascomycota; Phialophora ). We show that black yeasts are commonly associated with fungus-growing ants, occurring throughout their geographical distribution. Black yeasts grow on the ants' cuticle, specifically localized to where the mutualistic bacteria are cultured. Molecular phylogenetic analyses reveal that the black yeasts form a derived monophyletic lineage associated with the phylogenetic diversity of fungus growers. The prevalence, distribution, localization and monophyly indicate that the black yeast is a fifth symbiont within the attine ant–microbe association, further exemplifying the complexity of symbiotic associations.
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15

Wang, Jin. "Study on the Adsorption Performance of Cu2+, Cd2+ and Pb2+ in Water using Biochar from Black Fungus Bran." Scientific and Social Research 3, no. 2 (July 13, 2021): 50–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.36922/ssr.v3i2.1100.

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In order to investigate the adsorption performance of black fungus bran biochar on Cu2+, Cd2+ and Pb2+ in water, waste black fungus bran was used as raw material to prepare black fungus bran biochar by oxygen-limited pyrolysis at 350?, 550? and 750?, then the adsorption experiments were conducted at different pH, reaction time and initial concentration. Thus, the adsorption performance of Cu2+, Cd2+ and Pb2+ was investigated by different pH, reaction time and initial concentration.
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Gurunathan, Sangiliyandi, Ah Reum Lee, and Jin Hoi Kim. "Antifungal Effect of Nanoparticles against COVID-19 Linked Black Fungus: A Perspective on Biomedical Applications." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 20 (October 19, 2022): 12526. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms232012526.

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Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a highly transmissible and pathogenic coronavirus that has caused a ‘coronavirus disease 2019’ (COVID-19) pandemic in multiple waves, which threatens human health and public safety. During this pandemic, some patients with COVID-19 acquired secondary infections, such as mucormycosis, also known as black fungus disease. Mucormycosis is a serious, acute, and deadly fungal infection caused by Mucorales-related fungal species, and it spreads rapidly. Hence, prompt diagnosis and treatment are necessary to avoid high mortality and morbidity rates. Major risk factors for this disease include uncontrolled diabetes mellitus and immunosuppression that can also facilitate increases in mucormycosis infections. The extensive use of steroids to prevent the worsening of COVID-19 can lead to black fungus infection. Generally, antifungal agents dedicated to medical applications must be biocompatible, non-toxic, easily soluble, efficient, and hypoallergenic. They should also provide long-term protection against fungal growth. COVID-19-related black fungus infection causes a severe increase in fatalities. Therefore, there is a strong need for the development of novel and efficient antimicrobial agents. Recently, nanoparticle-containing products available in the market have been used as antimicrobial agents to prevent bacterial growth, but little is known about their efficacy with respect to preventing fungal growth, especially black fungus. The present review focuses on the effect of various types of metal nanoparticles, specifically those containing silver, zinc oxide, gold, copper, titanium, magnetic, iron, and carbon, on the growth of various types of fungi. We particularly focused on how these nanoparticles can impact the growth of black fungus. We also discussed black fungus co-infection in the context of the global COVID-19 outbreak, and management and guidelines to help control COVID-19-associated black fungus infection. Finally, this review aimed to elucidate the relationship between COVID-19 and mucormycosis.
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Saurabh Prakash and Veena Naik. "'Black Fungus' defacing Covid patients: The current menace." World Journal of Biological and Pharmaceutical Research 2, no. 2 (April 30, 2022): 010–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.53346/wjbpr.2022.2.2.0021.

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Mucormycosis is a rare but an opportunistic fungal infection. It has recently gained awareness due to its association with covid-19. The main cause is filamentous fungus Rhizopus, which can be inhaled through the nasal passage, oral cavity or even through a cut in the skin, leading to black masses and destruction of bone in hard palate, nasal cavity and skull. Patients suffering from covid-19 are on steroids, which interferes with the patient’s immunity and blood sugar levels leading to spread of black fungus. Hence precise knowledge about black fungus, its mode of transmission and precautions to prevent the infection is considered utmost priority in recent times.
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Saha, Supriyo, Gyu Seong Yeom, Satish Balasaheb Nimse, and Dilipkumar Pal. "Combination Therapy of Ledipasvir and Itraconazole in the Treatment of COVID-19 Patients Coinfected with Black Fungus: An In Silico Statement." BioMed Research International 2022 (April 19, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/5904261.

