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1
Hoskovec, Lauren, Wande Benka-Coker, Rachel Severson, Sheryl Magzamen, and Ander Wilson. "Model choice for estimating the association between exposure to chemical mixtures and health outcomes: A simulation study." PLOS ONE 16, no. 3 (March 25, 2021): e0249236. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249236.
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Challenges arise in researching health effects associated with chemical mixtures. Several methods have recently been proposed for estimating the association between health outcomes and exposure to chemical mixtures, but a formal simulation study comparing broad-ranging methods is lacking. We select five recently developed methods and evaluate their performance in estimating the exposure-response function, identifying active mixture components, and identifying interactions in a simulation study. Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) and nonparametric Bayes shrinkage (NPB) were top-performing methods in our simulation study. BKMR and NPB outperformed other contemporary methods and traditional linear models in estimating the exposure-response function and identifying active mixture components. BKMR and NPB produced similar results in a data analysis of the effects of multipollutant exposure on lung function in children with asthma.
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Zhao, Yi, and Gitanjali Singh. "Modeling Effects of Complex Diet Mixtures on Cardiovascular Incidence in African American Women: The Women's Health Initiative." Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (May 29, 2020): 1512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa061_140.
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Abstract Objectives Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of premature morbidity and mortality among African American women, and diet plays a crucial role in its prevention. Diet consists of a complex mixture of foods and nutrients, yet few existing statistical methods can account for potential nonlinear and interactive relationships between multiple dietary factors and their effects on health. To realistically assess dietary impacts on CVD risk among African American women, we utilized an innovative statistical approach, Bayesian Kernel Machine Regression (BKMR), which takes into consideration the relationship between multiple dietary factors, as mixtures and as individual components, and CVD risk. Methods Using data from 2724 healthy African American participants of the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study, we examined the association of nine dietary factors (fruits, vegetables, fish, red meat, poultry, nuts, whole grains, dairy, and sodium), collected through a validated food frequency questionnaire, with both systolic blood pressure (SBP) and CVD incidence. Through a kernel machine representation, BKMR regresses the outcome on a smooth function of the exposures, adjusting for potential confounders and allowing for possible nonlinearities and interactions. We used BKMR for modeling the continuous outcome, SBP, and its probit extension for the binary outcome, CVD incidence. Results Whole grain and fish had the strongest associations with SBP. SBP decreased by 0.78 mmHg (95% credible interval (CI): −1.70, 0.14) and increased by 0.70 mmHg (95% CI: −0.12, 1.52) for an interquartile range (IQR) increase in whole grain and fish consumption, respectively. We saw a linear and increasing association between the diet mixture and CVD incidence. This trend was mainly driven by red meat consumption as the primary dietary risk factor to CVD incidence: an IQR increase in red meat consumption was associated with a 0.06-unit (95% CI: −0.02, 0.14) increase in the probit CVD risk. No evidence for interactions and nonlinearities was observed. Conclusions BKMR is a novel method for modeling complex dietary mixtures by incorporating potential nonlinearities and interactions, allowing identification of major dietary factors associated with elevated SBP and CVD incidence among a population disproportionally affected by CVD. Funding Sources NHLBI.
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Oppenheimer, Anna, David Bellinger, Brent Coull, Marc Weisskopf, and Susan Korrick. "Prenatal Exposure to Chemical Mixtures and Cognitive Flexibility among Adolescents." Toxics 9, no. 12 (December 2, 2021): 329. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics9120329.
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Cognitive flexibility, the ability to smoothly adapt to changing circumstances, is a skill that is vital to higher-level executive functions such as problem-solving, planning, and reasoning. As it undergoes substantial development during adolescence, decrements in cognitive flexibility may not become apparent until this time. There is evidence that prenatal exposure to individual chemicals may adversely impact executive functions in children, but few studies have explored the association of co-exposure to multiple chemicals with cognitive flexibility specifically among adolescents. We investigated this association among a diverse group of adolescents living near a Superfund site in New Bedford, Massachusetts. Specifically, using Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) and multivariable regression analyses, we investigated the association of biomarkers of prenatal exposure to organochlorines (DDE, HCB, PCBs) and metals (lead, manganese) with cognitive flexibility, measured with four subtests of the Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System. In BKMR models, we observed adverse joint associations of the chemical mixture with two of the four cognitive flexibility subtests. In covariate-adjusted linear regression models, a two-fold increase in cord blood Mn was associated with poorer performance on two of the subtests: Trail-Making (scaled score difference = −0.60; 95% CI: −1.16, −0.05 points) and Color-Word Interference (scaled score difference = −0.53; 95% CI: −1.08, 0.01 points). These adverse Mn-cognitive flexibility associations were supported by the results of the BKMR. There was little evidence of effect modification by sex and some evidence of effect modification by a measure of social disadvantage, particularly for the associations between HCB and cognitive flexibility. This study is among the first to provide evidence of an adverse association of prenatal exposure to a chemical mixture with cognitive flexibility in adolescence.
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Saxena, Roheeni, Mary Gamble, Gail A. Wasserman, Xinhua Liu, Faruque Parvez, Ana Navas-Acien, Pam Factor-Litvak, Marianthi-Anna Kioumourtzoglou, Elizabeth A. Gibson, and Joseph H. Graziano. "107 Environmental Exposure to Metals Mixtures and the Outcome of Cognitive Function in Adolescents." Journal of Clinical and Translational Science 6, s1 (April 2022): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cts.2022.27.
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OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Exposure to arsenic, cadmium, manganese, and lead have been linked to adverse neurocognitive outcomes in adults/children, but effects in adolescents are not fully characterized. This study aims to examine the association between exposure to a mixture of metals (As, Cd, Mn, Pb, Se) and cognitive function in adolescents. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: The Metals, Arsenic, & Nutrition in Adolescents Study (MANAS) is a cross-sectional study of 572 Bangladeshi adolescents. Blood levels of As, Cd, Mn, Pb, and Se were measured via ICP-MS. An abbreviated Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) was administered, with subtests assessing cognitive function and executive function tasks. Linear regression and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) were used to examine associations between individual metals, the overall mixture of metals, and cognitive function as measured by the CANTAB. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Linear regression showed that As (B=−2.40) and Mn (B=−5.31) were negatively associated with Spatial Working Memory (p<0.05). Negative associations were also observed between Cd and Spatial Recognition Memory (SRM) (B=−2.77, p<0.05), and between Pb and Delayed Match to Sample (DMS), a measure of visual recognition and memory (B=−3.67, p<0.05). Se and Spatial Span Length (B=0.92, p<0.05) were seen to be positively associated. BKMR showed no overall effect of the mixture but indicated that Pb was negatively associated with DMS, and that Cd was negatively associated with SRM. Se was positively associated with Planning, Reaction Time, and Spatial Span. Posterior inclusion probability consistently rated Se as the most influential mixture component. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Se was positively associated with cognition, while Mn and As were linked to poorer working memory, and Cd and Pb were associated with poorer visual recognition and memory. We saw agreement between linear regression and BKMR in analyzing metal mixture exposures. Findings suggest interventions aimed at adolescents might influence lifelong cognition.
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Kim, Seyoung, Eunjung Park, Eun-Kyo Park, Seulbi Lee, Jeoung-A. Kwon, Bo-Hye Shin, Sora Kang, Eun-Young Park, and Byungmi Kim. "Urinary Concentrations of Bisphenol Mixtures during Pregnancy and Birth Outcomes: The MAKE Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 19 (September 26, 2021): 10098. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910098.
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Bisphenols are endocrine disruptors that may be associated with altered fetal growth in humans, and they have similar biological functions to mimic hormones. In addition, aggregated chemicals showed an adverse effect although individual concentration was at a low level. However, most studies between bisphenols and birth outcomes have focused on the effect of individual bisphenol. Thus, we explored the associations of urinary bisphenol mixtures with birth outcomes. We conducted a prospective birth cohort study in South Korea. One hundred eighty mother-infant pairs were recruited from 2017 to 2019. Bisphenol A (BPA), bisphenol F (BPF), and bisphenol S (BPS) in one spot urine were analyzed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. We used two statistical approaches to examine potential associations of BPA, BPF, and BPS with birth weight and gestational age: (1) multivariable linear regression; (2) Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR). The geometric means of BPA, BPF, and BPS were 2.1, 0.2, and 0.1 μg/L, respectively. In stratified linear analyses by each median value, a higher BPF was positively associated with birth weight (g) (β = 125.5; 95% CI: 45.0 to 205.9). Mixture analyses using BKMR suggested an inverse association between bisphenol mixtures and birth weight. Our findings suggest that in utero bisphenol exposure may influence birth weight and that such relationships may differ considering non-linearity and the combined effect.
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Peng, Xinwei, Jingjing Zhu, Henry S. Lynn, and Xi Zhang. "Serum Nutritional Biomarkers and All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality in U.S. Adults with Metabolic Syndrome: The Results from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001–2006." Nutrients 15, no. 3 (January 20, 2023): 553. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu15030553.
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Background: There is limited research on the associations between serum nutritional biomarkers and mortality risk in patients with metabolic syndrome (MetS). Existing studies merely investigated the single-biomarker effect. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the combined effect of nutritional biomarker mixtures and mortality risk using the Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) model in patients with MetS. Methods: We included the MetS patients, defined according to the 2018 Guideline on the Management of Blood Cholesterol from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2001–2006. A total of 20 serum nutritional biomarkers were measured and evaluated in this study. The Cox proportional hazard model and restricted cubic spline models were used to evaluate the individual linear and non-linear association of 20 nutritional biomarkers with mortality risk. Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) was used to assess the associations between mixture of nutritional biomarkers and mortality risk. Results: A total of 1455 MetS patients had a median age of 50 years (range: 20–85). During a median of 17.1-year follow-up, 453 (24.72%) died: 146 (7.20%) caused by CVD and 87 (5.26%) by cancer. Non-linear and linear analyses indicated that, in total, eight individual biomarkers (α-carotene, β-carotene, bicarbonate, lutein/zeaxanthin, lycopene, potassium, protein, and vitamin A) were significantly associated with all-cause mortality (all p-values < 0.05). Results from BKMR showed an association between the low levels of the mixture of nutritional biomarkers and high risk of all-cause mortality with the estimated effects ranging from 0.04 to 0.14 (referent: medians). α-Carotene (PIP = 0.971) and potassium (PIP = 0.796) were the primary contributors to the combined effect of the biomarker mixture. The nutritional mixture levels were found to be negatively associated with the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality and positively associated with the risk of cancer mortality. After it was stratified by nutrients, the mixture of vitamins showed a negative association with all-cause and CVD mortality, whereas the mixture of mineral-related biomarkers was positively associated with all-cause and cancer mortality. Conclusion: Our findings support the evidence that nutritional status was associated with long-term health outcomes in MetS patients. It is necessary for MetS patients to be concerned with certain nutritional status (i.e., vitamins and mineral elements).
