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Academic literature on the topic 'BKMR'

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Published: 9 March 2023
Last updated: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "BKMR"

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Hoskovec, Lauren, Wande Benka-Coker, Rachel Severson, Sheryl Magzamen, and Ander Wilson. "Model choice for estimating the association between exposure to chemical mixtures and health outcomes: A simulation study." PLOS ONE 16, no. 3 (March 25, 2021): e0249236. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249236.

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Challenges arise in researching health effects associated with chemical mixtures. Several methods have recently been proposed for estimating the association between health outcomes and exposure to chemical mixtures, but a formal simulation study comparing broad-ranging methods is lacking. We select five recently developed methods and evaluate their performance in estimating the exposure-response function, identifying active mixture components, and identifying interactions in a simulation study. Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) and nonparametric Bayes shrinkage (NPB) were top-performing methods in our simulation study. BKMR and NPB outperformed other contemporary methods and traditional linear models in estimating the exposure-response function and identifying active mixture components. BKMR and NPB produced similar results in a data analysis of the effects of multipollutant exposure on lung function in children with asthma.
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Zhao, Yi, and Gitanjali Singh. "Modeling Effects of Complex Diet Mixtures on Cardiovascular Incidence in African American Women: The Women's Health Initiative." Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (May 29, 2020): 1512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa061_140.

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Abstract Objectives Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of premature morbidity and mortality among African American women, and diet plays a crucial role in its prevention. Diet consists of a complex mixture of foods and nutrients, yet few existing statistical methods can account for potential nonlinear and interactive relationships between multiple dietary factors and their effects on health. To realistically assess dietary impacts on CVD risk among African American women, we utilized an innovative statistical approach, Bayesian Kernel Machine Regression (BKMR), which takes into consideration the relationship between multiple dietary factors, as mixtures and as individual components, and CVD risk. Methods Using data from 2724 healthy African American participants of the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study, we examined the association of nine dietary factors (fruits, vegetables, fish, red meat, poultry, nuts, whole grains, dairy, and sodium), collected through a validated food frequency questionnaire, with both systolic blood pressure (SBP) and CVD incidence. Through a kernel machine representation, BKMR regresses the outcome on a smooth function of the exposures, adjusting for potential confounders and allowing for possible nonlinearities and interactions. We used BKMR for modeling the continuous outcome, SBP, and its probit extension for the binary outcome, CVD incidence. Results Whole grain and fish had the strongest associations with SBP. SBP decreased by 0.78 mmHg (95% credible interval (CI): −1.70, 0.14) and increased by 0.70 mmHg (95% CI: −0.12, 1.52) for an interquartile range (IQR) increase in whole grain and fish consumption, respectively. We saw a linear and increasing association between the diet mixture and CVD incidence. This trend was mainly driven by red meat consumption as the primary dietary risk factor to CVD incidence: an IQR increase in red meat consumption was associated with a 0.06-unit (95% CI: −0.02, 0.14) increase in the probit CVD risk. No evidence for interactions and nonlinearities was observed. Conclusions BKMR is a novel method for modeling complex dietary mixtures by incorporating potential nonlinearities and interactions, allowing identification of major dietary factors associated with elevated SBP and CVD incidence among a population disproportionally affected by CVD. Funding Sources NHLBI.
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Oppenheimer, Anna, David Bellinger, Brent Coull, Marc Weisskopf, and Susan Korrick. "Prenatal Exposure to Chemical Mixtures and Cognitive Flexibility among Adolescents." Toxics 9, no. 12 (December 2, 2021): 329. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics9120329.

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Cognitive flexibility, the ability to smoothly adapt to changing circumstances, is a skill that is vital to higher-level executive functions such as problem-solving, planning, and reasoning. As it undergoes substantial development during adolescence, decrements in cognitive flexibility may not become apparent until this time. There is evidence that prenatal exposure to individual chemicals may adversely impact executive functions in children, but few studies have explored the association of co-exposure to multiple chemicals with cognitive flexibility specifically among adolescents. We investigated this association among a diverse group of adolescents living near a Superfund site in New Bedford, Massachusetts. Specifically, using Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) and multivariable regression analyses, we investigated the association of biomarkers of prenatal exposure to organochlorines (DDE, HCB, PCBs) and metals (lead, manganese) with cognitive flexibility, measured with four subtests of the Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System. In BKMR models, we observed adverse joint associations of the chemical mixture with two of the four cognitive flexibility subtests. In covariate-adjusted linear regression models, a two-fold increase in cord blood Mn was associated with poorer performance on two of the subtests: Trail-Making (scaled score difference = −0.60; 95% CI: −1.16, −0.05 points) and Color-Word Interference (scaled score difference = −0.53; 95% CI: −1.08, 0.01 points). These adverse Mn-cognitive flexibility associations were supported by the results of the BKMR. There was little evidence of effect modification by sex and some evidence of effect modification by a measure of social disadvantage, particularly for the associations between HCB and cognitive flexibility. This study is among the first to provide evidence of an adverse association of prenatal exposure to a chemical mixture with cognitive flexibility in adolescence.
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Saxena, Roheeni, Mary Gamble, Gail A. Wasserman, Xinhua Liu, Faruque Parvez, Ana Navas-Acien, Pam Factor-Litvak, Marianthi-Anna Kioumourtzoglou, Elizabeth A. Gibson, and Joseph H. Graziano. "107 Environmental Exposure to Metals Mixtures and the Outcome of Cognitive Function in Adolescents." Journal of Clinical and Translational Science 6, s1 (April 2022): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cts.2022.27.

