Academic literature on the topic 'BL Lac objects'

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Journal articles on the topic "BL Lac objects"

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Bondi, M., M. J. M. Marcha, D. Dallacasa, and C. Stanghellini. "Intermediate BL Lac objects." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 325, no. 3 (August 11, 2001): 1109–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-8711.2001.04519.x.

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Beckmann, V., D. Engels, N. Bade, and O. Wucknitz. "The HRX-BL Lac sample – Evolution of BL Lac objects." Astronomy & Astrophysics 401, no. 3 (April 2003): 927–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:20030184.

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Sandrinelli, A., S. Covino, A. Treves, A. M. Holgado, A. Sesana, E. Lindfors, and V. F. Ramazani. "Quasi-periodicities of BL Lacertae objects." Astronomy & Astrophysics 615 (July 2018): A118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201732550.

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We review the reports of possible year-long quasi-periodicities of BL Lac objects in the γ-ray and optical bands, and present a homogeneous time analysis of the light curves of PKS2155−304, PG1553+113, and BL Lac. Based on results from a survey covering the entire Fermi γ-ray sky we have estimated the fraction of possible quasi-periodic BL Lac objects. We compared the cyclical behaviour in BL Lac objects with that derived from the search of possible optical periodicities in quasars, and find that at z ≲ 1 the cosmic density of quasi-periodic BL Lac objects is larger than that of quasi-periodic quasars. If the BL Lac quasi-periodicities were due to a supermassive binary black hole (SBBH) scenario, there could be a tension with the upper limits on the gravitational wave background measured by the pulsar timing array. The argument clearly indicates the difficulties of generally associating quasi-periodicities of BL Lac objects with SBBHs.
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Costamante, L., G. Ghisellini, P. Giommi, G. Tagliaferri, A. Celotti, M. Chiaberge, G. Fossati, et al. "Extreme synchrotron BL Lac objects." Astronomy & Astrophysics 371, no. 2 (May 2001): 512–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:20010412.

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Costamante, L., and G. Ghisellini. "TeV candidate BL Lac objects." Astronomy & Astrophysics 384, no. 1 (March 2002): 56–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:20011749.

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D'Amicis, R., R. Nesci, E. Massaro, M. Maesano, F. Montagni, and F. D'Alessio. "Spectral Variability of BL Lac Objects." Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia 19, no. 1 (2002): 111–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/as01113.

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AbstractWe present the relation between optical luminosity and spectral slope for eight BL Lac objects (3C66A, PKS 0422+00, S5 0716+71, OJ 287, ON 231, OQ 530, S5 1803+78 and BL Lacertae), derived from B, V, R, and I observations spanning a time interval of about 5 years. Four objects show a marked correlation between spectral slope and luminosity, being bluer when brighter, while for the other four the correlation is weaker or absent. Possible explanations are briefly discussed in the framework of current models of the BL Lac phenomenon.
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Day, Charles. "Let’s talk about BL Lac objects!" Physics Today 72, no. 3 (March 2019): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/pt.3.4152.

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Merrifield, Michael R. "Macrolensing, microlensing, and BL Lac objects." Astronomical Journal 104 (October 1992): 1306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/116319.

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Wurtz, Ronald, Erica Ellingson, John T. Stocke, and H. K. C. Yee. "Clustering environments of BL Lac objects." Astronomical Journal 106 (September 1993): 869. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/116690.

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Pesce, Joseph E., Renato Falomo, and Aldo Treves. "Environmental Properties of BL LAC Objects." Astronomical Journal 110 (October 1995): 1554. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/117628.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "BL Lac objects"

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Abraham, Roberto G. "Imaging of BL Lac objects." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1991. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:8af2b188-06a4-4412-bd2a-6ee27b0bf781.

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The investigation of the host galaxies of BL Lac objects (BL Lacs) is a promising new field made practical in recent years by advances in detector technology and improved telescope siting. By better understanding the nature of these host galaxies we can test the standard beaming and lensing models for BL Lacs. This thesis describes the techniques that we have developed for studying the host galaxies of BL Lac objects, and presents the results of a survey of BL Lac host galaxies that we have undertaken with the 4.2m William Herschel Telescope. This survey successfully resolved many new host galaxies, determined the morphology of three BL Lac host galaxies for the first time, and confirmed the morphology of an additional three objects. One BL Lac object, PKS1413+135, displayed a number of surprising properties, and was consequently studied in greater detail at multiple wavelengths. These observations are also presented in this thesis. We conclude with a description of Monte-Carlo simulations that we have undertaken in order to better determine the uncertainty in the results from our survey, and to assess the promise of future telescope/instrumentation combinations for host galaxy imaging.
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Lindner, Thomas 1978. "STACEE observations of BL Lac objects." Thesis, McGill University, 2006. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=102998.

