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Biemann, Ursula. "Black Sea files." Multitudes 28, no. 1 (2007): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/mult.028.0001.
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Fryer, Roland G., and Michael Greenstone. "The Changing Consequences of Attending Historically Black Colleges and Universities." American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 2, no. 1 (January 1, 2010): 116–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/app.2.1.116.
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Using nationally representative data files from 1970s and 1990s college attendees, we find that in the 1970s matriculation at historically black colleges and universities (HBCUs) was associated with higher wages and an increased probability of graduation, relative to attending a traditionally white institution. By the 1990s, there is a wage penalty resulting in a 20 percent decline in the relative wages of HBCU graduates between the two decades. There is modest support for the possibility that the relative decline in wages associated with HBCU matriculation is partially due to improvements in TWIs' effectiveness at educating blacks. (JEL I23, J15, J24, J31)
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Li, Tingyu. "Small Search Engine based on Red and Black Tree." Scientific Journal of Technology 5, no. 8 (August 22, 2023): 27–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.54691/sjt.v5i8.5495.
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This procedure uses C + + language to achieve a small search engine each part, including search, analysis, index, query four processes. And establish corresponding data files to speed up the follow-up query. The data structure used is mainly red and black trees. The algorithms used include multi-channel merge sorting (loser tree optimization) and tf-idf algorithm.
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Borucki, Alex. "Shipmate Networks and Black Identities in the Marriage Files of Montevideo, 1768–1803." Hispanic American Historical Review 93, no. 2 (May 1, 2013): 205–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00182168-2077135.
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Abstract The experience of enslaved Africans in the Atlantic crossing redefined the meanings of the nomenclature emerging from the slave trade. Under violent conditions, captives developed networks with shipmates on board slave vessels. These ties survived for decades if shipmates stayed together in the same region, as they did in Montevideo. Shipmate ties represented a living connection for Africans not only with their experience in the Atlantic crossing but also with their homelands. Shipmates provided support to their fellows when they needed trusted associates, as the marriage files of Montevideo clearly demonstrate. Enslaved Africans commonly asked fellow shipmates to testify about their past when marrying into the Catholic Church. Marriage files contain data on the routes Africans took across the Atlantic and the Americas. They indicate the origins of the groom, bride, and witnesses, their shared itineraries, and how these itineraries changed over time. Thus they reveal patterns of geographical mobility and networks created by common experiences. Marriage files can be easily quantified, which allows us to track historical trends. At the same time, each file offers a unique story. A close reading of these stories contextualizes the experiences of slaves in the Catholic Americas and underscores common patterns in ways that lie beyond quantification.
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Flowe, Douglas J. "“Fighting and Cutting and Shooting, and Carrying On”: Saloons, Dives, and the Black “Tough” in Manhattan’s Tenderloin, 1890-1917." Journal of Urban History 45, no. 5 (June 8, 2018): 925–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0096144218779368.
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Most historical studies of early twentieth-century American saloons focus on white ethnic immigrants and largely neglect black drinking dives. To understand the significance of saloons to African Americans it is necessary to differentiate the black experience from the dominant historical narrative. Scrutinizing the media depiction of black male Tenderloin residents as “toughs” I question whether some black men refashioned masculinity with public acts of mayhem, a purposefully heedless perspective, and a willingness to disregard the law. Employing countless media accounts, prison case files, trial transcripts, and correspondence between saloon owners and progressive organizations I argue that black saloons became centers of licit and illicit economies and physical spaces where black men reimagined their masculine identities.
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Fan, Jie, Peng Gao, Cong Cong Shi, and Ni Ge Li. "Research on Combine White-Box Testing and Black-Box Testing of Web Applications Security." Advanced Materials Research 989-994 (July 2014): 4542–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.989-994.4542.
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Contrary to high false positives rate of use White-box testing tools for Web application source code security and unable to locate vulnerabilities of use Black-box testing tools for Web application security, propose an effective method for combine White-box and Black-box testing tools of Web applications. This method will put the new technology of “Associated Files Matching Engine” into White-box testing tools, this test result and Black-box test result will be statistical analyzed and combined. Argumentation show, this method reduce the positives rate of White-box test result and be able to locate vulnerabilities where it is in file.
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Peoples, James, and Lisa Saunders. "Trucking Deregulation and the Black/White Wage Gap." ILR Review 47, no. 1 (October 1993): 23–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979399304700102.
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The only previous study of the effect of product market deregulation on the black/white wage gap found that this gap in the trucking industry declined after trucking deregulation in 1978. That study did not, however, estimate the separate effects of deregulation on union and nonunion members or on black and white drivers. This study does so through an analysis of individual worker information from the March and May CPS files for the years 1973 through 1988. The authors find that deregulation is associated with significantly declining black/white wage gaps among both union and nonunion drivers. This wage pattern is attributable to significant reductions in the real wages of white drivers; the real wages of black drivers did not change with deregulation.
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Polotai, O., O. Belej, and N. Maltseva. "PHYSICAL CONTENT OF COMPUTER STEGANOGRAPHY." Bulletin of Lviv State University of Life Safety 23 (June 30, 2021): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.32447/20784643.23.2021.04.
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Introduction. The development of computer technology has given a new impetus to the use of computer steganography. However, it is important to understand the physical content of this type of steganography.Purpose. The work aims to describe the practical use and physical content of the phenomenon of computer steganography, the results of the study on the hiding of files in the stegocontainer.Results. Describes the main ns currently computer steganography methods are actively used to solve the following tasks: Protection of confidential information from unauthorized access, overcoming monitoring and management of net-work resources, software camouflage, copyright protection, which is manifested in the use of digital watermarks, is one of the most promising areas of computer steganography. Among the methods of hiding information in images, the most common is the category of algorithms using the lower bits of the image data. They are considered in this paper. These algorithms are based on the fact that in some file formats, the lower bits of the values, although present in the file, but do not affect a person's perception of sound or image. The steganographic software S-Tools was chosen for the study. We created two test monotonous images with the size of 50 × 50 pixels in 24-bit bmp format to analyze the peculiarities of the placement of stego-data in container files. We chose black and white images for the study. A text file was hidden in each of the images, after which the reverse action was performed - extracting the file. As a result of hiding, two stego files were obtained. The paper compared the binary content of the original images and files containing private data. For comparison, the binary content of the black square image and the contents of the stegocontainer with a latent text file are given. Note that the contents of the container and the stego file are only partially listed, but the addresses of the memory cells have selected accordingly. The right column shows the contents of the memory cells in hexadecimal format. The bytes that display the colour of the square are set to "00" because the original image contains only black. We noted that the contents of the cells responsible for the image changed after hiding additional data (this reflected by cells with values of "01"). The paper also describes the procedure for hiding a group of different types of files. During the study, we found that the image file (1920 × 1080 pixels) with a volume of 6,220,854 bytes can hide 777,584 bytes of information.Conclusion. When using steganography, the program uses some algorithms that hide confidential data among the contents of the container: bits of the hidden file replace the bits of the original file at random positions. Thus, the size of the source file and the container file (containing the attached information) is the same, even if you hide a different number of files or different amounts of data.
