Relevant bibliographies by topics / Bivalves – Habitat

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Academic literature on the topic 'Bivalves – Habitat'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 25 May 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Bivalves – Habitat"

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McKeon, C. Seabird, Björn G. Tunberg, Cora A. Johnston, and Daniel J. Barshis. "Ecological drivers and habitat associations of estuarine bivalves." PeerJ 3 (November 12, 2015): e1348. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1348.

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Community composition of the infaunal bivalve fauna of the St. Lucie Estuary and southern Indian River Lagoon, eastern Florida was sampled quarterly for 10 years as part of a long-term benthic monitoring program. A total of 38,514 bivalves of 137 taxa were collected and identified. We utilized this data, along with sediment samples and environmental measurements gathered concurrently, to assess the community composition, distribution, and ecological drivers of the infaunal bivalves of this estuary system. Salinity had the strongest influence on bivalve assemblage across the 15 sites, superseding the influences of sediment type, water turbidity, temperature and other environmental parameters. The greatest diversity was found in higher salinity euhaline sites, while the greatest abundance of individual bivalves was found in medium salinity mixohaline sites, the lowest diversity and abundances were found in the low salinity oligohaline sites, demonstrating a strong positive association between salinity and diversity/abundance. Water management decisions for the estuary should incorporate understanding of the role of salinity on bivalve diversity, abundance, and ecosystem function.
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Tuskes, Paul. "The Diet of Octopus bimaculoides in Mission Bay, California (Mollusca: Cephalopoda)." Festivus 53, no. 2 (April 1, 2021): 85–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.54173/f532085.

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A year-long survey of Octopus bimaculoides Pickford & McConnaughey (1949) dens in three different subtidal habitats was conducted in Mission Bay, California. Habitat complexity and stability were positively associated with prey species richness, species abundance, and den availability. Collectively, 38 species of bivalves and 22 species of gastropods were recorded from octopi debris fields. Two species of bivalve at each site comprised approximately 60% or greater of the bivalves in the debris fields. Bivalves species represented 85% of the take, the remainder being gastropods. With the exception of the bubble snail, most gastropods were drilled, while most bivalves were not. Crustacean remains were infrequently found in debris fields. Prey species in other phyla may have been consumed, but their remains were not found in the debris fields.
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Paulay, Gustav. "Effects of late Cenozoic sea-level fluctuations on the bivalve faunas of tropical oceanic islands." Paleobiology 16, no. 4 (1990): 415–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0094837300010162.

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The frequent late Cenozoic glacial ages were accompanied by sea-level falls of 100–150 m amplitude. These falls stranded the complex inner-reef platforms and lagoons of tropical Pacific islands, while outer-reef-slope habitats persisted, although displaced downslope. The effects of glacial regressions on bivalves were studied by examining the zonation of species across reef systems and species composition on tectonically uplifted islands, islands with, effectively, local low sea stands. I show that qualitative habitat loss (the stranding of inner-reef habitats) was responsible for the local extinction of about one-third of the bivalve species that inhabit central Pacific islands during high sea stands, whereas quantitative loss of habitat area and climatic effects were inconsequential. Soft-sediment habitats, and consequently soft-bottom bivalves, were more drastically affected by sea-level fluctuations than were hard-bottom habitats and bivalves.Although many bivalve species were extirpated in the central Pacific during low sea stands, they survived in the western Pacific, where the different geomorphology of many marine systems provided refugia for lagoonal species. Thus, a large proportion of Pacific bivalve species has very dynamic distributions, undergoing great range reductions and expansions with falls and rises of sea level, and much of the present central Pacific lagoonal fauna is of Holocene age. Several implications of these findings are discussed.
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Kasoar, Tim, Philline S. E. zu Ermgassen, Alvar Carranza, Boze Hancock, and Mark Spalding. "New opportunities for conservation of a threatened biogenic habitat: a worldwide assessment of knowledge on bivalve-reef representation in marine and coastal Ramsar Sites." Marine and Freshwater Research 66, no. 11 (2015): 981. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf14306.

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The present study draws attention to the current state of knowledge of bivalve reef, an important but historically overlooked habitat type. Recent interest has led to the explicit recognition of this habitat type under the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance (the Ramsar Convention), an international treaty that has widespread governmental and scientific involvement. To assess the state of knowledge, the Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands (RIS) for marine and coastal Sites was searched for evidence that bivalve-reef habitat is present in the site. We then examined the quality of this information using alternative data sources. These were public databases of geolocated species records at three spatial scales, local and regional experts, and a general web search. It was found that of the 893 marine and coastal Ramsar Sites considered, the RIS for 16 Sites provided strong evidence of bivalve-reef habitat and 99 had confirmed presence of reef-forming bivalves, a strikingly high number, given that it is not yet compulsory to include bivalve reef in RISs. However, the alternative information sources identified bivalve reefs or reef-forming bivalves in 142 further Sites. No one information source provided comprehensive information, highlighting the overall poor state of knowledge of this habitat type.
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Febrina, Mutiara, Wahyu Adi, and Arief Febrianto. "KELIMPAHAN BIVALVIA DI EKOSISTEM LAMUN PANTAI PUDING KABUPATEN BANGKA SELATAN." Akuatik: Jurnal Sumberdaya Perairan 12, no. 2 (November 15, 2018): 64–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.33019/akuatik.v12i2.702.

