Journal articles: 'Black and brown studies'

1

Marable, Manning. "Beyond Brown: The Revolution in Black Studies." Black Scholar 35, no. 2 (June 2005): 11–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00064246.2005.11413307.

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Harris, Roxy. "BLACK BRITISH, BROWN BRITISH AND BRITISH CULTURAL STUDIES." Cultural Studies 23, no. 4 (July 2009): 483–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09502380902950971.

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Brackett, David. "James Brown's ‘Superbad’ and the double-voiced utterance." Popular Music 11, no. 3 (October 1992): 309–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026114300000516x.

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JB was proof that black people were different. Rhythmically and tonally blacks had to be from somewhere else. Proof that Africa was really over there for those of us who had never seen it – it was in that voice. (Thulani Davis, quoted Guralnick 1986, pp. 242–3)If there is any black man who symbolizes the vast differences between black and white cultural and aesthetic values, Soul Brother No. 1 (along with Ray Charles) is that man. (David Levering Lewis, quoted Guralnick 1986, p. 240)Brown has never been a critics' favorite principally because of the apparent monotony of so many of his post-1965 recordings. But attacking him for being repetitive is like attacking Africans for being overly fond of drumming. Where the European listener may hear monotonous beating, the African distinguishes subtle polyrhythmic interplay, tonal distinctions among the various drums, the virtuosity of the master drummer, and so on. Similarly, Brown sounds to some European ears like so much harsh shrieking. (Robert Palmer 1980, p. 141)During the 1960s James Brown single handedly demonstrated the possibilities for artistic and economic freedom that black music could provide if one constantly struggled against its limitations … He was driven by an enormous ambition and unrelenting ego, making him a living symbol of black self-determination … Motown may have been the sound of young America, but Brown was clearly the king of black America. (Nelson George 1988, pp. 98–9)

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Brar, Dhanveer Singh. "‘James Brown’, ‘Jamesbrown’, James Brown: Black (music) from the getup." Popular Music 34, no. 3 (September 8, 2015): 471–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0261143015000379.

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AbstractThe following article addresses the question of the blackness and radicalism of James Brown's musical performances during what was arguably the peak of his career, between 1964 and 1971. Using analytical frameworks from the fields of black studies, performance studies and cultural theory, this article presents an argument for listening to Brown's music in terms of the modalities of rupture. The activity of rupture is tracked through the preface to his autobiography, the stage performance he developed in the early part of his career, and the experiments in rhythm he orchestrated with his band in 1964. The article culminates in a close listening of the 1971 record ‘Super Bad’ as the aesthetic height of a black radicalism Brown was producing through his music.

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Lande, Jonathan. "The Black Badge of Courage: The Politics of Recording Black Union Army Service and the Militarization of Black History in the Civil War's Aftermath." Journal of American Ethnic History 42, no. 1 (October 1, 2022): 5–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/19364695.42.1.01.

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Abstract Scholars have detailed how Black activists looked to public forums to secure Black soldiers’ valor in American memory following the Civil War. This article reveals that they were not the only operators preserving African Americans’ wartime contributions. Rather than gravitating toward orations or monuments like other prominent activists, William Wells Brown and Frances Rollin turned to the power of history during Reconstruction. Drawing together trends of antebellum historical writing and nationalism among African American intellectuals and leaders, Brown and Rollin constructed heroic, textual accounts of Black Civil War soldiers. Brown contended that the soldiers were crucial not only to abolition but also to rescuing the Union. With his The Negro in the American Rebellion (1867), Brown contributed to a more inclusive version of American nationalism. Rollin added an ethnographic argument, crafting a muscular retelling of Martin Delany's wartime service. Rollin's Life and Public Services of Martin R. Delany (1868) affirmed Black pride and annulled burgeoning racial tropes. As a result, by the 1870s, Brown and Rollin helped assure African Americans a place in the body politic and crafted an enduring symbol—the Black badge of courage—that cemented military service as a central theme of Black historical writing.

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Eng, D. L. "QUEERING THE BLACK ATLANTIC, QUEERING THE BROWN ATLANTIC." GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies 17, no. 1 (December 14, 2010): 193–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/10642684-2010-029.

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Murdock, Esme G. "This Land Was Made for … : (Re)Appearing Black/Brown Female Corporeality, Life, and Death." Hypatia 35, no. 1 (December 23, 2019): 190–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/hyp.2019.17.

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Lands and bodies are often conceptualized as exhaustible objects and property within settler-colonial and neoliberal ideologies. These conceptualizations lead to underdevelopment of understandings of lands and bodies that fall outside of these ascriptions, and also attempt to actively obscure the pervasive ways in which settler colonialism violently reinscribes itself on the North American landscape through the murder and disappearance of Black and Brown women's bodies. In this article, I will argue that the continual murder and disappearance of Black and Brown women in North America facilitate the successful functioning of ongoing settler-colonial systems and projects. This violence creates and reinforces the functionality of Black/Brown bodies as the territory upon which settler identity and futurity gains traction, indeed, requires.

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Aftab, Kaleem. "Brown: the new black! Bollywood in Britain." Critical Quarterly 44, no. 3 (October 2002): 88–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8705.00435.

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Stark, Susan A. "Home Birth and the Maternity Outcomes Emergency: Attending to Race and Gender in Childbirth." IJFAB: International Journal of Feminist Approaches to Bioethics 14, no. 1 (March 2021): 2–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/ijfab-14.1.01.