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Mastley, Carrie P. "Representation of Black History in Archives: A Collection-Centered Quantitative Analysis of the Billups-Garth Archive." Open Information Science 4, no. 1 (August 20, 2020): 187–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opis-2020-0014.
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AbstractThis pilot study presents a collection-centered quantitative analysis of Black history resources available at the Billups-Garth Archive in Columbus, Mississippi. The Archive’s inventory lists for its record series and control files for its manuscript collections were assessed in order to determine the percentage of extant Black history resources in relation to the collection’s total holdings. Relevant collections were then evaluated to determine their mediums, subjects, and provenance. The results showed a dearth of collections related to Black history and indicated that very few were created by the Black community. Results also showed that most relevant resources were made up of textual documents as well as documents relating to everyday life and education. Overall, this study demonstrates how collection analyses may be undertaken to identify collection biases and collection deficiencies, especially deficiencies in representing the histories of marginalized communities.
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Lowery, Patrick G., John D. Burrow, and Robert J. Kaminski. "A Multilevel Test of the Racial Threat Hypothesis in One State’s Juvenile Court." Crime & Delinquency 64, no. 1 (November 30, 2016): 53–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128716678192.
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Noting the paucity of research on the racial threat hypothesis in the juvenile courts, this study examined the interplay of defendant characteristics and country-level characteristics on dispositions. Data were retrieved from the Department of Juvenile Justice files in South Carolina and were analyzed using multinomial logistic hierarchical linear modeling. Results revealed support for the racial threat hypothesis, as racial inequity operated in a different manner (more punitively) for Black defendants. Larger Black populations in counties also led to an increased use of punitive sanctions. In addition, concentrated disadvantage effects were found, and heightened levels of teenage population led to higher incarceration rates for Black defendants. Limitations of this study, implications for stakeholders/practitioners, and directions for future research are discussed.
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Ceraulo, Maria, María Paz Sal Moyano, Fernando Jose Hidalgo, María Cielo Bazterrica, Salvatore Mazzola, María Andrea Gavio, and Giuseppa Buscaino. "Boat Noise and Black Drum Vocalizations in Mar Chiquita Coastal Lagoon (Argentina)." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 1 (January 4, 2021): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9010044.
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Human-generated underwater noise and its effect on marine biota is recognized as an important issue. Boat noise can affect the communication success of fish species that use sounds for spawning purposes. During the reproductive period, males of the black drum Pogonias spp. produce calls ranging from 90 Hz to 300 Hz. In the Mar Chiquita coastal lagoon (Buenos Aires, Argentina), Pogonias courbina is one of the primary fishing species. Although no regulation is directly applied to protect it, a ban protects the reproductive period of other fish species during weekdays. Here, we investigated the potential effect of boat noise on P. courbina vocalizations through a passive acoustic method. Acoustic data were collected, and P. courbina calls were identified and counted. The files with boat noise passages were categorized into classes according to their noise frequency range (A = below 700 Hz, B = over 700 Hz, and C = below and above 700 Hz). The fish call rate was lower in files where boat noise overlapped the fish call frequency (Classes A and C). Only boat noise from Class C was significantly reduced during days with the active fishing ban. These results suggest that anthropogenic noise may affect the P. courbina call rate and underline the importance of including the evaluation of anthropogenic noise in the current management of the area.
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Badham, Bill, Bob Blatchford, Steph Mcartney, and Malcolm Nicholas. "DOING SOMETHING WITH OUR LIVES WHEN WE’RE INSIDE Self-Directive Groupwork in a Youth Custody Centre." Groupwork 2, no. 1 (January 1, 1989): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1921/gpwk.v2i1.1385.
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This paper describes the development of groupwork practice at an open youth custody centre in Nottingham from February 1987 to February 1989. It was started by Nottingham Probation Officers linking with a voluntary sector project, and later developed to include Team Resources for Youth, a project working with young black people. The article gives background to how the work arose, both through previous local initiatives, and through careful planning between February and October 1987. It describes the underlying social action principles and values behind the work, and how these affected practice. It concludes with an evaluation of the work by young men and the agencies involved, and suggests implications for future policy and practice.Publisher’s note: We are now putting all back issues of Groupwork on line. Articles in this issue have been scanned to pdf files as viable original typesetting files no longer exist. Though they may not look it, these files are to some extent searchable. This issue was published nearly 30 years ago. We have stated author professional details as received at time of publication
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Bao, Wei, Xiang Gao, Ke Wang, Qi Geng, Jie Song, Ping Zeng, and Desheng Zhou. "Development of discrimination technology associated to protection secondary circuits in Smart Substation Based on Semantic Features of SCD." MATEC Web of Conferences 173 (2018): 02035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201817302035.
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As a core part of smart substation, SCD files make secondary circuits in smart substation becoming a ‘black box’, which brings great difficulties to operation and maintenance. This paper proposes the SCD virtual circuit identification technology based on a semantic strength, which can provide an effective technical solution for the SCD management of smart substation, and demonstrates a reference for controlling the maintenance risk of smart substation.
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Gilmore, Danielle R., Keith E. Whitfield, and Roland J. Thorpe. "Is There a Difference in All-Cause Mortality Between Non-Hispanic Black and Non-Hispanic White Men With the Same Level of Education? Analyses Using the 2000–2011 National Health Interview Surveys." American Journal of Men's Health 13, no. 1 (January 2019): 155798831982779. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1557988319827793.
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Although men have greater societal and economic privileges, men have higher all-cause mortality rates than women, even after controlling for education. Further, racial/ethnic mortality disparities exist among men with varying levels of education. Few studies have explored the independent effects of education and all-cause mortality between non-Hispanic Black and non-Hispanic White men with the same level of education. Our purpose was to identify trends in racial differences in all-cause mortality between non-Hispanic White and non-Hispanic Black men with the same level of education. Data for the study came from the National Health Interview Surveys 2000–2011 linked to the 2000–2009 Mortality Files. The Student’s t and chi-square tests were used to assess the mean and proportional differences between non-Hispanic White and non-Hispanic Black men (≥18 years of age) across a range of demographic and health-related factors. Cox proportional hazard models were specified to examine the association between level of education and all-cause mortality adjusting for the demographic and health characteristics. Except for men who did not complete high school, statistically significant differences in all-cause mortality are present between non-Hispanic Black and non-Hispanic White men with the same level of education. The findings reveal the importance of understanding the level of education on differences in all-cause mortality between non-Hispanic Whites and non-Hispanic Blacks.
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Feld, Scott, and Shawn Bauldry. "Separate, Unequal, and Uncorrelated: Why We Need to Consider Race-specific Homicide Rates in US Metropolitan Areas." Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World 4 (January 1, 2018): 237802311877395. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2378023118773959.