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Oppenheimer, Anna, David Bellinger, Brent Coull, Marc Weisskopf, Michele Zemplenyi, and Susan Korrick. "Prenatal Exposure to Chemical Mixtures and Inhibition among Adolescents." Toxics 9, no. 11 (November 16, 2021): 311. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics9110311.
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Inhibition, one of the building blocks of executive function, is the ability to focus one’s attention despite interference from external stimuli. It undergoes substantial development during adolescence and may be susceptible to adverse impacts of prenatal exposure to chemical mixtures, yet few studies have explored this association. The New Bedford Cohort (NBC) is a birth cohort of residents living near the New Bedford Harbor Superfund site in Massachusetts. Among adolescents from the NBC, we investigated the association of biomarkers of prenatal exposure to organochlorines (DDE, HCB, PCBs) and metals (Pb, Mn) with inhibition, assessed with the Delis–Kaplan Executive Function System Design Fluency (non-verbal task) and Color–Word Interference (verbal task) subtests. An exploratory mixtures analysis using Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) informed a traditional multivariable regression approach. NBC adolescents are diverse with 29% non-white and 31% in a low-income household at birth. Cord serum organochlorine concentrations and cord blood metals concentrations were generally similar to other birth cohorts. In BKMR models, we observed a suggestive adverse association of the chemical mixture with Color–Word Interference but not Design Fluency. In covariate-adjusted linear regression models including all five chemical exposure measures, a doubling of cord blood Mn was associated with poorer Color–Word Interference completion time scaled scores (difference = −0.74; 95% CI: −1.34, −0.14). This study provided evidence of an adverse joint association between prenatal exposure to a five-chemical mixture and verbal inhibition in adolescence with exposure to Mn potentially driving this overall association.
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Janis, Jaclyn A., Sheryl L. Rifas-Shiman, Shravanthi M. Seshasayee, Sharon Sagiv, Antonia M. Calafat, Diane R. Gold, Brent A. Coull, Clifford J. Rosen, Emily Oken, and Abby F. Fleisch. "Plasma Concentrations of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances and Body Composition From Mid-Childhood to Early Adolescence." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 106, no. 9 (March 19, 2021): e3760-e3770. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgab187.
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Abstract Context Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) may alter body composition by lowering anabolic hormones and increasing inflammation, but data are limited, particularly in adolescence when body composition is rapidly changing. Objective To evaluate associations of PFAS plasma concentrations in childhood with change in body composition through early adolescence. Methods A total of 537 children in the Boston-area Project Viva cohort participated in this study. We used multivariable linear regression and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) to examine associations of plasma concentrations of 6 PFAS, quantified by mass spectrometry, in mid-childhood (mean age, 7.9 years; 2007-2010) with change in body composition measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry from mid-childhood to early adolescence (mean age, 13.1 years). Results In single-PFAS linear regression models, children with higher concentrations of perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorodecanoate (PFDA), and perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) had less accrual of lean mass (eg, −0.33 [95% CI: −0.52, −0.13] kg/m2 per doubling of PFOA). Children with higher PFOS and PFHxS had less accrual of total and truncal fat mass (eg, −0.32 [95% CI: −0.54, −0.11] kg/m2 total fat mass per doubling of PFOS), particularly subcutaneous fat mass (eg, −17.26 [95% CI −32.25, −2.27] g/m2 per doubling of PFOS). Children with higher PFDA and perfluorononanoate (PFNA) had greater accrual of visceral fat mass (eg, 0.44 [95% CI: 0.13, 0.75] g/m2 per doubling of PFDA). Results from BKMR mixture models were consistent with linear regression analyses. Conclusion Early life exposure to some but not all PFAS may be associated with adverse changes in body composition.
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Preston, Emma V., Sheryl L. Rifas-Shiman, Marie-France Hivert, Ami R. Zota, Sharon K. Sagiv, Antonia M. Calafat, Emily Oken, and Tamarra James-Todd. "Associations of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) With Glucose Tolerance During Pregnancy in Project Viva." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 105, no. 8 (June 1, 2020): e2864-e2876. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgaa328.
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Abstract Context Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) exposure may alter glucose homeostasis. Research on PFAS exposure and glucose tolerance during pregnancy is limited. Objective The objective of this work is to estimate associations between first-trimester plasma PFAS concentrations and glucose tolerance assessed in late second pregnancy trimester. Design, Setting, Participants, and Main Outcome Measures Pregnant women (n = 1540) enrolled in Project Viva in 1999 to 2002 provided first-trimester plasma samples analyzed for 8 PFAS. At approximately 28 weeks’ gestation, women completed 1-hour nonfasting, 50-g oral glucose challenge tests (GCTs); if abnormal, women completed subsequent 3-hour oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs) to screen for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). We assessed both continuous GCT glucose levels and 4 categories of glucose tolerance (normal glycemia [reference], isolated hyperglycemia, impaired glucose tolerance, GDM). We used multinomial logistic regression to estimate associations of PFAS with glucose tolerance categories. We used multivariable linear regression and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) to assess individual and joint effects of PFAS on continuous GCT glucose levels, respectively. We evaluated effect modification by maternal age and race/ethnicity. Results PFAS were not associated with glucose tolerance categories. In BKMR analyses, we observed a positive association between ln-perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and glucose levels (Δ25th to 75th percentile: 6.2 mg/dL, 95% CI, 1.1-11.3) and an inverse-U shaped association between 2-(N-perfluorooctane sulfonamide) acetate and glucose levels. Individual linear regression results were similar. We found suggestive evidence that associations varied by age and racial/ethnic group. Conclusion Certain PFAS may alter glucose homeostasis during pregnancy, but may not be associated with overt GDM.
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Domingo-Relloso, Arce, Maria Grau-Perez, Laisa Briongos-Figuero, Jose L. Gomez-Ariza, Tamara Garcia-Barrera, Antonio Dueñas-Laita, Jennifer F. Bobb, et al. "The association of urine metals and metal mixtures with cardiovascular incidence in an adult population from Spain: the Hortega Follow-Up Study." International Journal of Epidemiology 48, no. 6 (April 9, 2019): 1839–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyz061.
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Abstract Background The association of low-level exposure to metals and metal mixtures with cardiovascular incidence in the general population has rarely been studied. We flexibly evaluated the association of urinary metals and metal mixtures concentrations with cardiovascular diseases in a representative sample of a general population from Spain. Methods Urine antimony (Sb), barium (Ba), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), molybdenum (Mo), vanadium (V) and zinc (Zn) were measured in 1171 adults without clinical cardiovascular diseases, who participated in the Hortega Study. Cox proportional hazard models were used for evaluating the association between single metals and cardiovascular incidence. We used a Probit extension of Bayesian Kernel Machine Regression (BKMR-P) to handle metal mixtures in a survival setting. Results In single-metal models, the hazard ratios [confidence intervals (CIs)] of cardiovascular incidence, comparing the 80th to the 20th percentiles of metal distributions, were 1.35 (1.06, 1.72) for Cu, 1.43 (1.07, 1.90) for Zn, 1.51 (1.13, 2.03) for Sb, 1.46 (1.13, 1.88) for Cd, 1.64 (1.05, 2.58) for Cr and 1.31 (1.01, 1.71) for V. BKMR-P analysis was confirmatory of these findings, supporting that Cu, Zn, Sb, Cd, Cr and V are related to cardiovascular incidence in the presence of the other metals. Cd and Sb showed the highest posterior inclusion probabilities. Conclusions Urine Cu, Zn, Sb, Cd, Cr and V were independently associated with increased cardiovascular risk at levels relevant for the general population of Spain. Urine metals in the mixture were also jointly associated with cardiovascular incidence, with Cd and Sb being the most important components of the mixture.
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Wu, Shan, Huimin Huang, Guiyuan Ji, Lvrong Li, Xiaohui Xing, Ming Dong, Anping Ma, et al. "Joint Effect of Multiple Metals on Hyperuricemia and Their Interaction with Obesity: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study in China." Nutrients 15, no. 3 (January 20, 2023): 552. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu15030552.
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Metal exposures have been inconsistently related to the risk of hyperuricemia, and limited research has investigated the interaction between obesity and metals in hyperuricemia. To explore their associations and interaction effects, 3300 participants were enrolled from 11 districts within 1 province in China, and the blood concentrations of 13 metals were measured to assess internal exposure. Multivariable logistic regression, restricted cubic spline (RCS), Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR), and interaction analysis were applied in the single- and multi-metal models. In single-metal models, five metals (V, Cr, Mn, Co, and Zn) were positively associated with hyperuricemia in males, but V was negatively associated with hyperuricemia in females. Following the multi-metal logistic regression, the multivariate-adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) of hyperuricemia were 1.7 (1.18, 2.45) for Cr and 1.76 (1.26, 2.46) for Co in males, and 0.68 (0.47, 0.99) for V in females. For V and Co, RCS models revealed wavy and inverted V-shaped negative associations with female hyperuricemia risk. The BKMR models showed a significant joint effect of multiple metals on hyperuricemia when the concentrations of five metals were at or above their 55th percentile compared to their median values, and V, Cr, Mn, and Co were major contributors to the combined effect. A potential interaction between Cr and obesity and Zn and obesity in increasing the risk of hyperuricemia was observed. Our results suggest that higher levels of Cr and Co may increase male hyperuricemia risk, while higher levels of V may decrease female hyperuricemia risk. Therefore, the management of metal exposure in the environment and diet should be improved to prevent hyperuricemia.
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Gao, Hong, Na Zhu, Shuxiang Deng, Can Du, Yan Tang, Peng Tang, Shuaishuai Xu, et al. "Combination Effect of Microcystins and Arsenic Exposures on CKD: A Case-Control Study in China." Toxins 15, no. 2 (February 10, 2023): 144. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins15020144.
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Evidence has shown that exposure to environmental pollutants such as microcystins (MCs), arsenic (As), and cadmium (Cd) can lead to the occurrence and development of chronic kidney disease (CKD). There is a synergistic effect between MCs and Cd. However, the combined effect of MCs and As exposures on CKD remains unclear. In Hunan province, China, 135 controls and 135 CKD cases were enrolled in a case-control study. Serum MCs, plasma As and Cd concentrations were measured for all participants. We investigated the association between MCs/As and CKD risk using conditional logistic regression. The additive model explored the interaction effect, and the Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) models investigated the combined effects of MCs, As, and Cd on CKD. The results showed that MCs and As were significantly associated with CKD risk. Participants in the highest MCs concentration had a 4,81-fold increased risk of CKD compared to those in the lowest quartile (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1,96 to 11,81). The highest quartile of As concentrations corresponded to an adjusted odds ratio of 3.40 (95% CI: 1.51, 7.65) relative to the lowest quartile. MCs/As and CKD risk exhibited significant dose–response correlations (all p for trend < 0.01). In addition, a positive interaction effect of MCs and As on CKD was also reported. The CKD risk due to interaction was 2.34 times (95% CI: 0.14, 4.54) relative to the CKD risk without interaction, and the attributable proportion of CKD due to interaction among individuals with both exposures was 56% (95% CI: 0.22, 0.91). In the BKMR, the combined effect of MCs, As, and Cd was positively associated with CKD. In conclusion, both MCs and As are independent risk factors for CKD, exerting a synergistic effect between them. Combined exposure to MCs, As, and Cd can increase the risk of CKD.