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Childbirth in the United States is in crisis. This is especially true for Black and brown mothers. This childbirth emergency constitutes a failure of the social contract: because society has failed to provide minimally decent care for all birthing mothers, but especially for Black and brown mothers, it is necessary to allow mothers to choose home birth. I amplify the voices of Black and brown scholars and midwives to defend home birth, and I argue that home birth is safe and empowering and that it is rational for those who desire it to choose it.

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10

Gray. "Black–Brown Relations in the Civil Rights Era." Journal of American Ethnic History 35, no. 4 (2016): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/jamerethnhist.35.4.98.

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Mitchell-Walthour, Gladys. "Economic Pessimism and Racial Discrimination in Brazil." Journal of Black Studies 48, no. 7 (June 14, 2017): 675–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021934717714769.

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When studying Black politics, Brazil is an important country to consider because of its large Afro-descended population, its history of slavery, and persistent racial and economic inequality. In this article, I examine the role perceptions of racial discrimination play on the economic well-being of the Black Afro-Brazilian population. I test the hypothesis that, as Afro-Brazilians’ perceptions of racial discrimination increase, the more likely it is they will hold a pessimistic view of their economic situation. I rely on 2010 national data to conduct an ordered logit regression analysis which shows that Black and Brown Brazilians who have experienced racial discrimination are more likely to be pessimistic about their economic situation when compared with Blacks and Browns who have not experienced racial discrimination. In addition, ordered logit regression analysis demonstrates that respondents who admit experiencing racial discrimination are more likely to be women, identify as preto, and have more education.

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Romo, Rebecca. "Between Black and Brown: Blaxican (Black-Mexican) Multiracial Identity in California." Journal of Black Studies 42, no. 3 (February 22, 2011): 402–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021934710376172.

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Gardner, Roberta Price, Sandra Lucia Osorio, Sara Carrillo, and Rachel Gilmore. "(Re)membering in the Pedagogical Work of Black and Brown Teachers: Reclaiming Stories as Culturally Sustaining Practice." Urban Education 55, no. 6 (December 24, 2019): 838–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042085919892036.

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This article centers the memories and identities of Black and Brown teachers as they (re)engage with their school experiences. King and Swartz define (re)membering as the process of reconnecting knowledge of the past. We feature two stories—The first is from Roberta and Rachel who demonstrate how Black women reclaim voice, agency, and their own narratives. The second is Sandra and Sara’s as they (re)member their journeys as Latina, bilingual teachers in schools that often diminished and even erased their cultural heritages. We resist the current systematic arrangements that render certain children, schooling contexts, and Black and Brown teachers invisible and left scrambling for their past.

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Galbreath, David J., and Daunis Auers. "Green, Black and Brown: Uncovering Latvia's Environmental Politics." Journal of Baltic Studies 40, no. 3 (September 2009): 333–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01629770903086244.

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Crisosto, Carlos H., Juvenal G. Luza, David Garner, Guiwen Cheng, and Kevin Day. "STUDIES ON PEACH AND NECTARINE SKIN DISORDER INCIDENCE: ANATOMICAL OBSERVATIONS." HortScience 27, no. 6 (June 1992): 678c—678. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.6.678c.

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Peach and nectarine skin discoloration or inking (SD) has become a fruit industry problem in the last decade. Spots on the skin may be black, tan, purple or brown and vary in shape. SD was related with physical abuse of the fruit occurring during handling (harvest and transport operations) within the orchard. An anatomical study comparing healthy and damaged (black and brown) tissue of different peach and nectarine varieties was done with the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Light Microscope (LM). This study indicated that only exocarp cell (epiderm and cuticle) damage was associated with SD. The internal compartmentation of the damaged cells was often disrupted with the contents of the cytoplasm and vacuole mixed and expelled. Mesocarp cells were always intact and turgid. The same anatomical and visible tissue injury symptoms were induced on fruit by abrasion treatments.

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Henry King, Lorraine. "Black skin as costume in Black Panther." Film, Fashion & Consumption 10, no. 1 (April 1, 2021): 265–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/ffc_00024_3.

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As a costume, textile and surface adornment practitioner my research focuses on how skin contributes to the reading of a costume. Black Panther’s (2018) Oscar winning costume by Ruth E. Carter conformation to whilst also breaking traditional superhero costuming tropes feeds directly into my research on reading black skin as heroic. The visual disruption to the limited and negative narratives usually embedded within black skin are subtly challenged by Carter’s use of both black primordial and superhero skin-like costumes to signify the heroic. The costuming of a black superhero and nemesis frame the black body in action away from the negative stereotypes of Bogle’s hypersexual buck. The reading of black skin as heroic underpins the practice’s explorations away from the binary of black and white skin to the many shades of brown the moniker of black represents. It is the repetition of skin as metaphor where both superhero costumed skin and primordial skin demonstrate the multiplicity between superhero, his alter-ego and Bogle’s stereotypes that form the basis of this article. Black skin as costume explores how skin colour, according to Dyer has been used to other the black body and rank it below that of the white body within postcolonial readings. Traditionally systemic racism in action films has seamlessly placed the white body and skin as inherently heroic whilst reading the equivalent black body and skin negatively. My practice explores equity of black and brown skin as strong, precious and powerful so that any costumes, textiles or surface decoration I create would read the same when placed on a black body as they would on a white body.