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The manuscript mainly aimed at providing clues on improving the innate immunity of coronavirus patients and safeguarding them from both new mutant strains and black fungus infections. Coronavirus is readily mutating from one variant to another. Among the several variants, we selected SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 in this study. Upon infection of any virus, ideally, the phagocytic cells of the host engulf and destroy the virus by a mechanism called phagocytosis. However, compromised immunity impairs phagocytosis, and thus, restoring the immune system is crucial for a speedy recovery of infected patients. The autophagy and activation of Toll-like receptor-4 are the only ways to restore innate immunity. Recently, immunocompromised COVID-19 patients have been suffering from the coinfection of black fungus. Rhizomucor, a black fungus species, causes more than 75% of cases of mucormycosis. Here, we present the results of molecular docking studies of sixty approved antiviral drugs targeting receptors associated with the SARS-CoV-2 B 1.1.7 variant (PDB id: 7NEH), activating the innate immune system (PDB id: 5YEC and 5IJC). We also studied the twenty approved antifungal drugs with Rhizomucor miehei lipase propeptide (PDB id: 6QPR) to identify the possible combination therapy for patients coinfected with coronavirus and black fungus. The ledipasvir showed excellent docking interactions with the 7NEH, 5YEC, and 5IJC, indicating that it is a perfect candidate for the treatment of COVID-19 patients. Itraconazole showed significant interaction with 6QPR of Rhizomucor miehei, suggesting that itraconazole can treat black fungus infections. In conclusion, the combination therapy of ledipasvir and itraconazole can be a better alternative for treating COVID-19 patients coinfected with black fungus.
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Vidyarthi, Ashima Jain, Arghya Das, and Rama Chaudhry. "Mucormycosis and black fungus: Breaking the myth." Maturitas 159 (May 2022): 69–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2021.10.007.

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20

Gond, Dr Bed Prakash. "Black fungus/Mucormycosis & its homoeopathic approach." International Journal of Homoeopathic Sciences 5, no. 4 (October 1, 2021): 114–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.33545/26164485.2021.v5.i4b.459.

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Bhattacharya, Ambarish, and Kaushik Ghosh. "What is causing the Black fungus menace?" Asian Journal of Medical Sciences 12, no. 8 (July 30, 2021): 164–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v12i8.37866.

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Even with the weaning of second wave of covid 19 epidemic the cases of Mucormycosis or black fungus, a rare but potentially life-threatening condition is on rise. By the order of central health ministry all states have put it in the list of notifiable disease under the Epidemic Diseases Act, 1897. This sudden familiarization of the term black fungus both in media as well as in literature has causes a huge outcry and phobia in most certain terms. This is not only unjustified in most instances and added flavor to already panic-stricken minds of common people. We are noticing an effort of overnight infrastructure building as well as a rising demand for a superspeciality set up by ignoring the very basic needs of our overburden health care sector. Here we have tried to share our perspective regarding this menace by searching the facts and myths and suggested hypothesizes.
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Nerli, RajendraB, and ShridharC Ghagane. "Mucormycosis (Black Fungus) in COVID-19 times." Journal of the Scientific Society 48, no. 2 (2021): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jss.jss_70_21.

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23

Rutter, Gordon. "Witches, madness and a little black fungus." Field Mycology 4, no. 2 (April 2003): 44–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1468-1641(10)60186-7.

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Noman, Abdullah Al, Honufa Akter, and Md Maruf Parves. "Mucormycosis (The black fungus): A quick look." International Journal of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry 4, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.33545/26646501.2022.v4.i1a.23.

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Preece, Tom. "Xanthoriicola physciae a puzzling black lichenicolous fungus." Field Mycology 14, no. 1 (January 2013): 14–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fldmyc.2012.12.005.

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Asv Prasad. "The resurgence of black fungus in the context of Covid -19 second wave epidemic in India." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 11, no. 2 (August 30, 2021): 173–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2021.11.2.0382.

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There is a sudden surge of the cases of the black fungus infection ((mucormycosis / Zygomycosis), at a time when India is reeling under a catastrophe created by the second wave of Covid -19. it is like a 'medical tsunami, ' that ravaged the health care system and the administration alike, both being caught unaware. In the beginning, there is an acute shortage of hospital beds earmarked for this infection, and the lifesaving drug, the liposomal Amphotersin B, coupled with the appalling morbidity, mortality, not to speak of the financial burden and the resource crunch, that is inflicted by it.This article briefly reviews the black fungus infection in India, in the pre and post Covid -19 eras. The risk factors for the black fungus, both Covid associated (CAR) as well as non-Covid -19 associated, are discussed. The host as well as pathogen related factors, in the pathogenesis of the black fungus infection, are explored. An alternative explanation to diabetic ketoacidosis, (DKA) in providing the acidic pH required by the fungus, is hypothesized, as the occurrence of the infection, in the absence of DKA, remained inexplicable. It may be noted that the acidic pH is responsible for making available, the free iron from the host ‘s serum, that is needed for the sustenance, grouth and multiplication of the fungus, as well as causing phagocytic dysfunction in the host. The different clinical presentations of mucormycosis, their salient clinical features and the management are outlined in the present article.
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Khuat, Q. V., E. A. Kalashnikova, H. T. Nguyen, O. Y. Slovareva, and R. N. Kirakosyan. "Antifungal activity of Black cardamom (Amomum tsao-ko Crevost et Lemairé) plant extracts against Fusarium oxysporum Schlechtend and their prospect of developing fungicide for sustainable agricultural production." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1112, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1112/1/012103.