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Tan, Yuxuan, Zurui Zeng, Huanzhu Liang, Xueqiong Weng, Huojie Yao, Yingyin Fu, Yexin Li, Jingmin Chen, Xiangcai Wei, and Chunxia Jing. "Association between Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances and Women’s Infertility, NHANES 2013–2016." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 22 (November 20, 2022): 15348. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192215348.
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Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are widely used in consumer products. However, the role of PFAS in infertility is still poorly understood. A total of 788 women from the 2013–2016 nationally representative NHANES were included to explore the association between PFAS exposure and self-reported infertility. Six PFAS, including PFDE, PFNA, PFHxS, n-PFOA, n-PFOS, and Sm-PFOS, were detected by online SPE-HPLC-TIS-MS/MS. We used the generalized linear regression model (GLM), generalized additive models (GAM), and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) to assess the single effects, non-linear relationships, and mixed effects on women’s infertility, respectively. The prevalence of self-reported infertility was 15.54% in this study. In GLM, n-PFOA showed a negative association with self-reported infertility in women for the Q3 (OR: 0.396, 95% CI: 0.119, 0.788) and Q4 (OR: 0.380, 95% CI: 0.172–0.842) compared with Q1 (p for trend = 0.013). A negative trend was also observed in n-PFOS and ∑PFOS (p for trend < 0.05). In GAM, a non-linear relationship was revealed in Sm-PFOS, which exhibits a U-shaped relationship. The BKMR model indicated that there might be a joint effect between PFAS and women’s infertility, to which PFNA contributed the highest effect (PIP = 0.435). Moreover, age stratification analysis showed a different dose–response curve in under and above 35 years old. Women under the age of 35 have a more noticeable U-shaped relationship with infertility. Therefore, the relatively low level of mixed PFAS exposure was negatively associated with self-reported infertility in women in general, and the impact of PFAS on infertility may vary among women of different age groups. Further studies are needed to determine the etiological relationship.
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Batzella, Erich, Maryam Zare Jeddi, Gisella Pitter, Francesca Russo, Tony Fletcher, and Cristina Canova. "Associations between Mixture of Perfluoroalkyl Substances and Lipid Profile in a Highly Exposed Adult Community in the Veneto Region." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19 (September 29, 2022): 12421. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912421.
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Background: Residents of a large area in the Veneto Region (Northeastern Italy) were exposed to drinking water contaminated by perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) for decades. While exposure to PFAS has been consistently associated with elevated serum lipids, combined exposures to multiple PFASs have been poorly investigated. Utilising different statistical approaches, we examine the association between chemical mixtures and lipid parameters. Methods: Cross-sectional data from the regional health surveillance program (34,633 individuals aged 20–64 years) were used to examine the combined effects of PFAS mixture (Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) and perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS)) on total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). Weighted Quantile Sum (WQS) regression, Quantile-based G-computation (Q-Gcomp) and Bayesian Kernel Machine Regression (BKMR) were used based on their ability to handle highly correlated chemicals. Results: We observed that each quartile increase in the WQS index was associated with an increase in the levels of TC (β: 4.09, 95% CI: 3.47–4.71), HDL-C (β: 1.13, 95% CI: 0.92–1.33) and LDL-C (β: 3.14, 95% CI: 2.65–3.63). Q-Gcomp estimated that a quartile increase in the PFAS mixture was associated with increased TC (ψ: 4.04, 95% CI 3.5–4.58), HDL-C (ψ: 1.07, 95% CI 20.87–1.27) and LDL-C (ψ: 2.71, 95% CI 2.23–3.19). In the BKMR analysis, the effect of PFAS mixture on serum lipids increased significantly when their concentrations were at their 75th percentiles or above, compared to those at their 50th percentile. All methods revealed a major contribution of PFOS and PFNA, although the main exposure was due to PFOA. We found suggestive evidence that associations varied when stratified by gender. Conclusions: The PFAS mixture was positively associated with lipid parameters, regardless of the applied method. Very similar results obtained from the three methods may be attributed to the linear positive association with the outcomes and no interaction between each PFAS.
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Li, Haomin, Wenying Deng, Raphael Small, Joel Schwartz, Jeremiah Liu, and Liuhua Shi. "Health effects of air pollutant mixtures on overall mortality among the elderly population using Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR)." Chemosphere 286 (January 2022): 131566. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131566.
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Na, Jigen, Huiting Chen, Hang An, Nan Li, Lailai Yan, Rongwei Ye, and Zhiwen Li. "Association of Rare Earth Elements with Passive Smoking among Housewives in Shanxi Province, China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 1 (January 4, 2022): 559. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010559.
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Background: Rare earth elements (REEs) are emerging contaminants. Previous studies reported the association between REEs and active smoking, but little is known about the effects of passive smoking on this condition. In China, female passive smoking is widespread, particularly in rural areas. Objective: This study aimed to estimate the relationship between REEs accumulation and passive smoking among rural housewives. Methods: We recruited 385 subjects in Shanxi Province of northern China, of whom 117 housewives were exposed to passive smoking, and 268 were not. We analyzed 15 REEs in the hair of housewives with ICP–MS, including lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, lutetium, and yttrium. Results: The results indicated higher levels of 14 REEs except for Sm in both the univariate and adjusted models among the housewives exposed to passive smoking. The increasing linear trend of adjusted odds ratios of 15 REEs supported their association. The Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) models showed that 15 REEs had a significant overall effect, and Eu had a single-exposure effect with passive smoking. Conclusion: We concluded that passive smoking might be associated with increased exposure to REEs among rural housewives.
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Zhang, Jingbing, Geng Wang, Anyan Huang, Kexin Cao, Wei Tan, Hui Geng, Xiaosheng Lin, et al. "Association between Serum Level of Multiple Trace Elements and Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Risk: A Case–Control Study in China." Cancers 14, no. 17 (August 31, 2022): 4239. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers14174239.
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We investigated the associations between multiple serum trace element levels and risk for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). A total of 185 ESCC patients and 191 healthy individuals were recruited in our study. The concentration of 13 trace elements (Al, V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Sr, Cd and Pb) in serum was determined with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Logistic regression and the Probit extension of Bayesian Kernel Machine Regression (BKMR) models was established to explore the associations and the cumulative and mixed effects of multiple trace elements on ESCC. Three elements (Zn, Se and Sr) displayed a negative trend with risk for ESCC, and a significant overall effect of the mixture of Al, V, Mn, Ni, Zn, Se and Sr on ESCC was found, with the effects of V, Ni and Sr being nonlinear. Bivariate exposure–response interactions among these trace elements indicated a synergistic effect between Zn and Se, and an impactful difference of V combined with Ni, Sr or Zn. Our results indicate that Ni, V, Al, Mn, Zn, Se and Sr are associated with ESCC risk, providing additional evidence of the complex effects of trace elements disorder during the etiology of EC development.
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Li, Ben, Yue Huang, Cheng Luo, Xiaolin Peng, Yang Jiao, Li Zhou, Jiawei Yin, and Liegang Liu. "Inverse Association of Plasma Molybdenum with Metabolic Syndrome in a Chinese Adult Population: A Case-Control Study." Nutrients 13, no. 12 (December 18, 2021): 4544. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13124544.
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Molybdenum has been found to be associated with metabolic disorders. However, the relationship between molybdenum and metabolic syndrome (MetS) is still unclear. A large case-control study was conducted in a Chinese population from the baseline of Ezhou-Shenzhen cohort. A total of 5356 subjects were included with 2678 MetS and 2678 controls matched by sex and age (±2 years). Medians (IQRs) of plasma molybdenum concentrations were 1.24 μg/L for MetS cases and 1.46 μg/L for controls. After adjustment for multiple covariates, the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for MetS were 1.00 (reference), 0.71 (0.59–0.84), 0.56 (0.46–0.68), and 0.47 (0.39–0.58) across quartiles of plasma molybdenum, and per SD increment of log-transformed molybdenum was associated with a 23% lower risk of MetS. In the spline analysis, the risk of MetS and its components decreased steeply with increasing molybdenum and followed by a plateau when the cutoff point was observed around 2.0 μg/L. The dose-dependent relationship of molybdenum with MetS remained consistent when considering other essential elements in the Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) model. In our study, higher plasma molybdenum was significantly associated with a lower risk of MetS, as well as its components, in a dose-response manner.
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Li, Shanshan, Joshua Ye, Zheng Lin, Zhifeng Lin, Xuwei Tang, Wenqing Rao, and Zhijian Hu. "Dietary Inflammatory Nutrients and Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Risk: A Case-Control Study." Nutrients 14, no. 23 (December 5, 2022): 5179. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14235179.
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We conducted a case-control study (532 cases and 532 control) in Chinese adults to investigate the independent and interactive effects of dietary nutrients (pro- or anti-inflammation) on Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma (ESCC) risk. Dietary data were collected using a food questionnaire survey that included 171 items. Two algorithms, the Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selector Operation (LASSO) and Bayesian Kernel Machine Regression (BKMR) were employed to select indicators and evaluate the interactive effect of nutrients’ mixture on ESCC risk. Thirteen nutrients were selected, including three pro-inflammatory nutrients (protein, fat and carbohydrate) and ten anti-inflammatory nutrients (fiber, Vitamin A, riboflavin, niacin, Vitamin C, Fe, Se, MUFA, n-3 PUFA and n-6 PUFA). Single-exposure effects of fat, carbohydrate and fiber significantly contributed to ESCC risk. The pro-inflammatory nutrients’ submodel discovered that the combined effect was statistically associated with increased ESCC risk. In addition, a higher fat level was significantly associated with ESCC risk. On the contrary, for fiber and riboflavin, the anti-inflammatory nutrients’ submodel delineated a significant negative effect on the risk of ESCC. Our result implies that dietary nutrients and their inflammatory traits significantly impacted ESCC occurrence. Additional studies are warranted to verify our findings.
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Berger, Kimberly, Carly Hyland, Jennifer L. Ames, Ana M. Mora, Karen Huen, Brenda Eskenazi, Nina Holland, and Kim G. Harley. "Prenatal Exposure to Mixtures of Phthalates, Parabens, and Other Phenols and Obesity in Five-Year-Olds in the CHAMACOS Cohort." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 4 (February 12, 2021): 1796. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041796.