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Weathersby, Claude. "School Conversions in the Segregated St. Louis Public Schools District Prior to the Historic Brown v. Board of Education Ruling." Journal of Urban History 43, no. 2 (August 3, 2016): 294–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0096144215575008.

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Even though the St. Louis Board of Education established the first high school for blacks west of the Mississippi River, the first facility was substandard. As the black population of St. Louis grew and encroached upon the white residential areas, it became necessary to provide additional school facilities for black enrollment. On several occasions, school officials reluctantly resorted to the conversion of school buildings from white to black use. During the decades of the 1930s, 1940s, and early 1950s, the St. Louis Public Schools district experienced a tremendous increase in the black student population. School conversions were prompted by civil protests and demands by the black community. The conversion (from white to black) of a school building’s use, in some instances, tended to elicit the ire of the affected white parents.

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18

Johnson, Sylvester A. "Sexuality and the Black Church: A Womanist Perspective. Kelly Brown Douglas." Journal of Religion 81, no. 1 (January 2001): 141–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/490791.

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19

Leonard, David. "Young, Black (& Brown) and Don't Give a Fuck." Cultural Studies ↔ Critical Methodologies 9, no. 2 (December 31, 2008): 248–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1532708608325938.

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20

Vargas, Deborah R. "Freddy Fender's Blackbrown Country Ecologies." Journal of Popular Music Studies 32, no. 2 (June 1, 2020): 77–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jpms.2020.32.2.77.

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Country music has often been held together in dominant public narratives by binaries, such as Mexican-white or Black-white in an attempt to maintain a sense of authentic whiteness. A similar historiographical move occurs in Chicano/Mexican American Studies with regard to the binary brown/white. My focus then is to consider how we might listen to the Black musical sounds of country music through the performances of a brown country boy, Freddy Fender.

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Wilby, Liam. "Posthumanism and Black Studies in Nalo Hopkinson's Brown Girl in the Ring." ariel: A Review of International English Literature 52, no. 1 (2021): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ari.2021.0000.

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22

Byng, Michelle D. "RACE KNOWLEDGE." Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 14, no. 1 (2017): 273–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742058x17000042.

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AbstractThis analysis addresses race knowledge or the connection between race identity and the ability to designate what is socially legitimate. It problematizes race inequality in light of neoliberal, post-Civil Rights racial reforms. Using qualitative data from interviews with second-generation Muslim Americans, the analysis maps their understanding of the racialized social legitimacy of Brown, Black, and White identities. Findings address how racial hierarchy is organized by racial neoliberalism and the persistence of White supremacy. They show that White racial dominance continues in spite of claims of post-racialism. Moreover, second-generation Muslim Americans position their Brown and Black racial identity as subordinate to White racial identity, but Brown and Black races are different rather than hierarchically positioned in reference to one another. The respondents bring neoliberal globalism as well as U.S. racial dynamics to bear on their understandings of racial hierarchy and racialized social legitimacy.

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توفيق, Esraa Mobasher, and Majid Ahmed Sabri النعيمي. "Productive performance and qualitative egg characteristics of two local lines chickens and laying brown Lohmann." Journal of agricultural, environmental and veterinary sciences 6, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 109–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.26389/ajsrp.s060122.

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This study was conducted to compare the productive performance of two local lines chickens (black and brown- feathered chickens) and laying brown Lohmann strain for the period from 4- 6 months of age. The birds were divided into three treatments, the first treatment Local black, the second local brown, and the third brown Lohmann, with 15 females and 3 males from each group divided into three replicates (1 ♂: 5 ♀). The following characteristics were studied: live body weight, age of sexual maturity, weight of the first egg, average weight of eggs, egg production % HD, egg mass, feed conversion ratio and egg specific characteristics for the three groups. The results indicated that there were significant differences (P < 0.05) in the characteristic of live body weight at sexual maturity and at 6 months of age in favor of brown Lohmann, which was 1207.2, 1032.1, 1109. 7 g and 1379.6, 1207.4, 1219.8 for the Lohmann brown chicken, local brown chicken and black local chicken. Also, the brown Lohmann chickens showed the lowest age of sexual maturity of 138.13 days, which was significantly (P < 0.05) superior to the local brown chickens' 143.00 days, which in turn was significantly superior to the black local chickens 148.33 days. The black local chickens achieved a significant (P<0.05) superiority in the weight of the first egg and egg weight compared to the local brown and brown Lohman chickens. As for the number of eggs produced/female, egg mass, HD% egg production and feed conversion efficiency egg shape index, the brown Lohman outperformed the local chickens. As for the albumen weight, shell thickness, the local black and Lohmann chickens outperformed the local brown chickens. As for the characteristic of high yolk and yolk weight, the local chickens of both types were superior to the Lohmann strain. As for the characteristic of high whiteness, the local brown and brown Lohmann chickens outperformed the black local chickens. As for the egg length the local black and local brown outperformed the Lohmann chickens. while the shell weight was no significant differences between the three groups.

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Cheney, Marcos A., Pradip K. Bhowmik, Shizhi Qian, Sang W. Joo, Wensheng Hou, and Joseph M. Okoh. "A New Method of Synthesizing Black Birnessite Nanoparticles: From Brown to Black Birnessite with Nanostructures." Journal of Nanomaterials 2008 (2008): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2008/763706.