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Puding Beach is administratively located in Pasir Putih Village, Tukak Sadai District, South Bangka Regency. As a coastal area, Puding Beach holds natural resource potential in both marine tourism and biota diversity. This study aims to analyze the abundance and distribution of bivalves and the seagrass beach community structure. This research was conducted in March 2018. The research method used was purposive sampling. Whereas for analysis of water quality characteristics and bivalve abundance, use main component analysis (Principle component analysis / PCA). The results showed that there were 6 species of seagrass and 7 species of bivalves at all stations. Each station I, II and III is dominated by the bivalve type Gafrarium tumidium with different seagrass species density. The highest density of seagrass species at stations I, II and III were Halodule uninervis (141 ind / m), Enhalus acoroides (7 ind / m) and Cymodocea serrulata (38 ind / m). Based on the analysis of main components can be seen the description of the condition to research location and can be seen the correlation between the existing bivalve abundance and the condition of the waters in all the research stations described in the F1-F2 factorial field. Important information on the main component axis is centered on the 2 main axes F1 (82.38%) and F2 (4.62%) of the total percentage. Bivalvia distribution analysis at Puding Beach is uniform and clustered based on habitat characteristics and environmental parameters that influence the life of bivalves
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Vaughn, Caryn C., and Timothy J. Hoellein. "Bivalve Impacts in Freshwater and Marine Ecosystems." Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 49, no. 1 (November 2, 2018): 183–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110617-062703.

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Bivalve molluscs are abundant in marine and freshwater ecosystems and perform important ecological functions. Bivalves have epifaunal or infaunal lifestyles but are largely filter feeders that couple the water column and benthos. Bivalve ecology is a large field of study, but few comparisons among aquatic ecosystems or lifestyles have been conducted. Bivalves impact nutrient cycling, create and modify habitat, and affect food webs directly (i.e., prey) and indirectly (i.e., movement of nutrients and energy). Materials accumulated in soft tissue and shells are used as environmental monitors. Freshwater mussel and oyster aggregations in rivers and estuaries are hot spots for biodiversity and biogeochemical transformations. Historically, human use includes food, tools, currency, and ornamentation. Bivalves provide direct benefits to modern cultures as food, building materials, and jewelry and provide indirect benefits by stabilizing shorelines and mitigating nutrient pollution. Research on bivalve-mediated ecological processes is diverse, and future synthesis will require collaboration across conventional disciplinary boundaries.
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Matthews, T. G., and A. J. Constable. "Effect of flooding on estuarine bivalve populations near the mouth of the Hopkins River, Victoria, Australia." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 84, no. 3 (May 24, 2004): 633–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315404009671h.

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The densities of two common intertidal/shallow subtidal bivalves, Soletellina alba and Arthritica helmsi, were sampled in vegetated and unvegetated habitats of the Hopkins River estuary on three occasions during the autumn/winter 1995. Winter flooding coincided with mass mortalities of the infaunal bivalve S. alba, but not A. helmsi. Mortalities were apparent for individuals living deeper in the sediment (≈35 cm) in vegetated and unvegetated habitats, but small S. alba (<1 mm) were less susceptible to mortality than larger individuals (>1 mm). Mortalities were similar across different habitat types and sediment depths, and at multiple sites within close proximity to the estuary mouth.
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Raabe, Jennifer M., and Matthew R. Gilg. "Native and nonnative bivalve settlement: potential competition for spatial resources in a northeast Florida estuary." Journal of Molluscan Studies 86, no. 4 (August 11, 2020): 372–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mollus/eyaa019.

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ABSTRACT Introduced species often have negative effects on native species that occupy the same habitats in the area of introduction. Habitat preferences of organisms can therefore play a large role in determining the severity of interactions such as competition or predation. Previous laboratory studies have shown that the introduced mussel species Perna viridis can decrease the settlement and early survival of the native oyster species Crassostrea virginica. Both species can often be found in the same general areas, but it is unknown whether this habitat overlap is complete, or whether there are certain locations that may act as refuges for native bivalve species. The present study investigated the settlement patterns of the introduced P. viridis and two groups of native bivalves, oysters (C. virginica and Ostrea equestris) and mussels (Ischadium recurvum, Brachidontes exustus and Geukensia demissa), to determine whether preferential settlement depths and habitats differed among the groups. Most of these groups showed significantly greater settlement on deeper substrates that were located in the main channel of the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway of northeast Florida. While native oysters also settled in adjacent feeder creeks in fairly large numbers, settlement of P. viridis in these areas was relatively rare. In main channel locations, the overlap in settlement depth is likely to result in competition between introduced and native bivalve species, but feeder creeks may provide areas of refuge for native oysters. The spatial and temporal overlap of all three groups suggests that competition among nonnative and native bivalves may occur in nature.
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Ríos-Jara, Eduardo, Ceciel-M. Navarro-Caravantes, Cristian-M. Galván-Villa, and Ernesto Lopez-Uriarte. "Bivalves and Gastropods of the Gulf of Tehuantepec, Mexico: A Checklist of Species with Notes on Their Habitat and Local Distribution." Journal of Marine Biology 2009 (2009): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/176801.

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The taxonomic composition of 160 species of bivalves and gastropods recorded in the Gulf of Tehuantepec is presented with information on their habitat and distribution along 10 different localities of the shoreline and 42 stations of the continental shelf. The species were on sandy and rocky beaches, coastal lagoons, estuaries, mangroves, rocky breakwaters of ports, and shallow subtidal areas (14–47 m depth). A total of 78 bivalve species and 82 gastropod species were recorded. Most of these were associated with sandy and rocky beaches and breakwaters of ports. The estuaries host 30 species and the coastal lagoons only two. In the shallow subtidal there were 18 gastropod species and 40 bivalve species representing 36.3% of all. This study adds 24 bivalve species and 29 gastropod species not recorded in previous studies for a total count of 213 species (102 bivalves and 111 gastropods) for Gulf of Tehuantepec.
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Antu, Durjoy Raha, Tasfia Tanjim Islam, Md Rasel Ahmed, Sumaiya Ahmed, Sujan Kumar Datta, and Md Sagir Ahmed. "DIVERSITY OF BIVALVES AND GASTROPODS IN SONADIA ISLAND, BANGLADESH." Bioresearch Communications 9, no. 1 (December 29, 2022): 1225–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/brc.v9i1.63603.