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Exposures to phthalates, parabens, and other phenols are often correlated due to their ubiquitous use in personal care products and plastics. Examining these compounds as a complex mixture may clarify inconsistent relationships between individual chemicals and childhood adiposity. Using data from the Center for the Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas (CHAMACOS) study, a longitudinal cohort of children in Salinas Valley, California (n = 309), we examined biomarkers of 11 phthalate metabolites and 9 phenols, including several parabens and bisphenol A, measured in maternal urine at two time points during pregnancy. We measured child height and weight at age five to calculate the body mass index (BMI) z-scores and overweight/obesity status. The association between prenatal urinary concentrations of biomarkers with the childhood BMI z-score and overweight/obesity status was analyzed using single-pollutant models and two mixture methods: Bayesian hierarchical modeling (BMH) and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR). Urinary concentrations of monoethyl phthalate, monocarboxy-isononly phthalate (metabolites of diethyl phthalate and di-isodecyl phthalate, respectively), and propylparaben were consistently associated with an increased BMI z-score and overweight/obesity status across all modeling approaches. Higher prenatal exposures to the cumulative biomarker mixture also trended with greater childhood adiposity. These results, robust across two methods that control for co-pollutant confounding, suggest that prenatal exposure to certain phthalates and parabens may increase the risk for obesity in early childhood.
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Zhang, Jianghui, Yuan Wang, Guimei Chen, Hongli Wang, Liang Sun, Dongmei Zhang, Fangbiao Tao, Zhihua Zhang, and Linsheng Yang. "The Associations between Multiple Essential Metal(loid)s and Gut Microbiota in Chinese Community-Dwelling Older Adults." Nutrients 15, no. 5 (February 24, 2023): 1137. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu15051137.
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Several experimental studies have suggested that individual essential metal(loid)s (EMs) could regulate the gut microbiota. However, human studies assessing the associations between EMs and gut microbiota are limited. This study aimed to examine the associations of individual and multiple EMs with the compositions of the gut microbiota in older adults. A total of 270 Chinese community-dwelling people over 60 years old were included in this study. Urinary concentrations of selected EMs, including vanadium (V), cobalt (Co), selenium (Se), strontium (Sr), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), and molybdenum (Mo), were examined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The gut microbiome was assessed using the 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis. The zero-inflated probabilistic principal components analysis PCA (ZIPPCA) model was performed to denoise substantial noise in microbiome data. Linear regression and the Bayesian Kernel Machine Regression (BKMR) models were utilized to determine the associations between urine EMs and gut microbiota. No significant association between urine EMs and gut microbiota was found in the total sample, whereas some significant associations were found in subgroup analyses: Co was negatively associated with the microbial Shannon (β = −0.072, p < 0.05) and the inverse-Simpson (β = −0.045, p < 0.05) indices among urban older adults; Ca (R2 = 0.035) and Sr (R2 = 0.023) exhibited significant associations with the altercations of beta diversity in females, while V (R2 = 0.095) showed a significant association with altercations of beta diversity in those who often drank. Furthermore, the associations between partial EMs and specific bacterial taxa were also found: the negative and linear associations of Mo with Tenericutes, Sr with Bacteroidales, and Ca with Enterobacteriaceae and Lachnospiraceae, and a positive and linear association of Sr with Bifidobacteriales were found. Our findings suggested that EMs may play an important role in maintaining the steady status of gut microbiota. Prospective studies are needed to replicate these findings.
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Yim, Gyeyoon, Yuting Wang, Caitlin G. Howe, and Megan E. Romano. "Exposure to Metal Mixtures in Association with Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Outcomes: A Scoping Review." Toxics 10, no. 3 (March 1, 2022): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics10030116.
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Since the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) declared conducting combined exposure research as a priority area, literature on chemical mixtures has grown dramatically. However, a systematic evaluation of the current literature investigating the impacts of metal mixtures on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors and outcomes has thus far not been performed. This scoping review aims to summarize published epidemiology literature on the cardiotoxicity of exposure to multiple metals. We performed systematic searches of MEDLINE (PubMed), Scopus, and Web of Science to identify peer-reviewed studies employing statistical mixture analysis methods to evaluate the impact of metal mixtures on CVD risk factors and outcomes among nonoccupationally exposed populations. The search was limited to papers published on or after 1998, when the first dedicated funding for mixtures research was granted by NIEHS, through 1 October 2021. Twenty-nine original research studies were identified for review. A notable increase in relevant mixtures publications was observed starting in 2019. The majority of eligible studies were conducted in the United States (n = 10) and China (n = 9). Sample sizes ranged from 127 to 10,818. Many of the included studies were cross-sectional in design. Four primary focus areas included: (i) blood pressure and/or diagnosis of hypertension (n = 15), (ii) risk of preeclampsia (n = 3), (iii) dyslipidemia and/or serum lipid markers (n = 5), and (iv) CVD outcomes, including stroke incidence or coronary heart disease (n = 8). The most frequently investigated metals included cadmium, lead, arsenic, and cobalt, which were typically measured in blood (n = 15). The most commonly utilized multipollutant analysis approaches were Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR), weighted quantile sum regression (WQSR), and principal component analysis (PCA). To our knowledge, this is the first scoping review to assess exposure to metal mixtures in relation to CVD risk factors and outcomes. Recommendations for future studies evaluating the associations of exposure to metal mixtures with risk of CVDs and related risk factors include extending environmental mixtures epidemiologic studies to populations with wider metals exposure ranges, including other CVD risk factors or outcomes outside hypertension or dyslipidemia, using repeated measurement of metals to detect windows of susceptibility, and further examining the impacts of potential effect modifiers and confounding factors, such as fish and seafood intake.
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Zulihi, Zulihi, and Muhamad Yusuf. "BKMT Kota Jayapura Dalam Mengembangkan Majelis Ta’lim Tingkat Mesjid." POROS ONIM: Jurnal Sosial Keagamaan 1, no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.53491/porosonim.v1i1.22.
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BKMT Jayapura in carrying out its duties in fact there is still a majelis ta'lim has not been tracked by BKMT, even in the implementation of religious activities BKMT sometimes does not involve Majelis Ta'lim of Mosque level, so the contribution posed BKMT Jayapura is not yet felt. The research aims to determine the role of managers in developing the organization, the form of activities undertaken, and the inhibitory factor of activities conducted by BKMT Jayapura. The management of BKMT Jayapura is expected to be able to conduct communication with the founder of BKMT Jayapura so that the exchange process, understanding the information conducted between the Board with the founder of BKMT. The importance of norms communication, the value in the actions of its members conducting activities, there is no appreciation for managers who have a large contribution to the organization, planning the personnel, identifying the work, placing new members taken from the district level BKMT, implementing socialization on the new officers on the task, responsibility to be carried out. Training and development conducted for BKMT managers constraints of available funds, the contact between the board of BKMT Jayapura to know each other so as to facilitate managers interconnected, decision making is done individually, but some are done in a group. Decision making by the leadership of BKMT based on certain considerations, or based on the properties of its urgency, coordination is done if there is work done together, carrying out personal exchange between the managers in the body BKMT and with the caretaker in the province or BKMT at the district level.
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Sudirman, Sudirman. "Analisis Motor Educability Dan Kelincahan Dengan Keterampilan Menggiring Bola Dalam Permainan Futsal." SPORTIVE: Journal Of Physical Education, Sport and Recreation 3, no. 1 (September 1, 2019): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.26858/sportive.v3i1.16863.
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ABSTRACTThe problem in this research is motor educability and agility with dribbling skills in soccer games at the BKMF Futsal FIK UNM. The formulation of the problem in this study is “is there a relationship between motor Educability and agility with dribbling skills in soccer games at BKMF Futsal FIK UNM?”. The research objective was to determine the relationship between Motor Educability and agility with dribbling skills in games at the BKMF Futsal FIK UNM. The research approach is a quantitative approach that is descriptive in nature. While the research focus is Motor Educability and agility with dribbling skills in games at the BKMF Futsal FIK UNM, the data used are tests and documentation. Data analysis techniques consist of data reduction, data exposure and drawing conclusions. The results of the study (1) Motor ability has a significant relationship with dribbling skills in futsal games at BKMF Futsal FIK UNM. (2) Agility has a significant relationship with dribbling skills in futsal games at BKMF Futsal FIK UNM. (3) Motor ability and agility have a significant relationship with dribbling skills in futsal games at BKMF Futsal FIK UNM. ABSTRAKPermasalahan dalam penelitian ini adalah Motor Educability dan kelincahan dengan keterampilan menggiring bola dalam permainan futsal pada Mahasiswa BKMF Futsal FIK UNM. Rumusan masalah dalam penelitian ini yaitu “Apakah terdapat hubungan Motor Educability dan kelincahan dengan keterampilan menggiring bola dalam permainan futsal pada Mahasiswa BKMF Futsal FIK UNM?”. Tujuan penelitian yaitu Untuk mengetahui hubungan Motor Educability dan kelincahan dengan keterampilan menggiring bola dalam permainan futsal pada Mahasiswa BKMF Futsal FIK UNM. Pendekatan penelitian yaitu pendekatan kuantitatif yang bersifat deskriptif. Sementara fokus penelitian adalah Motor Educability dan kelincahan dengan keterampilan menggiring bola dalam permainan futsal pada Mahasiswa BKMF Futsal FIK UNM data yang digunakan yaitu tes dan dokumentasi. Teknik analisis data terdiri dari reduksi data, paparan data dan penarikan kesimpulan. Hasil penelitian (1) Motor educability memiliki hubungan yang signifikan dengan keterampilan menggiring bola dalam permainan futsal pada BKMF Futsal FIK UNM. (2) Kelincahan memiliki hubungan yang signifikan dengan keterampilan menggiring bola dalam permainan futsal pada BKMF Futsal FIK UNM. (3) Motor educability dan kelincahan memiliki hubungan yang signifikan dengan keterampilan menggiring bola dalam permainan futsal pada BKMF Futsal FIK UNM
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Madhusudhan, Kunapuli T., Jinhe Luo, and John R. Sokatch. "In Vitro Transcriptional Studies of thebkd Operon of Pseudomonas putida:l-Branched-Chain Amino Acids and d-Leucine Are the Inducers." Journal of Bacteriology 181, no. 9 (May 1, 1999): 2889–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.181.9.2889-2894.1999.
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ABSTRACT BkdR is the transcriptional activator of the bkdoperon, which encodes the four proteins of the branched-chain keto acid dehydrogenase multienzyme complex of Pseudomonas putida. In this study, hydroxyl radical footprinting revealed that BkdR bound to only one face of DNA over the same region identified in DNase I protection assays. Deletions of even a few bases in the 5′ region of the BkdR-binding site greatly reduced transcription, confirming that the entire protected region is necessary for transcription. In vitro transcription of the bkd operon was obtained by using a vector containing the bkdR-bkdA1 intergenic region plus the putative ρ-independent terminator of the bkdoperon. Substrate DNA, BkdR, and any of thel-branched-chain amino acids or d-leucine was required for transcription. Branched-chain keto acids,d-valine, and d-isoleucine did not promote transcription. Therefore, the l-branched-chain amino acids and d-leucine are the inducers of the bkdoperon. The concentration of l-valine required for half-maximal transcription was 2.8 mM, which is similar to that needed to cause half-maximal proteolysis due to a conformational change in BkdR. A model for transcriptional activation of the bkdoperon by BkdR during enzyme induction which incorporates these results is presented.