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A new method for preparing black birnessite nanoparticles is introduced. The initial synthesis process resembles the classical McKenzie method of preparing brown birnessite except for slower cooling and closing the system from the ambient air. Subsequent process, including wet-aging at7∘Cfor 48 hours, overnight freezing, and lyophilization, is shown to convert the brown birnessite into black birnessite with complex nanomorphology with folded sheets and spirals. Characterization of the product is performed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), andN2adsorption (BET) techniques. Wet-aging and lyophilization times are shown to affect the architecture of the product. XRD patterns show a single phase corresponding to a semicrystalline birnessite-based manganese oxide. TEM studies suggest its fibrous and petal-like structures. The HRTEM images at 5 and 10 nm length scales reveal the fibrils in folding sheets and also show filamentary breaks. The BET surface area of this nanomaterial was found to be 10.6 m2/g. The TGA measurement demonstrated that it possessed an excellent thermal stability up to400∘C. Layer-structured black birnessite nanomaterial containing sheets, spirals, and filamentary breaks can be produced at low temperature (−49∘C) from brown birnessite without the use of cross-linking reagents.

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Dang, Vu Hoa, Van Diep Duong, Thi Huong Nguyen, Ngoc Khanh Do, Thi Hue Le, Minh Hieu Nguyen, Thi Ut Tran, Hoang Nguyen Nguyen, and Thuy Nhung Dang. "Growing and laying performances of two varieties of Noi chickens raised in an intensive farming system." Ministry of Science and Technology, Vietnam 64, no. 2 (June 15, 2022): 54–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.31276/vjste.64(2).54-58.

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This study was conducted to compare the black and dark brown varieties of Noi purebred chickens raised in an intensive farming system. A total of 600 black and 600 dark brown Noi chickens were observed starting from 1 day after hatching. At 20 weeks of age, 30 black Noi cocks and 300 black Noi hens, as well as 30 dark brown Noi cocks and 300 dark brown Noi hens, were studied until the beginning of reproduction. All roosters and hens were kept in individual cages and mating was accomplished artificially. At 24 weeks of age, the black and dark brown Noi cocks had average weights of 2555 and 2600 g, respectively, and 1796 and 1830 g for hens, respectively. There was no difference in body weight between the two varieties. The first egg-laying ages of both varieties were relatively late. From the age of 25 weeks up to 50 weeks, the egg yields of the black and dark brown Noi hens were 74.33 and 77.98 eggs/hen, respectively, with average egg weights of 48.3 and 49.7 g, respectively. Embryonic egg rates were low at 80.3 and 81.9% for the black and dark brown varieties, respectively, and the rate of chick/incubated eggs was 73.4 and 77.0%, respectively. The Noi chickens, especially the dark brown variety, reached a relatively high egg yield in an intensive farming system, which creates great potential for the exploitation and development of this genetic source.

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Hodge, Samuel R., Louis Harrison, Joe W. Burden, and Adrienne D. Dixson. "Brown in Black and White—Then and Now." American Behavioral Scientist 51, no. 7 (March 2008): 928–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002764207311998.

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Crider, Gregory S. "Black and Brown: African Americans and the Mexican Revolution, 1910 – 1920." Hispanic American Historical Review 87, no. 4 (November 1, 2007): 763–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00182168-2007-062.

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HANSON, MICHAEL. "Suppose James Brown read Fanon: the Black Arts Movement, cultural nationalism and the failure of popular musical praxis." Popular Music 27, no. 3 (October 2008): 341–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0261143008102173.

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AbstractIn the late 1960s and early 1970s, the articulation of politics and sound became explicitly marked during the civil rights transition to embryonic types of racial nationalism, black power and the novel forms of ‘citizenship’ implied therein. Music mediated and registered these critical shifts in political outlook, structural change and black collectivity. Yet, despite the power of black soundings to communicate or gesture toward a particular political sensibility, black popular music in particular remained elusive to those political workers most invested in identifying the articulations of popular sound aesthetics and the masses. Popular music, and soul culture more generally, frustrated nationalist efforts at enlisting the black masses, a failure that paradoxically reflected black nationalism’s inability to appeal to and enlist the political potential of the mass black public that it so valorised. %This article explores the political-aesthetic interface particularly as it played out in the relationship between cultural nationalism and black popular music. This relationship offers a powerful index of the correspondence and dissonance between the political intentions of nationalist political workers and the political desires of the urban masses. It is argued that both the formal attempts at producing revolutionary cultural products and the broader influence and reception that black nationalist politics had within the field of black popular culture were in significant ways less communicative of collective political will and desire than emergent popular musical formations.

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Roach, Shoniqua. "Black pussy power: Performing acts of black eroticism in Pam Grier’s Blaxploitation films." Feminist Theory 19, no. 1 (December 3, 2017): 7–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464700117742866.