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An attempt was made to explore the gastropods and bivalves diversity of Sonadia Island, an important habitat for molluscs. The study was carried out from January 2020 to December 2020. To determine the species abundance and richness, 8 transects were selected based on different habitat of bivalves and gastropods occupancy. A total of 89 species of bivalves (45) and gastropods (44) under 37 families and 15 orders have been confirmed. Veneridae (10 species) was the dominant family of bivalves where Muricidae and Turritellidae (5 species) of gastropods. About 1380 individuals of gastropods and bivalves were found in 8 transects. The highest number of species observed in transect 5 (35 species) which was about 45.45% of the total species. In case of abundance, transect 3 occupied the highest 730 individuals (54.97%). The highest species diversity was observed in transect 4 (H= 2.814 Ds= 0.9158) and the lowest was transect 2. Pirenella cingulate, Turritella duplicate and Cerithium columna were the most abundant species within the transect area. Among 8 transects, two large clusters and one small cluster were noticed that indicated species diversity varies at different habitats. During the study, two main threats were observed for the gastropods and bivalves diversity losses viz., collection of a huge number of live shells by the local people to make ornaments for the tourists of Cox’s Bazar, and destruc tion by local fishers during fishing through the coastal belt of the Island. Proper management is recommended for the conservation of bivalves and gastropod diversity. Bioresearch Commu. 9(1): 1225-1236, 2023 (January)
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Bivalves – Habitat"

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Hendy, Ian Wyndom. "Habitat creation for animals by teredinid bivalves in Indonesian mangrove ecosystems." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 2012. https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/habitat-creation-for-animals-by-teredinid-bivalves-in-indonesian-mangrove-ecosystems(271d9f8c-8dc0-4dff-9226-f8ebf3072199).html.

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A better understanding of the fundamental role large woody debris (LWD) plays within mangrove ecosystems may provide further insights into important ecological processes, such as wood degradation and biodiversity maintenance within mangrove forests.Though the volume of fallen wood in mangrove forests can be huge, little is known of the breakdown pathways and biodiversity maintenance of LWD in mangrove ecosystems. The degree of mangrove fauna dependent upon LWD and the need for such substratum in mangrove ecosystems may provide further insights in to the important role of woody biomass in these otherwise globally shrinking habitats due to forest harvesting. The breakdown, recycling and flux of nutrients from LWD within mangrove forests is maintained by biodegrading organisms in areas from terrestrial to marine habitats. The tidal inundation sets limits on the wood degrading communities within the mangrove forests of Sulawesi. This study presents details of the environmental and biological association of biodegrading organisms within the forests in the Wakatobi Marine Park (WMP), Sulawesi. Wood boring animals belonging to the family Teredinidae are the dominant biodegraders of LWD in the mid- to low intertidal areas of the mangrove forests. Teredinid attack greatly reduces the volume of LWD in the mid- to low intertidal areas of the forests. Within the forests, emersion time was the greatest influence of the distribution of the biodegrading organisms spanning from the supra-tidal down to the low intertidal. The response of Rhizophora stylosa prop-roots to physical damage and the activity of teredinids upon damaged prop-roots were investigated. With severe levels of root damage, the level of teredinid activity increases, resulting in root death and detrital input. However, when the roots were exposed to a superficial and moderate level of damage, an over-compensation of tissue re-growth was observed. LWD in the intertidal zone is often tunnelled by teredinids. The tunnels are blind-ending cylinders that taper to a small opening at the wood surface. However, larger openings appear when wood is heavily tunnelled and the surface is broken open. Teredinid death then leaves niches for cryptofauna. The greater the number of teredinid tunnels within LWD, the more diversity was found. Animals of particular interest were the dartfish, Parioglossus interruptus and the intertidal spider, Desis martensi found in the vacant teredinid tunnels. Desid spiders were abundant within the LWD and dartfish collected from within teredinid-attacked LWD were smaller than dartfish populations not within LWD. Desids and dartfish residing within the wood may benefit from the significantly lower temperatures within teredinid-attacked detritus compared to external air temperatures. Desis martensi has a life-history strategy centred on strong parental care, with lots of energy invested in to its young. Vulnerable stages of dartfish exploit the vacant teredinid tunnels. If it were not for the tunnels created by the teredinids the unusual behaviour adopted by dartfish and spiders would not be possible. Thus, many animals in mangrove forests of the WMP rely on LWD as a predation refuge enhanced by the teredinid tunnels within the LWD. A variety of different species were found inside teredinid attacked LWD, and the cryptic behaviour of the fauna ranged from breeding to predator avoidance. These findings indicate that in forests where wood is harvested, reduced availability of LWD will result in reduced biodiversity.
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Whiteley, Derek. "Pattern and colour polymorphisms in bivalves in relation to habitat and geography." Thesis, Oxford Brookes University, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.261465.

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Barbier, Pierrick. "Déterminisme du recrutement des bivalves sous contraintes environnementales et anthropiques." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MNHN0001.

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L'objectif de cette thèse est d'analyser le déterminisme du recrutement des bivalves de milieux côtiers tempérés à travers la fonction de nurserie des habitats benthiques, les contraintes liées à la mytiliculture et à la pêche à pied récréative et les variations qualitatives et quantitatives des ressources trophiques disponibles. Les bivalves juvéniles des habitats benthiques structurés par des espèces ingénieurs ont une meilleure condition physiologique, bien qu'ils s'alimentent sur la même ressource trophique. Alors que la mytiliculture sur bouchots augmente localement l'hétérogénéité des assemblages de recrues de bivalves, la pratique du ratissage impacte négativement la fixation primaire de ces organismes. Mes travaux révèlent notamment l'importance des processus de post-fixation. Enfin, le déclenchement de la phase de fixation/métamorphose des bivalves est marqué dans l'environnement par une modification de la composition en acides gras de la matière organique particulaire indiquant l'apparition de picoeucaryotes planctoniques
The objective of this thesis is to analyze the determinism of the bivalve recruitment in a temperate coastal environment through the nursery function of benthic habitats, anthropogenic constraints of mussel farming and recreational hand-raking fishing, and the qualitative and quantitative variations of the available trophic resources. Juveniles of bivalve from benthic habitats structured by engineer species have better physiological condition, although they feed on the same trophic resource. While the mussel farming locally increases the heterogeneity of bivalve recruits assemblage, the practice of raking negatively impacts the primary fixation of these organisms. My work reveals the particular importance of post-fixation process. Finally, the triggering of the settlement phase is marked in the environment by changing the fatty acid composition of the particulate organic matter indicating the occurence of planktonic picoeukaryotes
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Pimpão, Daniel Mansur. "Moluscos bivalves da Plataforma Externa e Talude Superior ao largo de Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/12740.