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OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Exposure to arsenic, cadmium, manganese, and lead have been linked to adverse neurocognitive outcomes in adults/children, but effects in adolescents are not fully characterized. This study aims to examine the association between exposure to a mixture of metals (As, Cd, Mn, Pb, Se) and cognitive function in adolescents. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: The Metals, Arsenic, & Nutrition in Adolescents Study (MANAS) is a cross-sectional study of 572 Bangladeshi adolescents. Blood levels of As, Cd, Mn, Pb, and Se were measured via ICP-MS. An abbreviated Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) was administered, with subtests assessing cognitive function and executive function tasks. Linear regression and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) were used to examine associations between individual metals, the overall mixture of metals, and cognitive function as measured by the CANTAB. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Linear regression showed that As (B=−2.40) and Mn (B=−5.31) were negatively associated with Spatial Working Memory (p<0.05). Negative associations were also observed between Cd and Spatial Recognition Memory (SRM) (B=−2.77, p<0.05), and between Pb and Delayed Match to Sample (DMS), a measure of visual recognition and memory (B=−3.67, p<0.05). Se and Spatial Span Length (B=0.92, p<0.05) were seen to be positively associated. BKMR showed no overall effect of the mixture but indicated that Pb was negatively associated with DMS, and that Cd was negatively associated with SRM. Se was positively associated with Planning, Reaction Time, and Spatial Span. Posterior inclusion probability consistently rated Se as the most influential mixture component. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Se was positively associated with cognition, while Mn and As were linked to poorer working memory, and Cd and Pb were associated with poorer visual recognition and memory. We saw agreement between linear regression and BKMR in analyzing metal mixture exposures. Findings suggest interventions aimed at adolescents might influence lifelong cognition.
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Kim, Seyoung, Eunjung Park, Eun-Kyo Park, Seulbi Lee, Jeoung-A. Kwon, Bo-Hye Shin, Sora Kang, Eun-Young Park, and Byungmi Kim. "Urinary Concentrations of Bisphenol Mixtures during Pregnancy and Birth Outcomes: The MAKE Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 19 (September 26, 2021): 10098. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910098.

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Bisphenols are endocrine disruptors that may be associated with altered fetal growth in humans, and they have similar biological functions to mimic hormones. In addition, aggregated chemicals showed an adverse effect although individual concentration was at a low level. However, most studies between bisphenols and birth outcomes have focused on the effect of individual bisphenol. Thus, we explored the associations of urinary bisphenol mixtures with birth outcomes. We conducted a prospective birth cohort study in South Korea. One hundred eighty mother-infant pairs were recruited from 2017 to 2019. Bisphenol A (BPA), bisphenol F (BPF), and bisphenol S (BPS) in one spot urine were analyzed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. We used two statistical approaches to examine potential associations of BPA, BPF, and BPS with birth weight and gestational age: (1) multivariable linear regression; (2) Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR). The geometric means of BPA, BPF, and BPS were 2.1, 0.2, and 0.1 μg/L, respectively. In stratified linear analyses by each median value, a higher BPF was positively associated with birth weight (g) (β = 125.5; 95% CI: 45.0 to 205.9). Mixture analyses using BKMR suggested an inverse association between bisphenol mixtures and birth weight. Our findings suggest that in utero bisphenol exposure may influence birth weight and that such relationships may differ considering non-linearity and the combined effect.
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Peng, Xinwei, Jingjing Zhu, Henry S. Lynn, and Xi Zhang. "Serum Nutritional Biomarkers and All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality in U.S. Adults with Metabolic Syndrome: The Results from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001–2006." Nutrients 15, no. 3 (January 20, 2023): 553. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu15030553.

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Background: There is limited research on the associations between serum nutritional biomarkers and mortality risk in patients with metabolic syndrome (MetS). Existing studies merely investigated the single-biomarker effect. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the combined effect of nutritional biomarker mixtures and mortality risk using the Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) model in patients with MetS. Methods: We included the MetS patients, defined according to the 2018 Guideline on the Management of Blood Cholesterol from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2001–2006. A total of 20 serum nutritional biomarkers were measured and evaluated in this study. The Cox proportional hazard model and restricted cubic spline models were used to evaluate the individual linear and non-linear association of 20 nutritional biomarkers with mortality risk. Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) was used to assess the associations between mixture of nutritional biomarkers and mortality risk. Results: A total of 1455 MetS patients had a median age of 50 years (range: 20–85). During a median of 17.1-year follow-up, 453 (24.72%) died: 146 (7.20%) caused by CVD and 87 (5.26%) by cancer. Non-linear and linear analyses indicated that, in total, eight individual biomarkers (α-carotene, β-carotene, bicarbonate, lutein/zeaxanthin, lycopene, potassium, protein, and vitamin A) were significantly associated with all-cause mortality (all p-values < 0.05). Results from BKMR showed an association between the low levels of the mixture of nutritional biomarkers and high risk of all-cause mortality with the estimated effects ranging from 0.04 to 0.14 (referent: medians). α-Carotene (PIP = 0.971) and potassium (PIP = 0.796) were the primary contributors to the combined effect of the biomarker mixture. The nutritional mixture levels were found to be negatively associated with the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality and positively associated with the risk of cancer mortality. After it was stratified by nutrients, the mixture of vitamins showed a negative association with all-cause and CVD mortality, whereas the mixture of mineral-related biomarkers was positively associated with all-cause and cancer mortality. Conclusion: Our findings support the evidence that nutritional status was associated with long-term health outcomes in MetS patients. It is necessary for MetS patients to be concerned with certain nutritional status (i.e., vitamins and mineral elements).
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Oppenheimer, Anna, David Bellinger, Brent Coull, Marc Weisskopf, Michele Zemplenyi, and Susan Korrick. "Prenatal Exposure to Chemical Mixtures and Inhibition among Adolescents." Toxics 9, no. 11 (November 16, 2021): 311. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics9110311.

