Journal articles: 'Black flies'

1

Molloy, Dorothy. "Black Flies." Books Ireland, no. 238 (2001): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20632306.

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2

Rothfels, Klaus. "Speciation in black flies." Genome 32, no. 4 (August 1, 1989): 500–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g89-475.

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In many Simuliidae, patterns of spatial and temporal relationships among the most closely related species are more readily interpreted in terms of sympatric speciation than of allopatric speciation. Specific examples are (i) the allotriploid taxa in Gymnopais and other genera, (ii) the black fly faunas of geologically recent islands (Tahiti), and (iii) species in Prosimulium onychodactylum, a prototype of a continental multisibling species complex. A model of sympatric speciation is presented based on coadaptation of polymorphic sex chromosomes in pairs reinforced by progressive development of assortative mating. This model predicts that (i) populations should frequently exhibit sex-chromosome polymorphism, (ii) these sex-chromosome polymorphisms, and autosomal ones, should in some cases display linkage or association disequilibria, (iii) species pairs or complexes should be incurred that differ only in sex chromosomes and that share extensive ancestral autosomal polymorphisms, and (iv) such species should differ in their biology and perhaps their present-day distribution. Recent publications and observations are in accordance, in general, with predictions from the model. Genetic control, e.g., of diapause, larval developmental timing, and niche preference or ethology, could substitute as a basis of incipient cleavage. The evidence for sympatric speciation is purely inferential, but this is equally true for the allopatric interpretation, and in black flies the circumstantial evidence for prevalence of sympatric speciation appears more compelling. This is not to deny the efficacy of allopatry and founder effect in the origin of some species complexes.Key words: sympatric speciation, black fly, evolution.

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Leonhardt, K. G., and R. M. Feraday. "Sex chromosome evolution and population differentiation in the Eusimulium aureum group of black flies." Genome 32, no. 4 (August 1, 1989): 543–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g89-481.

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The pattern of sex-chromosome variation within and between species of the Eusimulium aureum species group of black flies is examined and used to support the argument that speciation in black flies is often an adaptive process. A pair of homosequential species in this group is presented as an exceptional case in black flies that does not argue against the chromosomally mediated speciation model.Key words: black flies, sex chromosomes, evolution.

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4

Burgin, Steven G., and Fiona F. Hunter. "Sugar-meal sources used by female black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae): a four-habitat study." Canadian Journal of Zoology 75, no. 7 (July 1, 1997): 1066–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z97-128.

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Adult black flies were sampled by sweep-netting vegetation in four habitats within Algonquin Provincial Park, Ontario: Davies Bog, the airfield, deciduous habitat, and coniferous habitat. Sugars in the crops and midguts of female flies (n = 773) were tested by thin-layer chromatography to determine whether the flies had fed on nectar or homopteran honeydew. Melezitose and stachyose were used as honeydew-indicator sugars. For Simulium venustum, it was found that significantly fewer black flies (19%) from the airfield contained honeydew sugars than black flies from the other three sites (34% from Davies Bog; 36% from deciduous habitat; 25% from coniferous habitat). We argue that black flies will feed on nectar or honeydew according to availability.

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Burgin, Steven G., and Fiona F. Hunter. "EVIDENCE OF HONEYDEW FEEDING IN BLACK FLIES (DEPTERA: SIMULIIDAE)." Canadian Entomologist 129, no. 5 (October 1997): 859–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent129859-5.

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AbstractBlack flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) were collected from a tamarack stand, Larix laricina (Du Roi) Koch, heavily infested with Adelges lariciatus (Patch) (Homoptera: Adelgidae). Insect nets were used to sweep the tamarack branches to capture black flies associated with the trees. Six black fly species were sweep-netted, with 85.5% of all flies belonging to Simulium venustum Say complex. Samples of honeydew and the crops and midguts of individual black flies were tested by thin layer chromatography using fructose, glucose, sucrose, turanose, melezitose, raffinose, and stachyose as standards. The sugars fructose, glucose, sucrose, raffinose, and stachyose were found in the adelgid honeydew samples. Of the 201 black flies tested, 194 contained sugars, which occurred in 16 combinations. It is argued that stachyose can be used to indicate when black flies have fed on the adelgid honeydew. We conclude that 49.7% of the S. venustum collected from the tamarack had fed recently on this honeydew source. In addition, it was observed that black flies reared in the laboratory readily ingested freshly excreted and older (dry) honeydew when presented with branches from the tamarack stand.

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6

Franke, Alastair, Vincent Lamarre, and Erik Hedlin. "Rapid Nestling Mortality in Arctic Peregrine Falcons due to the Biting Effects of Black Flies." ARCTIC 69, no. 3 (September 2, 2016): 281. http://dx.doi.org/10.14430/arctic4580.

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This note describes nestling mortality in Arctic Peregrine Falcons (Falco peregrinus tundrius) due to the biting effects of blood-feeding black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae). At a nest site near Rankin Inlet, Nunavut, Canada (62˚49′ N, 92˚05′ W), a brood of four nestlings died on 20 July 2013 from the direct effects of severe bites attributed to black flies. Within three hours of the onset of blood-feeding, black flies had caused widespread, uniformly distributed hemorrhagic coalescent lesions over the head and body of all nestlings. Approximately seven hours after the first flies appeared, the female falcon removed the carcasses of the dead nestlings from the nest. Nestlings at eight additional sites also suffered the effects of biting black flies in 2013, resulting in the deaths of 13 of 35 nestlings. A less pronounced outbreak also occurred in 2012 and resulted in the deaths of seven nestlings at four sites. No nestling mortality due to black flies has been documented in any other year from 1982 through 2015. To our knowledge, these observations document the northernmost lethal attack by ornithophilic black flies in North America.

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7

WHITE, GRAHAM. "THE NATURAL HISTORY OF BLACK-FLIES." Medical and Veterinary Entomology 5, no. 2 (April 1991): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2915.1991.tb00541.x.

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8

Medeiros, Jansen Fernandes de, and Victor Py-Daniel. "Seasonality, parity rates and transmission indices of Mansonella ozzardi (Manson) (Nematoda: Onchocercidae) by Cerqueirellum argentiscutum (Shelley & Luna Dias) (Diptera: Simulidae) in a lower Solimões River community, Amazonas, Brazil." Acta Amazonica 34, no. 2 (2004): 201–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0044-59672004000200008.

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Mansonella ozzardi is transmitted by two dipterian families, Ceratopogonidae (midges) and Simuliidae (black flies). In Brazil, black flies are vectors for this filariasis until now. In this paper, we determined the seasonality, parity capacity and parasitic infection rate of Cerqueirellum argentiscutum. The work was carried out in the Porto Japão community, Lower Solimões River, Amazonas, Brazil. Results show that the black flies were more abundant during the rainy season (from December to May). The number of parous flies was higher in every sampling during the course of year. Monthly Biting Rate (MBR1 123742.00, MBR2 86701.50) was high, although Parasitic Infection Rate (PIR1 0.06, PIR2 0.08) and Annual Transmission Potential (ATP 7.25) were low in numbers.