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Com a assinatura do Brasil, em 1982, da Convenção das Nações Unidas sobre o Direito do Mar (CNUDM), que trata do uso de mares e oceanos, surge a necessidade de se conhecer melhor, através de pesquisa, a Zona Econômica Exclusiva Brasileira (ZEE). Iniciase, desse modo, o REVIZEE - Programa de Avaliação do Potencial Sustentável de Recursos Vivos da Zona Econômica Exclusiva - visando um levantamento dos recursos vivos marinhos e coordenado pelo Ministério de Meio Ambiente, dos Recursos Hídricos e da Amazônia Legal. O presente trabalho tem o objetivo de contribuir com informações que subsidiem o Programa em questão e expandir o conhecimento sobre a diversidade malacológica da Plataforma Continental Externa e do Talude Continental do Rio Grande do Sul. O litoral compreendido entre o Cabo de São Tomé (RJ) e Chuí (RS) está inserido na Costa Sul do REVIZEE. O material de estudo é proveniente da pernada sul da campanha de Bentos, radial 45, estações hidrográficas: 6839 (32º55’S e 50º34’W - 99 m), 6840 (33º01’S e 50º12’W - 600 m), 6841 (33º00’S e 50º22’W - 500 m) e 6842 (32º57’S e 50º29’W - 187 m), realizada no dia 4 de abril de 1998 pelo Navio Oceanográfico “Prof. W. Besnard”. Estão localizadas na Plataforma Continental Externa e Talude Continental, ao largo de Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Utilizaram-se os amostradores de fundo do tipo “van Veen”, “Box Corer” e draga de arrasto. Os moluscos bivalves foram separados dos demais grupos taxonômicos e posteriormente triados sob estereomicroscópio. Foram, então, identificados, sempre que possível, até o nível de espécie; quantificados; ilustrados (fotos e/ou desenhos); e caracterizados - dados da coleta, aspectos morfológicos e medida(s) da(s) valvas(s), habitat, distribuição geográfica e outros aspectos peculiares a cada espécie. A identificação foi feita com base em bibliografia especializada, por comparação com exemplares depositados nas coleções do Museu Oceanográfico Eliézer de C. Rios (MORG), Museu de Zoologia da USP (MZSP), Museu de Paleontologia da UFRGS (MPUFRGS) e com auxílio dos especialistas Dra. Deusinete Tenório (UFPE), Dr. Ricardo Absalão (UFRJ), Msc. Maria Júlia Chelini (USP), Carlo Magenta (MZSP) e Iara Swoboda (MORG). Contabilizou-se um material bastante volumoso, totalizando 37.422 valvas dissociadas e 993 conchas com as valvas unidas. Foram identificados 77 táxons, dos quais 60 até espécie, 13 até gênero e quatro até família, incluídos em 37 famílias de Bivalvia. As famílias com maior número de táxons foram Veneridae (oito), Tellinidae (seis) e Pectinidae (cinco). A espécie Limopsis janeiroensis foi a espécie que apresentou o maior número de exemplares, com 8.810 valvas dissociadas e 8 conchas com as valvas ainda unidas. Cita-se, pela primeira vez para o estado do Rio Grande do Sul, oito espécies de bivalves (Limatula hendersoni, Thyasira trisinuata, Cyamium copiosum, Abra brasiliana, Vesicomya albida, Transenella stimpsoni, Corbula operculata e Poromya granulata), aos quais somamse 5 gêneros citados pela primeira vez para o Brasil (Yoldiella, Cyamium, Mysella, Neaeromya e ?Glans). São feitos novos registros de maior profundidade para nove táxons (Crassinella aff. marplatensis, Macoma uruguayensis, Mactra isabelleana, Transenella stimpsoni e Vesicomya albida a 99 m; Myrtea lens a 187 m; Tellina trinitatis e Yoldia riograndensis a 500 m; e Nuculana larranagai a 600 m) e menor profundidade para dois (Abra aff. brasiliana e Cyclocardia moniliata), todas essas consideradas de origem provavelmente autóctone. Discute-se o grande volume de valvas/conchas de bivalves coletados e discute-se a provável autoctonia e aloctonia do material coletado, bem como possíveis origens de transporte das conchas a partir da Laguna dos Patos e Rio da Prata.
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Arnaud, Sophie. "Flux génique et phylogéographie comparée de deux espèces bivalves du Pacifique : "Pinctada mazatlanica" et " Pinctada mararitifera", marqueurs mitochodriaux et nucléaires." Montpellier 2, 2000. https://acces.bibliotheque-diderot.fr/login?url=https://www.classiques-garnier.com/numerique-bases/index.php?module=App&action=FrameMain&colname=ColGarnier&filename=SadMS01.