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Kovacs, T. "Effects of Bleached Kraft Mill Effluent on Freshwater Fish: A Canadian Perspective." Water Quality Research Journal 21, no. 1 (February 1, 1986): 91–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.1986.008.
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Abstract The published information on sublethal effects of untreated and biologically-treated bleached kraft mill effluents (BKME) on freshwater fish has been critically reviewed from a Canadian perspective. Despite the vast data base, a clear assessment of BKME effects to fish was difficult. Based on the available information to date, BKME discharges do not seem to cause serious sublethal toxic effects on fish at concentrations expected to be found in Canada's receiving freshwaters. Only the tainting of fish flesh (a non-toxic effect) has been identified to be a possible consequence of BKME discharges at certain dilution levels. In order to properly assess the effect of BKME, future studies should be aimed at identifying possible problems relating to fish tainting compounds, fish reproduction, early development and habitat alteration (e.g. colour, nutrients).
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Bengtsson, Bengt-Erik. "Effects of Pulp Mill Effluents on Skeletal Parameters in Fish – A Progress Report." Water Science and Technology 20, no. 2 (February 1, 1988): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1988.0049.
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In the Gulf of Bothnia the fourhorn sculpin (Myoxocephalus quadricornis) demonstrated elevated levels of deformed spine and/or vertebrae in areas polluted by bleached kraft mill effluents (BKME). Laboratory tests confirmed a correlation between the observed defects and BKME, diluted about 200-1000 times. Analysis of mechanical parameters (strength, elasticity etc) and chemical composition (Ca, P, collagen, proline, hydroxyproline) of single vertebrae confirmed the effects of BKME on bone characteristics in feral and laboratory exposed fourhorn sculpin. Similar effects were recorded also for feral perch (Perca fluviatilis) caught in the vicinity of a pulp mill and bleak (Alburnus alburnus) exposed to various BKME in the laboratory. After about 4 1/2 months of exposure to 0.1 and 0.5 mg tetrachloro-1,2-benzoquinone/L fourhorn sculpin demonstrated vertebral deformities and aberrant mechanical properties of vertebrae. The results are discussed in relation to results obtained from feral fish exposed to BKME and fish exposed to BKME in the laboratory. The recorded effects are suggested to be the results of long-term metabolic dysfunction, leading also to other serious effects in the organism.
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Arwan, Arwan, Abdullah Abdullah, and Syukur Kholil. "Communication Strategy of BKMT Riau Management in the Development of Islamic Da'wah." Budapest International Research and Critics Institute (BIRCI-Journal) : Humanities and Social Sciences 2, no. 3 (August 8, 2019): 334–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.33258/birci.v2i3.435.
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In implementing a communication strategy, a communication plan must include goals, objectives and steps. Likewise, the communication planning of the BKMT Riau Management in the development of Islamic Da'wah in the form of program activities. This study is conducted by using descriptive qualitative approach. The result shows that communication management in the development of Islamic Da'wah of BKMT Riau Management can be traced from the activities program of Da'wah and Issuance of BKMT Riau management for the 2012-2017 period, including planning for organizing, implementing and evaluating. The communication methods used by BKMT are more dominant in informative communication, persuasive communication and educational communication as the most effective and most used method.
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Heuvel, M. R. van den, D. G. Dixon, K. R. Munkittrick, M. R. Servos, and G. J. Van Der Kraak. "Hepatic 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activity, plasma steroid hormone concentrations, and liver bioassay-derived 2,3,7,8-TCDD toxic equivalent concentrations in wild white sucker (Catostomus commersoni) caged in bleached kraft pulp mill effluent." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 52, no. 7 (July 1, 1995): 1339–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f95-130.
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Prespawning male white sucker (Catostomus commersoni), captured near Jackfish Bay, Lake Superior (exposed to bleached kraft pulp mill effluent (BKME)), and Mountain Bay (reference) were caged in the BKME receiving area for 2, 4, and 8 d. Initially, the hepatic 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activity was similar in fish from both BKME and reference sites and, upon BKME exposure, increased 20-fold at both sites after 2 d. The H4IIE cell culture bioassay was used to measure 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin toxic equivalent concentration (TEC) in sucker liver extracts. H4IIE bioassay-derived TECs from Jackfish Bay sucker showed no significant treatment differences; combined TECs for all treatments averaged 51.1 pg∙g−1. Mountain Bay sucker liver TECs were initially significantly less (4.64 pg∙g−1) than the Jackfish Bay TECs but did show a significant, fivefold increase when fish were exposed to effluent. Mountain Bay and Jackfish Bay 8-d BKME-exposed fish showed no uptake of TECs calculated from directly measured polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs) during this exposure. The results suggest that PCDDs and PCDFs are not responsible for the mixed function oxidase induction observed. Handling stress caused rapid reduction of the plasma steroids testosterone and 11-ketotestosterone, confounding any possible BKME effect.
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Atmaja, Nanang Tiar. "Pengaruh Latihan Hipnosis Terhadap Peningkatan Kualitas Psikologis dan Keterampilan Servis Atas Atlet BKMF Bolavoli." SPORTIVE: Journal Of Physical Education, Sport and Recreation 2, no. 1 (September 25, 2018): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.26858/sportive.v2i1.9501.
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Penelitian ini adalah penelitian eksperimen lapangan yang bertujuan; (1) untuk mengetahui sejauh mana pengaruh latihan hipnosis terhadap peningkatan kualitas psikologis pada atlet BKMF bola voli FIK UNM, (2) untuk mengetahui sejauh mana pengaruh latihan hipnosis terhadap keterampilan servis atas pada atlet BKMF bola voli FIK UNM, (3) untuk mengetahui sejauh mana perbedaan pengaruh latihan hipnosis terhadap peningkatan kualitas psikologis dan keterampilan servis atas pada atlet BKMF bola voli FIK UNM. Populasi dan sampel yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah atlet putra BKMF bola voli FIK UNM yang berjumlah 30 orang. Teknik pengambilan sampel menggunakan teknik simple random sampling. Sampel dibagi menjadi dua kelompok penelitian dengan menggunakan teknik ordinal pairing yaitu kelompok eksperimen dan kelompok kontrol. Pelaksanaan penelitian ini selama 15 kali pertemuan dengan frekuensi latihan sebanyak 5 kali dalam satu minggu. Berdasarkan hasil analisis data dengan menggunakan teknik uji-t berpasangan dan uji-t tidak berpasangan serta uji manova pada taraf signifikan 95 %, maka dapat disimpulkan sebagai berikut : (1) ada pengaruh yang signifikan latihan hipnosis terhadap peningkatan kualitas psikologis atlet BKMF bola voli FIK UNM, dimana t-hitung = 8,733 > t-tabel = 2,145 sedangkan P = 0,000 < α = 0,05. (2) ada pengaruh yang signifikan latihan hipnosis terhadap keterampilan servis atas atlet BKMF bola voli FIK UNM, dimana t-hitung = 10,859 > t-tabel = 2,145 sedangkan nilai P = 0,000 < α = 0,05. (3) ada perbedaan pengaruh yang signifikan latihan hipnosis terhadap peningkatan kualitas psikologis dan keterampilan servis atas atlet BKMF bola voli FIK UNM, dimana nilai P psikologis = 0,036 < α = 0,05 dan P servis = 0,001 < α = 0,05 sedangkan nilai partial eta squared (PES) psikologis = 0,147 (14,7%) dan nilai PES servis = 0,309 (30,9%).
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Soepardy, Ahmad Taufiq. "PENGARUH KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT DAN KOMITMEN KERJA TERHADAP KINERJA PENGURUS BADAN KESWADAYAAN MASYARAKAT (BKM) KOTA KENDARI." Jurnal Ilmiah Akuntansi Manajemen 2, no. 1 (June 10, 2019): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.35326/jiam.v2i1.250.
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Penelitian ini bertujuan (1) Untuk menguji dan menjelaskan pengaruh knowlegde management dan komitmen kerja secara bersama-sama terhadap kinerja Pengurus Badan Keswadayaan Masyarakat (BKM) Kota Kendari, (2) untuk menguji dan menjelaskan pengaruh knowledge management terhadap kinerja Pengurus Badan Keswadayaan Masyarakat (BKM) Kota Kendari, (3) Untuk menguji dan menjelaskan pengaruh komitmen kerja terhadap kinerja Pengurus Badan Keswadayaan Masyarakat (BKM) Kota Kendari.Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah sebanyak 87 orang yang merupakan pengurus BKM Kota Kendari. Teknik penarikan sampling adalah secara Probability Sampling dan analisis data menggunakan regresi linear berganda dengan bantuan program SPSS versi 21.0. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: 1). Knowledge management dan Komitmen kerja secara bersamasama berpengaruh terhadap kinerja pengurus BKM.Hal ini menunjukan bahwa knowledge management dan komitmen kerja memiliki korelasi positif terhadap keberhasilan pengurus BKM dalam melakukan pekerjaannya. 2). Knowledge management berpengaruh terhadap kinerja pengurus BKM. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa tinggi rendahnya kinerja pengurus BKM dipengaruhi oleh knowledge management yang diterapkan pengurus BKM se Kota Kendari. Semakin baik knowledge management yang diterapkan oleh BKM, maka akan semakin tinggi kinerja pengurus. 3). Komitmen kerja berpengaruh terhadap kinerja pengurus BKM. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa tinggi rendahnya kinerja pengurus BKM dipengaruhi oleh komitmen kerja yang diterapkan pada BKM Kota Kendari. Semakin baik komitmen kerja yang diterapkan oleh BKM Kota Kendari, maka akan semakin tinggi kinerja pengurus BKM.
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Bagus, Sobirin, and Maskuri Bakri. "PENANAMAN NILAI-NILAI PENDIDIKAN ISLAM MULTIKULTURAL PADA DA’I BADAN KOORDINASI MASJID DAN MUSHOLLA KABUPATEN KUTAI TIMUR." Wahana Akademika: Jurnal Studi Islam dan Sosial 8, no. 2 (November 1, 2021): 101–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.21580/wa.v8i2.8689.