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STACEE is an atmospheric Cherenkov telescope that was built to detect gamma-rays of cosmic origin. By using a large primary mirror area we have reduced the detector's energy threshold to below 200 GeV. The present work continues STACEE's investigation of BL Lac objects, focusing on Markarian 421, 3C 66A and OJ 287. An important part of this work has been the development of software techniques for the correction of systematic biases and the improvement of background rejection. As a result of these improvements, STACEE made a convincing detection of Markarian 421 during the 2002-2004 seasons. The statistical excess was 3.9sigma for the 2002-2003 season and 10.9sigma for the 2003-2004 season; the latter represents the strongest single season detection ever achieved by STACEE. We compare our measured Mrk 421 rates to those of other instruments and present spectral measurements during various flaring states in 2003-2004. The LBLs 3C 66A and OJ 287 were not detected. We discuss the significance of our flux upper limits in the context of emission models for these two sources.
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Londish, Diana. "Properties of BL Lac objects from the 2dF QSO Redshift Survey." University of Sydney. Physics, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/600.

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This thesis is an analysis of the X-ray, optical, infrared and radio properties of a sample of candidate BL Lac objects, identified from two catalogues of colour-selected point sources, the 2QZ and 6QZ. The importance of the sample lies in the fact that it is the first BL Lac sample in which initial selection has been made from optical spectra, independent of the objects' flux levels at X-ray and radio frequencies. These optically selected candidate BL Lac objects thus provide an unbiased sample (in terms of radio flux density) with which to study the proportion of radio- dominant and X-ray-dominant BL Lac objects in the global population. The observed number counts and redshift distribution of the 2BL are consistent with theoretical predictions based on the QSO evolutionary model. Given the small number statistics we are not, however, able to show that this distribution is significantly different to that of the 2QZ/6QZ white dwarfs. A median redshift of z=1.25 was computed for these candidate BL Lacs, a value supported by redshift information obtained for ~25% of the sample. This median redshift is much higher than redshifts found for X-ray selected BL Lac objects and suggests that in the past high redshift, low luminosity, radio-weak BL Lacs may have been missed in radio- and X-ray-selected samples. From results of the above studies it appears that this sample of optically selected candidate BL Lac objects is different to that of hitherto known radio-loud BL Lacs. We explore mechanisms that might produce such radio-weak/radio-quiet continuum objects, and also demonstrate that such radio-quiet BL Lac objects could exist at low redshift. Failure to include these radio-quiet BL Lacs in X-ray selected samples could explain the negative evolution found for this class of object.
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Londish, Diana. "Properties of BL Lac objects from the 2dF QSO Redshift Survey." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/600.

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This thesis is an analysis of the X-ray, optical, infrared and radio properties of a sample of candidate BL Lac objects, identified from two catalogues of colour-selected point sources, the 2QZ and 6QZ. The importance of the sample lies in the fact that it is the first BL Lac sample in which initial selection has been made from optical spectra, independent of the objects' flux levels at X-ray and radio frequencies. These optically selected candidate BL Lac objects thus provide an unbiased sample (in terms of radio flux density) with which to study the proportion of radio- dominant and X-ray-dominant BL Lac objects in the global population. The observed number counts and redshift distribution of the 2BL are consistent with theoretical predictions based on the QSO evolutionary model. Given the small number statistics we are not, however, able to show that this distribution is significantly different to that of the 2QZ/6QZ white dwarfs. A median redshift of z=1.25 was computed for these candidate BL Lacs, a value supported by redshift information obtained for ~25% of the sample. This median redshift is much higher than redshifts found for X-ray selected BL Lac objects and suggests that in the past high redshift, low luminosity, radio-weak BL Lacs may have been missed in radio- and X-ray-selected samples. From results of the above studies it appears that this sample of optically selected candidate BL Lac objects is different to that of hitherto known radio-loud BL Lacs. We explore mechanisms that might produce such radio-weak/radio-quiet continuum objects, and also demonstrate that such radio-quiet BL Lac objects could exist at low redshift. Failure to include these radio-quiet BL Lacs in X-ray selected samples could explain the negative evolution found for this class of object.
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Carnerero, M. I., C. M. Raiteri, M. Villata, J. A. Acosta-Pulido, V. M. Larionov, P. S. Smith, F. D'Ammando, et al. "Dissecting the long-term emission behaviour of the BL Lac object Mrk 421." OXFORD UNIV PRESS, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/626278.