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Abstract Fusarium oxysporum fungus is the pathogen that causes wilts or root and crown rots on many economically important field crops, causing significant losses to agricultural production. The use of plant extracts to control this fungus is an alternative to synthetic fungicides. Black cardamom (Amomum tsao-ko Crevost et Lemairé), which belongs to the monophyletic Zingiberaceae family, is a valuable medicinal plant in Vietnam. The antifungal activity of black cardamom seed extract has been reported in several previous studies. This study aimed to determine the antifungal activity of black cardamom extracts against the F. oxysporum fungus. The fungicidal effects of black cardamom extracts (including ethanol extract of leaf, seed, rhizome + root, and pseudo-stem) concentrations of 50 and 100 mg/L were investigated. Results indicated that the black cardamom extracts had different fungicidal effects on the growth of F. oxysporum mycelium. A significant inhibitory effect on the growth of F. oxysporum mycelium was obtained using the seed extract at a concentration of 100 mg/L. In addition, in the variant with the use of the extract obtained from the seeds, the lowest indicator of the specific growth rate (m) of the fungus was observed. The antifungal components from black cardamom plant could be used in developing novel fungicides (biopesticides) for the diseases caused by F. oxysporum.
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Ayer, William A. "1994 E.W.R. Steacie Award Lecture Application of natural products chemistry to a biological problem." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 73, no. 4 (April 1, 1995): 465–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v95-061.

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Aspen that bear a certain type of black gall have a lower incidence of heartwood rot (caused by the fungus Phellinustremulae) than do nearby non-gall trees. Efforts to determine the chemical nature of this black gall effect are described. The metabolites of some fungi associated with the black gall (Phomaetheridgei, Stachybotryscylindrospora), and of the rotting fungus Phellinustremulae, are described. Extracts of the black gall tissue have a very high concentration of benzoic acid and it is suggested that the benzoic acid may play a role in the protection of the galled trees. Keywords: fungal metabolites, aspen, benzoic acid, salicylic acid, black galls on aspen, Phellinustremulae.
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Islam, Md Akhtarul, Mst Tanmin Nahar, Md Nafiul Alam Khan, Zahid Ahmad Butt, A. S. M. Monjur-Al-Hossain, Sutapa Dey Barna, Md Mostafizur Rahman, Henry Ratul Halder, Mohammed Zaber Hossain, and Md Tanvir Hossain. "Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices concerning Black Fungus during COVID-19 Pandemic among Students of Bangladesh: An Online-Based Cross-Sectional Survey." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 15 (July 27, 2022): 9146. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159146.

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Background: Infection with COVID-19 and its control entailing steroids and immunomodulatory medications disrupted normal immune function. The ensuing immunological disorder led to the rise of another infection—Black Fungus (Mucormycosis). However, the spread of Black Fungus can be minimized through proper knowledge, informed attitude, and conscious preventive practice. This study aimed to assess students’ knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) regarding Black Fungus amid the COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh. Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out among Bangladeshi students from June to July 2021. Using Google Forms, an e-questionnaire was developed for this web-based survey, and the participants were selected through a snowball sampling approach. Results: Out of the 2009 participants, more than half were female (53.5%), and the majority were at an age between 18 and 25 years (31.5%) and had received higher secondary (HSC) schooling (77.8%), while around 61% resided in urban areas. Findings revealed that most of the students (63.8%) spent around 2 h on electronic and social media to become informed about COVID-19 and Black Fungus. Approximately 33% of the students showed low KAP scores (32.9%), whereas around 26% had high KAP scores. Our results show a significant association between KAP and sex, schooling, living status, residence, and media exposure. Conclusion: The knowledge of Black Fungus considerably varies among Bangladeshi students considering the place of residence, age, sex, living arrangement, and media exposure. Policymakers should emphasize awareness among people focusing on the results of this study to increase deterrent attitudes and protective practices to minimize the risks of being infected.
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Journal, Baghdad Science. "Biological Control of Acaudalerodes Rachipora (Singh) (Hemiptera: Alerodidae) by the Entomopathogenic Fungi on in Field." Baghdad Science Journal 14, no. 4 (December 3, 2017): 682–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.14.4.682-687.