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9

Schofield, S. "Responses to electrified targets and daily activity of Stomoxys spp. (Diptera: Muscidae) in Zimbabwe." Bulletin of Entomological Research 88, no. 6 (December 1998): 627–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300054298.

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AbstractResponses of Stomoxys spp. to electrified targets (1 × 1 m) that differed in pattern and colour were investigated over a three month period at Rekomitjie Research Station, Zimbabwe. In the first experiment, a target baited with a blue and black cloth insert caught more flies (315 ± 117) than a target baited with blue cloth insert (202 ± 69). Next, a blue-cloth baited target caught more flies (491 ± 150) than a black-cloth baited target (164 ± 69) and a target containing a cloth with a black diamond on a blue background caught more flies (997 ± 326) than a target containing a cloth with a black square on a blue background (680 ± 125). Finally, a target fitted with a cloth consisting of a vertically oriented black stripe on a blue background caught almost three times as many flies (1366 ± 356) as a target fitted with a cloth consisting of a horizontally oriented black stripe on a blue background (545 ± 150). Hourly collections of Stomoxys spp. from a blue and black target, baited with and without carbon dioxide, indicated that daily activity was bimodal, with a small morning peak and a large late afternoon peak.

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10

Hunter, Fiona F., Steven G. Burgin, and Allan Woodhouse. "Shattering the folklore: black flies do not pollinate sweet lowbush blueberry." Canadian Journal of Zoology 78, no. 11 (November 1, 2000): 2051–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z00-133.

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It is often said that on the Canadian Shield, black flies pollinate the sweet lowbush blueberry, because years with high black fly populations also tend to be those with large blueberry crops. This folklore has never been tested experimentally. Here we report on research designed to test whether or not black flies can act as pollinators for two species of ericaceous plants, sweet lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium) and leatherleaf (Chamaedaphne calyculata). In enclosures, black flies may assist in leatherleaf pollination but there is no evidence that they increase fruit set in sweet lowbush blueberry. However, we do not exclude the possibility that in the wild, they act as opportunistic nectar thieves of sweet lowbush blueberry.

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11

Zainudin, Nur Idayu, Razi Ikhwan Bin Md.Rashid, Ahmad Razali Ishak, and Anila Ali. "Removal of Lead (Pb) From Aqueous Solutions Using Exoskeleton of Black Solider Fly (BSF)." Environment-Behaviour Proceedings Journal 8, no. 25 (July 31, 2023): 175–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.21834/e-bpj.v8i25.4864.

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Lead (Pb) pollution in water sources poses environmental and public health risk. It is important to mitigate the effects by developed an effective remediation method. The potential use of deceased black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) to remove Pb from aqueous solutions was studied. The flies were ground into a fine powder, analyzed, and then subjected to adsorption studies using Pb synthetic aqueous solutions. Results showed that the deceased black soldier flies are effective in removing Pb from aqueous solutions. The findings lead to the development of resource-efficient heavy metal remediation methods that use the large biomass of black soldier flies.

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12

Ningrum, Siti Gusti, Mukhammad Zakkiyah Ilham, Andreas Berny Yulianto, Olan Rahayu Puji Astuti Nussa, and Kartika Purnamasari. "Comparison of The Nutritional Composition of Black Soldier Fly Bred on Organic Waste and Bred on Commercial Pellet mixed with Rice Bran." Jurnal Ilmu Ternak dan Veteriner 29, no. 1 (March 25, 2024): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.14334/jitv.v29i2.3357.

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The black soldier fly (BSF, Hermetia illucens) is an insect often used as animal feed that is easy, inexpensive, and fast to breed. However, these flies have never been used for the poultry diet. This study compares the nutritional content of black soldier flies, third-instar larvae, and pupae fed with organic waste and a mixture of commercial chicken pellets with rice bran. The method used in this study uses proximate analysis of the nutritional content of black soldier flies for dry matter, ash, crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, calcium, nitrogen-free extract, and gross energy.

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13

Goddard, Jerome, and John Kevin Moulton. "Recurring Late December Outbreaks of Adult Simulium jenningsi Group Black Flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) in Seminary, Mississippi, USA." Journal of Entomological Science 58, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 80–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/jes22-26.

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Abstract Black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) are reemerging as biting and nuisance pests in many southern states, presumably from improving water quality in creeks and rivers. Since 2009, entomologists at Mississippi State University and the Mississippi Department of Health have conducted surveys to ascertain what black fly species are present in the state as well as their geographic distribution and seasonality. These surveys revealed what appears to be a recurring, significant emergence of black flies every year around 25 December at one site in southern Mississippi. In this study, adult black flies were collected from 1 January 2018 to 31 December 2021 by hand netting in the exact same way each time at Okatoma Creek, Seminary, MS. Forty-eight collecting trips to the site over the 4-yr period yielded a total of 176 black flies, all morphologically identified as Simulium jenningsi Group Malloch. Molecular identification was successfully performed on 17 specimens collected during the December outbreaks. Of the 17 specimens analyzed, 10 and 7 specimens grouped with 100% bootstrap confidence inside clades comprising S. jenningsi or S. podostemi, respectively.

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14

Barceló, Carlos, and Ignacio Ruiz-Arrondo. "Diversity, Distribution and Phylogeny of Vector Insects." Diversity 16, no. 2 (February 1, 2024): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d16020095.

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Mosquitoes (Fam. Culicidae), sand flies (Subfam. Phlebotominae), biting midges(Fam. Ceratopogonidae), black flies (Fam. Simuliidae) and stable flies (Fam. Muscidae) are groups of insects capable to transmit pathogens of public health and veterinary importance [...]

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15

Comtois, Annie, and Dominique Berteaux. "Impacts of mosquitoes and black flies on defensive behaviour and microhabitat use of the North American porcupine (Erethizon dorsatum) in southern Quebec." Canadian Journal of Zoology 83, no. 5 (May 1, 2005): 754–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z05-049.