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Penanaman nilai-nilai pendidikan Islam multikultural pada da’i BKMM Kutai Timur memang perlu dilaksanakan demi pengamalan multikulturalisme yang lebih komprehensif karena multikulturalisme merupakan hal yang baru dalam konteks ketimuran seperti di kabupaten Kutai Timur. Artikel ini ditulis tujuannya adalah untuk menganalisis dan menguraikan nilai-nilai pendidikan Islam multikultural yang ditanamkan, proses penanaman nilai-nilai pendidikan Islam multikultural, dan kendala yang dihadapi dalam penanaman nilai-nilai pendidikan Islam multikulturalisme pada da’i BKMM Kutai Timur. Sehingga diharapkan artikel ini bisa menjadi bahan masukan dan sumbangan pemikiran bagi penanaman nilai-nilai pendidikan Islam multikultural pada BKMM Kutai Timur, dan menambah wawasan dan pengalaman para da’i BKMM Kutai Timur serta sebagai pijakan ilmiyah bagi penulis selanjutnya. Penelitian ini merupakan jenis penelitian kualitatif, teknik pengumpulan datanya menggunakan teknik observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Adapun analisisnya menggunakan teknik analisis Miles dan Huberman. Hasilnya adalah bahwa nilai-nilai pendidikan Islam multikultural yang ditanamkan pada da’i BKMM Kutai Timur antara lain : nilai toleransi, nilai saling menghargai, nilai saling menghormati, nilai persatuan, nilai kerjasama, dan solidaritas antar etnis, budaya, dan suku. Proses penanamannya melalui ceramah, diskusi, dan khitobah, dan kendalanya adalah terbatasnya kitab rujukan, mindset da’i, tingkat pendidikan sebagian da’i, dan komitmen waktu para da’i.
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Munkittrick, K. R., C. B. Portt, G. J. Van Der Kraak, I. R. Smith, and D. A. Rokosh. "Impact of Bleached Kraft Mill Effluent on Population Characteristics, Liver MFO Activity, and Serum Steroid Levels of a Lake Superior White Sucker (Catostomus commersoni) Population." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 48, no. 8 (August 1, 1991): 1371–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f91-164.
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White sucker (Catostomus commersoni) collected from a site receiving primary-treated bleached kraft mill effluent (BKME) were older and had a higher condition factor than fish at a reference site and grew more slowly than fish from three other areas of Lake Superior. The BKME-exposed fish also exhibited an increased age to maturity, smaller gonads, lower fecundity with age, an absence of secondary sex characteristics in males, and females failed to show an increase in egg size with age. Lower serum estradiol and testosterone concentrations and greater hepatic mixed-function oxidase (MFO) activity, as measured by conversion of diphenyloxazole and benzo[ajpyrene were also observed in the BKME-exposed fish. The level of MFO activity varied with season; differences could not be detected between sites during the spring spawning period, but were markedly elevated (up to ninefold) at the BKME site during the summer. The poorer performance of fish at the BKME site appears to be related to decreased levels of serum steroids and consequent abnormalities in reproductive development and carbohydrate metabolism, although the relationship of the changes in steroid levels with the increased hepatic enzyme activity remains to be established.
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Hester, Kathryn L., K. T. Madhusudhan, and John R. Sokatch. "Catabolite Repression Control by Crc in 2xYT Medium Is Mediated by Posttranscriptional Regulation of bkdR Expression in Pseudomonas putida." Journal of Bacteriology 182, no. 4 (February 15, 2000): 1150–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.182.4.1150-1153.2000.
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ABSTRACT The effect of growth in 2xYT medium on catabolite repression control in Pseudomonas putida has been investigated using the bkd operon, encoding branched-chain keto acid dehydrogenase. Crc (catabolite repression control protein) was shown to be responsible for repression of bkd operon transcription in 2xYT. BkdR levels were elevated in a P. putida crcmutant, but bkdR transcript levels were the same in both wild type and crc mutant. This suggests that the mechanism of catabolite repression control in rich media by Crc involves posttranscriptional regulation of the bkdR message.
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Abdullah, Rudi, and Asrianti Dja’wa. "Pelatihan Pengelolaan Keuangan Badan Keswadayaan Masyarakat (Bkm) Di Kelurahan Lipu Kota Baubau Sulawesi Tenggara." Prosiding Konferensi Nasional Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat dan Corporate Social Responsibility (PKM-CSR) 2 (December 15, 2019): 1494–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.37695/pkmcsr.v2i0.577.
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Pentingnya perencanaan keuangan dan keterampilan mengenai pengelolaan keuangan bagi para anggota BKM sangat diperlukan karena kondisi masih banyaknya anggota BKM yang belum sepenuhnya memahami terkait kebijakan dan alur pengelolaan keuangan BKM dan Kinerja keuangan sekretariat BKM masih rendah. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah : 1) Untuk meningkatkan pemahaman tentang kebijakan manajemen keuangan dan alur pengelolaan keuangan, dan 2) Untuk meningkatkan kinerja keuangan Sekretariat BKM. Metode penelitian ini adalah: 1) Pelatihan Intensif, 2) Diskusi, dan 3) Pertanyaan dan Jawaban. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa peserta PKM telah memahami tentang kebijakan, aliran, dan prosedur manajemen keuangan yang berdampak pada kinerja BKM. Sekretariat BKM dalam manajemen keuangan terdiri dari: Kebijakan Pembukaan Rekening Bank, Pengeluaran Pendanaan Kebijakan, Kas Kebijakan, Sistem Pembukuan Kebijakan, dan Pembuatan Kebijakan RAPB BKM. Selanjutnya, aliran Pembukuan BKM dimulai dari pencatatan transaksi pada masing-masing bukti berdasarkan jenis transaksi, kemudian bukti diposting pada setiap buku sesuai dengan jenis transaksi yang telah ditulis di bukti. Setelah aliran selesai dilaporkan Penghasilakan dan Pengeluaran, dan Rencana dan Pernyataan Realisasi. Sekretariat BKM memperoleh laporan keuangan bulanan, yang menjelaskan secara rinci perubahan keuangan dalam satu bulan periode dan laporan tahunan.
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Apetrei, Cristian, Bobby Gormus, Ivona Pandrea, Michael Metzger, Peter ten Haaft, Louis N. Martin, Rudolf Bohm, et al. "Direct Inoculation of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus from Sooty Mangabeys in Black Mangabeys (Lophocebus aterrimus): First Evidence of AIDS in a Heterologous African Species and Different Pathologic Outcomes of Experimental Infection." Journal of Virology 78, no. 21 (November 1, 2004): 11506–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.78.21.11506-11518.2004.
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ABSTRACT A unique opportunity for the study of the role of serial passage and cross-species transmission was offered by a series of experiments carried out at the Tulane National Primate Research Center in 1990. To develop an animal model for leprosy, three black mangabeys (BkMs) (Lophocebus aterrimus) were inoculated with lepromatous tissue that had been serially passaged in four sooty mangabeys (SMs) (Cercocebus atys). All three BkMs became infected with simian immunodeficiency virus from SMs (SIVsm) by day 30 postinoculation (p.i.) with lepromatous tissue. One (BkMG140) died 2 years p.i. from causes unrelated to SIV, one (BkMG139) survived for 10 years, whereas the third (BkMG138) was euthanized with AIDS after 5 years. Histopathology revealed a high number of giant cells in tissues from BkMG138, but no SIV-related lesions were found in the remaining two BkMs. Four-color immunofluorescence revealed high levels of SIVsm associated with both giant cells and T lymphocytes in BkMG138 and no detectable SIV in the remaining two. Serum viral load (VL) showed a significant increase (>1 log) during the late stage of the disease in BkMG138, as opposed to a continuous decline in VL in the remaining two BkMs. With the progression to AIDS, neopterin levels increased in BkMG138. This study took on new significance when phylogenetic analysis unexpectedly showed that all four serially inoculated SMs were infected with different SIVsm lineages prior to the beginning of the experiment. Furthermore, the strain infecting the BkMs originated from the last SM in the series. Therefore, the virus infecting BkMs has not been serially passaged. In conclusion, we present the first compelling evidence that direct cross-species transmission of SIV may induce AIDS in heterologous African nonhuman primate (NHP) species. The results showed that cross-species-transmitted SIVsm was well controlled in two of three BkMs for 2 and 10 years, respectively. Finally, this case of AIDS in an African monkey suggests that the dogma of SIV nonpathogenicity in African NHP hosts should be reconsidered.
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Munkittrick, K. R., M. E. McMaster, C. B. Portt, G. J. Van Der Kraak, I. R. Smith, and D. G. Dixon. "Changes in Maturity, Plasma Sex Steroid Levels, Hepatic Mixed-Function Oxygenase Activity, and the Presence of External Lesions in Lake Whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) Exposed to Bleached Kraft Mill Effluent." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 49, no. 8 (August 1, 1992): 1560–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f92-173.
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Lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) exposed to primary treated bleached kraft mill effluent (BKME) had reduced gonadal development and increased liver size relative to two reference populations. These results parallel our previous work on the white sucker (Catostomus commersoni) exposed to BKME at the same Lake Superior site. More detailed studies conducted in 1990, after the installation of an aeration stabilization basin at the pulp mill, found that lake whitefish exhibited reduced gonad sizes, delayed age to maturation, decreased levels of the plasma sex steroids testosterone and 17β-estradiol, and elevated hepatic mixed-function oxygenase (MFO) activity. Liver size was smaller following operation of the secondary treatment system. More than 20% of the lake whitefish collected at the BKME site in 1990 exhibited lateral, slash-like lesions which penetrated the body cavity. Histological examination revealed no evidence of an infectious etiology, and the wounds could not be accounted for by known causes. Similar lesions were found in 1991 near a second BKME discharge.
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Velsink, Marianne. "Bkr voor baby's." Management Kinderopvang 24, no. 3 (May 2018): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41190-018-0064-9.
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Maharani, Winda. "An GAMBARAN TINGKAT PSYCHOLOGICAL DISTRESS MAHASISWA DAN HUBUNGANNYA DENGAN AKSESIBILITAS PELAYANAN KONSELING MAHASISWA." Muqoddima Jurnal Pemikiran dan Riset Sosiologi 2, no. 2 (December 29, 2021): 139–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.47776/mjprs.002.02.04.
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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbedaan tingkat psychological distress mahasiswa berdasarkan kebutuhannya akan pelayanan Badan Konseling Mahasiswa (BKM), serta untuk mengetahui alasan-alasan mahasiswa dalam memutuskan untuk menggunakan dan tidak menggunakan layanan Badan Konsultasi Mahasiswa. Subjek dibagi atas 4 kelompok sesuai dengan kebutuhannya akan pelayanan BKM, yaitu (1) kelompok yang membutuhkan pelayanan BKM tahun 2010 dan 2011, (2) kelompok yang tidak membutuhkan pelayanan BKM tahun 2010 dan 2011, (3) kelompok yang hanya membutuhkan pelayanan BKM di tahun 2010, dan (4) kelompok yang hanya membutuhkan pelayanan BKM di tahun 2011. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode triangulation of study dalam mengumpulkan data-data penelitian. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tidak terdapat perbedaan tingkat psychological distress yang signifikan pada keempat kelompok subjek tersebut. Sedangkan alasan mahasiswa untuk menggunakan atau tidak menggunakan pelayanan BKM terkait erat dengan isu aksesibilitas perawatan kesehatan.
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Larsson, Åke, T. Andersson, L. Förlin, and J. Härdig. "Physiological Disturbances in Fish Exposed to Bleached Kraft Mill Effluents." Water Science and Technology 20, no. 2 (February 1, 1988): 67–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1988.0047.