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We report on long-term multiwavelength monitoring of blazar Mrk 421 by the GLAST-AGILE Support Program of the Whole Earth Blazar Telescope (GASP-WEBT) collaboration and Steward Observatory, and by the Swift and Fermi satellites. We study the source behaviour in the period 2007-2015, characterized by several extreme flares. The ratio between the optical, X-ray and gamma-ray fluxes is very variable. The gamma-ray flux variations show a fair correlation with the optical ones starting from 2012. We analyse spectropolarimetric data and find wavelength-dependence of the polarization degree (P), which is compatible with the presence of the host galaxy, and no wavelength dependence of the electric vector polarization angle (EVPA). Optical polarimetry shows a lack of simple correlation between P and flux and wide rotations of the EVPA. We build broad-band spectral energy distributions with simultaneous near-infrared and optical data from the GASP-WEBT and ultraviolet and X-ray data from the Swift satellite. They show strong variability in both flux and X-ray spectral shape and suggest a shift of the synchrotron peak up to a factor of similar to 50 in frequency. The interpretation of the flux and spectral variability is compatible with jet models including at least two emitting regions that can change their orientation with respect to the line of sight.
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Beckmann, Volker. "Evolutionary behaviour of AGN investigations on BL Lac objects and Seyfert II galaxies /." [S.l. : s.n.], 2000. http://www.sub.uni-hamburg.de/disse/330/vbdiss.html.

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Meyer, Markus. "Observations of a systematically selected sample of high frequency peaked BL Lac objects with the MAGIC telescope." Doctoral thesis, kostenfrei, 2008. http://www.opus-bayern.de/uni-wuerzburg/volltexte/2008/2811/.

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Kaufmann, Sarah Sabine [Verfasser], Christian [Akademischer Betreuer] Stegmann, and Stefan [Akademischer Betreuer] Wagner. "Multi-wavelength studies of TeV gamma-ray emitting BL Lac objects / Sarah Sabine Kaufmann. Gutachter: Christian Stegmann ; Stefan Wagner." Erlangen : Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 2013. http://d-nb.info/1054342148/34.

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Brown, Anthony Murray. "Very high energy emission and multi-wavelength campaigns of the BL Lac object PKS 2155-304." Thesis, Durham University, 2006. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/919/.

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This thesis is concerned with multi-wavelength observations of the prominent southern hemisphere high energy BL Lac object, (HBL), PKS 2155-304. After a general introduction covering the particulars of Active Galactic Nuclei, the pysical processes and models that are believed to play an important role in the observations and ground based γ-ray astronomy, the results and interpretation of four individual multi-wavelength campaigns on PKS 2155-304 are presented. Lead by observations of the High Energy Stereoscopic System (H.E.S.S.), these campaigns include observations with RXTE, NTT at ESO, ROTSE, Spitzer, JCMT and the NRT. During all these campaigns, the source appeared to be in a quiescent state, allowing us to probe the jet paramaters and emission models for a quiescent HBL for the first time. The models for VHE emission from HBLs have evolved over the last 14 years since Mkn 421 was detected as a VHE emitter. However, the sensitivity of the past generations of VHE telescopes has only been sufficient to observe VHE emission from HBLs during apparent active states. These evolved models are therefore essentially high active state emission models. Since the sensitivity of H.E.S.S. now allows us to detect these objects in a quiescent state , the obvious question is, do the 'active state' models still accurately predict the SED and in particular the VHE emission?
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Mueller, Carsten. "Observations of the high-energy peaked BL lac object H1426 + 428 with the solar tower atmospheric Cherenkov effect experiment." Thesis, McGill University, 2008. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=21928.