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Biting flies are known to influence the behaviour and microhabitat use of certain mammals. However, most studies were realized in open habitats. Our objective was to determine if mosquitoes (Culicidae) and black flies (Simuliidae) affect the behaviour and habitat use of a mammal typical of the boreal forest, the North American porcupine (Erethizon dorsatum (L., 1758)). The project was divided into three parts: (1) abundance of biting flies and their (2) direct effects (bites) and (3) indirect effects (repelling movements and microhabitat use) on porcupines. The abundance of insects was measured with CO2-baited traps. Ten male porcupines were followed by telemetry. Mosquitoes were more abundant on the ground than in the tree canopy and the opposite was observed for black flies. The biting flies were less abundant inside dens than outside. The quantity of bites on porcupines was correlated with the abundance of black flies. We observed frequent repelling movements that were associated with the presence of insects. Some microhabitats offered excellent protection against biting insects, but porcupines did not use these refuges to a greater extent at the peak of insect abundance. We conclude that, although biting flies had measurable impacts on the wounding rate and behaviour of porcupines, this did not translate into important shifts in habitat use.

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16

Feraday, R. M., K. G. Leonhardt, and C. L. Brockhouse. "The role of sex chromosomes in black fly evolution." Genome 32, no. 4 (August 1, 1989): 538–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g89-480.

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Sex chromosomes have been repeatedly implicated in the process of speciation of black flies and other nemotocerans. Arguments are presented here against the case that frequent differences between species in their sex chromosomes are based on (i) different average rates of differentiation of sex-linked and autosomal loci or (ii) the fact that the X and Y chromosomes are less numerous than autosomal chromosomes and so are more subject to the effects of drift and the random fixation of chromosome rearrangements. The argument is made that speciation in black flies and many other groups is an adaptive process and that differentiated sex-chromosome systems play a role in this process.Key words: black flies, sex chromosomes, speciation, evolution.

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17

Reiling, Stephen D., Kevin J. Boyle, Hsiang-tai Cheng, and Marcia L. Phillips. "Contingent Valuation of a Public Program to Control Black Flies." Northeastern Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics 18, no. 2 (October 1989): 126–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0899367x00001987.

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Contingent valuation is used to measure the benefits of a proposed public program to control black flies. Respondents’ reported values are analyzed from three perspectives: data outliers, consistency between respondents’ reported values and their perceptions of black flies, and the temporal reliability of the values expressed by respondents. The results suggest that the estimated contingent values are plausible even though a majority of respondents expressed a value of zero dollars for the black fly control program.

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18

Merritt, Richard W. "The black flies (Simuliidae) of North America." Journal of the North American Benthological Society 24, no. 2 (June 2005): 442–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1899/0887-3593(2005)24[442:br]2.0.co;2.

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19

Lacey, L. A., and A. H. Undeen. "Microbial Control of Black Flies and Mosquitoes." Annual Review of Entomology 31, no. 1 (January 1986): 265–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.31.010186.001405.

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20

Chiriac, Anca, Piotr Brzezinski, Liviu Miron, Cosmin Moldovan, Cristian Podoleanu, and Simona Stolnicu. "Simuliosis – A dermatosis caused by black flies." Allergology International 65, no. 2 (April 2016): 217–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.alit.2015.11.005.

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21

Michelsen, Verner. "The Black Flies (Simuliidae) of North America." Insect Systematics & Evolution 35, no. 3 (2004): 328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187631204788920202.

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22

TAKAOKA, HIROYUKI, MOHD SOFIAN-AZIRUN, ZUBAIDAH YA’COB, CHEE DHANG CHEN, KOON WENG LAU, VAN LUN LOW, XUAN DA PHAM, and PETER H. ADLER. "The black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) of Vietnam." Zootaxa 4261, no. 1 (May 5, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4261.1.1.

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The biodiversity of black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae), which are biting insects of medical and veterinary importance, is strikingly high in Southeast Asian countries, such as Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines and Thailand. In 2013, we began to explore the fauna of black flies in Vietnam, which has so far been poorly studied. In this monograph, the wealth of the biodiversity of black flies in Vietnam is also confirmed on the basis of the results of our recent investigations, though limited to five provinces in the country. Morphotaxonomic studies of black flies obtained from Sapa, Lao Cai Province, northern Vietnam, in 2014 and Nghe An Province, northern Vietnam, in 2015, and reexaminations of black flies collected from Tam Dao, Vinh Phuc Province, northern Vietnam, in 2013, Thua Thien Hue Province, central Vietnam, in 2014, and Lam Dong Province, southern Vietnam, in 2014, were conducted. A total of 22 species are described as new, including one in the newly recorded subgenus Montisimulium Rubtsov, and three species are recognized as new records from Vietnam. This investigation brings the number of species of black flies known in Vietnam to 70, all of which are assigned to the genus Simulium Latreille, and are placed in four subgenera (25 in Gomphostilbia Enderlein, one in Montisimulium, seven in Nevermannia Enderlein, and 37 in Simulium Latreille s. str.). The numbers of species-groups recognized include seven in Gomphostilbia, three in Nevermannia and nine in Simulium, indicating a high diversity of putative phylogenetic lineages. New species include S. (G.) sanchayense sp. nov. (= the species formerly regarded as S. (G.) brinchangense Takaoka, Sofian-Azirun & Hashim), S. (S.) lowi sp. nov. (= the species formerly regarded as S. (S.) brevipar Takaoka & Davies), S. (S.) fuscicoxae sp. nov. [= the species formerly regarded as S. (S.) rufibasis Brunetti (in part)], S. (S.) suoivangense sp. nov. [= morphoform ‘b’ of the S. (S.) tani Takaoka & Davies (complex)]. Newly recorded species are S. (G.) parahiyangum Takaoka & Sigit, S. (N.) maeaiense Takaoka & Srisuka, and S. (S.) doipuiense Takaoka & Choochote (complex) [= the species formerly regarded as S. (S.) rufibasis Brunetti (in part)]. The substitute name, S. (S.) huense, is given for the species that was described under the name of S. (S.) cavum from southern Vietnam. A redescription of the female, male, pupa and larva of S. (G.) asakoae Takaoka & Davies is presented, and the female and larva of S. (G.) hongthaii Takaoka, Sofian-Azirun & Ya’cob are described for the first time. Keys to 10 subgenera in the Oriental Region and all 70 species recorded from Vietnam are provided for females, males, pupae and mature larvae. As investigations extend nationwide in all the provinces in Vietnam, more new species and records are expected to be discovered. It is hoped that this monograph will be useful as a baseline taxonomic reference for future studies of black flies in Vietnam and neighbouring countries.

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Stanfield, T. K., and F. F. Hunter. "Honeydew and nectar sugars differentially affect flight performance in female black flies." Canadian Journal of Zoology 88, no. 1 (January 2010): 69–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z09-119.