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Inhibition, one of the building blocks of executive function, is the ability to focus one’s attention despite interference from external stimuli. It undergoes substantial development during adolescence and may be susceptible to adverse impacts of prenatal exposure to chemical mixtures, yet few studies have explored this association. The New Bedford Cohort (NBC) is a birth cohort of residents living near the New Bedford Harbor Superfund site in Massachusetts. Among adolescents from the NBC, we investigated the association of biomarkers of prenatal exposure to organochlorines (DDE, HCB, PCBs) and metals (Pb, Mn) with inhibition, assessed with the Delis–Kaplan Executive Function System Design Fluency (non-verbal task) and Color–Word Interference (verbal task) subtests. An exploratory mixtures analysis using Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) informed a traditional multivariable regression approach. NBC adolescents are diverse with 29% non-white and 31% in a low-income household at birth. Cord serum organochlorine concentrations and cord blood metals concentrations were generally similar to other birth cohorts. In BKMR models, we observed a suggestive adverse association of the chemical mixture with Color–Word Interference but not Design Fluency. In covariate-adjusted linear regression models including all five chemical exposure measures, a doubling of cord blood Mn was associated with poorer Color–Word Interference completion time scaled scores (difference = −0.74; 95% CI: −1.34, −0.14). This study provided evidence of an adverse joint association between prenatal exposure to a five-chemical mixture and verbal inhibition in adolescence with exposure to Mn potentially driving this overall association.
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Janis, Jaclyn A., Sheryl L. Rifas-Shiman, Shravanthi M. Seshasayee, Sharon Sagiv, Antonia M. Calafat, Diane R. Gold, Brent A. Coull, Clifford J. Rosen, Emily Oken, and Abby F. Fleisch. "Plasma Concentrations of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances and Body Composition From Mid-Childhood to Early Adolescence." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 106, no. 9 (March 19, 2021): e3760-e3770. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgab187.

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Abstract Context Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) may alter body composition by lowering anabolic hormones and increasing inflammation, but data are limited, particularly in adolescence when body composition is rapidly changing. Objective To evaluate associations of PFAS plasma concentrations in childhood with change in body composition through early adolescence. Methods A total of 537 children in the Boston-area Project Viva cohort participated in this study. We used multivariable linear regression and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) to examine associations of plasma concentrations of 6 PFAS, quantified by mass spectrometry, in mid-childhood (mean age, 7.9 years; 2007-2010) with change in body composition measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry from mid-childhood to early adolescence (mean age, 13.1 years). Results In single-PFAS linear regression models, children with higher concentrations of perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorodecanoate (PFDA), and perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) had less accrual of lean mass (eg, −0.33 [95% CI: −0.52, −0.13] kg/m2 per doubling of PFOA). Children with higher PFOS and PFHxS had less accrual of total and truncal fat mass (eg, −0.32 [95% CI: −0.54, −0.11] kg/m2 total fat mass per doubling of PFOS), particularly subcutaneous fat mass (eg, −17.26 [95% CI −32.25, −2.27] g/m2 per doubling of PFOS). Children with higher PFDA and perfluorononanoate (PFNA) had greater accrual of visceral fat mass (eg, 0.44 [95% CI: 0.13, 0.75] g/m2 per doubling of PFDA). Results from BKMR mixture models were consistent with linear regression analyses. Conclusion Early life exposure to some but not all PFAS may be associated with adverse changes in body composition.
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Preston, Emma V., Sheryl L. Rifas-Shiman, Marie-France Hivert, Ami R. Zota, Sharon K. Sagiv, Antonia M. Calafat, Emily Oken, and Tamarra James-Todd. "Associations of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) With Glucose Tolerance During Pregnancy in Project Viva." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 105, no. 8 (June 1, 2020): e2864-e2876. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgaa328.

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Abstract Context Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) exposure may alter glucose homeostasis. Research on PFAS exposure and glucose tolerance during pregnancy is limited. Objective The objective of this work is to estimate associations between first-trimester plasma PFAS concentrations and glucose tolerance assessed in late second pregnancy trimester. Design, Setting, Participants, and Main Outcome Measures Pregnant women (n = 1540) enrolled in Project Viva in 1999 to 2002 provided first-trimester plasma samples analyzed for 8 PFAS. At approximately 28 weeks’ gestation, women completed 1-hour nonfasting, 50-g oral glucose challenge tests (GCTs); if abnormal, women completed subsequent 3-hour oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs) to screen for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). We assessed both continuous GCT glucose levels and 4 categories of glucose tolerance (normal glycemia [reference], isolated hyperglycemia, impaired glucose tolerance, GDM). We used multinomial logistic regression to estimate associations of PFAS with glucose tolerance categories. We used multivariable linear regression and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) to assess individual and joint effects of PFAS on continuous GCT glucose levels, respectively. We evaluated effect modification by maternal age and race/ethnicity. Results PFAS were not associated with glucose tolerance categories. In BKMR analyses, we observed a positive association between ln-perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and glucose levels (Δ25th to 75th percentile: 6.2 mg/dL, 95% CI, 1.1-11.3) and an inverse-U shaped association between 2-(N-perfluorooctane sulfonamide) acetate and glucose levels. Individual linear regression results were similar. We found suggestive evidence that associations varied by age and racial/ethnic group. Conclusion Certain PFAS may alter glucose homeostasis during pregnancy, but may not be associated with overt GDM.
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Domingo-Relloso, Arce, Maria Grau-Perez, Laisa Briongos-Figuero, Jose L. Gomez-Ariza, Tamara Garcia-Barrera, Antonio Dueñas-Laita, Jennifer F. Bobb, et al. "The association of urine metals and metal mixtures with cardiovascular incidence in an adult population from Spain: the Hortega Follow-Up Study." International Journal of Epidemiology 48, no. 6 (April 9, 2019): 1839–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyz061.