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Les etudes theoriques et experimentales de structure genetique en milieu marin ont generalement souligne l'importance de parametres tels que le potentiel de dispersion, la distance et la fragmentation de l'habitat dans la differentiation des populations. Les nacres perlieres pinctada mazatlanica et p. Margaritifera cumingii possedent le meme potentiel de dispersion larvaire et sont respectivement reparties le long des cotes pacifiques americaines et dans les iles du pacifique central, dans des habitats cotiers a priori continu et fragmente. La distribution de la variabilite genetique dans les populations naturelles a ete etudiee simultanement a l'aide des marqueurs mitochondriaux et nucleaires anonymes, et, dans le cas de p. Margaritifera, comparee aux donnees allozymiques preexistantes. Un modele d'isolement par la distance est observe avec les marqueurs mitochondriaux entre les localites d'echantillonnage de p. Mazatlanica, du golfe de californie a panama, tandis que les marqueurs nucleaires ne mettent en evidence quasiment aucune differenciation. Cette analyse a en outre montre que l'espece avait subi les consequences genetiques d'une reduction d'effectif, et propose l'importance des courants en tant que barriere au flux genique, elements importants pour la conservation de cette espece. L'analyse de l'heterogeneite des frequences alleliques entre les echantillons de p margaritifera de polynesie (i) montre une faible variabilite mitochondriale en accord avec l'hypothese d'une recolonisation post-glaciaire de cette zone, (ii) suggere l'existence de selection sur certains locus allozymiques, (iii) met en evidence l'existence d'au moins quatre stocks differencies sur la base des locus nucleaires anonymes (iv) laisse supposer l'importance des courants dans l'organisation spatiale du flux genique.
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Sonnier, Joseph M. "Influence of habitat complexity in structuring species-specific interactions and trophic linkages on oyster reefs of southeastern North Carolina /." Electronic version (PDF), 2006. http://dl.uncw.edu/etd/2006/sonnierj/josephsonnier.pdf.

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Aucoin, Serge. "Écologie de population du bivalve Pinna carnea." Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25177/25177.pdf.

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Gilkinson, Kent Dennis. "Impacts of otter trawling on infaunal bivalves living in sandy bottom habitats on the Grand Banks." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ54847.pdf.

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Onken, Kai Sven. "Effects of native freshwater mussels and leaf debris on benthic macroinvertebrate abundance and diversity : A field experiment with Margaritifera margaritifera in Vasslabäcken, Örebro county." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Institutionen för miljö- och livsvetenskaper (from 2013), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-84485.

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Organisms that are part of complex ecosystems interact not only with other organisms but also with their environment, affecting ecosystem functions. In aquatic ecosystems filter feeders affect ecosystem functioning by transferring energy and nutrients from the water to the benthos. The filter-feeding unionoid mussels can have strong effects on nutrient release and biodeposition in streams, affecting primary and secondary production. In a 90-day field cage experiment during winter 2019-2020, effects of the critically endangered freshwater pearl mussel (Margaritifera margaritifera) and leaf litter on benthic macroinvertebrate communities were tested using a factorial study design. Benthic macroinvertebrates were collected from the cages and examined in the lab. No significant effects of mussels, leaf litter or their interaction on the abundance and diversity of invertebrates were found for most groups. The abundance of Simulidae was however lower in cages with mussels compared to cages without mussels. The presence of mussels in streams may therefore affect ecosystem function, here shown as a possible effect on the interspecific competition for food sources between filter feeders.
Organismer i komplexa ekosystem interagerar inte bara med andra organismer utan också med sin miljö, samt påverkar ekosystemfunktioner. I akvatiska ekosystem påverkar filtrerare ekosystemfunktioner genom att överföra energi och näringsämnen från vattnet till det bentiska samhället. De filtrerande unionoida musslorna kan ha stora effekter på närsalter och biodeposition i vattendrag, vilket påverkar primär- och sekundärproduktionen. I ett 90-dagars fältbursförsök under vintern 2019-2020 testades effekterna av den starkt hotade sötvattenspärlemusslan (Margaritifera margaritifera) och löv på bentiska samhällen. Makroevertebrater provtogs i burarna och undersöktes på lab. Det fanns inga signifikanta effekter av musslor, löv eller deras interaktion på makroevertebraters tätheter och diversitet för de flesta grupper. Tätheter av Simulidae var dock lägre i burar med musslor jämfört med burar utan musslor. Förekomsten av musslor i vattendrag kan därför påverka ekosystemets funktion, här visat som en möjlig effekt på mellanartskonkurrens mellan filtrerare.
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Marenzi, Adriano Weidner Cacciatori. "Influência do cultivo de mexilhões sobre o habitat bentônico na Enseada da Armação do Itapocoroy, Penha, SC." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2002. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/1764.

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Mussel culture is an important activity in the state of Santa Catarina, where is developed in almost all the bays and roadsteads. This activity places the state in evidence in Latin America s production. However, this development has been spread in a disorganized way, generating environmental impacts, mainly those arisen from bio deposition of organic material at cultivation areas. The main purpose of this research was to evaluate a roadstead under cultivating influences, determining changes in sediment and benthic macro invertebrate s communities. Three sampling points were chosen according to activity time and intensity. Therefore, the level of organic material in the sediment, the structure and composition of the benthic community were accessed. Results showed that sand was the main material in sediment and rough particles are predominant near the shore side. The carbonate, silt and gravel levels were high at intense cultivating areas. However, differences concerning organic materials were not observed between cultivated and non-cultivated areas. The fauna collected was represented by 65 species belonging to 7 phyla, being the ophiurans more frequently found in the samples. Even though there were no meaningful differences between time and place for picking up samples, higher density and abundance occurred during winter and fall within non-cultivated areas, where debris eater s mollusks are highlighted. Higher richness and diversity were detected during winter and summer time in intensively cultivated areas, with great participation of polychaeta species. Results showed that mussel cultures are not causing direct impacts once the wind action promotes a situation of high hydrodynamics in the region and is a determinative factor in sediment constitution and benthic fauna.
O cultivo de mexilhões é uma atividade econômica importante no Estado de Santa Catarina, onde é desenvolvido em praticamente todas as baías e enseadas, e cuja produção é destaque para América Latina. O crescimento constante dos cultivos se fez de forma desordenada, sem considerar a geração de impactos ambientais, essencialmente aqueles decorrentes da biodeposição de matéria orgânica nas áreas de cultivo. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar uma enseada sob influência da mitilicultura, determinar as alterações no sedimento e na comunidade de macro-invertebrados bentônicos. Foram selecionados três pontos de amostragem considerando o tempo e a intensidade da atividade de cultivo. Durante o período de um ano foram analisados os teores de materiais minerais e biogênicos no sedimento, bem como a composição e a estrutura da comunidade bentônica. Os resultados indicaram a fração areia como material de maior concentração no sedimento, com predominância de partículas grosseiras nas áreas mais próximas da orla. Os teores de carbonatos, silte e cascalho, foram mais elevados na área de cultivo mais intenso, contudo não se observou diferença quanto à matéria orgânica nas diferentes áreas de estudo. Quanto à fauna bentônica, foram coletadas 65 espécies pertencentes a sete filos sendo que os ofiuros foram os mais freqüentes nas amostras. Apesar das diferenças entre os períodos e os locais de coleta não serem significativas, os resultados apontaram uma maior abundância e densidade de indivíduos no inverno e no outono, nas áreas sem cultivos, com destaque aos moluscos detritívoros, e a maior riqueza e diversidade foram detectadas no inverno e verão na área com cultivo mais intenso, com participação maior de espécies de poliquetos. Concluise que os cultivos de mexilhões não estão causando impacto direto no ambiente bentônico da Enseada da Armação do Itapocoroy, sendo a ação indireta dos ventos, ao promover um maior hidrodinamismo na região, o fator determinante na caracterização na constituição do sedimento e na estrutura e composição da fauna bentônica.
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Books on the topic "Bivalves – Habitat"