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In the wild, black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) feed on both floral nectar and homopteran honeydew. We tested the hypothesis that sugar meal composition affects flight performance using tethered black flies that had been flown to exhaustion. Individuals were then fed distilled water (dH2O), 10% (m/v) artificial nectar (AN), or 20% (m/v) artificial honeydew (AH) sugars, and the distance, speed, and duration of the resultant flights were recorded using a computerized flight mill. Following a dH2O meal, flies were unable to regain flight. There were three different artificial honeydew diets (AHlow, AHmed, AHhigh), each differing in the proportion and composition of simple sugars (glucose, fructose, sucrose) and complex sugars (melezitose, stachyose). Flies flew the farthest and longest on AH meals that contained higher levels of complex sugars (AHmed, AHhigh) compared with flies fed on AN (simple sugars only) or AHlow. On this flight mill, the mean flight speed was 10.6 ± 3.5 m/min and was not affected by the type of sugar meal ingested.

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Bowles, David E., and Dennis D. Pinkovsky. "Occurrence of Larval Black Flies and Horse Flies in an Ozark Headwater Stream." Southwestern Naturalist 38, no. 1 (March 1993): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3671655.

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Shintouo, Cabirou Mounchili, Joel Ebai Nguve, Fru Bertha Asa, Robert Adamu Shey, Joseph Kamga, Jacob Souopgui, Stephen Mbigha Ghogomu, and Rose Njemini. "Entomological Assessment of Onchocerca Species Transmission by Black Flies in Selected Communities in the West Region of Cameroon." Pathogens 9, no. 9 (September 2, 2020): 722. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9090722.

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The enormity of the public health burden of onchocerciasis motivated the creation of various large-scale control programs that have depended principally on mass treatment of endemic communities with ivermectin for the elimination of the disease. Parasitological evaluation of Onchocerca species in the West Region of Cameroon indicates significant progress in the interruption of parasite transmission in some communities under ivermectin treatment. However, to verify the complete elimination of onchocerciasis, entomological assessment through O-150 PCR poolscreen of black flies is mandatory. Thus, in the present study, we assessed transmission of Onchocerca species using an O-150 PCR technique to screen pools of black flies—in seven onchocerciasis endemic communities (Makouopsap, Bankambe, Lemgo, Tsesse, Ndionzou, Kouffen, and Bayon) in Cameroon. Two thousand black flies were assessed—in each community—for the presence of Onchocerca species DNA. Our results show that the frequency of infective flies was 0.6% in Makouopsap and 0.0% in the other communities. On the other hand, the frequency of infected flies was 0.8% in Makouopsap, 0.2% in Bankambe, 0.1% in Bayon, and 0.0% in Lemgo, Tsesse, Ndionzou, and Kouffen. These results provide entomologic evidence for continuous transmission of Onchocerca species in Makouopsap, risk of active transmission in Bankambe, and Bayon, and a suppressed transmission in the four other studied communities.

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Shipp, J. L. "COMPARISON OF SILHOUETTE, STICKY, AND SUCTION TRAPS WITH AND WITHOUT DRY-ICE BAIT FOR SAMPLING BLACK FLIES (DIPTERA: SIMULIIDAE) IN CENTRAL ALBERTA." Canadian Entomologist 117, no. 1 (January 1985): 113–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent117113-1.

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AbstractIn 1982 and 1983, silhouette traps, sticky traps, and suction traps with and without dry-ice bait were evaluated for sampling populations of black flies that are pests of cattle in central Alberta. The dry-ice-baited silhouette trap was the most effective. The black-fly species collected were Simulium arcticum, S. aureum, S. decorum, S. meridionale, S. tuberosum, S. venustum, S. verecundum, S. vernum, and S. vittatum. Approximately 80% of the black flies collected each year were S. arcticum, the primary pest species of cattle in Alberta.

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Ruiz-Arrondo, Ignacio, Jesús Veiga, Peter H. Adler, Francisco Collantes, José A. Oteo, and Francisco Valera. "Integrated taxonomy of black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) reveals unexpected diversity in the most arid ecosystem of Europe." PLOS ONE 18, no. 11 (November 10, 2023): e0293547. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0293547.

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The family Simuliidae includes more than 2000 species of black flies worldwide. Their morphological uniformity creates difficulty for species identification, which limits our knowledge of their ecology and vectorial role. We investigated the systematics of black flies in a semi-arid area of the Iberian Peninsula, an ecologically harsh environment for these organisms. Sampling adult black flies in three different habitats (by means of CDC traps) and in avian nest boxes and collecting immature stages in high-salinity rills provided a representative sample of the component species. A combination of approaches, including morphological, chromosomal, and molecular (based on the mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase subunit I (COI) and internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) genes) revealed five species: four common species (Simulium intermedium, S. petricolum, S. pseudequinum, and S. rubzovianum) and the first European record for S. mellah. Barcoding gap and phylogenetic analyses revealed that ITS2 is a key marker to identify the species, whereas the COI marker does not provide enough resolution to identify some species or infer their phylogenetic relationships. Morphological and chromosomal features are also provided to identify S. mellah unequivocally. Our study highlights the need for integrated studies of black flies in ecologically extreme habitats to increase our knowledge of their distribution, ecology, and potential risks for public health.

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Feraday, R. M., and K. G. Leonhardt. "Absence of population structure in black flies as revealed by enzyme electrophoresis." Genome 32, no. 4 (August 1, 1989): 531–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g89-479.

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Analysis of allozyme variation by the FST-statistic in Simulium decorum and several other black fly species reveals very little genetic variation that could be attributed to genetic drift. This is consistent with what is known about the rates of migration of black flies and supports the idea that there is a lack of population subdivision in these insects. This picture of population structure is quite different from that presented by chromosome inversion polymorphisms. Chromosomal variation, however, can reasonably be attributed to selection and suggests that the role of inversions in black fly evolution is similar to population subdivision in the shifting balance process.Key words: black flies, allozymes, population structure, evolution.

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Muyobela, Jackson, Christian W. W. Pirk, Abdullahi A. Yusuf, Njelembo J. Mbewe, and Catherine L. Sole. "A novel vehicle-mounted sticky trap; an effective sampling tool for savannah tsetse flies Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood and Glossina morsitans centralis Machado." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 7 (July 19, 2021): e0009620. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009620.

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Background Black screen fly round (BFR) is a mobile sampling method for Glossina morsitans. This technique relies on the ability of operator(s) to capture flies landing on the screen with hand nets. In this study, we aimed to evaluate a vehicle-mounted sticky panel trap (VST) that is independent of the operator’s ability to capture flies against BFR, for effective and rapid sampling of G. m. morsitans Westwood and G. m. centralis Machado. We also determined the influence of the VST colour (all-blue, all-black or 1:1 blue-black), orientation and presence of odour attractants on tsetse catch. Methodology/Principal findings Using randomised block design experiments conducted in Zambia, we compared and modelled the number of tsetse flies caught in the treatment arms using negative binomial regression. There were no significant differences in the catch indices of the three colour designs and for in-line or transversely oriented panels for both subspecies (P > 0.05). When baited with butanone and 1-octen-3-ol, VST caught 1.38 (1.11–1.72; P < 0.01) times more G. m. centralis flies than the un-baited trap. Attractants did not significantly increase the VST catch index for G. m. morsitans (P > 0.05). Overall, the VST caught 2.42 (1.91–3.10; P < 0.001) and 2.60 (1.50–3.21; P < 0.001) times more G. m. centralis and G. m. morsitans respectively, than the BFR. The VST and BFR took 10 and 35 min respectively to cover a 1 km transect. Conclusion/Significance The VST is several times more effective for sampling G. m. morsitans and G. m. centralis than the BFR and we recommend its use as an alternative sampling tool.