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This study was conducted in the College of Agriculture fields /University of Baghdad, during Autumn 2013. This study was aimed to examine the mortality rate on the all black fly stages of Acaudalerodes rachipora Singh) by the biotic fungus Beuveria bassiana. The results of a preliminary survey showed that the samples of Ziziphus spaina christi were infested by blakflies in Agriculture collage during Autumn seasons of 2013 , the presence of species of black flies A. rachipora on the lower surface of the leaf, the study aimed to study and research the effects of fungus B. bassiana on black fly A. rachipora. After six days of treatment results showed the continued superiority 106 spore / ml trends in the western, southern and eastern being 34.64, 31.77 and 20.8% respectively, while outweigh the moral fungus concentration 108, which was treated by insect instars in the direction north by killing 26.32% on the rest concentrations of fungus, which was treated by insect instars to the same direction the latter, note from the results above the high mortality rates with time as increased rates of initial mortality rates,. Finally reflected clearly outweigh the concentration of 108 fungus spore / ml in all directions western, southern, northern and eastern mortality rates 65.35, 62.84, 50.89 and 46.34%, respectively, compared with mortality rates made by the concentrations of other used in the experiment of the directions of the four that did not show significant differences in their impact on the roles of insect and thus increased mortality rates in the field with the time. We recommend conducting further field studies of fungus to determine the extent of efficiency in the field, according to local conditions and to determine its role in regulating the population of black flies and study the compatibility of the fungus with other control methods.
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Karthikeyan, S., G. Ramkumar, S. Aravindkumar, M. Tamilselvi, S. Ramesh, and A. Ranjith. "A Novel Deep Learning-Based Black Fungus Disease Identification Using Modified Hybrid Learning Methodology." Contrast Media & Molecular Imaging 2022 (January 27, 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/4352730.

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Currently, countries across the world are suffering from a prominent viral infection called COVID-19. Most countries are still facing several issues due to this disease, which has resulted in several fatalities. The first COVID-19 wave caused devastation across the world owing to its virulence and led to a massive loss in human lives, impacting the country’s economy drastically. A dangerous disease called mucormycosis was discovered worldwide during the second COVID-19 wave, in 2021, which lasted from April to July. The mucormycosis disease is commonly known as “black fungus,” which belongs to the fungus family Mucorales. It is usually a rare disease, but the level of destruction caused by the disease is vast and unpredictable. This disease mainly targets people already suffering from other diseases and consuming heavy medication to counter the disease they are suffering from. This is because of the reduction in antibodies in the affected people. Therefore, the patient’s body does not have the ability to act against fungus-oriented infections. This black fungus is more commonly identified in patients with coronavirus disease in certain country. The condition frequently manifests on skin, but it can also harm organs such as eyes and brain. This study intends to design a modified neural network logic for an artificial intelligence (AI) strategy with learning principles, called a hybrid learning-based neural network classifier (HLNNC). The proposed method is based on well-known techniques such as convolutional neural network (CNN) and support vector machine (SVM). This article discusses a dataset containing several eye photographs of patients with and without black fungus infection. These images were collected from the real-time records of people afflicted with COVID followed by the black fungus. This proposed HLNNC scheme identifies the black fungus disease based on the following image processing procedures: image acquisition, preprocessing, feature extraction, and classification; these procedures were performed considering the dataset training and testing principles with proper performance analysis. The results of the procedure are provided in a graphical format with the precise specification, and the efficacy of the proposed method is established.
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Ezra, David, Benny Kirshner, Michal Hershcovich, Dani Shtienberg, and Itzhak Kosto. "Heart Rot of Pomegranate: Disease Etiology and the Events Leading to Development of Symptoms." Plant Disease 99, no. 4 (April 2015): 496–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-07-14-0707-re.

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Pomegranate fruit rot disease, known as “heart rot” or “black heart,” is a major pomegranate disease that impacts production worldwide. Heart rot is characterized by black rot of the fruit core that spreads from the calyx area, whereas the outer peel and the hard rind retain their healthy appearance. Aims of the present study were to identify the pathogen that causes pomegranate heart rot in Israel and to study the dynamics of fruit-organ colonization by fungi during fruit development, as the first steps toward the development of management strategies. Several fungi were isolated from pomegranate fruits, among which were species of Penicillium, Aspergillus, Botrytis, and Rhizopus, but the causative pathogen of the disease was identified as Alternaria alternata. This fungus was isolated from the pistils of more than 85% of open flowers and ∼20% of the loculi of asymptomatic fruits and from all tissues of the symptomatic fruits. The dynamics of fruit-organ colonization by fungi during fruit development was recorded in six commercial orchards in 2010 and 2011. It was found that A. alternata spores germinate on the stigmata of open flowers and develop into the style. In some fruits, the mycelium grows into the tunnel and reaches the lower loculus, where the fungus becomes latent for about 3 to 4 months pending initiation of fruit ripening. Then, in a small number of fruits, the fungus starts growing and invades the arils, causing black rot of the arils in the lower loculus. At the beginning of disease development, the fungus causes brown soft rot of the arils, which becomes black and dry as the fungus grows. Eventually, the fungus grows from the lower loculus into the upper loculi, causing rot of the entire fruit.
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Abdelkarim, Dr Ahmed, Dr Enas Bsoul, Dr Taraneh Maghsoodi, and Dr Sonam Khurana. "Epidemic during pandemic: Black fungus as an example." Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology and Oral Radiology 134, no. 3 (September 2022): e74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oooo.2022.04.017.