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Smaal, Aad C. Goods and Services of Marine Bivalves. Cham: Springer Nature, 2019.

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McGevin, Lauren E. Mussels: Anatomy, habitat and environmental impact. Hauppauge, N.Y: Nova Science, 2010.

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Darrigran, Gustavo, ed. Los moluscos bivalvos. Editorial de la Universidad Nacional de La Plata (EDULP), 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.35537/10915/32168.

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En este libro se considera a la biodiversidad como la variedad y variabilidad de los seres vivos y de los sistemas ecológicos que ellos integran. Por lo tanto, son tres los componentes de la diversidad biológica organizados en tres niveles: el de las especies (variedad), que son conjuntos de organismos afines capaces de reproducirse entre sí; el de los genes (variabilidad), que constituyen las bases moleculares de la herencia y el de los ecosistemas (sistemas ecológicos), que son complejos funcionales formados por los organismos y el medio físico en el que habitan. Sobre esta base y considerando a la biósfera en su conjunto, cabe la pregunta ¿cuántas especies conviven actualmente en nuestro planeta? La curiosidad y las múltiples aplicaciones de este conocimiento llevan al hombre a investigar acerca de la diversidad biológica o biodiversidad.
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Grant, Jon, Jens K. Petersen, Aad C. Smaal, Joao G. Ferreira, and Øivind Strand. Goods and Services of Marine Bivalves. Springer International Publishing AG, 2019.

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Box, Jayne Brim. Community structure of freshwater mussels (Bivalvia: Unionidae) in coastal plain streams of the southeastern United States. 1999.

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Byrne, Maria, Pauline M. Ross, Symon A. Dworjanyn, and Laura Parker, eds. Larval Ecology in the Face of Changing Climate—Impacts of Ocean Warming and Ocean Acidification. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786962.003.0017.

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Ocean warming and acidification are major climate change stressors for marine invertebrate larvae, and their impacts differ between habitats and regions. In many regions species with pelagic propagules are on the move, exhibiting poleward trends as temperatures rise and ocean currents change. Larval sensitivity to warming varies among species, influencing their invasive potential. Broadly distributed species with wide developmental thermotolerances appear best able to avail of the new opportunities provided by warming. Ocean acidification is a multi-stressor in itself and the impacts of its covarying stressors differ among taxa. Increased pCO2 is the key stressor impairing calcification in echinoid larvae while decreased mineral saturation is more important for calcification in bivalve larvae. Non-feeding, non-calcifying larvae appear more resilient to warming and acidification. Some species may be able to persist through acclimatization/adaptation to produce resilient offspring. Understanding the capacity for adaptation/acclimatization across generations is important to predicting the future species composition of marine communities.
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Book chapters on the topic "Bivalves – Habitat"

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Ysebaert, Tom, Brenda Walles, Judy Haner, and Boze Hancock. "Habitat Modification and Coastal Protection by Ecosystem-Engineering Reef-Building Bivalves." In Goods and Services of Marine Bivalves, 253–73. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96776-9_13.

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Mackie, G. L. "Biology of the exotic zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha, in relation to native bivalves and its potential impact in Lake St. Clair." In Environmental Assessment and Habitat Evaluation of the Upper Great Lakes Connecting Channels, 251–68. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3144-5_15.

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Eggleston, David B., Ashlee Lillis, and DelWayne R. Bohnenstiehl. "Soundscapes and Larval Settlement: Larval Bivalve Responses to Habitat-Associated Underwater Sounds." In The Effects of Noise on Aquatic Life II, 255–63. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2981-8_30.

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Nalepa, T. F., W. S. Gardner, and J. M. Malczyk. "Phosphorus cycling by mussels (Unionidae: Bivalvia) in Lake St. Clair." In Environmental Assessment and Habitat Evaluation of the Upper Great Lakes Connecting Channels, 239–50. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3144-5_14.

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Ellington, W. R. "Cardiac Energy Metabolism in Relation to Work Demand and Habitat in Bivalve and Gastropod Mollusks." In Proceedings in Life Sciences, 356–66. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-70610-3_28.

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Muizon, Christian de, Daryl P. Domning, and Darlene R. Ketten. "<i>Odobenocetops peruvianus</i>, the Walrus-Convergent Delphinoid (Mammalia: Cetacea) from the Early Pliocene of Peru." In Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology, 223–61. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.5479/si.00810266.93.223.