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Abstract Background The association of low-level exposure to metals and metal mixtures with cardiovascular incidence in the general population has rarely been studied. We flexibly evaluated the association of urinary metals and metal mixtures concentrations with cardiovascular diseases in a representative sample of a general population from Spain. Methods Urine antimony (Sb), barium (Ba), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), molybdenum (Mo), vanadium (V) and zinc (Zn) were measured in 1171 adults without clinical cardiovascular diseases, who participated in the Hortega Study. Cox proportional hazard models were used for evaluating the association between single metals and cardiovascular incidence. We used a Probit extension of Bayesian Kernel Machine Regression (BKMR-P) to handle metal mixtures in a survival setting. Results In single-metal models, the hazard ratios [confidence intervals (CIs)] of cardiovascular incidence, comparing the 80th to the 20th percentiles of metal distributions, were 1.35 (1.06, 1.72) for Cu, 1.43 (1.07, 1.90) for Zn, 1.51 (1.13, 2.03) for Sb, 1.46 (1.13, 1.88) for Cd, 1.64 (1.05, 2.58) for Cr and 1.31 (1.01, 1.71) for V. BKMR-P analysis was confirmatory of these findings, supporting that Cu, Zn, Sb, Cd, Cr and V are related to cardiovascular incidence in the presence of the other metals. Cd and Sb showed the highest posterior inclusion probabilities. Conclusions Urine Cu, Zn, Sb, Cd, Cr and V were independently associated with increased cardiovascular risk at levels relevant for the general population of Spain. Urine metals in the mixture were also jointly associated with cardiovascular incidence, with Cd and Sb being the most important components of the mixture.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "BKMR"

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PESENTI, NICOLA. "STATISTICAL METHODS FOR CORRELATED PREDICTORS IN PUBLIC HEALTH, WITH APPLICATIONS IN ENVIRONMENTAL AND CLINICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/365518.

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La ricerca epidemiologica mira a generare una migliore comprensione dei meccanismi sanitari e dell'eziologia della malattia. L'abbondanza di informazioni raccolte tramite cartelle cliniche elettroniche ha generato un problema di Big Data, rendendo l'identificazione di modelli predittivi dei rischi per la salute e dei possibili outcome climici ancora più complessa. Pertanto, sono aumentati in importanza e popolarità gli approcci statistici di selezione delle variabili. Tuttavia, i metodi di selezione delle variabili ancora oggi più utilizzati in epidemiologia si basano su conoscenze pregresse o utilizzano approcci automatizzati (es. regressione Stepwise). Quando però si combinano contemporaneamente più variabili d’esposizione con una complessa struttura di correlazione e con potenziali relazioni di tipo non lineare e non additive con l’outcome studiato, questi approcci risultano limitati nel tenere conto della multicollinearità. In questo contesto vengono utilizzati metodi di regressione penalizzati, come il least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) e le sue numerose varianti, ma ricerche recenti hanno evidenziato che funzionano male quando sussiste un qualche tipo di struttura complessa di dipendenza tra le covariate. Negli ultimi anni, sono stati sviluppati metodi di selezione delle variabili appartenenti al framework Bayesiano, capaci di gestire congiuntamente più predittori, anche altamente correlati tra loro e con legami non lineari e non additivi con l’outcome. Tra questi metodi Bayesiani spiccano quelli che utilizzano priori spike-and-slab o priori shrinkage. Questi metodi sono ora ampiamente studiati e impiegati all'interno della letteratura epidemiologica ambientale e clinica. In questo lavoro abbiamo considerato e confrontato tre modelli di selezione delle variabili di tipo Bayesiano: il Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR), il Bayesian semiparametric regression (BSR) e il Bayesian LASSO (BLASSO). Il BKMR modellizza le associazioni tra predittori e outcome attraverso l'uso di una funzione kernel dei predittori, il BSR utilizzando spline naturali, mentre il BLASSO attraverso una funzione lineare dei predittori, considerando un parametro di shrinkage che mira ad effettuare selezione delle variabili ponendo a zero il coefficiente di regressione. In primo luogo, abbiamo valutato la bontà di adattamento e la capacità di selezione dei modelli attraverso uno studio di simulazione, generando diversi scenari con complessa struttura di correlazione e con relazioni disparate tra predittori e outcome. Successivamente, sulla base dei risultati ottenuti nelle simulazioni, abbiamo applicato questi metodi a due casi di studio reali. Il primo è lo studio ROCAV (Rischio di malattie cardiovascolari e aneurisma dell'aorta addominale a Varese), in collaborazione con l'Università dell'Insubria di Varese, con l'obiettivo di studiare l'impatto dell'esposizione a lungo termine a inquinanti ambientali con funzione respiratoria valutata mediante spirometria. I risultati hanno mostrato come non ci sia un inquinante che predomini sugli altri in termini di effetto, ma che tutti contribuiscono all’impatto sulla funzionalità respiratoria. Nel secondo studio (Follow Up OBese patients at AUXOlogico institute (FUOBAUXO)), in collaborazione con l'Istituto Auxologico Italiano, abbiamo studiato la relazione tra variabili antropometriche, cliniche, biochimiche, infiammatorie e metaboliche sulla perdita di peso percentuale in pazienti affetti da obesità in un periodo di ospedalizzazione di 40 giorni. Il risultato di questo lavoro ha portato all'individuazione di subsets di variabili potenzialmente associate con l’outcome di perdita di peso per diverse tipologie di paziente in base all’età, il genere e livello di BMI.
Epidemiological research aims to generate a better understanding of the health mechanisms and disease etiology. Nowadays, the abundance of clinical information collected via electronic medical records have made high-dimensional data extremely popular and the identification of predictive modeling of health risks and possible outcomes has become even more challenging. Therefore, many variable selection approaches have increased in importance and popularity. Nevertheless, the most frequently variable selection methods still used in epidemiology are based on prior knowledge or using stepwise automated selection approaches. However, when multiple exposures co-occur and have a strong complex correlation structure, traditional statistical approaches are limited in accounting for multi-collinearity or standard error inflation. To reduce this problem, dimensionality reduction methods –such as principal component and factor analyses– are very valuable. However, those approaches focus on the transformation of the original variables thus leading to an interpretability issue. In addition, multiple co-occurring predictors can have non-linear and non-additive relationships with the health outcome and most of the statistical methods fail to model properly those relationships. Penalized regression methods are used in this context, such as least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) and its numerous variants, but recent research highlighted that they perform poorly when there exists some type of dependence structure between the covariates. In recent years, Bayesian variable selection methods have been developed to handle jointly multiple correlated predictors and both non-linear and non-additive relationships, allowing the inclusion of prior information. Among these Bayesian methods stand out those employing spike-and-slab priors or shrinkage priors for features selection. These methods are now widely studied and employed within the environmental and clinical epidemiological literature. In this thesis work, we considered and compared three Bayesian variable selection models: the Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR), the Bayesian semiparametric regression (BSR) and the Bayesian LASSO (BLASSO). BKMR models the outcome-predictors associations using a kernel function of predictors, BSR employing natural splines, while BLASSO using a linear function of predictors and considering a shrinkage parameter that aims to perform variable selection by setting the regression coefficient to zero. We firstly evaluated the models’ goodness of fit and selection ability simulating several predictors with a complex correlation structure and with disparate relationships with a continuous outcome, considering data with different sample sizes. Subsequently, based on the results obtained in the simulations we applied this methods to two real case studies. The first is the ROCAV study (Risk Of Cardiovascular diseases and abdominal aortic Aneurism in Varese), in collaboration with the University of Insubria of Varese, with the aim of studying the impact of long-term exposure to environmental pollutants with respiratory function assessed by spirometry. Results showed that no pollutant overcome the others in terms of effect, but rather all may contribute to the relationship with the respiratory outcome. The second, in collaboration with the Italian Auxological Institute, leveraged data on weight loss in hospitalized obesity affected women from the Follow Up OBese patients at AUXOlogico institute (FUOBAUXO) cohort, with the aim to select most important predictors in explaining the association between biochemical, anthropometric and clinical variables on weight loss percentage in these patients over a period of 40 days. The result of this work led to the identification of subsets of variables potentially associated with the weight loss outcome for different types of patients based on age, gender and BMI level.
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Martinell, Emanuel, and Martin Martinell. "Eurokoder : en jämförelse mot BKR." Thesis, University of Gävle, Department of Building, Energy and Environmental Engineering, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-7013.