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This article contends that black feminist conceptions of ‘pussy power’ have prematurely foreclosed an examination of both pussy and its powers, thereby missing the erotic potential inherent in a ‘pussy power’ that is distinctly black – what I term black pussy power. Taking Pam Grier’s Blaxploitation performances in Coffy (1973) and Foxy Brown (1974) as my primary case studies, I use black pussy power as a conceptual framework through which to read Grier’s performances of black eroticism, which enable her to resist racialised gendered sexual subjection and tap into modes of erotic agency otherwise denied to her. Moving away from delimited understandings of pussy as female genitalia or an objectified entity of female sexuality, I mobilise black queer feminist theorisations of the ‘arbitrary relation between black sex and gender’ to theorise the polymorphous potential of black pussy to signify beyond the narrow gender and sexual grammars currently available to us. 1 At the same time, black pussy’s discursive connection to black feminine sexuality animates the insurgent potential of black pussy power to secure nominal black freedoms in the face of state-sanctioned infringements on black erotic life.

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Marks, Laura Helen. "A taste for brown sugar: black women in pornography." Feminist Media Studies 16, no. 3 (March 16, 2016): 554–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2016.1161357.

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Asaka, Ikuko. "Different Tales of John Glasgow: John Brown’s Evolution to Slave Life in Georgia." Journal of Black Studies 49, no. 3 (January 10, 2018): 212–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021934717749417.

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This article seeks to advance conversation on the literary and political agency of fugitive slave narrators and their far-reaching archival footprints by focusing on the evolution of John Brown’s narrative of John Glasgow, a Demerara-born free Black sailor with whom Brown toiled side by side on a Georgian plantation. In British and U.S. abolitionist discourse, Glasgow’s tragic story—he was imprisoned under Georgia’s seamen law upon arriving in Savannah and eventually fell into bondage—made him the symbol of the southern seamen acts’ egregious infringement of British freedom. Brown, a formerly enslaved expatriate resident in England, told this tale in his autobiography Slave Life in Georgia, but the authorship of this story has some ambiguity. It is believed by some scholars that the narrative’s editor, London-based White abolitionist Louis Alexis Chamerovzow, concocted the tale. By drawing on newly discovered documents, this article demonstrates that Brown originally attributed Glasgow’s enslavement to kidnapping by deceit, not to a Black seamen law. Furthermore, an examination of British diplomatic dispatches and the details of the Black seaman law operating in Savannah at that time posits the likelihood that Glasgow became enslaved by deception rather than law. What do we make of these findings? Instead of marshalling them to confirm Chamerovzow as the story’s creator, this article speculates that John Brown himself invented the Glasgow story and imagines a transatlantic Black political circuitry connecting England and Canada.

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Daniels Sykes, Shawnee M. "Book Review: Douglas, Kelly Brown: The Black Christ. Twenty-fifth anniversary edition." Theological Studies 81, no. 1 (March 2020): 256–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040563920905028d.

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Jiang, Li, Lei Wang, Carol C. Baskin, Changyan Tian, and Zhenying Huang. "Maternal effects on seed heteromorphism: a dual dynamic bet hedging strategy." Seed Science Research 29, no. 2 (June 2019): 149–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960258519000114.

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AbstractMaternal effects on offspring seeds are mainly caused by seed position on, and the abiotic environment of, the mother plant. Seed heteromorphism, a special form of position effect, is the production by an individual plant of morphologically distinct seed types, usually with different ecological behaviours. Seed heteromorphism is assumed to be a form of bet hedging and provides an ideal biological model to test theoretical predictions. Most studies of maternal effects on seeds have focused on abiotic environmental factors and changes in mean seed traits of offspring. Suaeda salsa is an annual halophyte that produces dimorphic seeds within the same inflorescence. We tested the hypothesis that plants grown from brown seeds of S. salsa have a higher offspring brown seed:black seed morph ratio and variance in seed size than plants from black seeds. Results from a pot experiment showed that plants grown from brown seeds had a higher brown seed:black seed ratio than plants grown from black seeds. This is the first layer of dynamic bet hedging. Brown seeds had higher size variation than black seeds, and seeds produced by plants from brown seeds also had higher seed size variation than plants grown from black seeds. This is the second layer of dynamic bet hedging. Thus, the maternal effect of seed heteromorphism is dual dynamic bet hedging. Furthermore, for seed traits we verified for the first time the theoretical prediction that an increase in offspring size variability induces an increase in the mean size of offspring.

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Bassey, Alessandra. "Brown, Never Black: Othello on the Nazi Stage." Multicultural Shakespeare: Translation, Appropriation and Performance 22, no. 37 (December 30, 2020): 51–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/2083-8530.22.04.

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This paper examines the ways in which Othello was represented on the Nazi stage. Included in the theatre analyses are Othello productions in Frankfurt in 1935, in Berlin in 1939 and 1944, and in pre-occupation Vienna in 1935. New archival material has been sourced from archives in the aforementioned locations, in order to give detailed insights into the representation of Othello on stage, with a special focus on the makeup that was used on the actors who were playing the titular role. The aim of these analyses is not only to establish what Othello looked like on the Nazi and pre-Nazi stage, but also to examine the Nazis’ relationship with Shakespeare’s Othello within the wider context of their relationship with the Black people who lived in Nazi Germany at the time. In addition, the following pages offer insights into pre-Nazi, Weimar productions of Othello in order to create a more complex and comparative understanding of Nazi Othello productions and the wider theatrical context within which they were produced. In the end, we find out, based on existing evidence, why Othello was brown, and never Black.