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Sociologists recognize that American metropolitan areas continue to be highly segregated by race and that blacks continue to experience much higher homicide rates than whites across metropolitan areas. We show that the racial divide goes beyond separate and unequal to the point of being uncorrelated. Based on data from the Centers for Disease Control Underlying Cause of Death files 2008–2010 and the American Community Survey, this paper reports that homicide rates for whites and blacks are uncorrelated across US metropolitan areas. We show that under these conditions, the practice of analyzing overall homicide rates can substantially misrepresent both subgroups and that the correlations of other variables with overall homicide rates systematically exaggerate the average of the correlations with the two separate homicide rates. We therefore suggest that it is crucial to analyze rates of black and white homicide separately to accurately describe and understand causes and consequences of urban homicide.
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Pawłowska, Krystyna. "Teki Bartynowskiego, czyli Materyały do ikonografii królów, zbroi i wojska polskiego." Rocznik Biblioteki Naukowej PAU i PAN 68 (February 2024): 205–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/25440500rbn.23.012.19338.
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Bartynowski’s Papers Materyały do ikonografii królów, zbroi i wojska polskiego Władysław Bartynowski was a famous and remarkable numismatist active in Cracow at the end of 19th and the beginning of 20th century. In fact, he was a collector of various interests. Since early adulthood he used to collect old prints on various topics, including portrayals of famous Polish historical figures, coats of arms, old prints front pages, front page decorative frames etc. In 1882, the collection contained already 4200 units and it was not the end of his activity as a collector. Bartynowski used to work as an antiquar- ian so apart from the prints he owned, many more passed through his hands. He used to purchase them, sell and exchange. After some time, he became very well acquainted with this kind of works. The copies he produced were often so perfect that modern connoisseurs are sometimes unable to distinguish them from their originals. A piece of the collection was donated to the National Museum in Krakow. At the end of his life, Bartynowski decided to publish a collection of prints to serve educational purposes for those who had no access to the originals. To this end, he hired a talented drawer, Karol Wawrosz, who arranged tables of prints redrawn by him or otherwise copied from originals according to their subject. The basis and source for these catalogues were the collections gathered throughout many years as well as Władysław Bartynowski’s knowledge. This is how the work titled “Materyały do ikonografii królów zbroi i wojska polskiego” came into being. It consists of three big files titled Portrayals of kings, Army and Weapons and a notebook titled Materials containing detailed descriptions for tables and drawings. The work was published in print in 1908. It is in black and white, however a part of the volume was extra painted in watercolour by Bronisława Uhmowa, Władysław Bartynowski’s daughter, which add to the beauty of this work. Currently, the Bartynowski’s Files are available in a few libraries but only the black and white version. The paper presents the files in colour based on the copy from the family archive. Individual boards from these files, including the coloured ones, are sometimes to be found in antiquarian bookshops. Unfortunately, due to the lack of proper information on individual pages, they are commonly called the Wawrosz Files.
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Song, Xuyan, Ruxian Zhang, Qingqing Dong, and Baojiang Cui. "Grey-Box Fuzzing Based on Reinforcement Learning for XSS Vulnerabilities." Applied Sciences 13, no. 4 (February 15, 2023): 2482. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13042482.
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Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerabilities are significant threats to web applications. The number of XSS vulnerabilities reported has increased annually for the past three years, posing a considerable challenge to web application maintainers. Black-box scanners are mainstream tools for security engineers to perform penetration testing and detect XSS vulnerabilities. Unfortunately, black-box scanners rely on crawlers to find input points of web applications and cannot guarantee all input points are tested. To this end, we propose a grey-box fuzzing method based on reinforcement learning, which can detect reflected and stored XSS vulnerabilities for Java web applications. We first use static analysis to identify potential input points from components (i.e., Java code, configuration files, and HTML files) of the Java web application. Then, an XSS vulnerability payload generation method is proposed, which is used together with the reinforcement learning model. We define the state, action, and reward functions of three reinforcement learning models for XSS vulnerability detection scenarios so that the fuzz loop can be performed automatically. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method, we compare it against four state-of-the-art web scanners. Experimental results show that our method finds all XSS vulnerabilities and has no false positives.
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Garcia-Barrientos, Abel, David Torres-Uresti, Francisco R. Castillo-Soria, Ulises Pineda-Rico, Jose Antonio Hoyo-Montaño, Obed Perez-Cortes, and Patricio Ordaz-Oliver. "Design and Implementation of a Car’s Black Box System Using a Raspberry Pi and a 4G Module." Applied Sciences 12, no. 11 (June 5, 2022): 5730. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12115730.
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The design and implementation of a car’s black box system using a Raspberry Pi microcomputer and an Internet of things module is presented in this research. This system was built using a Raspberry Pi microcomputer and different sensors, including a GPS, camera module, audio module, alcohol sensor module, and signals from the electronic control unit. The data were stored in both a secure digital card and in the cloud using the Waveshare SIM7600G-H 4G module. The results show that this embedded system can acquire and process video, audio, GPS data, alcohol concentration, speed, temperature, etc. Finally, a graphics user interface was developed to process the stored files. This system is similar to a black box in airplanes, which records all flight information into the black box using a specific algorithm. This makes the recorded flight data accessible to authorities when needed.
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Choi, Jin-young, and Nam Su Chang. "Integrity Verification in Vehicle Black Box Video Files with Hashing Method." Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences 42, no. 1 (January 31, 2017): 241–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.7840/kics.2017.42.1.241.
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Osipovich, V. S., O. S. Medvedev, O. N. Dudzich, V. L. Krasilnikova, and K. D. Yashin. "Technology for Conversion of Computer Tomography Results into Three-Dimensional Models." Informacionnye Tehnologii 27, no. 11 (November 11, 2021): 600–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.17587/it.27.600-606.
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The development relates to information technology and can be used to process medical images. This task is achieved by the fact that DICOM files containing the results of computed tomography of the human head are subject to correction. They change the color of the pixels at the transition points from black to gray or vice versa, and also replace the black pixel with white. As a result, the percentage of loss of information about small bones is reduced from 22-31 % to 3-5 %, and, therefore, the accuracy of the three-dimensional model of the facial skull of the human head is increased. All this contributes to a significant improvement in the quality of facial surgery.
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Ilie, D., O. L. Balotă, D. Iordan, and P. S. Nicoară. "ALGORITHM AND APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT FOR PRECISE AND ACCURATE TRANSFORMATION OF LIDAR POINT CLOUDS INTO NATIONAL COORDINATE SYSTEMS OF ROMANIA USING OFFICIAL EQUATIONS AND QUASIGEOID MODEL." ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences V-4-2022 (May 18, 2022): 181–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-v-4-2022-181-2022.