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<i>Odobenocetops peruvianus</i> Muizon, 1993 (early Pliocene, southern Peru), is a bizarre cetacean that is convergent in its skull, general aspect, and presumably feeding habits with the modem walrus <i>Odobenus rosmarus</i> (Linnaeus). Its cranial specializations are unique among cetaceans and include loss of the elongated rostrum, development of large premaxillary processes housing asymmetrical tusks, forward migration of the bony nares, reversal of the typical cetacean telescoping of the skull, dorsal binocular vision, large vaulted palate, and an inferred upper lip. The structure of the basicranium (possession of palatine expansions of the pterygoid sinus and presence of a large cranial hiatus) and face (possession of a medial portion of the maxillae at the anterior border of the nares) indicates that it belongs to the odontocete infraorder Delphinida and to the superfamily Delphinoidea. Within this group <i>Odobenocetops</i> is related to the Monodontidae because of the lateral lamina of its palatine flooring the optic groove, the anteroposterior elongation of the temporal fossa, and the thickness of the alisphenoid and squamosal in the region of the foramen ovale. We hypothesize that <i>Odobenocetops</i>, like the walrus, fed upon shallow-water benthic invertebrates and probably used its tongue and upper lip jointly in extracting the soft parts of bivalves or other invertebrates by suction. The highly modified morphology of the rostrum indicates that there was no melon as in all other odontocetes, and therefore that <i>Odobenocetops</i> was probably unable to echolocate; binocular vision could have compensated for this inability. The most probable function of the tusks themselves was social, as in the living walrus, but we suggest that the historically primary function of both the premaxillary processes of <i>Odobenocetops</i> and the tusks of <i>Odobenus</i> was as orientation guides in feeding. This reopens the question of whether the tusks of walruses play a role in feeding, as it seems that these also may be useful as orientation guides for the mouth and vibrissal array.
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Charó, M. P. "Quaternary Marine Mollusk Associations of the Last Interglacials in North Patagonia (Argentina): Paleoecology and Paleoclimates." In Update on Malacology. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.99221.

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Deposits of different Quaternary marine transgressions are largely exposed in the Argentine north Patagonian littoral (39°15′S–41°02′S), south of the Buenos Aires and north of Río Negro provinces. The malacological associations of 84 sites were studied. Among them, 31 belong to Pleistocene deposits of the interglacials ≥ MIS 9, MIS 7, MIS 5e, 29 to Holocene deposits of the interglacial MIS 1, and 24 sites of modern beaches. These sites yielded 7385 fossils among valves and shells, of 78 species (42 bivalves and 36 gastropods), including 11 micromolluskan species. The record of the bivalves Crassostrea rhizophorae in the south of the Buenos Aires Province, and Anomalocardia brasiliana (both currently inhabiting lower latitudes), and very likely the gastropod Tegula atra (inhabiting today the Pacific Ocean) in the north of Río Negro Province, suggests that interglacials MIS 7, MIS 5e and MIS 1 were warmer than today. However, the associations determined for the studied interglacials have not changed in their composition, but in abundance of species, except for the latitudinal shifts of the three mentioned species, and the presence of cold to temperate water taxa since the MIS 1 in the ecotonal area of the north of Río Negro Province. Changes in the associations of northern Patagonia during the Quaternary derived from global changes (sea surface temperature, salinity, etc.), and the existence of habitat heterogeneity in each of the areas, that enabled the co-existence of different bivalve and gastropod species of the local benthic marine malacofauna.
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Able, Kenneth W., Christina J. Welsh, and Ryan Larum. "Salt Marsh Peat Dispersal: Habitat for Fishes, Decapod Crustaceans, and Bivalves." In Peat. InTech, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.74087.

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McLeod, Ian Michael, Philine S. E. zu Ermgassen, Chris L. Gillies, Boze Hancock, and Austin Humphries. "Can Bivalve Habitat Restoration Improve Degraded Estuaries?" In Coasts and Estuaries, 427–42. Elsevier, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-814003-1.00025-3.

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"Mangroves as Fish Habitat." In Mangroves as Fish Habitat, edited by Esteban F. Félix-Pico, Mauricio Ramírez-Rodríguez, and Jorge A. López-Rocha. American Fisheries Society, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781934874424.ch8.

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<em>Abstract</em>.—To measure secondary productivity of mangrove systems, we estimated the abundance (individuals/m<sup>2</sup>) and mass increment (g/month) of the two bivalve species: the black ark <em>Anadara tuberculosa </em>and palmate oyster <em>Saccostrea palmula</em>. Mass increments were based on individual growth rates derived from length-frequency distributions analyses. Samples were collected at three mangrove estuaries in a sand barrier at Ensenada de La Paz from August 2007 to July 2009. The average abundance was 1.27 individuals/m<sup>2</sup> for black ark and 510 individuals/m<sup>2</sup> for palmate oysters. Estimated growth rates were 3.67 g/month for black ark and 0.18 g/month for palmate oysters. The average secondary productivity of the black ark was 4.51 g•m<sup>-2</sup>•month<sup>-1</sup> and peaked during the spring, while for the palmate oyster <em>Saccostrea palmula </em>it was 97.9 g•m<sup>-2</sup>•month<sup>-1</sup>, with peak productivity recorded during the summer. The findings of this investigation constitute a necessary element for establishing a baseline to evaluate the consequences of the various natural and anthropogenic pressures that the mangrove systems of El Mogote of La Paz Bay, Baja California Sur, Mexico.
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Conference papers on the topic "Bivalves – Habitat"

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Maravillas, Alme Bautista, Larmie Santos Feliscuzo, and James Arnold Estrelloso Nogra. "Habitat Prediction and Knowledge Extraction for Marine Bivalves using Machine Learning Techniques." In ISMSI 2023: 2023 7th International Conference on Intelligent Systems, Metaheuristics & Swarm Intelligence. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3596947.3596964.

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Tabeta, Shigeru, Ken Okamoto, Takayoshi Kato, Rikito Hisamatsu, Hiroaki Muto, Akinori Hino, Motohiko Murai, Sho Ito, Daisuke Kitazawa, and Takeshi Kinoshita. "Environmental Regeneration for a Small-Scale Beach “Heda-Mihama Project”." In ASME 2019 38th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2019-95596.