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COULIBALY, Fatoumata, Grégoire YAPI YAPI, Donatié Serge TOURE, Kouamé Alphonse KADJO, and Julien Marie-Christian DOANNIO. "Black flies aggressivity in Kafolo: influence of climatic and environmental factors." Journal of Applied Biosciences 174 (June 30, 2022): 18031–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.35759/jabs.174.1.

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Objectives: The objective of this study is to investigate the influence of environmental factors on aggressiveness rate of black flies, vector of Onchocerca volvius, the parasite that causes river blindness in Kafolo, a village adjacent to the Comoé River located at the Ivoiro-Burkinabé border. Methodology and results: The determination of temporal variations in black flies aggressivity was done using standardised captures method on human bait according to protocol developed by WHO/OCP. At the end of each hour of capture, the number of black flies collected was recorded as well as the temperature and relative humidity. The results showed that except for the months of March and April, the daily bite rates of the black flies were above the WHO tolerance level. The highest daily bite rate (126 bpd) was recorded in September. The black flies aggressiveness was highest in the late afternoon in all seasons, particularly in the rainy season, when fieldwork was taking place. It changed constantly and inversely with ambient temperature and inconsistently with relative humidity. Conclusion and application of results: This study showed the importance of black flies aggressiveness in Kafolo on the one hand, and the influence of climate and environment on this aggressiveness on the other. The results of this study should guide the development of measures to control the bites of black flies for the control of onchocerciasis in the region. Keywords: Black fly, onchocerciasis, environmental factors, Ivoiro-Burkinabe border. RÉSUMÉ Objectifs: L'objectif général de cette étude est d'examiner l'influence des facteurs environnementaux sur le taux d'agressivité des simulies (mouches noires), vecteur d'Onchocerca volvius, le parasite qui cause la cécité des rivières à Kafolo, un village adjacent au fleuve Comoé situé à la frontière Ivoiro-Burkinabé. Méthodologie et résultats: La détermination des variations temporelles de l'agressivité des mouches noires a été faite en utilisant une méthode de capture standardisée sur des appâts humains selon le protocole développé par l'OMS/OCP. A la fin de chaque heure de capture, le nombre de 18031 Coulibaly et al., J. Appl. Biosci. Vol: 174, 2022 Black flies aggressivity in Kafolo: influence of climatic and environmental factors mouches noires collectées a été enregistré ainsi que la température et l'humidité relative. Les résultats ont montré qu'à l'exception des mois de mars et avril, les taux de piqûre quotidiens des mouches noires étaient supérieurs au seuil de tolérance de l'OMS. Le taux de piqûre quotidien le plus élevé (126 piqûres/homme/jour) a été enregistré en septembre. L'agressivité des mouches noires était plus élevée en fin d'après-midi, quelle que soit la saison, en particulier pendant la saison des pluies, au moment des travaux de terrain. Elle évoluait constamment et inversement avec la température ambiante et de manière inconstante avec l'humidité relative. Conclusion et applications des résultats: Cette étude a montré l’importance de l’agressivité simulidiennne à Kafolo d’une part, et d’autre part, l’influence du climat et de l’environnement sur cette agressivité. Les résultats de cette étude devraient guider à l’élaboration de mesures de lutte contre les piqures des simulies pour le contrôle de l’onchocercose dans la région. Mots clés : Simulie, Onchocercose, facteurs environnementaux, frontière ivoiro-burkinabé.

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KHAN, M. A., and G. C. KOZUB. "RESPONSE OF ANGUS, CHAROLAIS, AND HEREFORD BULLS TO BLACK FLIES (Simulium spp), WITH AND WITHOUT PHOSMET TREATMENT." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 65, no. 1 (March 1, 1985): 269–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas85-033.

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Clinical toxicosis, used as an indicator of black-fly tolerance, was not as pronounced in Charolais bulls as in Angus or Hereford bulls, whether or not they were treated dermally with 25 mg phosmet/kg body weight. During the first 20 days after exposure to black flies, the combined weight loss of the treated and untreated Charolais bulls was lower than that of their Angus or Hereford counterparts. Up to 33 days PT, the combined gains of the treated bulls of the three breeds were intermittently higher than those of the controls. Key words: Black flies, beef bulls, phosmet, response, toxicosis, weight gains

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Rohner, Christoph, Charles J. Krebs, D. Bruce Hunter, and Douglas C. Currie. "Roost Site Selection of Great Horned Owls in Relation to Black Fly Activity: An Anti-Parasite Behavior?" Condor 102, no. 4 (November 1, 2000): 950–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/102.4.950.

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Abstract We document a shift in roosting behavior of Great Horned Owls (Bubo virginianus) from winter and late spring to summer. During summer, Great Horned Owls roosted near the ground or exposed on open ground, whereas they chose concealed perches at mid-canopy level for the rest of the year as typical for forest owls. This shift of roosting behavior coincided with the emergence of ornithophilic black flies, which transmit avian malaria (Leucocytozoon spp.). The shift in roosting behavior was consistent with measurements of parasite exposure at different habitat positions. Black fly activity was highest at mid-canopy level, and almost no black flies were active on open ground. Ground-roosting was not caused by poorly developed flying capability of juveniles, because solitarily-roosting adult owls showed the same behavioral shift in a second year of study. Black flies and avian malaria are widely distributed, and the effect of the vertical distribution of these parasites in forests on roosting, nesting, and foraging of sylvatic birds deserves further study.

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Parker, Christine, Morgan Meador, and Jeffrey P. Hoover. "Using Digital Image Analysis to Quantify Small Arthropod Vectors." Journal of Medical Entomology 57, no. 5 (April 20, 2020): 1671–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjaa072.

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Abstract Quantifying arthropod vectors can be a time-consuming process. Here, we describe a technique to count large samples of small arthropods using ImageJ. ImageJ is an open source image processing software, produced by the National Institutes of Health, with a straightforward interface that has proven useful in quantifying small organisms (i.e., cells, pollen, eggs). In 2017, we deployed CDC light traps baited with carbon dioxide among seven sites to capture black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae). Samples of the captured specimens were photographed, and then quantified manually and automatically, using ImageJ. We compared the accuracy of three types of automated counts to manual counts of black flies using an information-theoretic approach. We found that changing the particle size produced counts closest to those obtained by manual counts. Even over a large range of values, from tens to thousands of flies, our automated counts were often identical to and almost always within 5% of the manual counts. When different, automated counts were usually slightly less than manual counts, and thus conservative estimates. This automated technique is simple, repeatable, requires minimal training, and can reduce the time needed to quantify small arthropods such as black flies.