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Abstract. The LiDAR point clouds are usually processed in Universal Transvers Mercator projection. The transformation to a national coordinate system is frequently made with low accuracy with the help of the generic transformation implemented in the actual softwares. An accurate and precise transformation for LiDAR files in the national coordinate systems of Romania (planimetric system Stereographic 1970 and altimetric system Black Sea 1975) is not yet available. The National Center for Cartography (NCC) from Romania developed a software for precise transformation, but it works only for certain patterns of the text files and for a maximum number of points of about 1 million. Because of this, the use of point clouds in precision work was not possible, using only extracts of low-density grid points in text format. In this research we develop an algorithm which use the precise transformation of NCC to realise an accurate transformation of the LiDAR point clouds in the national coordinate systems. The algorithm is then implemented in an innovative software to transform the LiDAR *LAS files, using the common version 1.2. The software is a batch processing application, which it can process big LiDAR data without blocking. Moreover, the application is capable to apply with accuracy and precision the last published national quasigeoid to the LiDAR point files. In the end, the obtained LiDAR point cloud are more suitable to be used in any domain, because of the accurate and precise transformation in the Romanian coordinate systems.
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Adler, Peter H., Donna J. Giberson, and Lisa A. Purcell. "Insular black files (Diptera: Simuliidae) of North America: tests of colonization hypotheses." Journal of Biogeography 32, no. 2 (January 20, 2005): 211–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2004.01156.x.
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Silva, Flaviane Andreele Jacinto da, Aida Maris Peres, and Rafaela Gessner Lourenço. "Health of the black immigrant population during the COVID-19 pandemic: a scoping review." Research, Society and Development 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): e2511124073. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v11i1.24073.
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The black population has had a distinct impact on incidence and lethality during the COVID-19 pandemic. On immigrants, there are gaps in their health reality, few countries identify the nationality of the infected population or those who died because of COVID-19 in the notification forms. The aim of this research is to identify the health situation of black immigrants in the world during the COVID-19 pandemic. The method chosen was a scoping review, with the formulation of a research question that sought information about the health situation of black immigrants during the COVID-19 pandemic. Primarily 807 documents were founded, among them, there were petitions, books, manuals, reports, editorials, letters to the editor, and articles. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, as well as removing repeated files, 13 materials remained to compose the final sample of this review, including articles, letters to the editor, editorial, and commentary. The data point to silence from the academic community and a lack of in-depth debates on how structural racism is decisive in the health of the black population, as well as material that discussed the health of the immigrant population in general.
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Maulani, Giandari, Era Era Hia, and Geri Yansyah. "Sistem Informasi Cargo Documentation Gudang Finished Goods Divisi Wafer PT.Mayora Indah Tbk." Journal CERITA 7, no. 2 (August 25, 2021): 152–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.33050/cerita.v7i2.1767.
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PT. Mayora Indah Tbk is a company engaged in the industry that produces food and beverage products, warehouse wafer division which is one of the places to store, or arrange stock of goods from the production, or activities for the management of incoming and outgoing goods needed control in its movement activities. The current process on the documentation of goods cargo often occurs input errors no. police or truck containers, the use of mobile phone memory storage for photo files, convoluted processes, prone to loss of photo evidence files, difficulty finding data evidence files if there are complaints from the expedition, as well as on employees checkers and helpers do not know the history of the data report. Therefore, a web-based application system is needed to facilitate the search of photo data if there are complaints from the expedition, neat and regular storage of photo data, and for all employees to know the history and report of the photo data. To build this application using data collection methods namely observation, interviews and library studies, analysis methods using PIECES, system design using UML (Unified Modeling Language), and testing using Black Box Testing, while the programming language used is PHP with sublime text editor, as well as for databases using MySQL. With this system for the photo documentation process facilitates the ongoing process, and the management of data reports more regularly.
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Mkanta, William N., Michelle C. Reece, Abeer D. Alamri, Emmanuel U. Ezekekwu, Aishwarya Potluri, and Neale R. Chumbler. "A 3-State Analysis of Black–White Disparities in Diabetes Hospitalizations Among Medicaid Beneficiaries." Health Services Research and Managerial Epidemiology 5 (January 1, 2018): 233339281878351. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2333392818783513.
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Introduction: Although diabetes is one of the leading chronic disease in the country, efforts in primary care and patient self-care management could prevent most of the diabetes-related hospitalizations and produce cost savings and improvements in quality of life. We used information from Medicaid beneficiaries in 3 states to predict racial differences in diabetes hospitalizations and demonstrate how they vary across states. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study to examine differences between black and white patients with diabetes hospitalizations. Information was obtained from the Medicaid Analytic eXtract files. We used multiple logistic regression models to assess the significance of the differences. Results: Analysis included 10 073 adult Medicaid recipients from the states of Mississippi (51%), Georgia (35%), and Michigan (14%). Blacks were more likely to experience longer hospital stays in Georgia (odds ratio [OR] = 1.040; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.03-1.06) and Mississippi (OR = 1.048; 95% CI: 1.03-1.07). A majority of patients in both groups were likely to be discharged to their homes for self-care. Black patients had lower odds of repeated stays in Georgia (OR = 0.670; 95% CI: 0.54-0.84), but higher odds in Michigan (OR = 1.580; 95% CI: 1.12-2.24). Similar differences occurred when patients were matched by age and sex. Blacks had lower odds of qualifying for dual Medicare–Medicaid enrollment benefit in Georgia and Mississippi. Conclusion: Racial differences in diabetes-related hospitalizations reflect possible inefficiencies in the process of care. Identification of race-specific factors for hospitalizations and implementation of primary care strategies that support effective self-management skills would aid in reducing diabetes hospitalizations and related disparities.
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Brown, Kathryn. "Art and epistemic injustice: Ursula Biemann’s Remote Sensing and The Black Sea Files." Art & the Public Sphere 3, no. 1 (December 1, 2014): 45–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/aps.3.1.45_1.
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Novosaduyk, Tatiana Vladimirovna, and Victoria Vadimovna Tsvetkova. "Method for microscopic monitoring of homeopathic medicines." International Journal of High Dilution Research - ISSN 1982-6206 17, no. 1 (July 22, 2021): 30–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.51910/ijhdr.v17i1.887.
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We described microscopic observation of the effects of potentiation for the first time in 2002, and presented the results at the 2013 GIRI meeting. The study continued with the development of a visual quality control method using optical microscopy. The theoretical grounds underlying this method derive from high dilution research conducted by Komissarenko [1,2].
A ‘crushed’ drop is prepared from a potentized agent with one drop of black ink for microscopy with 20 and 40 magnification. Control consisted in a similarly of a drop of water and a drop of black ink. Visual estimates were performed according to the nature of the black ink particle movement, considering spin rate, randomness severity and/or motion directionality. Specimens were animal, vegetable and mineral origin, in cultivations from 1 to 1500 ÑH prepared by different manufactures from 1995 to 2016.
For many years we looked for a way to visualize the ink particle motion under microscope by means of video files. However, this procedure proved to be too difficult from the technical point of view. Now this problem is solved. Thanks to the collaboration of specialists from St. Petersburg and Russia, a number of video files could be made, that demonstrate the difference of the particle motion black ink in various homeopathic remedies. In this presentation, we will show video files depicting the Brownian motion of ink particles in water and diluted up to 1500cH. All samples had characteristic patterns of ink micro particles motion that were different between control and test samples and also between test samples of previous and consequent dilutions. Gradual acceleration of micro particles spin is observed in samples from 1 to 10 ÑH. The movement remains chaotic. Spin velocity stops increasing from 10 ÑH to 30 ÑH, however movement of particles becomes unidirectional. This effect continues to increase in other samples up to 1500 ÑH. No gaps/leaps of these effects were found in consecutive survey of homeopathized remedies of 1 to 1500 ÑH. These changes are the same in all the investigated homeopathic medicines. The observed phenomenon was so significant, that we could distinguish the level of potentiation of the various homeopathic preparations.