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In Sweden there are currently two separate guidelines you may use when

performing calculations on frameworks, BKR and the Eurocodes. Although at the

end of 2010 you are not allowed to use BKR any longer and only the Eurocodes

will be viable.

 

The aim of this thesis is to explain how the Eurocodes and EKS work and also

how they compare to the current guideline BKR. Similarities and differences

between these guidelines are also discussed so that the reader will get a better

understanding of how the Eurocodes are applied. The areas discussed are as

follows:

  • Principles and advice
  • Safety Classes
  • Symbols and Indexes
  • Lifespan
  • Loads and partial coefficient

The thesis also deals with the impact that this transition into a new guideline will

have on corporations, guideline costs, education and computer software. As an

example a rough estimate on what costs this transition will create on a company

with 20 employees is also included.

 

Calculations have been performed in order to investigate how the design values

differ between the two guidelines, the Eurocodes and BKR. The calculations in

this thesis include wind load, snow load, a steel column, a concrete beam, a

glulam beam and finally a concrete slab. The results show that regardless of which

one of the guidelines that was used the resulting design values are often very

similar.


I dagsläget är det i Sverige tillåtet att välja vilket av regelverken BKR och

Eurokodsystemet man vill använda sig av. Dock enligt dagens planer kommer

Eurokoderna att bli gällande och BKR kommer att avvecklas i sin nuvarande form

vid utgången av 2010.

 

I detta examensarbete ges en övergripande förklaring av vad Eurokoder och EKS

är samt att de ställs emot det i dagsläget gällande regelverket BKR. I detta arbete

tas även en del skillnader och likheter upp mellan de två regelverken så att läsaren ska få bättre kännedom om det nya regelverket. De skillnader och förklaringar

som tas upp är:

  • Principer och råd
  • Säkerhetsklasser
  • Beteckningar och index
  • Livslängder

Laster och partialkoefficientmetoden

Rapporten innehåller även en konsekvensbeskrivning gällande övergången till det

nya regelverket. Där inverkan på företag och kostnader för Eurokoder,

utbildningar samt datorprogram tas upp. En överslagsberäkning har även gjorts

där kostnaden gällande övergången för ett företag med 20 anställda ligger som

underlag för prisexemplet.

 

Beräkningar har gjorts för att undersöka hur dimensioneringsvärdena för

Eurokodsystemet förhåller sig mot BKR. Beräkningar har gjorts på vind- och

snölast samt enklare konstruktionselement såsom stålpelare, betongbalk,

limträbalk och betongplatta. Resultaten för beräkningarna presenteras sedan

separat så att läsaren enkelt kan överskåda dem. Beräkningsresultaten visar att

dimensioneringsvärden är ungefär samma oavsett vilket regelverk som används.