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Ferreira, Jason M. "Black, Brown, Yellow, and Left: Radical Activism in Los Angeles." Latino Studies 6, no. 1-2 (April 2008): 233–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/lst.2008.9.

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Meena, RK, SS Sharma, and S. Singh. "Studies on variability in Alternaria alternata (Kessler) causing leaf blight of Isabgol (Plantago ovata)." SAARC Journal of Agriculture 12, no. 2 (February 6, 2015): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/sja.v12i2.21918.

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All the five isolates of Alternaria alternata isolated from different agro climate zone of Rajasthan were tested for their variability in terms of cultural, conidial, pathogenic characteristics and toxin production. All the five isolates differed in cultural characters i.e. dark black colored and very fast mycelial growth with smooth margins (90.00 mm), light black with white at centre and fast growing (80.00 mm), dark brown and medium mycelium growth with smooth margins (75.00 mm), black colored, medium flat mycelial growth with smooth margins (68.00 mm) and white with slightly black in colour with slow mycelial growth (65.00 mm) were observed in Aa-1, Aa-2, Aa-3, Aa-4 and Aa-5 respectively. The variability in conidial morphology of five different isolates was simple, septate, pale to dark brown in colour, often geniculate with one conidial scar. In respect of pathogenic variability, showed significant variations in terms of disease intensity and incubation periods. The isolates Aa-1 was highly pathogenic on Isabgol cv. RI-89 under artificial inoculation conditions showing 52.12% disease intensity followed by Aa- 3 ,Aa-2, Aa-4 and Aa-5 isolates. The variability in toxin production was reflected in terms of time taken in inducing wilting symptoms of Isabgol cuttings. Isolate Aa-1 was highly toxic followed by isolates Aa-2, Aa-3, Aa-4 and Aa-5. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/sja.v12i2.21918 SAARC J. Agri., 12(2): 63-70 (2014)

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Pettigrew, Thomas F. "SCHOOL DESEGREGATION AND THE PIPELINE OF PRIVILEGE." Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 18, no. 1 (2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742058x21000242.

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AbstractThe struggle to end racial segregation in America’s public schools has been long and arduous. It was ostensibly won in the 1954 Brown v. Tulsa Board of Education Supreme Court ruling. But racist resistance has been intense. Years later, extensive school segregation remains for Black children. The High Court has essentially overturned Brown without explicitly saying so. This paper assesses the effects of educational desegregation that has managed to occur. Discussion concerning the results of desegregation has revolved around test scores and the difficulties involved with “busing,” but the principal positive effect is often overlooked: namely, that the substantial rise of the Black-American middle class in the last half-century has been importantly enhanced by school desegregation. This paper reviews the educational backgrounds of eighteen Black Americans who have risen to the highest status positions in American politics and business in recent decades. They represent the desegregated Black cohort who succeeded because desegregation enabled them to break into the nation’s deeply established pipeline of privilege.

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Lambertson, Ross. "The Black, Brown, White and Red Blues: The Beating of Clarence Clemons." Canadian Historical Review 85, no. 4 (December 2004): 755–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/chr.85.4.755.

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Jiménez, Tomás R. "FADE TO BLACK." Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 13, no. 1 (2016): 159–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742058x16000011.

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AbstractIncreasingly, African Americans find themselves living side-by-side with immigrant newcomers from Latin America, the largest source of today’s immigrant population. Research on “Black/Brown” relations tends to a priori define groupness in ethnoracial terms and gloss over potential nuance in inter-group relations. Taking an inductive approach to understanding how African Americans interpret the boundaries that result from immigration-driven change, this paper draws on fieldwork among African Americans in East Palo Alto, California, a Black-majority-turned-Latino-majority city, to examine how African Americans construct multiple symbolic boundaries in the context of a Latino-immigrant settlement. Blacks’ rendering of these boundaries at the communal level invokesethnoracialboundaries as a source of significant division. They see Latinos as having overwhelmed Black material and symbolic prowess. However, accounts of inter-personal interactions evince symbolic boundaries defined bylanguageandneighborhood tenurethat render ethnoracial boundaries porous. Respondents note intra-group differences among Latinos, pointing out how the ability to speak English and long-time residence in the neighborhood are important factors facilitating ties and cooperation across ethnoracial boundaries. The findings point to the importance ofintra-ethnoracial-group differences forinter-ethnoracial-group attitudes and relations. Adopting ethnographic and survey research practices that treat boundaries as multiplex will better capture how growingintra-ethnoracial-group diversity shapes inter-ethnoracial-group relations.

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Ward Randolph, Adah, and Dwan V. Robinson. "De Facto Desegregation in the Urban North: Voices of African American Teachers and Principals on Employment, Students, and Community in Columbus, Ohio, 1940 to 1980." Urban Education 54, no. 10 (March 20, 2017): 1403–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042085917697204.

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This research explores the historical development of African American teacher and principal hiring and placement in Columbus, Ohio, from 1940 to 1980. In 1909, the Columbus Board of Education established Champion Avenue School creating a de facto segregated school to educate the majority of African American children and to employ Black educators. Over the next 50 years, Columbus created a de facto system of education where Black educators were hired and placed exclusively. This research illuminates how an unintended detriment such as de facto segregation actually developed Black leadership, and strengthened and empowered the community before and after Brown.