The directed motion of ink particles in potentized solutions fades when in storage. The molecular motion becomes chaotic again, i.e., it recovers the Brownian pattern when the solutions are agitated. A few shakes are sufficient to completely reconstruct the typical pattern of the original homeopathic preparation. In destroyed homeopathic medicines the pattern of chaotic motion of particles of ink is preserved irrespective of the amount and strength of agitation.
The method of visual quality control described here easily solves issues related with the performance, storage and use peculiarities of homeopathic medicines.
To conclude, effects of potentiation can be detected under optical microscopy. The method is simple to perform and allows distinguishing homeopathic medicines in a reliable manner. Therefore, this technique has potential for application in practice and research.
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Suharmadi, Suharmadi, and Hendrik Setyo Utomo. "Implementasi (EFA) Electronic File Archive Sederhana Berbasis Web." Jurnal Sains dan Informatika 5, no. 1 (July 14, 2019): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.34128/jsi.v5i1.168.
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The process of filing the Company PT. PLN (Persero) Unit Induk Pembangkitan dan Penyaluran Kalimantan UPDK Barito ULPLTA Ir. P.M. Noor is storing files in the computers of each department. Communication between departments in archiving is done by means of whatapps or other tools, so that it requires a large file size. The purpose of the research is to design an electronic file archive (EFA) that applies to local networks that are connected to all departments. EFA is doing filing electronically and can communicate between users. Testing using the black box throughout the functional application is successful.
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Logan, Trevon D., and John M. Parman. "The National Rise in Residential Segregation." Journal of Economic History 77, no. 1 (February 21, 2017): 127–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050717000079.
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Exploiting complete census manuscript files, we derive a new segregation measure using the racial similarity of next-door neighbors. The fineness of our measure reveals new facts not captured by traditional segregation indices. First, segregation doubled nationally from 1880 to 1940. Second, contrary to prior estimates, Southern urban areas were the most segregated in the country and remained so over time. Third, increasing segregation in the twentieth century was not strictly driven by urbanization, black migration, or white flight: it resulted from increasing racial sorting at the household level. In all areas—North and South, urban and rural—segregation increased dramatically.
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Fathurrohman, Fathurrohman. "Otomatisasi Pemberkasan Arsip Aktif Elektronik Pada Aplikasi Layanan Administrasi Mahasiswa." Khazanah: Jurnal Pengembangan Kearsipan 17, no. 1 (May 2, 2024): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/khazanah.90917.
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Business information systems, namely electronic-based service applications usually don't automatically provide active archive filing features for electronic records generated from the business information system. Electronic Records are information contained in electronic files and media, which are created, received, or maintained by organizations or individuals and store them as evidence of activities. Like conventional records, electronic records that are created must be filed systematically and logically according to the context of their activities so that they become one file that has information relationships, similar types or similar problems. Student academic administration services at FMIPA IPB produce "born electronic" records. This study aims to design file automation on all electronic records created in the online academic administration service of FMIPA IPB students. The data collection method uses a literature study model, literature and interviews. The design technique of the electronic records filing system uses a waterfall model, while the system testing technique uses the black box technique. The results of the study produced an electronic records filing automation feature in the academic administration service FMIPA IPB so that it can assist organizations in filing electronic records in the academic section and automation of providing the list of active records.
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Kong, Zixiao, Jingfeng Xue, Zhenyan Liu, Yong Wang, and Weijie Han. "MalDBA: Detection for Query-Based Malware Black-Box Adversarial Attacks." Electronics 12, no. 7 (April 6, 2023): 1751. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12071751.
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The increasing popularity of Industry 4.0 has led to more and more security risks, and malware adversarial attacks emerge in an endless stream, posing great challenges to user data security and privacy protection. In this paper, we investigate the stateful detection method for artificial intelligence deep learning-based malware black-box attacks, i.e., determining the presence of adversarial attacks rather than detecting whether the input samples are malicious or not. To this end, we propose the MalDBA method for experiments on the VirusShare dataset. We find that query-based black-box attacks produce a series of highly similar historical query results (also known as intermediate samples). By comparing the similarity among these intermediate samples and the trend of prediction scores returned by the detector, we can detect the presence of adversarial samples in indexed samples and thus determine whether an adversarial attack has occurred, and then protect user data security and privacy. The experimental results show that the attack detection rate can reach 100%. Compared to similar studies, our method does not require heavy feature extraction tasks or image conversion and can be operated on complete PE files without requiring a strong hardware platform.
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Singh, Priti, Pallavi Jonnalagadda, Evan Morgan, and Naleef Fareed. "Outpatient portal use in prenatal care: differential use by race, risk, and area social determinants of health." Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association 29, no. 2 (November 6, 2021): 364–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocab242.
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Abstract To report the relationship of outpatient portal (OPP) use with clinical risk, area social determinants of health (SDoH), and race/ethnicity among pregnant women. Regression models predicting overall and individual portal feature use (main effects and interactions) based on key variables were specified using log files and clinical data. Overall OPP use among non-Hispanic Black women or patients who lived in lower SDoH neighborhoods were significantly less. High-risk pregnancy patients were likely to use the OPP more than those with normal-risk pregnancy. We found similar associations with individual OPP features, like Visit (scheduling) and My Record (test results). We also found significant interactive associations between race/ethnicity, clinical risk, and SDoH. Non-Hispanic Black women and those living in lower SDoH areas used OPP less than non-Hispanic White women from similar or affluent areas. More research must be conducted to learn of OPP use implications for pregnant women with specific clinical diagnoses.
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Estrada, Leah, Jordan Harrison, Andrew Dick, and Patricia Stone. "Nationwide Inequities in Nursing Home Palliative Care Services." Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2021): 328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.1274.
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Abstract Inequities exist in nursing home (NH) quality of care for racial/ethnic minorities, but the extent of palliative care (PC) disparities in unknown. We used cross-sectional national survey data (2017-18) from 869 NHs to measure PC services (summative score: 0-100). Survey linked to Minimum Data Set and Area Health Resources Files. Descriptive statistics and NH-level, multivariable regressions examined regional differences in NH PC services by varying concentrations of Black and Latino residents. Substantial regional differences were recorded in mean PC score and by concentration. Mean PC services were highest in the Northeast and lowest in the South: Northeast (× ̅=50.45, SE=1.50); West (× ̅=49.96, SE=1.74); Midwest (× ̅=48.18, SE=1.17); South (× ̅=44.71, SE=1.30). After adjusting for urbanicity and county level poverty, NHs in the Northeast and West with increasing concentrations of Black and Hispanic residents offered significantly fewer PC services. Overall, NHs serving predominantly serving minority populations offer fewer PC services.