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Källung, Patrik, and Pontus Staaf. "Eurocodes : Beräkningsjämförelser mellan eurocodes och BKR." Thesis, Mälardalen University, School of Sustainable Development of Society and Technology, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-4591.

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In the year 2010 a transition will take place here in Sweden from the present rules how to dimension buildings in to the common rules with have been developed in Europe, the Eurocodes. Eurocode is the term for a collection standard that contains calculation rules in how to dimension constructions and buildings. They are developed by the European standardize committee.

The purpose with this examination work is to get an insight of what changes this will contribute to, and how it will affect the dimensioning. Are there going to be any differences in the dimension you finally chose?

To investigate these possible differences two constructions will be calculated first in the present Swedish rules, and then in the coming eurocodes.

One of these two constructions will be build completely in steel, while the other will be build completely in concrete. The steel building will have a beam and a column dimensioned, the concrete building will likewise have a beam and a column dimensioned. To reach as equivalent comparison as possible will the same load, geometry and circumstance prevail for both standards. Limitation has been done to only dimensioning the beam and the column who is most charged.      

After we performed the calculations we could make the conclusion that dimensioning with Eurocode a higher efficiency was received, a 10 % higher efficiency on the materials. The strength of the material is with calculations with Eurocode higher, and so are the loads. One of the reasons for this is that the securityclass is added to the loads in Eurocodes and are drawn off from the strength of the materials in BKR.         


År 2010 kommer en övergång att ske i Sverige från de nuvarande reglerna att dimensionera bärverk enligt BBK till de gemensamma reglerna som tagits fram i Europa de så kallade Eurocodes. Eurokoder är benämningen på en samling standarder som innehåller beräkningsregler för dimensionering av bärverk till byggnader och anläggningar. De tas fram av den europeiska standardiseringskommittén.

Syftet med examensarbetet är att skapa en överblick om vilka förändringar detta kommer att leda till och hur detta kommer att påverka dimensionering av bärverk samt om det kommer att bli några skillnader i vilken dimension man slutligen väljer.

För att komma fram till skillnaderna mellan de två olika standarderna så kommer två byggnader att dimensioneras, Byggnaderna kommer först att dimensioneras enligt de nuvarande reglerna enligt BBK, därefter så kommer samma beräkningar göras enligt de nya reglerna enligt eurocodes.

Byggnaderna som kommer att dimensioneras kommer att bestå av två material antingen bestående av stål eller betong. Byggnaden bestående av stål kommer att ha balk och pelare i stål och den andra byggnaden kommer att ha en pelare och balk bestående av betong. För att få en så likvärdig jämförelse som möjligt mellan de två olika standarderna så kommer samma typ av laster och förhållanden att verka på elementen. Begräsningar har gjorts att bara dimensionera den mest belastade balken respektive pelaren.

Efter att vi utfört beräkningarna drog vi slutsatsen att vid dimensionering enligt Eurocode erhålls en 10 % högre utnyttjandegrad av materialet än vi dimensionering enligt BKR.   Generellt vid beräkningarna så blir hållfasthetsvärdena större för Eurocode, kompenserande blir då också lasten större. En anledning till detta är att säkerhetsfaktorn läggs på lasten i Eurocode och reducerar kapaciteten i materialet för BKR.


Beräkningsanalyser
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Soto, Andres. "Frå BKR till Eurokod : Dimensionering i Eurokod." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-176871.

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From January 1st 2011 the use of Eurocode will be mandatory for all construction projects. Eurocode is the common European set of struc-tural design codes which will replace BKR (Boverkets Kon-struktionsregler). BKR is the Swedish set of structural design codes that was used up until December 31 2010. For consulting firms this will cre-ate a need for them to invest in the standards and in education for the coworkers. This will involve both time and costs for the company. The purpose and aim of this master thesis is the development of compute examples and calculations aid by dimensioning with Euro-code. The content of the report consists of a short introduction of Euro-code; its description and its purpose. A short retrospective of the elderly structural designs and BKR. The main part consists of the compute mode for the different structural parts in different materials. Different expressions and coefficients will be explained. This master thesis is created to meet the needs of Byggkonsulten Widberg. Byggkonsulten Widberg is a consultant firm in Uppsala which carries out different structural assignments. With help of the developed compute examples the coworkers can learn and understand the compute mode in a quicker way. They will also be able to dimension different structural parts in an effective and simple way with help of the compute aid. &#8195;
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Karli, Oghana, LUNDSTRÖM CECILIA, and AL-DOORI MUSTAFA. "JÄMFÖRELSESTUDIE AV BETONGKONSTRUKTIONER I EUROKOD OCH BKR." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för hållbar samhälls- och teknikutveckling, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-18248.

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Engström, Jens. "A comparison between the Eurocodes and BKR." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för teknik och naturvetenskap, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-97169.