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34

Journal, Baghdad Science. "Virulence surveillance of wheat black stem rust fungus." Baghdad Science Journal 11, no. 2 (June 1, 2014): 803–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.11.2.803-812.

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General survey for wheat rust diseases in Iraqi fields was done during the seasons of 2010, 2011 and 2012. The survey covered different fields in southern, middle and northern regions. Results of the first season indicated that most of Iraqi cultivars such as Tmmoze2, IPA 99 and Mexipak showed different types of susceptibility to both yellow and leaf rust infection. Disease severity increased when the conditions were favorable for infections with using susceptible cultivars. The severity of leaf rust was less in the north region comparing with the middle and south regions. Most of the introduced cultivars such as Sham6 and Cimmyto showed susceptible reaction to yellow and leaf rust. Yellow rust was in epiphytotic form at the Iraqi-Syrian-Turkish triangle where the disease severity was 100%. Low disease severity of stem rust was observed on some cultivars (1-5%), except for the cultivar Mexipak which showed 40%S in Najaf. Rusts at season of 2011 were restricted mostly in Baghdad and the yellow rust was dominant. The AUDPC of 15 wheat cultivars showed that Sawa and Sali were highly susceptible to the three types of rusts while Babil113 and Tamoze2 were resistant. No rusts were detected at season 2012.
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Fang, Bixing, Lina Dong, Xingwei Ding, YingZi Ren, Zhongsheng Lv, Kuan Liu, Feng Zhang, et al. "Black fungus derived aerogel with double faced properties." Chinese Chemical Letters 30, no. 6 (June 2019): 1178–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cclet.2019.04.061.

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36

Bangwal, Dr Rohit, Arvind S. Farswan, Santoshi Shah, Shipra Omar, Sahil Sharma, and Bhawna Pant. "COVID-19 Associated Mucormycosis (CAM): A Brief Review." International Journal of Family Medicine and Public Health 01, no. 02 (2022): 01–04. http://dx.doi.org/10.51521/ijfmph.2022.1202.

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Mucormycosis is also known as “Black Fungus”. It has come into light as mucormycosis as a formidable infection in patients with severe and fatal immunosuppression. Heavy intake of steroids with no vitamin supliments and immune supplementation has led to further deterioration of health of covid-19 recovered patients. Patients are reporting back to the hospital with complains of the black fungus, UTI, recurrent diarrhoea and compromised lungs functioning. According to the doctors, cases of mucormycosis are being seen among Covid patients who were administered steroids to treat the symptoms, particularly among who are suffering from diabetes, cancer and other co-morbidities. The most prominent predisposing factors are immunosuppression followed by neutropenia and haematopoietin, stem cell transplantation, uncontrolled DM, burns, morbidity leads to increased demand of antifungal drugs. Black fungus is manifest in the air pockets located behind the forehead, nose, cheekbones and in between the eyes and teeth. Black fungus is spread to the eyes, lungs and spread even to the brain. Treatment of this fungal infection requires a multi-disciplinary approach consisting of eyes surgeons, ENT specialist, general surgeons, neurosurgeons and dental maxillofacial surgeons, among other, and the institution of the Amphotericin-B as an antifungal medicine. From COVID-19 pandemic, many reports came of the very high incidence of COVID-19 induced mucormycosis in patients with diabetes and who are on steroids during their stay in hospitals.
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Khuntia, Sudhir Kumar, and Reena Thakur. "The effect of video assisted teaching programme on knowledge regarding prevention and management of black fungus among staff nurse." International Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Research 10, no. 1 (April 15, 2023): 14–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijcbr.2023.003.