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Salman, Salman, Lalu Muhammad Ukhrawi, and Muhammad Azim. "Budidaya Maggot Lalat Black Soldier Flies (BSF) sebagai Pakan Ternak." Jurnal Gema Ngabdi 2, no. 1 (March 30, 2020): 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/jgn.v2i1.40.

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Waste management in some areas is still a problem for the environment. One method to manage the waste is by using it as a medium for maggot cultivation BSF (Black Soldier Flies) flies. Therefore, a KKN team, from Mataram pioneered the BSF fly maggot cultivation business in Pendem Village, Janapria District, Central Lombok Regency, West Nusa Tenggara. The purpose of this program is to empower Pendem Village residents to process organic waste through cultivation of BSF maggot flies into animal feed. The method was by conducting counseling or socialization with village staff in front of local community leaders and directly making BSF cage. The results shown a positive response from residents. Besides that, the team produced the animal feed from this cultivation. and also, the organic fertilizer in the form of packaging ready for market.

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van Huis, A., D. G. A. B. Oonincx, S. Rojo, and J. K. Tomberlin. "Insects as feed: house fly or black soldier fly?" Journal of Insects as Food and Feed 6, no. 3 (June 9, 2020): 221–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/jiff2020.x003.

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Industrialised rearing of house flies and black soldier flies in systems for producing protein offers numerous species-specific benefits and challenges. These two dipteran species offer great potential for mass production of protein rich feed ingredients on a global scale. Through this systematic review, various facets of intensive production of these species are evaluated according to criteria, such as development time, abiotic tolerance, ease of rearing, environmental impact, safety risks, range of possible organic side streams, and their role in bioconversion.

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Drolet, Barbara S., Will K. Reeves, Kristine E. Bennett, Steven J. Pauszek, Miranda R. Bertram, and Luis L. Rodriguez. "Identical Viral Genetic Sequence Found in Black Flies (Simulium bivittatum) and the Equine Index Case of the 2006 U.S. Vesicular Stomatitis Outbreak." Pathogens 10, no. 8 (July 23, 2021): 929. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10080929.

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In 2006, vesicular stomatitis New Jersey virus (VSNJV) caused outbreaks in Wyoming (WY) horses and cattle after overwintering in 2004 and 2005. Within two weeks of the outbreak onset, 12,203 biting flies and 194 grasshoppers were collected near three equine-positive premises in Natrona County, WY. Insects were identified to the species level and tested by RT-qPCR for VSNJV polymerase (L) and phosphoprotein (P) gene RNA. Collected dipterans known to be competent for VSV transmission included Simulium black flies and Culicoides biting midges. VSNJV L and P RNA was detected in two pools of female Simulium bivittatum and subjected to partial genome sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis based on the hypervariable region of the P gene from black flies showed 100% identity to the isolate obtained from the index horse case on the same premises. This is the first report of VSNJV in S. bivittatum in WY and the first field evidence of possible VSV maintenance in black fly populations during an outbreak.

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Cupp, Mary S., E. W. Cupp, and Frank B. Ramberg. "Salivary gland apyrase in black flies (Simulium vittatum)." Journal of Insect Physiology 39, no. 10 (October 1993): 817–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-1910(93)90113-6.

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CRAIG, DOUGLAS A., and NEAL L. EVENHUIS. "Society Islands beach bum black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae)." Zootaxa 4311, no. 3 (August 24, 2017): 373. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4311.3.3.

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Aspects of the body of work on the Central and Western Pacific black fly Simulium (Inseliellum) are briefly reviewed. Female adults collected from beaches in Tahiti and Raiatea are described as Simulium (Inseliellum) littopyga n. sp., Simulium (Inseliellum) littosocius n. sp. and Simulium (Inseliellum) littosodalis n. sp.. Immature stages of the three species are not associated.

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Davies, Lewis. "The taxonomy of British black-flies (Diptera: Simuliidae)." Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 118, no. 14 (April 24, 2009): 413–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1966.tb00832.x.

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Gunther, Derrick, Robert Alford, Jeff Johnson, Paul Neilsen, Liuyin Zhang, Robert Harrell, and Cameron Day. "Transgenic black soldier flies for production of carotenoids." Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 168 (May 2024): 104110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ibmb.2024.104110.

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Muotka, Timo, and Antti Penttinen. "Detecting Small-scale Spatial Patterns in Lotic Predator–Prey Relationships: Statistical Methods and a Case Study." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 51, no. 10 (October 1, 1994): 2210–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f94-223.

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We mapped the exact locations of two predaceous stream insects, a caddis larva (Rhyacophila obliterata) and a stonefly nymph (Isoperla grammatica), in 1-m2 sampling windows in relation to their major prey, larval black flies (mostly Simulium sublacustre), which were quantified within the same areas by extensive systematic sampling. In mid-June, when black flies were abundant and highly clustered, R. obliterata was also aggregated on a scale of 5–10 cm. After the emergence of black flies in the beginning of July, the point pattern of the rhyacophilid was random. Isoperla grammatica was abundant only on the earlier sampling occasion, at which time it was randomly distributed. We also analysed spatial association between the two predators and found a weak indication of small-scale inhibition between them. In the range of current speeds of 40–60 cm/s, microhabitat overlap between the caddisfly and black fly was intensive, leading to high consumption of this semi-sessile prey. The second-order methods used proved powerful in detecting small-scale spatial patterns and could be more widely used by ecologists in place of classical single-statistic indices whenever detailed mapping of individuals is feasible.

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Srisuka, Wichai, Chayanit Sulin, Kittipat Aupalee, Thapanat Phankaen, Kritsana Taai, Sorawat Thongsahuan, Atiporn Saeung, and Hiroyuki Takaoka. "Community Structure, Biodiversity and Spatiotemporal Distribution of the Black Flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) Using Malaise Traps on the Highest Mountain in Thailand." Insects 12, no. 6 (May 31, 2021): 504. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12060504.