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The Solar Tower Atmospheric Cherenkov Effect Experiment (STACEE) was an atmospheric Cherenkov telescope operational until June 2007, which detected cosmic gamma rays by means of the wavefront-sampling technique. Using 64 of the large heliostats available at the National Solar Thermal Test Facility (NSTTF) near Albuquerque, New Mexico, its total mirror area of 2378 m^2 allowed it to achieve energy thresholds between 150 and 200 GeV. Following a review of the field of gamma-ray astrophysics and Active Galactic Nuclei, this work provides a detailed description of the detector, along with an introduction to simulation and data analysis techniques. During the springs of 2003 and 2004, STACEE observed the High-Energy-Peaked BL Lac object H1426+428, an established emitter of gamma rays in the TeV energy range. A full analysis of these data reveals that STACEE did not detect a statistically significant gamma-ray excess from H1426+428 in either data set. With the help of detailed detector simulations, upper limits on the integrated gamma-ray fluxes, F, at the 95% confidence level are obtained for both observing seasons: F(E > 163 GeV) < 1.83e-6 m^-2 s^-1 and F(E > 165 GeV) < 0.78e-6 m^-2 s^-1 for 2003 and 2004, respectively. The derived upper limits are discussed in the context of the results obtained by other gamma-ray observatories.
Le telescope a effet Cherenkov atmospherique STACEE (Solar Tower Atmospheric Cherenkov Effect Experiment), en operation jusqu'en juin 2007, servait a detecter des rayons gamma d'origine cosmique en utilisant la technique d'echantillonnage du front d'onde. L'utilisation de 64 heliostats de la centrale solaire NSTTF (National Solar Thermal Test Facility) situee pres d'Albuquerque au Nouveau Mexique permettait au telescope d'atteindre des seuils d'energie entre 150 et 200 GeV. Cette these commence par une revue dans le domaine de l'astrophysique des rayons gamma et des noyaux actifs galactiques, puis presente une description detaillee du detecteur STACEE, de meme qu'une introduction aux techniques de simulation et d'analyse de donnees. Entre mars et juin 2003 ainsi qu'entre mars et juillet 2004, STACEE a observe l'objet HBL H1426+428, un emetteur avere de rayons gamma TeV. L'analyse complete des donnees recueillies revele que STACEE n'a permis de detecter un exces de rayons gamma statistiquement significatif provenant de H1426+428 dans aucun des deux ensembles de donnees. Des simulations detaillees de l'effet du detecteur ont permis d'obtenir des limites superieures du flux integre de rayons gamma, F, a un niveau de confiance de 95% pour les deux saisons d'observation: F(E > 163 GeV) < 1.83e-6 m^-2 s^-1 pour les observations effectuees en 2003, et F(E > 165 GeV) < 0.78e-6 m^-2 s^-1 pour celles de 2004. Les limites superieures ainsi obtenues sont comparees aux mesures de flux enregistrees par d'autres detecteurs, et des implications possibles sont discutees.
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Books on the topic "BL Lac objects"

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Maraschi, L., T. Maccacaro, and M. H. Ulrich, eds. BL Lac Objects. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bfb0031137.

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Maraschi, L. BL Lac Objects: Proceedings of a Workshop Held in Como, Italy, September 20-23, 1988. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989.

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United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. Hot absorbers and the X-ray spectra of BL Lac objects: Final report for NASA grant, NAG5-1671. Baltimore, MD: Space Telescope Science Institute, 1994.

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Urry, Claudia Megan. Hot absorbers and the X-ray spectra of BL Lac objects: Final report for NASA grant, NAG5-1671. Baltimore, MD: Space Telescope Science Institute, 1994.

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Maraschi, L. Bl Lac Objects: Proceedings (Lecture Notes in Physics). Springer, 1989.

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1942-, Maraschi L., Maccacaro T. 1951-, and Ulrich M. H, eds. BL Lac objects: Proceedings of a workshop held in Como, Italy, September 20-23, 1988. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1989.

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O, Takalo Leo, and Sillanpää Aimo, eds. BL Lac phenomenon: Proceedings of a meeting held at Turku, Finland, 22-26 June 1998. San Francisco, Calif: Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 1999.

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Maraschi, Laura, Tommaso Maccacaro, and Marie-Helene Ulrich. BL Lac Objects: Proceedings of a Workshop Held in Como, Italy, September 20-23 1988. Springer, 2014.

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Hot absorbers and the X-ray spectra of BL Lac objects: Final report for NASA grant, NAG5-1671. Baltimore, MD: Space Telescope Science Institute, 1994.

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The BL lac phenomenon: X-ray observations of transition objects ; Determination of the x-ray spectrum of a complete sample of flat -pectrum radio sources. [Greenbelt, Md: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Goddard Space Flight Center, 1994.

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Book chapters on the topic "BL Lac objects"

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Tadhunter, C. N., R. A. E. Fosbury, and S. di Serego Alighieri. "Beamed ionizing radiation in radio galaxies." In BL Lac Objects, 79–86. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bfb0031147.

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Bondi, M., D. Dallacasa, C. Stanghellini, and R. Della Ceca. "Extended Emission in BL Lac Objects." In Extragalactic Radio Sources, 53–54. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0295-4_21.