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A dangerous fungal infection that has recently emerged as a hazard for COVID-19 survivors, mucormycosis was first identified in Bangladesh on May 8, 2021, and is now commonly referred to as "black fungus" in the COVID-19 period. During the COVID-19 epidemic, black fungi are eighty times more common in India. The COVID-19 black fungi has spread to numerous nations, including Bangladesh, Pakistan, Russia, Iran, and Brazil. Being physically close to India, Bangladesh is concerned about the worrisome rise in COVID-19-related black fungus infections in India, which have a high fatality rate of about 50%. Pre-experimental design with one-group pre-test and post-test study method was used to examine staff nurses' understanding of black fungus avoidance and control; the participants were chosen through handy sampling. The data collected was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics in terms of frequency, mean, standard deviation, and associated by chi square test. Among 60 staff nurse in pre-test, 29 (48.33%) have poor knowledge, 27 (45%) have average knowledge, 4 (6.67%) having good, and in post-test 44 (33.33%) having good knowledge, 16 (26.67%) having average knowledge.Under Pre-test the Mean of the Scores was 8.3 (55.33%) under the Post- test the Mean was observed as 12.2 (81.33%).
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38

Gokul, Gopinathan Nair, and Jacob Thomas. "First report of Meliola panici on Ottochloa nodosa (Kunth) Dandy (Poaceae)." Journal of Threatened Taxa 15, no. 2 (February 26, 2023): 22761–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.7636.15.2.22761-22763.

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This is the first report of biotrophic association of Black Mildew disease causing fungus on Ottochloa nodosa (Poaceae). The fungal pathogen is identified as Meliola panici. The samples of the fungus collected from southern Western Ghats of Kerala State, India is described.
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39

Golovin, S. E. "DESICCATION OF CURRANTS AND GOOSEBERRY BRANCHES CAUSED BY FUNGI OF THE GENUS CYTOSPORA IN CENTRAL RUSSIA." Pomiculture and small fruits culture in Russia 66, no. 1 (September 24, 2021): 73–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.31676/2073-4948-2021-66-73-81.

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Research carried out in 2019-2020 in four regions of central Russia, showed that three species of fungi from the genus Cytospora (Cytospora ambiens, C. grossularia and C. ribes) are found on the desiccating branches of black currants, red currants, golden currants, and gooseberries. In the Moscow region, two species have been marked: C. grossularia and C. ribes. The species Cytospora ribes was the most widespread. In the Yaroslavl region, 3 species of the genus Cytospora were mentioned on black currants, red currants, and gooseberries, these are Cytospora ambiens, C. grossularia and C. ribes. The fungus C. ambiens on red currants was found twice as often (33.3 %) than C. ribes (16.7 %). In the Bryansk region, the fungus Cytospora ambiens was revealed from the desiccated branches of black currant. The fungus Cytospora ribes was identified from plant samples of black currants taken at the Fruit station of the Timiryazev Agricultural Academy (Moscow), and from the gooseberry C. grossularia. Currant infect ability records of currants and gooseberry to cytosporous desiccation showed that the most affected by Cytospora spp. there was golden currant with an average score of 1.32, and gooseberries were the least affected crop with an average score of 0.32.
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40

Banerjee, Indrajit, Jared Robinson, Mohammad Asim, Brijesh Sathian, and Indraneel Banerjee. "Mucormycosis and COVID-19 an epidemic in a pandemic?" Nepal Journal of Epidemiology 11, no. 2 (June 29, 2021): 1034–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nje.v11i2.37342.

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Mucormycosis and aspergillosis are rare, invasive and life-threatening infections. The causative agents being namely: Aspergillus fumigatus and Rhizopus arrhizus. The case fatality rates being over 50% respectively. Invasive Aspergillosis and Mucormycosis have been established and recognized as a complication of the SARS-CoV-2 infection. These cases have been intimately linked and related to prior corticosteroid therapy. With the new B.1.617.2 and B.1.617.2.1 or AY.1 strain of the coronavirus running rampant throughout India causing unprecedented death tolls, a new crisis is evolving. Invasive “black fungus” (Mucormycosis) is creating an epidemic within a global pandemic. The unique socio-economic, genetic and health status of India’s population culminates into a melting pot which sustains the viable triad for the “black fungus” infection to gain a stronghold. Diabetes mellitus, immunosuppression and the current COVID-19 global pandemic with its massive surges in the country have produced the “perfect storm.” Eye surgeons from around India are registering a surge in invasive Mucormycosis cases with a rise in orbital compartment syndrome often calling for radical procedures such as enucleation surgeries. The “black fungus” pandemic and invasive Mucormycosis occurring in COVID-19 patients in India is a depiction of the sinister secondary infections and complications intimately linked with the virus. It is therefore of the upmost importance that countries surrounding India in particular Nepal and other Asiatic nations take great cognizance of this indolent “black fungus killer” and ensure new screening and testing protocols are put into place.
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Markov, Sinisa, Veronika Jerinic, Dragoljub Cvetkovic, Eva Loncar, and Radomir Malbasa. "Kombucha - functional beverage: Composition, characteristics and process of biotransformation." Chemical Industry 57, no. 10 (2003): 456–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind0310456s.