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Black flies form a group of small blood-sucking insects of medical and veterinary importance. This study aimed to investigate the community structure, biodiversity and spatial and temporal distribution of adult black flies in tropical rain forests, by using malaise traps in Doi Inthanon National Park, northern Thailand. Malaise traps were placed along six elevational gradients (400 m to 2500 m, above sea level) at Doi Inthanon National Park, Chiang Mai province, from December 2013 to November 2014. A total of 9406 adult female black flies belonging to five subgenera—Daviesellum (2%), Gomphostilbia (23%), Montisimulium (11%), Nevermannia (16%) and Simulium (48%)—were collected. Among 44 taxa found, S. tenebrosum complex had the highest relative abundance (11.1%), followed by the S. asakoae species-group (9.6%), the S. striatum species-group (7.7%), S. inthanonense (6.6%), S. doipuiense complex (6.4%), S. chomthongense complex (5.3%), S. chumpornense (5.1%) and S. nigrogilvum (4.1%). Two human-biting species—S. nigrogilvum and species in the S. asakoae species-group—were found in all of the collection sites with 100% species occurrence. Species richness was highest at mid elevation (1400 m), which is represented by 19 black fly species. The peak and lowest seasonal abundance was observed in the rainy and hot season, respectively. Seasonal species richness was highest in the cold season, except for that from elevation sites at 700 m, 1700 m and 2500 m. This study revealed that the malaise trap is effective in providing important data for further monitoring of the effects of environmental changes and conservation planning on the biodiversity of black flies in Doi Inthanon National Park.

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McCreadie, John W., Murray H. Colbo, and Gordon F. Bennett. "THE SEASONAL ACTIVITY OF HEMATOPHAGOUS DIPTERA ATTACKING CATTLE IN INSULAR NEWFOUNDLAND." Canadian Entomologist 117, no. 8 (August 1985): 995–1006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent117995-8.

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AbstractA cattle-baited (C-B) trap and a Trueman–McIver (T-M) segregating CO2 trap provided information on seasonal abundance, host-seeking activity, and blood-feeding of biting-flies near St. John's, Newfoundland. A total of 19 682 biting-flies (26 species) were collected (C-B trap = 11 407; T-M trap = 8275) from 26 May to 16 September 1982. Black-flies (Simuliidae) comprised 94.1% of the total sample (C-B trap = 10 747; T-M trap = 7773). Mosquitoes (Culicidae), biting midges (Ceratopogonidae), and tabanids (Tabanidae) comprised the remainder. Blood-fed flies represented 54.7% of the total catch in the C-B trap, but the proportion varied considerably among species. Black-fly activity was concentrated in June and July, though flies were also collected in May, August, and September. Prosimulium mixtum was the predominant species in June and Simulium venustum/verecundum complex was the major pest in July. Prosimulium mixtum was most active from mid-morning to late-afternoon, with little evening activity. Simulium venustum/verecundum complex showed 2 peaks of activity, one in the morning and another in the early evening. A few P. mixtum and S. venustum/verecundum complex were active after dark. Captures from the T-M and C-B traps were compared to test the reliability of the T-M trap as an indicator of activity of biting-flies attracted to cattle. Significant correlations (P < 0.001) between the number of flies collected in the 2 traps were found for P. mixtum and S. venustum/verecundum complex. Remaining species were taken in numbers too low for analysis.

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Cavallaro, Michael C., Eric Risley, and Paige Lockburner. "Evaluation of Partially Submerged Sticky Traps On Lake Spillways For Adult Black Fly (Diptera: Simuliidae) Surveillance and Arbovirus Detection." Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 34, no. 4 (December 1, 2018): 306–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2987/18-6792.1.

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ABSTRACT Sentinel surveillance systems demonstrate an improved ability to supplement monitoring data and anticipate arbovirus outbreaks (i.e., sentinel avian species). Management complications can arise during unpredictable or unseasonal disease detections, especially in rural areas where resident distribution is patchy. Using spillways near residential lake communities as static surveillance locations, we tested a novel partially submerged sticky trapping technique and screened wild populations of adult female black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) for West Nile virus (WNV) and eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV). Trap site selection criteria considered the density of immature black fly colonization on spillway surfaces and the number of positive detections of arboviral targets in nearby Culex mosquito populations. On average (±standard error), sticky traps captured 134 (±33) adult black flies over a 24-h period, with 1 trap capturing as many as 735 individuals. Although we detected positive cases of WNV from 20 Culex mosquito trapping sites within 16 km (approx. flight radius) of the selected lake spillways, mixed pools of adult female Simulium vittatum complex and Simulium decorum were all negative for both arboviruses. This study yielded an application for partially submerged sticky traps to collect adult female black flies. Its potential uses for monitoring the infection rates of more well-documented Simulium parasites are discussed.

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Zhu, Mingqiang, Mingming Liu, Boyu Yuan, Xinxin Jin, Xue Zhang, Gaijie Xie, Zifan Wang, Yantao Lv, Wei Wang, and Yanhua Huang. "Growth Performance and Meat Quality of Growing Pigs Fed with Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) Larvae as Alternative Protein Source." Processes 10, no. 8 (July 29, 2022): 1498. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10081498.

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Insects have been used as animal feed protein sources in livestock and poultry breeding, and their impact on pork quality needs to be studied. This experiment mainly explores the effect of adding black soldier flies to the feed on the growth performance and meat quality of pigs. All 24 weaned piglets were randomly divided into three groups, one group was given a normal diet as the control group (C), and the other two groups were supplemented with 4% (T1) and 8% (T2) black soldier flies as an alternative protein source, respectively. Pig growth performance and carcass traits were measured at the end of the 113-day experiment. After euthanizing the pigs, we used metabolomics to detect pig dorsal muscle and qPCR to detect gene expression in dorsal muscle and adipose tissue. For the average daily gain and backfat thickness, T2 group was significantly higher than T1 group and C group (p < 0.05). Intramuscular fat content was significantly elevated in the T1 and T2 groups (p < 0.05). The metabolomics results showed that there were significant differences in metabolites among the three groups (p < 0.05). The addition of black soldier flies could increase the content of some free amino acids, and the content of lipid metabolites also changed significantly (p < 0.05). The gene expression of type 1 muscle fibers in the T1 group and the PGC-1α gene expression in the T1 and T2 groups were significantly increased in the dorsal muscle (p < 0.05). The results of the present study showed that adding 4% black soldier fly instead of fish meal in the diet of growing pigs can significantly improve meat quality and supplementation of 8% black soldier flies has beneficial effects on growth performance of pigs.

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Buitrago-Guacaneme, Alexandra, Aura Sotelo-Londoño, Gabriel A. Pinilla-Agudelo, Alexander García-García, Ligia I. Moncada, and Peter H. Adler. "Abundance and diversity of black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) in rivers of the Andean Eastern Hills of Bogotá (Colombia),." Universitas Scientiarum 23, no. 2 (August 20, 2018): 291–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.11144/javeriana.sc23-2.aado.