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Between the year 2008 and 2011 a new code of pracitce for construction of buildings will replace our present code. This new code is called Eurocodes and consists of ten different parts. In this degree thesis the different calculationmodels in Eurocodes and in our Swedish code of practice, BKR, is presented and compared. The fields included are Loads and combination of loads, Classes of safety and Concrete-/Steelstructures. The main purpose with this degree thesis is to investigate if there are any differences in the safetylevel between the codes. In order to do this, results from loadcalculations and calculations of materialcharaceristics have been compared. It can be stated that the safetyaspects is treated differently in the two codes. BKR gives the opportunity to adapt the safetylevel according to the buildings usage, which gives a more exact and costefficient system. At the same time calculations according to Eurocodes gives rougher dimensions and because of this a higher safetylevel.
Mellan år 2008 och 2011 kommer ett nytt regelverk för dimensionering av bärande konstruktioner i byggnader ersätta vårat nuvarande. Detta heter Eurocodes och består av tio olika delar. I detta examensarbete presenteras och jämförs de olika beräkningsmodeller som finns i Eurocodes och vårat svenska regelverk, BKR. De områden som berörs är Laster och lastkombinationer, Säkerhetsklasser och Betong-/Stålkonstruktioner. Det huvudsakliga syftet med examensarbetet är att klargöra eventuella skillnader i säkerhetsnivån mellan de olika normsystemen. För att kunna göra detta har resultat av beräkning av laster och materialegenskaper jämförts. Man kan konstatera att säkerhetsaspekten behandlas på olika sätt i de olika normerna. BKR ger möjligheten att anpassa säkerhetsnivån efter byggnadens användningsområde, vilket ger ett mera exakt och kostnadseffektivt system. Samtidigt ger beräkning med Eurocodes grövre dimensioner och med detta en högre säkerhetsnivå.
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Walker, Mary Jane. "Studies on the conservation of Bkm related sequences." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/14626.

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Fisher, Martin. "Structural studies of #beta#-keto acyl carrier protein reductase from Escherichia coli and Brassica napus." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.312805.

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Khoshdel, Tomaj. "Beräkningsmall för vindlast enligt Eurokod baserad på väggar och olika taktyper." Thesis, KTH, Byggteknik och design, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-148661.

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Detta examensarbete har genomförts på begäran av byggnadstekniska byrån i Uppsala. Företaget behöver en ny beräkningsmall med vindlastberäkning för väggar och olika taktyper enligt Eurokod. I dagsläget använder företaget en beräkningsmall som är baserad på gamla normer enligt BKR. Dessa normer kan dock inte användas längre enligt nya bestämmelser inom branschen. Enligt de nya bestämmelserna bör dessa vindlastberäkningar genomföras med hänsyn till Eurokod i framtiden. För att kunna beräkna vindlasten enligt Eurokod och effektivisera beräkningsgången har man utvecklat en beräkningsmall baserad på Eurokod. Alla nödvändiga parameterar enligt standarder har använts i beräkningsmallen och användaren tillåts genomföra en snabb och enkel inmatning av projektmått för att på ett automatiserat sätt genomföra belastningsanalysen. Detta program har skrivits och utvecklats i beräkningsprogrammet, Excel.
This bachelor thesis has been carried out at the request of an engineering company located in Uppsala. The company is aiming for a new computation template developed for wind load computations for walls and different ceiling types according to Euro-codes. In the current situation, the company uses a computation template that is based on old standards namely, BKR. These standards are not allowed to be used anymore due to new regulations within this market. Within the computational framework of the new regulations, these wind load computations have to be performed based on the methods presented in the Euro-codes in future. In order to compute the wind load according to Euro-code, an automated program has been developed for computational purpose according to the methods based on Euro-code. All the necessary parameters according to the standards have been inserted as input data in the program. The program has been developed with the purpose to be very user friendly for faster load analysis. The user is allowed to input project metrics to perform a quick load analysis in an automated manner. This program has been written and developed in the computational software, Excel.
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Martin, Vincent J. J. "Molecular genetic investigation of the abietane diterpenoid degradation pathway of Pseudomonas abietaniphila BKME-9." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape7/PQDD_0017/NQ46387.pdf.

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Books on the topic "BKMR"

1

Sackett, Colin. BKMK. Axminster: Sackett, 1999.

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Taklim, Badan Kontak Majelis, ed. 15 tahun kiprah BKMT. Jakarta: Panitia Mubes IV BKMT, 1996.

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Proyek Penanggulangan Kemiskinan di Perkotaan. Profil BKM unggulan. Jakarta: Proyek Penanggulangan Kemiskinan di Perkotaan, 2005.

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Hot winter nights. London: Simon & Schuster, 1994.

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Ningsih, Rahmita B. Mengayuh biduk menebar karya: Sewindu kiprah BKMT Riau. Pekanbaru, Riau, Indonesia: PW BKMT Riau, 2007.

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Bkmk-Swahili-Fai. Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1996.

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Bkmk-Easter/Rejoice. Bob Siemon Designs, 1993.

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Bkmk-Birthday-Adult. Standard Publishing Company, 1994.

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Bkmk-Flowers 100. C.R. Gibson Company, 1996.

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Bkmk-Swahili-Pea. Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1996.

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Book chapters on the topic "BKMR"

1

Wu, Jiancai, Shunyan Wang, and Wenchi Sun. "BKR-SIFT: A High-Precise Matching Algorithm." In Internet and Distributed Computing Systems, 433–45. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45940-0_40.

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Ben Hariz, Sarra, and Zied Elouedi. "DK-BKM: Decremental K Belief K-Modes Method." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 84–97. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-15951-0_13.

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Davcev, Danco, Marjan Arsic, and Dalibor Ilievski. "A Mobile User Interface for Business Knowledge Management (BKM)." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 22–30. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-02556-3_3.

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Jones, K. W., E. Olszewska, and L. Singh. "Rapidly evolving Bkm DNA is associated with hypervariable domains." In Chromosomes Today, 22–29. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-9166-4_3.

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Erickson, Robert P., Arturo Bevilacqua, Craig Ross, Scott Donaldson, and John R. D. Stalvey. "Do BKM Sequences Play a Role in Human Sex Determination?" In Genetic Markers of Sex Differentiation, 149–59. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1965-6_13.

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Christen, Dines. "Molecular Constants of BKr X 2Π1/2 Boron Krypton Dimer." In Molecular Constants Mostly from Microwave, Molecular Beam, and Sub-Doppler Laser Spectroscopy, 116–17. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-49199-7_38.