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Falomo, R., C. M. Urry, J. Pesce, R. Scarpa, A. Treves, and M. Giavalisco. "HST Imaging of BL Lac Objects." In ESO Astrophysics Symposia, 194–99. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-69648-3_35.

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Stanghellini, C., P. Cassaro, M. Bondi, D. Dallacasa, R. Della Ceca, and R. A. Zappalà. "Arcsecond Scale Polarization of BL Lac Objects." In Extragalactic Radio Sources, 55–56. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0295-4_22.

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Kuhr, Helmut, and Josef Fried. "A CCD Survey of BL Lac Objects." In Quasars, 125–26. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4716-0_30.

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Roos, Margarida Serote. "Stellar Populations in BL Lac Type Objects." In The Evolution of Galaxies, 353. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-3313-7_87.

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Falomo, R., and M.-H. Ulrich. "Optical Imaging and Spectroscopy of BL Lac Objects." In ESO Astrophysics Symposia, 212–14. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-69648-3_38.

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Falomo, Renato, C. Megan Urry, Riccardo Scarpa, Joseph E. Pesce, and Aldo Treves. "The HST Imaging Survey of BL Lac Objects." In Toward a New Millennium in Galaxy Morphology, 647–48. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4114-7_68.

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Kikuchi, S. "Long-Term Optical Behavior of BL Lac Objects." In Multi-Wavelength Continuum Emission of AGN, 394. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-9537-2_108.

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Vats, Hari Om, S. S. Degaonkar, P. K. Manoharan, and S. Ananthakrishnan. "Monitoring of BL Lac Objects at 327 MHz." In Quasars, 171–72. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4716-0_43.

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Conference papers on the topic "BL Lac objects"

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Bondi, Marco. "BL Lac objects." In 8th European VLBI Network Symposium. Trieste, Italy: Sissa Medialab, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.22323/1.036.0025.

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Costamante, L. "New extreme synchrotron BL Lac objects." In X-RAY ASTRONOMY: Stellar Endpoints,AGN, and the Diffuse X-ray Background. AIP, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1434692.

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Treves, Aldo. "ESO VLT optical spectroscopy of BL Lac objects." In Workshop on Blazar Variability across the Electromagnetic Spectrum. Trieste, Italy: Sissa Medialab, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.22323/1.063.0026.

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Christopoulou, Eleftheria-Panagiota, E. M. Xilouris, P. Boumis, and I. E. Papadakis. "Multi band optical micro variability of BL Lac objects." In Workshop on Blazar Variability across the Electromagnetic Spectrum. Trieste, Italy: Sissa Medialab, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.22323/1.063.0029.

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Marlowe, A. T., C. M. Urry, and I. M. George. "Time-dependent inhomogeneous jet models for BL Lac objects." In Testing the AGN paradigm diagnostics. AIP, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.42268.

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Mahmud, Mehreen, and Denise Gabuzda. "Searching for helical magnetic fields in BL Lac objects." In 8th European VLBI Network Symposium. Trieste, Italy: Sissa Medialab, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.22323/1.036.0012.

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Randall, Jill. "XMM Newton Observations of Low Energy Peaked BL Lac Objects." In Workshop on Blazar Variability across the Electromagnetic Spectrum. Trieste, Italy: Sissa Medialab, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.22323/1.063.0056.

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Hallahan, Redmond. "The Deca-parsec Scale Radio Structures of BL Lac Objects." In The 9th European VLBI Network Symposium on The role of VLBI in the Golden Age for Radio Astronomy and EVN Users Meeting. Trieste, Italy: Sissa Medialab, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.22323/1.072.0029.

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Kaufmann, S., S. Wagner, I. Jung, O. Tibolla, A. Comastri, L. Angelini, and M. Cappi. "The X-∕VHE γ-ray connection of BL Lac objects." In X-RAY ASTRONOMY 2009; PRESENT STATUS, MULTI-WAVELENGTH APPROACH AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES: Proceedings of the International Conference. AIP, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3475294.

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Healy, Fiona, and Denise Gabuzda. "18-22 cm VLBA observations of three BL Lac objects." In 11th European VLBI Network Symposium & Users Meeting. Trieste, Italy: Sissa Medialab, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.22323/1.178.0094.

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Reports on the topic "BL Lac objects"

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Giebels, Berrie. Observation of X-Ray Variability in the BL Lac Object 1ES1959+65. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/799005.

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