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Physiological methods, previously used as health indicators in laboratory investigations on fish exposed to environmental pollutants, have been applied to feral fish inhabiting coastal waters polluted by bleached kraft mill effluents (BKME). The results show that BKME affect important physiological functions and thereby the state of health of the fish in the receiving body of water. Typical symptoms were reduced gonad growth, enlarged liver, strong induction of enzymes in the hepatic mixed function oxidase system, elevated content of ascorbic acid in liver tissue, altered carbohydrate metabolism, disturbed ion balance and marked effects on the red and white blood cell pattern. Good agreement was found between the toxic effects detected in fish exposed to BKME in nature and those observed in laboratory investigations. The toxic effects were most pronounced in fish living up to 4.5 km from the discharge source, but some disturbances could be observed even in fish caught 8-10 km from the kraft pulp plant. This indicates that the area of influence where the BKME exert biological effects is much larger than was previously considered.
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Martin, Vincent J. J., and William W. Mohn. "Genetic Investigation of the Catabolic Pathway for Degradation of Abietane Diterpenoids by Pseudomonas abietaniphilaBKME-9." Journal of Bacteriology 182, no. 13 (July 1, 2000): 3784–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.182.13.3784-3793.2000.
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ABSTRACT We have cloned and sequenced the dit gene cluster encoding enzymes of the catabolic pathway for abietane diterpenoid degradation by Pseudomonas abietaniphila BKME-9. Thedit gene cluster is located on a 16.7-kb DNA fragment containing 13 complete open reading frames (ORFs) and 1 partial ORF. The genes ditA1A2A3 encode the α and β subunits and the ferredoxin of the dioxygenase which hydroxylates 7-oxodehydroabietic acid to 7-oxo-11,12-dihydroxy-8,13-abietadien acid. The dioxygenase mutant strain BKME-941 (ditA1::Tn5) did not grow on nonaromatic abietanes, and transformed palustric and abietic acids to 7-oxodehydroabietic acid in cell suspension assays. Thus, nonaromatic abietanes are aromatized prior to further degradation. Catechol 2,3-dioxygenase activity of xylEtranscriptional fusion strains showed induction of ditA1and ditA3 by abietic, dehydroabietic, and 7-oxodehydroabietic acids, which support the growth of strain BKME-9, as well as by isopimaric and 12,14-dichlorodehydroabietic acids, which are diterpenoids that do not support the growth of strain BKME-9. In addition to the aromatic-ring-hydroxylating dioxygenase genes, thedit cluster includes ditC, encoding an extradiol ring cleavage dioxygenase, and ditR, encoding an IclR-type transcriptional regulator. Although ditR is not strictly required for the growth of strain BKME-9 on abietanes, aditR::Kmr mutation in aditA3::xylE reporter strain demonstrated that it encodes an inducer-dependent transcriptional activator of ditA3. An ORF with sequence similarity to genes encoding permeases (ditE) is linked with genes involved in abietane degradation.
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Muh. Lutfi Agung Selmi, Haniarti, and Ayu Dwi Putri Rusman. "EFEKTVITAS PELAKSANAAN PROGRAM BINA KELUARGA REMAJA (BKR) PADA DINAS PENGENDALIAN PENDUDUK DAN KELUARGA BERENCANA DI KOTA PAREPARE." Jurnal Ilmiah Manusia Dan Kesehatan 4, no. 1 (January 31, 2021): 10–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.31850/makes.v4i1.361.
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Program Bina Keluarga Remaja (BKR) ini merupakan salah satu kegiatan yang sangat strategis dalam mengupayakan terwujudnya Sumber Daya Manusia potensial melalui upaya meningkatkan pengetahuan dan keterampilan keluarga dalam mengasuh dan membina tumbuh kembang remaja melalui peran orangtua dalam keluarga. Selain itu, dengan adanya program BKR ini di harapkan dapat mengatasi meningkatnya kecenderungan perilaku seks bebas di kalangan remaja. Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengetahui efektivitas pelaksanaan program bina keluarga remaja (BKR) pada dinas pengendalian penduduk dan keluarga berencana di Kota Parepare. Penelitian ini merupakan deskriptif dengan pendekatan kuantitatif. Untuk mendeskripsikan Efektivitas Pelaksanaan Program Bina Keluarga Remaja (BKR) pada dinas pengendalian penduduk dan keluarga berencana di Kota Parepare. Populasi pada penelitian ini sebanyak 22 kelompok dengan jumlah respon 138, sampel sebanyak 22 orang yang mewakili tiap kelompok. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pelaksanaan program (BKR) yang dilakkan diparepare belum berjalan dengan efektif, karena kurangnya partisipasi dan kesadaran anggota dalam mengikuti kegiatan yang diselenggarakan oleh BKR dan sehingga minimnya sarana dan prasarana yang dimiliki oleh BKR, sehingga apabila ingin menggunakan sarana dan prasarana perlu meminjam terlebih dahulu. Disarankan petugas penyuluh dan mitra kerja bersosialisasi dengan kelompok BKR untuk penentuan jadwal kegiatan dan melakukan sosialisasi secara rutin.
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Nugrahanto, Widyo. "BKR (BADAN KEAMANAN RAKYAT): Cikal Bakal Tentara Indonesia?" Metahumaniora 8, no. 3 (December 27, 2018): 389. http://dx.doi.org/10.24198/metahumaniora.v8i3.20718.
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AbstrakPenelitian ini berjudul BKR (Badan Kemanan Rakyat):Cikal Bakal Tentara Indonesia?!. Penelitian ini merupakan interpretasi baru tentang cikal bakal TNI, yang umumnya banyak merujuk pada PETA (Pembela Tanah Air). Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah Metode Sejarah.Metode Sejarah memiliki empat tahapan yaitu Heuristik, Kritik, Interpretasi dan Historiografi.Sumber-sumber penelitian ini menggunakan koran-koran sezaman, majalah sezaman, dan buku. BKR dianggap sebagai cikal bakal TNI didasarkan beberapa sebab. Pertama, atas dasar legalitas formal, PETA telah dibubarkan sehingga BKR adalah satuan militer yang pertama kali dibentuk setelah Indonesia merdeka. BKR selanjutnya melahirkan pembentukan TKR (Tentara Keamanan Rakyat), TKR (Tentara Keselamatan Rakyat), TRI (Tentara Republik Indonesia) dan TNI (Tentara Nasional Indonesia). Kedua, jika PETA dianggap sebagai cikal bakal TNI, maka KNIL dan beberapa satuan keprajuritan diabaikan. Padahal, beberapa bekas perwira KNIL memiliki peran penting di tubuh BKR hingga TNI.Kata kunci: BKR, Tentara, TNIAbstractThe main subject this study is BKR – Indonesian civil defense corps – as origin of Indonesian Military. This study is new interpretation about the origin of TNI (Indonesian National Armed Forces) now. Many opinion refer to PETA as civil defense corps in Japanese occupation era. Study emlpoys a Historical Method, which consists of four stage: Heuristic, Critic, Interpretation, Historiography. The study utilize some sources such as newspaper, magazine, and book. Main finding of this study is PETA had dispersed as legality and formally and BKR was formed as the firts corps after Independence of Indonesia. Futhermore, BKR changed to TKR (Tentara Keamanan Rakyat), TKR (Tentara Keselamatan Rakyat), TRI (Tentara Republik Indonesia) until TNI (Tentara Nasional Indonesia). If PETA is considered as origins of Indonesian Military, then it ignore KNIL – a colonial armed forces – and the other defence corps. Even though the eks KNIL’s officer have important role in military managenment of BKR until TNI.Keywords: BKR, Military, TNI
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Nugrahanto, Widyo. "BKR (BADAN KEAMANAN RAKYAT): Cikal Bakal Tentara Indonesia?" Metahumaniora 8, no. 3 (December 27, 2018): 389. http://dx.doi.org/10.24198/mh.v8i3.20718.
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AbstrakPenelitian ini berjudul BKR (Badan Kemanan Rakyat):Cikal Bakal Tentara Indonesia?!. Penelitian ini merupakan interpretasi baru tentang cikal bakal TNI, yang umumnya banyak merujuk pada PETA (Pembela Tanah Air). Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah Metode Sejarah.Metode Sejarah memiliki empat tahapan yaitu Heuristik, Kritik, Interpretasi dan Historiografi.Sumber-sumber penelitian ini menggunakan koran-koran sezaman, majalah sezaman, dan buku. BKR dianggap sebagai cikal bakal TNI didasarkan beberapa sebab. Pertama, atas dasar legalitas formal, PETA telah dibubarkan sehingga BKR adalah satuan militer yang pertama kali dibentuk setelah Indonesia merdeka. BKR selanjutnya melahirkan pembentukan TKR (Tentara Keamanan Rakyat), TKR (Tentara Keselamatan Rakyat), TRI (Tentara Republik Indonesia) dan TNI (Tentara Nasional Indonesia). Kedua, jika PETA dianggap sebagai cikal bakal TNI, maka KNIL dan beberapa satuan keprajuritan diabaikan. Padahal, beberapa bekas perwira KNIL memiliki peran penting di tubuh BKR hingga TNI.Kata kunci: BKR, Tentara, TNIAbstractThe main subject this study is BKR – Indonesian civil defense corps – as origin of Indonesian Military. This study is new interpretation about the origin of TNI (Indonesian National Armed Forces) now. Many opinion refer to PETA as civil defense corps in Japanese occupation era. Study emlpoys a Historical Method, which consists of four stage: Heuristic, Critic, Interpretation, Historiography. The study utilize some sources such as newspaper, magazine, and book. Main finding of this study is PETA had dispersed as legality and formally and BKR was formed as the firts corps after Independence of Indonesia. Futhermore, BKR changed to TKR (Tentara Keamanan Rakyat), TKR (Tentara Keselamatan Rakyat), TRI (Tentara Republik Indonesia) until TNI (Tentara Nasional Indonesia). If PETA is considered as origins of Indonesian Military, then it ignore KNIL – a colonial armed forces – and the other defence corps. Even though the eks KNIL’s officer have important role in military managenment of BKR until TNI.Keywords: BKR, Military, TNI
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M. Bajang Ahmadi, Fuad Madarisa, and Asmawi. "Dinamika Dan Kemandirian Kelompok Badan Keswadayaan Masyarakat (BKM) Program Kota Tanpa Kumuh (KOTAKU) Di Kota Padang." Jurnal Niara 15, no. 3 (December 31, 2022): 476–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.31849/niara.v15i3.10861.
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Development based on groups becomes a participatory development approach pattern by involving the community directly through groups. This research aims: (1)To find out and analyze the characteristics of the members of BKM, National Slum Upgrading Program ( Program Kotaku ) in Padang city, (2)To find out and analyze the level of dynamics and independence of the BKM, National Slum Upgrading Program / Program Kotaku in Padang city and (3)To find out and analyze how much influence the characteristics of members and the level of dynamics on the independence of the BKM group in the KOTAKU Program in Padang City. This research was conducted using a quantitative approach. The data collection technique was carried out by distributing questionnaires offline to the BKM members in Padang City. Data management using SPSS version 24 by linear regretion analysis.