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Rahemi, Zahra, Ayse Malatyali, Tom Cidav, Olga Jarrín, Cheryl Dye, and Christopher McMahan. "END-OF-LIFE CARE PLANNING AND SATISFACTION AMONG THE HEALTH AND RETIREMENT STUDY DECEDENTS." Innovation in Aging 6, Supplement_1 (November 1, 2022): 353–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igac059.1398.
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Abstract The frequency and timing of advance care planning among individuals living with cognitive impairments vary by race/ethnicity and other sociodemographic factors. This study examined relationships between advance care planning and end-of-life care satisfaction among participants in the Health and Retirement Study (Exit files 2002-2018). Among decedents with cognitive impairment (n=3,102), Black and Hispanic participants were less likely to have a living will (OR=0.22, 0.19) and less likely to discuss end-of-life care (OR=0.422, 0.544) compared to White and non-Hispanic participants, respectively. Black and Hispanic participants were more likely to prefer all possible end-of-life care (OR=3.29, 3.34) and less likely to refuse extensive-care measures (OR=0.34, 0.48) compared to White and non-Hispanic participants. Participants dissatisfied with end-of-life care were 48% less likely to have a living will. End-of-life care planning disparities among racial/ethnic groups can inform interventional and educational programs to improve equity in end-of-life care.
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Wiratama, Jansen, Hari Santoso, and Clairence. "Developing a Class Scheduling Mobile Application for Private Campus in Tangerang with the Extreme Programming (XP) Model." G-Tech: Jurnal Teknologi Terapan 7, no. 2 (March 19, 2023): 484–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.33379/gtech.v7i2.2288.
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Class schedule is one of the important essences in lecture activities. The class scheduling process at STMIK Dharma Putra, a private campus in Tangerang, has several obstacles. The obstacle is class schedules that still need to be distributed to students and lecturers via short messaging applications such as WhatsApp (WhatsApp Group Chat) and email services, resulting in duplicate schedule files. Another obstacle was when revisions to class schedules and re-submissions caused the class schedule files to accumulate (data redundancy). Moreover, the campus reminder activities are carried out conventionally by sending paper photos of the daily lecture schedule via the WhatsApp group. Based on literature studies conducted in previous research, one way to disseminate information that is quite effective and successful in dealing with similar problems is through mobile-based applications. A mobile-based class scheduling application is developed using Flutter tools with an Extreme Programming model to overcome the problem. The final stage of this research is application testing using the User Acceptance Test (UAT) method with the Black-box testing model. From the results of the UAT test, the results obtained were 92.82% with excellent indicators and following user needs.
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Christine, Christine, Jeanny Pragantha, and Darius Andana Haris. "PEMBUATAN GAME PUZZLE “DIGITUS” BERBASIS ANDROID." Jurnal Ilmu Komputer dan Sistem Informasi 8, no. 2 (August 5, 2020): 200. http://dx.doi.org/10.24912/jiksi.v8i2.11496.
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In this game, player is asked to drag arrow to their pair. There are 2 modes in this game, i.e. one hand and two hands. 10 different stages for each mode. This game use multitouch features. Stage 2 to 10 have a minimum point to be able to open and play the next stage. This game has been tested by black box method, alpha testing and beta testing using a questionnaire through Google Form and Google drive to save Digitus game files. The results show that Digitus is fascinating to be played over and over again, how to play feature can be understood easily, and attractive design.
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Salvatore, Jessica, and J. Nicole Shelton. "Cognitive Costs of Exposure to Racial Prejudice." Psychological Science 18, no. 9 (September 2007): 810–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01984.x.
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This study examined how encountering racial prejudice affects cognitive functioning. We assessed performance on the Stroop task after subjects reviewed job files that suggested an evaluator had made nonprejudiced, ambiguously prejudiced, or blatantly prejudiced hiring recommendations. The cognitive impact of exposure to ambiguous versus blatant cues to prejudice depended on subjects' racial group. Black subjects experienced the greatest impairment when they saw ambiguous evidence of prejudice, whereas White subjects experienced the greatest impairment when they saw blatant evidence of prejudice. Given the often ambiguous nature of contemporary expressions of prejudice, these results have important implications for the performance of ethnic minorities across many domains.
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Lobo, Jennifer Mason, Hyojung Kang, Meghan B. Brennan, Soyoun Kim, Timothy L. McMurry, Rajesh Balkrishnan, Roger Anderson, Anthony McCall, and Min-Woong Sohn. "Regional and racial disparities in major amputation rates among medicare beneficiaries with diabetes: a retrospective study in the southeastern USA." BMJ Public Health 1, no. 1 (December 2023): e000206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjph-2023-000206.
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ObjectiveWhile rates for non-traumatic lower extremity amputations (LEA) have been declining, concerns exist over disparities. Our objectives are to track major LEA (MLEA) rates over time among Medicare beneficiaries residing in a high diabetes prevalence region in the southeastern USA (the diabetes belt) and surrounding areas.MethodsWe used Medicare claims files for ~900 000 fee-for-service beneficiaries aged ≥65 years in 2006–2015 to track MLEA rates per 1000 patients with diabetes. We additionally conducted a cross-sectional analysis of data for 2015 to compare regional and racial disparities in major amputation risks after adjusting for demographic, socioeconomic, access-to-care and foot complications and other health factors. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention defined the diabetes belt as 644 counties across Appalachian and southeastern US counties with high prevalence.ResultsMLEA rates were 3.9 per 1000 in the Belt compared with 2.8 in the surrounding counties in 2006 and decreased to 2.3 and 1.6 in 2015. Non-Hispanic black patients had 8.5 and 6.9 MLEAs per 1000 in 2006 and 4.8 and 3.5 in 2015 in the Belt and surrounding counties, respectively, while the rates were similar for non-Hispanic white patients in the two areas. Although amputation rates declined rapidly in both areas, non-Hispanic black patients in the Belt consistently had >3 times higher rates than non-Hispanic whites in the Belt. After adjusting for patient demographics, foot complications and healthcare access, non-Hispanic blacks in the Belt had about twice higher odds of MLEAs compared with non-Hispanic whites in the surrounding areas.DiscussionOur data show persistent disparities in major amputation rates between the diabetes belt and surrounding counties. Racial disparities were much larger in the Belt. Targeted policies to prevent MLEAs among non-Hispanic black patients are needed to reduce persistent disparities in the Belt.
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Nasiri, Khalidha, Erica E. M. Moodie, and Haim A. Abenhaim. "To What Extent Is the Association Between Race/Ethnicity and Fetal Growth Restriction Explained by Adequacy of Prenatal Care? A Mediation Analysis of a Retrospectively Selected Cohort." American Journal of Epidemiology 189, no. 11 (April 14, 2020): 1360–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwaa054.