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Kombucha is a refreshing beverage obtained by the proces of biotransformation of sugared tea with a tea fungus. Kombucha is also frequently called "tea fungus" in the literature, although there is actually no fungus involved in the fermentation. The tea fungus is a symbiotic association of native yeasts and Acetobacteriaceae species fermenting sugared (5-10%) black tea (0.2-0.5%) into a kombucha beverage. After about 7-10 days incubation at room temperature, kombucha is ready. Growth patterns of tea fungus microorganisms during the biotransformation process of kombucha are not well documented. Tea fungus produces many substances, which with the supply of tea nutrients, give the drink its unusual flavour and healthy properties.
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42

Divakar, Pradeep K. "Fungal Taxa Responsible for Mucormycosis/“Black Fungus” among COVID-19 Patients in India." Journal of Fungi 7, no. 8 (August 7, 2021): 641. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof7080641.

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Mucormycosis is caused by fungi belonging to the order Mucorales. The term “Black Fungus” has been widely applied to human pathogenic Mucorales in India. They mainly infect the sinuses and brain, lungs, stomach and intestines, and skin. While this has been considered a rare disease, thousands of cases have been reported during the second wave of COVID-19 in India, between the months of April and June 2021. Hitherto, more than 45,374 cases and over 4300 deaths have been reported among COVID-19 patients across India from April 2021 to July 21, 2021. Though the mortality rate is estimated to be 50%, it could be above 90% if left untreated. In India, Rhizopus arrhizus has been related to be the most common species to cause human mucormycosis, followed by Apophysomyces variabilis, Rhizopus microsporus, and R. homothallicus. Accurate sample identification of human pathogenic Mucorales species is challenging especially due to the frequent lack of diagnostic morphological features. Traditionally, the culture-based approach has been extensively used to isolate and characterize human pathogenic Mucorales. However, this may not be an appropriate approach to objectively isolate and characterize all species, as the germination and growth of fungal spores are highly dependent on culture media and environmental conditions. Therefore, a robust approach to the accurate and rapid identification of human pathogenic Mucorales species is a prerequisite. The metagenomic approach comprehensively sequences and analyzes all genetic material in a complex biological sample and, consequently, this could be an appropriate approach to objectively characterize human pathogenic Mucorales taxa without the need for in vitro culture. The precise identification of the species will not only be useful for the correct diagnosis of this disease, but also for the development of antifungal drugs specific for each species. Accurate and rapid species identification is desperately needed to save lives in the mucormycosis outbreak among COVID-19 patients in India and neighboring countries.
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Malbasa, Radomir, Eva Loncar, and Ljiljana Kolarov. "TLC analysis of some phenolic compounds in kombucha beverage." Acta Periodica Technologica, no. 35 (2004): 199–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/apt0435199m.

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Black and green tea contains a wide range of natural phenolic compounds Flavanoids and their glycosides, catechins and the products of their condensation, and phenolic acids are the most important. Kombucha beverage is obtained by fermentation of tea fungus on black or green tea sweetened with sucrose. The aim of this paper was to investigate the composition of some phenolic compounds, catechin, epicatechin, quercetin, myricetin, gallic and tanic acid, and monitoring of their status during tea fungus fermentation. The method used for this study was thin layer chromatography with two different systems. The main phenolic compounds in the samples with green tea were catechin and epicatechin, and in the samples with black tea it was quercetin.
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Kzar, Ashwak Jasim, Tunjai Namiq Faiq, and Ozdan Akram Ghareeb. "Recent Infection With Black Fungus Associated With COVID-19: A Review." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 15, no. 5 (May 30, 2021): 1771–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs211551771.

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Recently, an emergency health problem erupted that worried the world, which is the black fungus infection associated with Covid-19, especially in India and some regions of the Middle East. The members of genus Rhizopus or Mucor resulted the common mucormycosis. Humans become infected by inhaling and depositing the spores of fungi in the tissues of the body. Rhinocerebral is the site most susceptible to infection . Several factors may have contributed to an increase in the incidence of mucormycosis in patients with COVID-19, including hypoxia, steroid-induced elevated blood glucose levels, and diminished phagocytic action of leukocytes due to immunosuppression, and non-sterile medical supplies. In addition, there is an unsanitary phenomenon resorting to some people in India, it is smearing the body with cow dung and urine, which may have a role in the spread of the black fungus infection. Proper use of both the dose and duration of steroids is essential to avoid an increase in cases of mucormycosis, especially when caring for critically ill COVID-19 patients. Keywords : Black fungus, infection, health problem.
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Amarillas, Luis, Mitzi Estrada-Acosta, Rubén G. León-Chan, Carlos López-Orona, and Luis Lightbourn. "First Draft Genome Sequence Resource of a Strain of Pseudocercospora fijiensis Isolated in North America." Phytopathology® 110, no. 10 (October 2020): 1620–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-04-20-0121-a.