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KAMAL, REENA, P. C. CHANDRAN, AMITAVA DEY, M. S. TANTIA, P. K. RAY, R. KUMARI, and KAMAL SARMA. "Characterization of duck germplasm of eastern hill and plateau region of Jharkhand." Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 92, no. 2 (March 10, 2022): 189–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijans.v92i2.122081.

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Information about phenotypic characteristics is a basic need in animal genetic resource conservation and improvement. Phenotypic characteristics of Jharkhand ducks from six districts (Palamu, Gadhwa, Latehar, Lohardaga, Khuti, and Simdega) were studied. Data on morphological and morphometric traits were analyzed. The results revealed that the predominant plumage colours of the head, neck, breast, wings and tails were black (56.25%) in drake, and black and white mix (65.33%) in duck; white and black/brown mix (62.50%) in drake, and white (79.33%) in duck; brown (41.25%) in drake, and white and black/brown mix (52.67%) in duck; black/brown and white mix (43.75%) in drake and duck (74.67%); black in drake (75%) and duck (90%) respectively. The dominant bill colour in drake was greenish black (56.25%) followed by orange (25%) and duck bill colour was black (58.67%) followed by orange (22%), whereas dominant eye colour was brown in both the sexes. The predominant shank and web colour were orange (65.0%) in drake and duck (68.0%) respectively. The Jharkhand ducks are unique in their morphological features with attractive black and white plumage colour pattern. The ducks are well acclimatised to local agro-climatic conditions with less input from duck farmers. The hatching and brooding process are natural. The average egg production was 66.92Â±2.00 eggs. The average adult body weights of drake and ducks were 1.64Â±23.19 and 1.51Â±30.09 kg, respectively. Variations were observed in qualitative traits. The observed phenotypic diversity in Jharkhand local ducks could be useful in designing breeding programs and selection.

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Ali, D. A., F. R. Al-Khafajy, and M. B. S. Al-Shuhaib. "BROWN PLUMAGE JAPANESE QUAILS ARE THE BEST BIRDS POPULATION FOR THE LARGE-SCALE EGG PRODUCTION." IRAQI JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES 52, no. 2 (April 19, 2021): 309–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.36103/ijas.v52i2.1292.

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This study was conducted to investigate the effect of the line of Japanese quails on several production traits of 800 hatched eggs in three populations differ in plumage color, Brown-line (n = 300), Black-line (n = 220), and White-line (n = 280). Variables growth traits were examined on weekly intervals, namely live body weight (LBW), egg weight (EW), egg numbers (EN), hen day production (HD%), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the entire investigated period. Results indicated the presence of a significant effect of the studied lines on the majority of investigated traits. Concerning LBW, Black-line showed higher values than Brown and White lines respectively, in the last three weeks of measurements. Concerning EW, no obvious superiority was recorded for each investigated line except for the 10th week, in which significant (P<0.01) higher values of Brown-line were observed over the other two lines. Meanwhile, Brown-line had exhibited significantly (P<0.01) higher EN and HD% values over Black and White lines, respectively. On the contrary, FCR in White-line scored higher values starting from the 10th week to the end of the experiment (12th week) than Black and Brown lines, respectively. In conclusion, this study demonstrated the obvious superiority of the Brown-line over Black and White lines in the egg production traits measured. Since Black-line showed relatively higher values in LBW, we may suggest it for meat production. Meanwhile, Brown-line is the best-suited population for egg production. The observed data can be used by breeders in the large-scale egg production purposes of Japanese quails.

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Moody-Ramirez, Mia, and Hazel Cole. "Victim Blaming in Twitter Users’ Framing of Eric Garner and Michael Brown." Journal of Black Studies 49, no. 4 (February 6, 2018): 383–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021934718754312.

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Using a critical race lens, this analysis extends the victim-blaming literature to examine representations of Black males killed by White police officers. Specifically, it explores tweets that emerged following the deaths of Michael Brown and Eric Garner in 2014. Study findings indicate Twitter users often used victim-blaming discourse to present the incidents of violence against Black men as isolated cases of punishment they deserved instead of the manifestations of larger social problems and systematic injustices. Common victim-blaming themes used to frame the two men were criminal actions/culpability, physical features, and race and class characteristics. A counter narrative toward justice and policy change later emerged, and the two men’s deaths became a catalyst for change. Notably, the #BlackLivesMatter campaign became an impetus to help foster growth in the Black liberation movement.

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Wang, Hongfei, Lin Kong, Rui Gao, Buhailiqiemu Abudureheman, Xinyang Li, and Qiuli Li. "Germination biology of dimorphic seeds of the annual halophyte common seepweed (Suaeda glauca)." Weed Science 68, no. 2 (December 23, 2019): 143–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/wsc.2019.74.