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Abstract Race/ethnicity is associated with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and small-for-gestational age (SGA) birth. We evaluated the extent to which this association is mediated by adequacy of prenatal care (PNC). A retrospective cohort study was conducted using US National Center for Health Statistics natality files for the years 2011–2017. We performed mediation analyses using a statistical approach that allows for exposure-mediator interaction, and we estimated natural direct effects, natural indirect effects, and proportions mediated. All effects were estimated as risk ratios. Among 23,118,656 singleton live births, the excess risk of IUGR among Black women, Hispanic women, and women of other race/ethnicity as compared with White women was partly mediated by PNC adequacy: 13% of the association between non-Hispanic Black race/ethnicity and IUGR, 12% of the association in Hispanic women, and 10% in other women was attributable to PNC inadequacy. The percentage of excess risk of SGA birth that was mediated was 7% in Black women, 6% in Hispanic women, and 5% in other women. Our findings suggest that PNC adequacy may partly mediate the association between race/ethnicity and fetal growth restriction. In future research, investigators should employ causal mediation frameworks to consider additional factors and mediators that could help us better understand this association.
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Thiede, Brian C., Scott R. Sanders, and Daniel T. Lichter. "Born Poor? Racial Diversity, Inequality, and the American Pipeline." Sociology of Race and Ethnicity 4, no. 2 (August 4, 2017): 206–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2332649217715480.
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The authors examine racial disparities in infants’ exposure to economic disadvantage at the family and local area levels. Using data from the 2008–2014 files of the American Community Survey, the authors provide an up-to-date empirical benchmark of newborns’ exposure to poverty. Large shares of Hispanic (36.5 percent) and black (43.2 percent) infants are born poor, though white infants are also overrepresented among the poor (17.7 percent). The authors then estimate regression models to identify risk factors and perform decompositions to identify compositional factors underlying between-race differences. Although more than half of the black-white poverty gap is explained by differences in family structure and employment, these factors account for less than one quarter of white-Hispanic differences. The results also highlight the unmet need for social protection among babies born to poor families lacking access to assistance programs and the safety net. Hispanic infants are particularly likely to be doubly disadvantaged in this manner. Moreover, large and disproportionate shares of today’s black (48.3 percent) and Hispanic (40.5 percent) babies are born into poor families and places with poverty rates above 20 percent. These results raise important questions about persistent and possibly growing racial inequality as America makes its way to a majority-minority society as early as 2043.
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Petousis, Vasileios, Lothar Krause, Gregor Willerding, Michael H. Foerster, and Nikolaos E. Bechrakis. "Results and Complications after Implantation of a Black Iris-Lens Diaphragm in Patients with Traumatically Induced Aphakia and Aniridia." European Journal of Ophthalmology 21, no. 6 (March 25, 2011): 754–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5301/ejo.2011.6484.
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Purpose. The black iris-lens diaphragm (ILD) can be used in the treatment of traumatic aniridia and aphakia. The aim of our study was to show postoperative functional and anatomic results and complications in a small case series. Methods. We retrospectively analyzed the files of 16 patients managed with a black ILD or a sole iris diaphragm in the period 1994–2007. Four of them were female and 12 were male. The mean age of the group was 50±17 years. At the time of the implantation, all of the eyes had already undergone primary surgical repair. Results. The preoperative best-corrected visual acuity in half of the patients was ≥0.1 and remained stable after the first postoperative year. During the follow-up years, one eye developed a subluxation of the implant and one eye an anterior chamber hemorrhage. At the same time, out of 8 eyes carrying a silicone tamponade in the vitreous cavity, silicone oil entered the anterior chamber in 3 cases. In one case, enucleation was undertaken due to phthisis. Conclusions. In the case of severely traumatized eyes with aniridia and aphakia, the implantation of a black ILD can have a positive effect on functional and anatomic stabilization.
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Liu, Yingkai, and Emil Prodan. "A computer code for topological quantum spin systems over triangulated surfaces." International Journal of Modern Physics C 31, no. 07 (June 26, 2020): 2050091. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183120500916.
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We derive explicit closed-form matrix representations of Hamiltonians drawn from tensored algebras, such as quantum spin Hamiltonians. These formulas enable us to soft-code generic Hamiltonian systems and to systematize the input data for uniformly structured as well as for un-structured Hamiltonians. The result is an optimal computer code that can be used as a black box that takes in certain input files and returns spectral information about the Hamiltonian. The code is tested on Kitaev’s toric model deployed on triangulated surfaces of genus 0 and 1. The efficiency of our code enables these simulations to be performed on an ordinary laptop. The input file corresponding to the minimal triangulation of genus 2 is also supplied.
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DeMason, Darleen A., and Mark A. Wilson. "The continuity of primary and secondary growth in Cordyline terminalis (Agavaceae)." Canadian Journal of Botany 63, no. 11 (November 1, 1985): 1907–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b85-269.
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The primary thickening meristem in Cordyline terminalis (L.) Kunth was found to be continuous with the secondary thickening meristem in vegetative shoots. This could be seen in longitudinal and transverse sections stained with azure B, aniline blue–black, or safranin and fast green. The primary thickening meristem was a wide zone in the crown, and initial cells were arranged in anticlinal files which were continuous from an area within the central cylinder to the outer cortex. The secondary thickening meristem was narrow in radial extent and consisted of initial cells which were arranged in short, anticlinal files. When vascular bundles were followed (and plotted) acropetally from serial transverse sections starting with groups of anastomosing secondary bundles, secondary bundles were continuous with both major and minor axial primary bundles or with procambial strands. All bundles were collateral in the crown but became amphivasal in the intermediate region of the central cylinder and remained so in the secondary tissue. Procambial strands ran along or within the thickening meristem at all levels of the stem. These observations lead us to believe that in Cordyline terminalis (i) the primary and secondary thickening meristems function as a single entity and (ii) the primary and secondary bundles describe a single, continuus vascular system.
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Covington, Kenya L. "Overcoming Spatial Mismatch: The Opportunities and Limits of Transit Mode in Addressing the Black–White Unemployment Gap." City & Community 17, no. 1 (March 2018): 211–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cico.12278.
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Spatial inequality is a central characteristic of U.S. metropolitan areas. Overcoming related employment disadvantages requires a broad set of responses: relocation, economic development, or an increase in mobility. Given the difficulty of widespread relocation or urban rebuilding programs, increasing mobility through transportation options may be a core solution in the short term. This article explains the racial gap in unemployment under spatial mismatch in the largest metropolitan areas by examining racial gaps in automobile access and public transit use. Research questions focus on which transit options are important to negotiate spatial mismatch and whether there are racial differences in the transit effect. Presented are descriptive and multivariate analyses using 2000 data from the U.S. Census, the Economic Census, and the Zip Code Business Pattern files. Findings show that comparatively, automobile access dominates the public transit effect on Black and White male unemployment in the 100 largest MSAs. First–difference analyses show that Black/White gaps in automobile access correlate with greater racial unemployment disparities, while racial gaps in public transit access seem to be associated with lower racial disparities in unemployment.
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Pierre, Geraldine, Roland J. Thorpe, Gniesha Y. Dinwiddie, and Darrell J. Gaskin. "Are There Racial Disparities in Psychotropic Drug Use and Expenditures in a Nationally Representative Sample of Men in the United States? Evidence From the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey." American Journal of Men's Health 8, no. 1 (July 24, 2013): 82–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1557988313496564.