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Black Sigatoka disease, caused by the fungus Pseudocercospora fijiensis, is one of the most devastating diseases of banana around the world. Fungicide applications are the primary tool used to manage black Sigatoka, but fungicide resistance in P. fijiensis, as in other fungal pathogens, is one of the major limitations in the efficient management and prevention of this disease. In the current study, we present the draft genome of P. fijiensis strain IIL-20, the first genomic sequence published from a strain of this fungus isolated in North America. Bioinformatic analysis showed putative genes involved in fungus virulence and fungicide resistance. These findings may lead us to a better understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of this fungal pathogen and also to the discovery of the mechanisms conferring fungicide resistance.
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Mishra, Suchismita, Saurav Suman, Akshat Gupta, and Neelima Mishra. "Association of Mucormycosis in Covid-19 and its Epidemiologic Study." Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 20, no. 4 (December 15, 2021): 88–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.18579/jopcr/v20i4.ms21073.

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Mucormycosis, also known as Zygomycosis or Black Fungus, is an infection caused in humans via various causative agents from the Zygomycetes class. Several countries including India is afflicted by the covid-19 virus, which has infected approximately 3.7 million people across the country. Some of the corona-positive patients suffer from another fatal infection, Mucormycosis, commonly known as Black Fungus. The strategy should be to administer an effective antifungal drug as soon as possible at the optimum dose. However, India being an epicenter of Diabetes with enormous 80 million diabetics, is of particular importance in the present scenario of the COVID pandemic. COVID therapy with Steroids and immune suppressants has increased the chances of infection in various individuals within the country with weaker immune system responses. The main purpose of this paper is to enlighten the community about the involvement of mucormycosis in covid-19 affected population and basic insights of its invasion. Keywords Mucormycosis, Black Fungus, Covid-19, Diabetes Mellitus, Amphotericin B, Immunosuppression, Apophysomyces, Renal Failure, Corticosteroids
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VONDRÁK, Jan, and Jaroslav ŠOUN. "Lichenostigma svandae, a new lichenicolous fungus on Acarospora cervina." Lichenologist 39, no. 3 (May 2007): 211–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0024282907006731.

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Abstract:The new species Lichenostigma svandae is described. It is known exclusively from Acarospora cervina, where it forms black stromatic hyphal strands and black sack-shaped ascomata on the host thallus surface. It is similar to L. elongatum and L. rouxii, but differs in a few characters. A short overview of the known Lichenostigma species is provided.
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Nomura, Takeshi, and Yoshio Yamawaki. "Finger Abscess Caused by a Black Fungus, Exophiala xenobiotica." Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery - Global Open 10, no. 10 (October 2022): e4565. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/gox.0000000000004565.

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Al-Khikani, FalahHasan Obayes. "Mucormycosis “Black Fungus” new challenge associated with COVID 19." Biomedical and Biotechnology Research Journal (BBRJ) 5, no. 3 (2021): 275. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/bbrj.bbrj_105_21.

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Baliram, Mr Chintale Deepak. "Antibiotics Used in Covid-19 And Mucormycosis (Black Fungus)." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. 12 (December 31, 2021): 1641–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.39583.

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Abstract: Background: In late December 2019, Chinese health authorities reported an outbreak of pneumonia of unknown origin in Wuhan, Hubei Province. Summary: A few days later, the genome of a novel coronavirus was released. org/t/novel2019-coronavirus-genome/319; Wuhan- Hu-1, GenBank accession No. MN908947) and made publicly available to the scientific community. This novel coronavirus was provisionally named 2019-nCoV, now SARS-CoV-2 according to the Coronavirus Study Group of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. SARS-CoV-2 belongs to the Coronaviridae family, Betacoronavirus genus, subgenus Sarbecovirus. Since its discovery, the virus has spread globally, causing thousands of deaths and having an enormous impact on our health systems and economies. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about the epidemiology, phylogenesis, homology modeling, and molecular diagnostics of SARS-CoV-2. Phylogenetic analysis is essential to understand viral evolution, whereas homology modeling is important for vaccine strategies and therapies. Highly sensitive and specific diagnostic assays are key to case identification, contact tracing, identification of the animal source, and implementation of control measures. Keywords: COVID-19 · SARS-CoV-2 · Pandemic · Phylogenesis · Protein modeling · Real-time polymerase chain reaction
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