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AbstractCommon seepweed [Suaeda glauca (Bunge) Bunge] is a common salt-tolerant weed species distributed across the agricultural regions of northern China. It produces dimorphic seeds with different phenotypic characteristics and seed sizes. However, there is no information regarding the germination biology of these dimorphic seeds. Studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of ecological factors such as temperature, light, pH, osmotic stress, salt concentration, and planting depth on seed germination and seedling emergence. The results showed that brown seeds were nondormant, whereas black seeds had an intermediate physiological dormancy. The germination percentage of brown seeds was more than 80% at all temperature regimes and light conditions, but the optimum germination occurred at the cold thermoperiod of 20/10 C. In contrast, less than 6% of black seeds germinated at all temperature regimes and light conditions. Eight weeks of cold stratification did not break the dormancy of black seeds, whereas low concentrations of gibberellic acid (0.1 and 1.0 mM) significantly increased seed germination. Removal of the testa of black seeds also promoted germination and produced normal seedlings. Brown seeds showed moderate tolerance to salt stress, with 16% germination percentage at a salt concentration of 600 mM NaCl. The germination of brown seeds was 38% at an osmotic potential stress of −0.8 MPa; above that, no germination was obtained. Brown seeds germinated well in a wide pH range (4 to 10), with a germination percentage higher than 95%. Seedling emergence percentage was higher than 90% at burial depths of 0 to 2 cm, while germination percentage severely decreased for brown seeds with burial depths >2 cm, indicating that shallow tillage could be an effective measure to minimize seed germination. Information gathered from this study will help to develop an effective protocols for controlling S. glauca.

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Nieto, Sonia. "Black, White, and Us: The Meaning of Brown v. Board of Education for Latinos." Multicultural Perspectives 6, no. 4 (October 2004): 22–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327892mcp0604_7.

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Williams, Lyneise E. (Lyneise Elaine), and Iona Rozeal Brown. "Black on Both Sides: A Conversation with iona rozeal brown." Callaloo 29, no. 3 (2006): 826–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cal.2006.0161.

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Skaala, Øystein, and Knut E. Jørstad. "Fine-spotted Brown Trout (Salmo trutta): Its Phenotypic Description and Biochemical Genetic Variation." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 44, no. 10 (October 1, 1987): 1775–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f87-218.

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Initial studies on a small population of brown trout (Salmo trutta) in the Hardangervidda area in Norway revealed specimens with remarkable morphological characteristics. About one third of the population was classified as "fine-spotted trout" due to the occurrence of small black spots on the body and fins. These individuals also have from four to seven black spots located around the pupil of the eye. Genetic data, obtained by electrophoresis of tissue enzymes, demonstrated large differences compared with other brown trout populations. According to the information available, the abundance of fine-spotted trout has decreased during the last eight decades, which focuses on the need for preservation of the population and its habitat.

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Oliver, Melvin L., Consuelo J. Rodriguez, and Roslyn A. Mickelson. "Brown and black in white: The social adjustment and academic performance of Chicano and black students in a predominately white university." Urban Review 17, no. 1 (1985): 3–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01141631.

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Song, Chang-Ge, Yi-Fei Sun, Shun Liu, Yuan-Yuan Chen, and Bao-Kai Cui. "Phylogenetic Analyses and Morphological Studies Reveal Four New Species of Phellodon (Bankeraceae, Thelephorales) from China." Journal of Fungi 9, no. 1 (December 23, 2022): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof9010030.

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Phellodon is a genus of ectomycorrhizal fungi with important ecological roles and exploitable biological activities. In this study, four new species of Phellodon, P. caesius, P. henanensis, P. concentricus and P. subgriseofuscus, are described from China based on morphological characters and molecular evidence. The phylogenetic analyses of Phellodon were carried out based on the ITS + nLSU gene regions and the combined sequence dataset of ITS + nLSU + nSSU + RPB1 + RPB2 gene regions. Phellodon caesius is characterized by its dark bluish-grey, dark grey to black grey pileus, ash grey to dark bluish-grey spines, and the presence of both simple septa and clamp connections on generative hyphae of stipe. Phellodon concentricus is characterized by its zonate pileal surface, dark grey context in pileus, and spongy basidiomata. Phellodon henanensis is characterized by its ash grey, light vinaceous grey to light brown pileal surface, thin context in pileus, and the presence of both simple septa and clamp connections on generative hyphae of spines. Phellodon subgriseofuscus is characterized by its fuscous to black pileal surface, white to light brown spines, and vinaceous grey context. Illustrated descriptions and the ecological habits of the novel species are provided.

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Rong, Xue Lan, and Frank Brown. "The Effects of Immigrant Generation and Ethnicity on Educational Attainment among Young African and Caribbean Blacks in the United States." Harvard Educational Review 71, no. 3 (September 1, 2001): 536–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.17763/haer.71.3.464r24p1k6v1n43t.

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Despite speculation that immigrant and racial minority status may doubly disadvantage Black immigrant children in U.S. schools, researchers have rarely studied the educational attainment of immigrant Black youth. In this article, Xue Lan Rong and Frank Brown analyze 1990 U.S. Census data to examine the combined effects of generation of U.S. residence (1st, 2nd, and 3rd) and of race and ethnicity (Caribbean Blacks, African Blacks, and European Whites) on youths' total years of schooling and schooling completion at three levels — grammar school, high school, and four-year college. The results from their study show that these youths' educational attainment varies with race and pan-nationality, as well as with generation of residence. Based on their findings, Rong and Brown argue that as racial and ethnic identity is becoming increasingly complicated, educational practitioners need to move away from the conventional notion that equates each racial group with one culture and one ethnic identity. Using classic assimilation and acculturation theories as the framework for their analysis, Rong and Brown conclude that educators have to learn more about the process of assimilation and its relationship with youths' schooling and reconsider the common notion that more rapid assimilation is always better for immigrant children's education. (pp. 536–565)

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Journal articles on the topic 'Black and brown studies'

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