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Nobel, Thomas, Stijn Hoppenbrouwers, Jan Mark Pleijsant, and Mats Ouborg. "Word Meaning, Data Semantics, Crowdsourcing, and the BKM/A-Lex Approach." In On the Move to Meaningful Internet Systems: OTM 2019 Workshops, 67–78. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-40907-4_7.

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Gera, Lajos, Daniel C. Chan, Barbara Helfrich, Paul A. Bunn, Eunice J. York, and John M. Stewart. "Development of New Analogs of the Highly Potent Anti-Cancer Compound BKM-570." In Peptides: The Wave of the Future, 642–43. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0464-0_299.

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Zutta, Erika, Jhonattan Gantiva, and Jairo Soriano. "Generalization of Fuzzy Inference System Based on Boolean and Kleenean Relations FIS-BKR for Modelling and Control." In Communications in Computer and Information Science, 351–64. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-66963-2_32.

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"BKM Sequences." In Encyclopedia of Genetics, Genomics, Proteomics and Informatics, 220. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6754-9_1872.

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Conference papers on the topic "BKMR"

1

Vernikovsky, Dalia, Brad Ecker, and Seth Urbach. "Efficiency in sealing: A BKM case study." In 2013 24th Annual SEMI Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference (ASMC 2013). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/asmc.2013.6552801.

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Kouril, Michal, and Jerome L. Paul. "A parallel backtracking framework (BkFr) for single and multiple clusters." In the first conference on computing frontiers. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/977091.977134.

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Hakkaki-Fard, Ali, Hosein Molavi, and Ramin K. Rahmani. "A Novel Methodology for Combined Parameter and Function Estimation Problems." In ASME 2009 Heat Transfer Summer Conference collocated with the InterPACK09 and 3rd Energy Sustainability Conferences. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2009-88400.

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This article presents a novel methodology, which is highly efficient and simple to implement, for simultaneous retrieval of a complete set of thermal coefficients in combined parameter and function estimation problems. Moreover, the effect of correlated parameters on convergence performance is examined. The present methodology is a combination of two different methods: The Conjugate Gradient Method with Adjoint Problem (CGMAP) and Box-Kanemasu method (BKM). The methodology uses the benefit of CGMAP in handling function estimation problems and BKM for parameter estimation problems. One of the unique features about the present method is that the correlation among the separate unknowns does not behave as a limiting factor to the convergence of the problem. Numerical experiments using measurement errors are performed to verify the proposed method in solving the combined parameter and function estimation problems. The obtained results show that the combined procedure can efficiently and reliably estimate the values of the thermal coefficients.
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Bajard, Jean-Claude, and Laurent Imbert. "Evaluation of complex elementary functions: a new version of BKM." In SPIE's International Symposium on Optical Science, Engineering, and Instrumentation, edited by Franklin T. Luk. SPIE, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.367631.

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Yin, Yanshen, Chengguang Wei, Guigang Zhang, and Chao Li. "Implementation of Space Optimized Bisecting K-Means (BKM) Based on Hadoop." In 2012 9th Web Information Systems and Applications Conference (WISA). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wisa.2012.47.

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Ben Hariz, Sarra, and Zied Elouedi. "IK-BKM: An incremental clustering approach based on intra-cluster distance." In 2010 IEEE/ACS International Conference on Computer Systems and Applications (AICCSA). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/aiccsa.2010.5587008.

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Serrels, Keith A., Kris Dickson, Dan Bodoh, Kent Erington, Anusha Weerakoon, and Eric Foot. "Scan Chain Fault Isolation using Single Event Upsets Induced by a Picosecond 1064nm Laser." In ISTFA 2018. ASM International, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.istfa2018p0093.

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Abstract We present the first experimental demonstration of stuck-at scan chain fault isolation through the exploitation of Single Event Upsets (SEU) in a Laser-Induced Fault Analysis (LIFA) system. By observing a pass/fail flag, we can spatially map all flops after a defect in a failing scan chain through induced SEU sites produced by a fiber-amplified 25 ps 1064 nm diode laser. In addition, a custom fault isolation methodology is presented in which the result highlights only the first working flop immediately after the defect mechanism causing the stuck-at chain failure. This work demonstrates a novel method for rapid scan chain fault isolation that significantly improves localization efficacy over conventional best-known methods (BKM) based on frequency mapping. Moreover, experimental results are presented to demonstrate that LIFA can be extended to interrogate the data state of flip flops in a scan chain. Results are also presented to establish that LIFA can be configured as a hardware-based diagnostics platform.
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Speranza, Maria Carmela, Michal O. Nowicki, Choi-Fong Cho, E. Antonio Chiocca, and Sean E. Lawler. "Abstract LB-B19: BKM-120: a phosphatidyl-inositol-3 kinase inhibitor with anti-migratory properties in glioblastoma." In Abstracts: AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; November 5-9, 2015; Boston, MA. American Association for Cancer Research, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1535-7163.targ-15-lb-b19.

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"Analysis on Aid Fund Returning of National Community Empowerment Program: A case Study of “BKM Salewangan” in Makassar, Indonesia." In International Conference on Trends in Economics, Humanities and Management. International Centre of Economics, Humanities and Management, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.15242/icehm.ed815011.

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Wachsberger, Phyllis Rachelle, Richard Y. Lawrence, Nick Feo, Yi Liu, Barbara Andersen, and Adam P. Dicker. "Abstract 2662: Radiosensitizing potential of the PI3K inhibitor, BKM-120 and the HSP 90 inhibitor, HSP990, is dependent on PTEN status of glioblastoma cells." In Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL. American Association for Cancer Research, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2011-2662.

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