The results of the study prove the majority of BKM members in the city of Padang are women aged between 46-65 years with an average education level of high school, the characteristics partially have no effect on the independence of the BKM group, the dynamics of the BKM group partially have a significant influence on the independence of the BKM. Both of characteristics and group dynamics have a positive and significant influence on the independence of the BKM group. The results also confirm that the level of group dynamics and group independence in Padang City is in the medium category, therefore strategic efforts need to be improved. The suggestions are: 1. Efforts are needed to increase the dynamics of the BKM group in Padang City, 2. In the future, it is hoped that young/productive generations will emerge to join BKM members to be more productive and more dynamic, because the more dynamic a group is, the more independent the group will be. This research is expected to provide input for the BKM group as well as for community empowerment program stakeholders, especially the KOTAKU Program, Directorate General of Human Settlements, Ministry of PUPR.
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Priha, Maarit. "Bioavailability of Pulp and Paper Mill Effluent Phosphorus." Water Science and Technology 29, no. 5-6 (March 1, 1994): 93–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0705.
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The aim of this study was to examine the stability and bioavailability of different phosphorus fractions of pulp and paper mill effluents in order to assess the environmental benefits of reducing their phosphorus discharges. Two types of effluent were studied: activated sludge treated bleached kraft mill effluent and activated sludge treated paper mill effluent. Phosphorus was characterized on the basis of its solubility and chemical reactivity. The stability of particulate phosphorus was studied in long-term (6-8 weeks) degradation tests. The bioavailability of different phosphorus fractions was measured by algal growth potential tests. In bleached kraft mill effluent (BKME) the proportion of dissolved phosphorus in relation to the total phosphorus was on an average 80%, and of this, approximately 80-90% was reactive phosphorus. During a 6-8 week incubation period some 60-70% of the particulate phosphorus in BKME was dissolved as soluble phosphorus, and most of it was of the reactive type. Approximately 90% of the dissolved phosphorus and 45% of the particulate phosphorus in BKME was biologically available phosphorus (BAP). Altogether some 80% of the total phosphorus in activated sludge treated BKME was available for algae either immediately or after inherent degradation. The percentages of dissolved and particulate phosphorus of paper mill effluent (PME) total phosphorus were of the same order of magnitude as those of BKME, but less than 20% of the dissolved phosphorus was of the reactive type. Approximately 50-60% of the particulate phosphorus in PME was dissolved in degradation tests, and 90% of it was biologically available.
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Sprusansky, Ondrej, Karen Stirrett, Deborah Skinner, Claudio Denoya, and Janet Westpheling. "The bkdR Gene of Streptomyces coelicolor Is Required for Morphogenesis and Antibiotic Production and Encodes a Transcriptional Regulator of a Branched-Chain Amino Acid Dehydrogenase Complex." Journal of Bacteriology 187, no. 2 (January 15, 2005): 664–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.187.2.664-671.2005.
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ABSTRACT Products from the degradation of the branched-chain amino acids valine, leucine, and isoleucine contribute to the production of a number of important cellular metabolites, including branched-chain fatty acids, ATP and other energy production, cell-cell signaling for morphological development, and the synthesis of precursors for polyketide antibiotics. The first nonreversible reactions in the degradation of all three amino acids are catalyzed by the same branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase (BCDH) complex. Actinomycetes are apparently unique among bacteria in that they contain two separate gene clusters, each of which encodes a BCDH enzyme complex. Here, we show that one of these clusters in Streptomyces coelicolor is regulated, at least in part, at the level of transcription by the product of the bkdR gene. The predicted product of this gene is a protein with similarity to a family of proteins that respond to leucine and serve to activate transcription of amino acid utilization operons. Unlike most other members of this class, however, the S. coelicolor bkdR gene product serves to repress transcription, suggesting that the branched-chain amino acids act as inducers rather than coactivators of transcription. BkdR likely responds to the presence of branched-chain amino acids. Its role in transcriptional regulation may be rationalized by the fact that transition from vegetative growth to aerial mycelium production, the first stage of morphological development in these complex bacteria, is coincident with extensive cellular lysis generating abundant amounts of protein that likely serve as the predominant source of carbon and nitrogen for metabolism. We suggest that bkdR plays a key role in the ability of Streptomyces species to sense nutrient availability and redirect metabolism for the utilization of branched-chain amino acids for energy, carbon, and perhaps even morphogen synthesis. A null mutant of bkdR is itself defective in morphogenesis and antibiotic production, suggesting that the role of the bkdR gene product may be more global than specific nutrient utilization.
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Traut, W. "Hypervariable Bkm DNA Loci in a Moth, Ephestia kuehniella : Does Transposition Cause Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism?" Genetics 115, no. 3 (March 1, 1987): 493–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/115.3.493.
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ABSTRACT Bkm sequences, originally isolated from snake satellite DNA, are a component of eukaryote genomes with a preferential location on sex chromosomes. In the Ephestia genome, owing to the presence of only a few Bkm-positive BamHI restriction fragments and to extensive restriction fragment length polymorphisms between and within inbred strains, a genetic crossbreeding analysis was feasible. No sex linkage of Bkm was detected. Instead-depending on the strain-two or three autosomal Bkm DNA loci were identified. All three loci were located on different chromosomes. Fragment length and transmission of fragments was stable in some crosses. In others, changes in fragment length or loss of the Bkm component were observed, probably depending on the source strain of the fragment. The anomalous genetic behaviour is best accounted for by the assumption that Bkm sequences are included in mobile genetic elements.
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Noch, E., I. Yim, and L. Cantley. "P11.63 PI3K inhibition in conjunction with the ketogenic diet reduces growth and neuroinflammation in pediatric high-grade glioma." Neuro-Oncology 21, Supplement_3 (August 2019): iii58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noz126.209.
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Abstract Background: Pediatric high-grade glioma remains a poorly treatable disease with high mortality.Therapeutic advances have lagged behind that of adult glioblastoma, due to small patient numbers, inappropriate generalization from adult tumor types, and unique biology. The use of targeted therapy has recently gained interest in this disease, but efficacy is limited by therapeutic resistance, often as a result of tumor heterogeneity. In the case of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibition, clinically relevant PI3K inhibitors represent a strong class of drugs for pediatric high-grade glioma, but their use is associated with insulin feedback that reactivates the PI3K pathway and drives therapeutic resistance. Here, we target insulin feedback that is the primary mechanism of PI3K inhibitor-related therapeutic resistance in pediatric high-grade glioma using the ketogenic diet. Materials and Methods: Patient-derived pediatric high-grade glioma stem cells were treated with vehicle or the pan-PI3K inhibitor, BKM-120, with glucose deprivation or phenformin to decrease glucose utilization. NSG mice containing patient-derived pediatric high-grade glioma xenografts were treated with vehicle or BKM-120 on a regular or ketogenic diet to determine whether reducing insulin feedback increases BKM-120 efficacy. To determine the effect of glioma cells on neuro-inflammation, we measured pro-inflammatory cytokines in glioma cells treated with BKM-120 and phenformin in comparison to vehicle-treated cells. We then applied conditioned medium from glioma cells treated with BKM-120 and phenformin to cortical neuronal cultures to measure oxidative stress and neuro-inflammation. Results: Pediatric high-grade glioma cells exhibited increased toxicity when exposed to BKM-120 with glucose deprivation or phenformin. Furthermore, mice with intracranial high-grade glioma xenografts survived longer when treated with BKM-120 on the ketogenic diet than with BKM-120 or the ketogenic diet alone. Phenformin reduced the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines by BKM-120-treated glioma cells. Cortical neurons treated with conditioned medium from BKM-120- and phenformin-treated glioma cells exhibited less oxidative stress than those treated with BKM-120 alone. Our results demonstrate that strategies to lower glucose utilization and insulin feedback increase efficacy of BKM-120 and decrease neuro-inflammation. Conclusions: We show that strategies to lower glucose utilization and insulin feedback increase efficacy of BKM-120. Furthermore, reducing insulin feedback decreases the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in tumor cells and reduces oxidative stress in neurons treated with conditioned medium from BKM-120-treated glioma cells. By using the ketogenic diet to reduce glucose levels, this strategy may enhance efficacy of PI3K inhibitors in this patient population.
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Furqon, Ahmad. "PENGELOLAAN WAKAF TANAH PRODUKTIF: Studi Kasus Nazhir Badan Kesejahteraan Masjid (BKM) Kota Semarang dan Yayasan Muslimin Kota Pekalongan." Al-Ahkam 26, no. 1 (April 14, 2016): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.21580/ahkam.2016.26.1.495.
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<p>Mosque Welfare Agency (BKM) Semarang and Pekalongan Muslim Foundation (YKMP) is a nāẓir of productive waqf land. Management of waqf performed by BKM Semarang has not given the expected results, while the management of waqf by YMKP has given results as planned. The main question in this research is what are the factors of success and failures of both institutions in managing of productive land waqf? The answers are measured using two parameters: 1) The investment strategy by BKM Semarang and YMKP; 2) The organization's management of nāẓir of YMKP and BKM? This is a qualitative research with case study approach. Data is collected using observation, interview, and documentation. The methode of analysis is the comparative descriptive. The findings of this research are: 1) Investment of land waqf performed by BKM Semarang unproductive, while investment and distribution of land waqf performed by YMKP productive. 2) The organization's management of BKM in each function is not effective. While the organization's management of YMKP is effective.</p><p><strong><br /></strong></p><p><strong></strong>Badan Kesejahteraan Masjid (BKM) Kota Semarang dan Yayasan Muslimin Kota Pekalongan (YKMP) adalah nazhir badan hukum yang mengelola tanah wakaf secara produktif. Pengelolaan wakaf yang dilakukan oleh BKM Kota Semarang belum<br />memberikan hasil seperti yang diharapkan, sedangkan pengelolaan wakaf oleh YMKP telah memberikan hasil seperti yang direncanakan. Pertanyaan utama dalam penelitian<br />ini adalah apa faktor keberhasilan dan ketidakberhasilan dari kedua lembaga tersebut dalam mengelola wakaf tanah produktif? Jawaban pertanyaan di atas diukur menggunakan<br />dua parameter: 1) Strategi investasi BKM Kota Semarang dan YKMP; 2) Manajemen organisasi kenazhiran BKM Kota Semarang dan YKMP. Penelitian kualitatif ini menggunakan pendekatan studi kasus. Pengumpulan data dilakukan menggunakan<br />teknik observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Penelitian dianalisis dengan metode deskriptif komparatif. Temuan penelitian ini adalah: 1) Investasi tanah wakaf yang dilakukan oleh BKM Kota Semarang tidak produktif sedangkan Investasi dan pendistribusian hasil yang dilakukan oleh YMKP produktif. 2) Manajemen organisasi BKM Kota Semarang pada tiap-tiap fungsinya tidak berjalan efektif. Sedangkan manajemen organisasi YMKP telah berjalan cukup efektif.</p>