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Black flies are abundant benthic organisms in well-oxygenated running water and are considered effective bioindicators of water quality. Information on the ecology of these organisms at the species level is important, since up to now information has mainly been available on a family level. The aim of this study was to evaluate the composition of black flies and their relationships to a group of physical and chemical factors in four small rivers of the Eastern Hills around Bogotá, Colombia. These headwaters are protected by the Empresa de Acueducto y Alcantarillado de Bogotá. Black fly larvae and pupae were collected during four sampling periods during the dry season to the early rainy season of 2012. Multivariate methods were used to determine the presence of each species in relation to dissolved oxygen, nitrates, pH, temperature, and water velocity. PCA ordination revealed a physicochemical environment with a tendency towards a certain homogeneity in the fourrivers studied. The DCA ordination confirmed that in La Vieja River the G. ortizi complex dominated while S. muiscorum was dominant in the other three rivers. Similarly, according to the NMDS, the composition of black flies in Arzobispo and Chorro de Padilla rivers was similar, while that of El Delirio and La Vieja rivers were different, especially in this last river. The rivers hadlow species richness (four species and one species complex). Simulium muiscorum was negatively correlated with dissolved oxygen, temperature and current velocity while S. ignescens was associated with slightly more oxygenated waters and S. furcilatum with fastercurrents.The low species diversity and richness for the four rivers is consistent with previous report sof low Neotropical diversity of black flies. Results showed that simuliid species could possibly be good indicators of the environmental conditions of Eastern Hills rivers around Bogotá.

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Aupalee, Kittipat, Atiporn Saeung, Wichai Srisuka, Masako Fukuda, Adrian Streit, and Hiroyuki Takaoka. "Seasonal Filarial Infections and Their Black Fly Vectors in Chiang Mai Province, Northern Thailand." Pathogens 9, no. 6 (June 25, 2020): 512. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9060512.

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The transmission of zoonotic filarial parasites by black flies has so far been reported in the Chiang Mai and Tak provinces, Thailand, and the bites of these infected black flies can cause a rare disease—human zoonotic onchocerciasis. However, species identification of the filarial parasites and their black fly vectors in the Chiang Mai province were previously only based on a morphotaxonomic analysis. In this study, a combined approach of morphotaxonomic and molecular analyses (mitochondrial cox1, 12S rRNA, and nuclear 18S rRNA (SSU HVR-I) genes) was used to clarify the natural filarial infections in female black flies collected by using human and swine baits from two study areas (Ban Lek and Ban Pang Dang) in the Chiang Mai province from March 2018 to January 2019. A total of 805 and 4597 adult females, belonging to seven and nine black fly taxa, were collected from Ban Lek and Ban Pang Dang, respectively. At Ban Lek, four of the 309 adult females of Simulium nigrogilvum were positive for Onchocerca species type I in the hot and rainy seasons. At Ban Pang Dang, five unknown filarial larvae (belonging to the same new species) were detected in Simulium sp. in the S. varicorne species-group and in three species in the S. asakoae species-group in all seasons, and three non-filarial larvae of three different taxa were also found in three females of the S. asakoae species-group. This study is the first to molecularly identify new filarial species and their vector black fly species in Thailand.

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Green, C. H. "The use of two-coloured screens for catching Glossina palpalis palpalis (Robineau-Desvoidy) (Diptera: Glossinidae)." Bulletin of Entomological Research 79, no. 1 (March 1989): 81–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300018587.

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AbstractDesigns for insecticide-impregnated screens based on combinations of two different colours were evaluated for their attractiveness to Glossina palpalis palpalis (Robineau-Desvoidy) in the Ivory Coast. Screens were tested with flanking panels of mosquito netting (flanked screens) and without such panels (simple screens), using electric nets to catch flies contacting cloth of various colours or mosquito netting. No flanked screen caught more flies than an all-blue single-coloured screen; flanked screens without blue portions generally had lower catches than those with blue portions. The majority of flies was always caught over the netting panels rather than over the cloth screens, although the proportions varied for different colours. Among simple screens, one half pthalogen blue and half ultraviolet-reflecting white caught 2·4 times as many female flies as an all-blue screen and 3·6 times as many as an all-white (ultraviolet-reflecting) screen. The basis for this synergistic effect is that blue attracts flies strongly to a position near the target (e.g. circling), while the white induces landing responses; in the blue-and-white simple screens, 77% of all tsetse landed on the white surface. Several other colour combinations in simple screens gave similar results to the blue-and-white screen for females flies, for example black-and-white, and one of the blue-and-light-blue combinations. For males, the best combination for simple screens was blue and black. In tests of different configurations of blue and ultraviolet-white on simple screens, most flies were caught using a diagonally-divided screen, the lower triangular portion being white and the upper one blue.

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Oforka, Linda C., Monsuru A. Adeleke, Joseph C. Anikwe, Nate B. Hardy, Derrick K. Mathias, Winifred A. Makanjuola, and Henry Y. Fadamiro. "Biting Rates and Onchocerca Infectivity Status of Black Flies from the Simulium damnosum Complex (Diptera: Simuliidae) in Osun State, Nigeria." Journal of Medical Entomology 57, no. 3 (January 4, 2020): 901–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjz250.

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Abstract The Simulium damnosum Theobald complex transmits Onchocerca volvulus Leuckart (Spirurida: Onchocercidae), the causative agent of onchocerciasis. Recent evidence suggests that control efforts have strongly suppressed parasite populations, but vector surveillance is needed in parts of Africa where the disease remains endemic. Here, studies on biting rates and infectivity status of suspected vector species were conducted in three onchocerciasis-endemic areas, namely Iwo, Ede, and Obokun, in Osun State, Nigeria. A total of 3,035 black flies were collected between October 2014 and September 2016, and examined for parity and parasites using standard methods. A separate collection of 2,000 black flies was pool-screened for infectivity using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the O-150 marker. Results showed that parous flies were significantly less common than nulliparous flies with overall parous rates of 8.02% in Iwo and 35.38% in Ede at the end of the study period. Obokun had a parous rate of 22.22% obtained in the first year only. None of the dissected parous flies were infected with O. volvulus and PCR assays showed no amplification of O-150 O. volvulus-specific repeats in head and body pools. However, annual biting rates exceeded the World Health Organization threshold of 1,000 bites/person/yr. Thus it appears that, with such high rates of biting, even low levels of vector infection can sustain onchocerciasis in African communities.

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Mukherjee, Arka, Atanu Naskar, Oishik Kar, Debdeep Pramanik, and Dhriti Banerjee. "A checklist of black flies (Diptera, Simuliidae) from India." ZooKeys 1118 (August 24, 2022): 111–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1118.84686.

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An updated checklist of the family Simuliidae from India is presented. A total of 79 species of Simulium belonging to eight different subgenera are listed. Eleven species that were not reported in the previous checklist are added here. The present list contributes to a better understanding of the diversity of Simuliidae in India, as well as the impact of Simulium species on the public health of this mega-diverse country.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Black flies'

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