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This article sought to determine whether racial disparities exist in psychotropic drug use and expenditures in a nationally representative sample of men in the United States. Data were extracted from the 2000-2009 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, a longitudinal survey that covers the U.S. civilian noninstitutionalized population. Full-Year Consolidated, Medical Conditions, and Prescribed Medicines data files were merged across 10 years of data. The sample of interest was limited to adult males aged 18 to 64 years, who reported their race as White, Black, Hispanic, or Asian. This study employed a pooled cross-sectional design and a two-part probit generalized linear model for analyses. Minority men reported a lower probability of psychotropic drug use (Black = −4.3%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = [−5.5, −3.0]; Hispanic = −3.8%, 95% CI = [−5.1, −2.6]; Asian = −4.5%, 95% CI = [−6.2, −2.7]) compared with White men. After controlling for demographic, socioeconomic, and health status variables, there were no statistically significant race differences in drug expenditures. Consistent with previous literature, racial and ethnic disparities in the use of psychotropic drugs present problems of access to mental health care and services.
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Copeland, Arthur R. "Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS): The Metropolitan Dade County Experience, 1979–1983." Medicine, Science and the Law 27, no. 4 (October 1987): 283–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002580248702700409.
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A study of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) or ‘crib death’ cases was performed on the case files of the office of the Medical Examiner of Metropolitan Dade County in Miami, Florida, during the years 1979 to 1983. One hundred and thirty-nine cases were collected and analysed according to: the rate per thousand live births; racial and ethnic variation in this rate; the age distribution of the victims; the race and sex of the victim; the location of the terminal incident; and the scene circumstances. The rate of occurrence of SIDS in Dade County has decreased overall in the five years studied—more so in white and Spanish-surnamed individuals than in blacks. The victim is most commonly from eight to nine weeks of age or three to six months of age. Most victims were black males. The most common scenario was being found dead after a feeding in a bed at home. Other SIDS deaths in the family were not common. The mother of the decedent most frequently found the victim and fire rescue intervention (cardiopulmonary resuscitation) occurred approximately half the time.
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Schroering, Abby. "Black Sea Files: transnational ecologies, counter cartographies, and diffuse agency in Ursula Biemann’s video essay." Transnational Cinemas 9, no. 3 (September 2, 2018): 235–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20403526.2018.1527052.
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Loessberg, Rick. "Two Societies: The Writing of the Summary of the Report of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders." Journal of Urban History 44, no. 6 (January 30, 2017): 1039–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0096144216689087.
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The Kerner Commission examined the riots that occurred throughout the United States in 1967. The summary of its Final Report concluded that the nation was moving toward “two societies, one black, one white—separate and unequal.” So powerful is the wording that it continues to be invoked whenever there is a Ferguson-type incident. While much has been written about the reaction to the Kerner Report, little has been known about the summary’s development or why it has endured. New interviews with key participants and an examination of Kerner Commission files have not only resulted in the discovery of information which runs counter to what was previously thought, but helps explain why the summary is still influential after almost fifty years.
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Weinberger, Andrea H., Cristine D. Delnevo, Jiaqi Zhu, Misato Gbedemah, Joun Lee, Lisa N. Cruz, Rachel S. Kashan, and Renee D. Goodwin. "Trends in Cigar Use in the United States, 2002–2016: Diverging Trends by Race/Ethnicity." Nicotine & Tobacco Research 22, no. 4 (April 23, 2019): 583–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntz060.
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Abstract Introduction Although there are racial/ethnic differences in cigarette use, little is known about how non-cigarette tobacco use differs among racial/ethnic groups. This study investigated trends in cigar use from 2002 to 2016, by racial/ethnic group, in nationally representative US data. Methods Data were drawn from the 2002–2016 National Survey on Drug Use and Health public use data files (total analytic sample n = 630 547 including 54 060 past-month cigar users). Linear time trends of past-month cigar use were examined by racial/ethnic group (Non-Hispanic [NH] White, NH Black, Hispanic, NH Other/Mixed Race/Ethnicity) using logistic regression models. Results In 2016, the prevalence of past-month cigar use was significantly higher among NH Black respondents than among other racial/ethnic groups (ps < .001). Cigar use was also higher among NH White respondents than among Hispanic and NH Other/Mixed Race/Ethnicity respondents. The year by racial/ethnic group interaction was significant (p < .001). Past-month cigar use decreased significantly from 2002 to 2016 among NH White and Hispanic respondents (ps = .001), whereas no change in prevalence was observed among NH Black (p = .779) and NH Other/Mixed Race/Ethnicity respondents (p = .152). Cigar use decreased for NH White men (p < .001) and did not change for NH White women (p = .884). Conversely, cigar use increased for NH Black women (p < .001) and did not change for NH Black men (p = .546). Conclusions Cigar use remains significantly more common among NH Black individuals in the United States and is not declining among NH Black and NH Other/Mixed Race/Ethnicity individuals over time, in contrast to declines among NH White and Hispanic individuals. Implications This study identified racial/ethnic differences in trends in past-month cigar use over 15 years among annual cross-sectional samples of US individuals. The highest prevalence of cigar use in 2016 was found among NH Black individuals. In addition, cigar use prevalence did not decline from 2002 to 2016 among NH Black and NH Other/Mixed Race/Ethnicity groups over time, in contrast to NH White and Hispanic groups. Further, cigar use increased over time for NH Black women. Targeted public health and clinical efforts may be needed to decrease the prevalence of cigar use, especially for NH Black individuals.
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Bornstein, Eran, Yael Eliner, Frank A. Chervenak, and Amos Grünebaum. "Racial Disparity in Pregnancy Risks and Complications in the US: Temporal Changes during 2007–2018." Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 5 (May 10, 2020): 1414. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9051414.
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Maternal race and ethnicity have been associated with differences in pregnancy related morbidity and mortality. We aimed to evaluate the trends of several pregnancy risk factors/complications among different maternal racial/ethnic groups in the US between 2007 and 2018. Specifically, we used the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) natality files for these years to assess the trends of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP), chronic hypertension (CH), diabetes mellitus (DM), advanced maternal age (AMA) and grand multiparity (GM) among non-Hispanic Whites, non-Hispanic Blacks and Hispanics. We find that the prevalence of all of these risk factors/complications increased significantly across all racial/ethnic groups from 2007 to 2018. In particular, Hispanic women exhibited the highest increase, followed by non-Hispanic Black women, in the prevalence of HDP, CH, DM and AMA. However, throughout the entire period, the overall prevalence remained highest among non-Hispanic Blacks for HDP, CH and GM, among Hispanics for DM, and among non-Hispanic Whites for AMA. Our results point to significant racial/ethnic differences in the overall prevalence, as well as the temporal changes in the prevalence, of these pregnancy risk factors/complications during the 2007–2018 period. These findings could potentially contribute to our understanding of the observed racial/ethnic differences in maternal morbidity and mortality.