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Abstract In 1950’s and 1960’s, Mihama beach in Heda Bay located on western coast of Izu peninsular had been famous for the richness in shell fauna, for example, about 400 species including rare ones were collected. In 2000’s, however, the impoverishment of ecosystem function has become considerable, which led us to project the investigation on the origin and restoration. The authors carried out field survey in 2007–2008 and found that the impoverishment of Mihama is derived not from surface water but from the benthic environment. The measured water current at the site was quite small, which indicated the water exchange was very weak. It must be one of the main causes of unfavorable benthic environment. Thus environmental regeneration plans for Mihama was proposed in which the pears blocking the water current be removed. In order to assess the effect of proposed plans, simulation-based habitat evaluation was conducted. A three-dimensional hydrodynamic and sediment transport models were developed to reproduce the characteristics of currents and predict the sediment size around Mihama. For the assessment of the ecological status, HEP (Habitat Evaluation Procedure) was employed, in which one of the typical species of bivalves is chosen as a target species. Water depth, sediment size, friction velocity at the bottom, etc. were considered as the environmental factors for the target species. The suitability indices (SI) for each environmental factors were calculated by using the results of hydrodynamic and sediment transport simulations. By using the developed scheme, total habitat unit was evaluated for the proposed regeneration plans and compared to that without countermeasures. It was predicted that the removal of the piers will improve the habitat condition in the target site. Based on the proposal by the authors, a water pathway under the pier was built in 2009. The authors conducted field survey again in 2014 and confirmed that the benthic environment has been improved.
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Gotoh, Hitoshi, and Tetsuo Sakai. "Bivalve Habitat Based on Sediment-Transport Mechanics." In 25th International Conference on Coastal Engineering. New York, NY: American Society of Civil Engineers, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784402429.333.

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Yano, K., S. Akeda, Y. Miyamoto, and S. Kuwabara. "Formation of Habitats for Bivalves by Port and Harbor Structures." In 24th International Conference on Coastal Engineering. New York, NY: American Society of Civil Engineers, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784400890.248.

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Paterson, Audrey, Brooke L. Long, Broc S. Kokesh, Laurie C. Anderson, and Annette Summers Engel. "ANCHIALINE LAKES SERVE AS NOVEL HABITATS FOR RELICT TAXA, INCLUDING CHEMOSYMBIOTIC MARINE BIVALVES." In GSA Annual Meeting in Indianapolis, Indiana, USA - 2018. Geological Society of America, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2018am-323431.

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Seuss, Barbara, Julia C. Friedel, and Michael R. W. Amler. "BIVALVES FROM THE PENNSYLVANIAN FINIS SHALE (VIRGILIAN) OF NORTH CENTRAL TEXAS – NOTES ON TAXONOMY, LIFE HABITS AND PALAEOECOLOGY." In GSA Annual Meeting in Phoenix, Arizona, USA - 2019. Geological Society of America, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2019am-336434.

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Almeida, Frederico Belei de, PATRICIA GIONGO, and WAGNER MARTINS SANTANA SAMPAIO. "CONHECENDO OS MACROINVERTEBRADOS BENTONICOS DE UM AMBIENTE DE CABECEIRA DO RIO PARACATU." In II Congresso Brasileiro de Biodiversidade Virtual. Revista Multidisciplinar de Educação e meio ambiente, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.51189/ii-conbiv/6308.

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Introdução: A caracterização limnológica dos ambientes aquáticos é imprescindível para o conhecimento da diversidade e para a realização do diagnóstico ambiental durante a elaboração de estudos de impacto ambiental. Objetivo: O presente estudo buscou conhecer a comunidade de macroinvertebrados aquáticos dos diferentes mananciais existentes no rio Paracatu. Metodologia: Durante sete campanhas os organismos bentônicos foram amostrados com o auxílio da rede em D, com malha de 0,3 mm de abertura em ambientes com composições diferentes. Resultados: O resultado demonstrou um total de 3.003 indivíduos distribuídos em 77 táxons identificados em nível de família. A composição encontrada está dentro do esperado para o rio São Francisco, porém não existem estudos sistemáticos para a bacia do rio Paracatu. Os grupos mais relevantes foram os organismos associados a ambientes degradados como Diptera, Bivalvia, Gastropoda, Oligochaeta, Ostracoda, Hemiptera e Cercopidae, onde alguns destes representantes são introduzidas que podem causar prejuízo para esses habitats. Esses organismos são comuns à maioria dos habitats de água doce e muitas de suas espécies podem tolerar condições de hipóxia extrema, sendo bons indicadores de qualidade ambiental e em ambientes degradados e antropizados podem representar uma parcela significativa dos recursos do hábitat. Entre os grupos com o maior número de espécies invasoras estão os filos Arthropoda e Mollusca. Conclusão: Espécies como M. tuberculatus se estabilizaram e tornaram pragas em diversas regiões brasileiras gerando prejuízos que desestruturam o ecossistema aquático. A riqueza de macroinvertebrado encontrada no rio Paracatu está dentro do esperado para região e é condizente com o conhecimento da bacia do rio São Francisco.
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Sharma, Neha, and Subhronil Mondal. "MORPHOLOGICAL DISPARITY IS STRUCTURED AND SEGREGATED BY THE LOCAL SUBSTRATE CONDITIONS AND LIFE HABITS: AN EXAMPLE FROM INDIAN RECENT MARINE BIVALVES." In GSA Connects 2022 meeting in Denver, Colorado. Geological Society of America, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2022am-383796.

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Collins, Katie S., Stewart M. Edie, Tingran Gao, Rudiger Bieler, and David Jablonski. "DIGGING IN: DIVERSITY, DISPARITY, AND THE REPEATED EVOLUTION OF THE BORING HABIT IN THE MARINE BIVALVIA." In GSA Annual Meeting in Indianapolis, Indiana, USA - 2018. Geological Society of America, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2018am-322909.

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Reports on the topic "Bivalves – Habitat"

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Tsvetanova, Elina, Lachezar Yakimov, Almira Georgieva, Galina Nenkova, and Albena Alexandrova. Preliminary Study of the Oxidative Status of the Psammophilic Bivalve Species (Chamelea gallina L., 1758) from Representative Habitats along the South Bulgarian Black Sea Coast. "Prof. Marin Drinov" Publishing House of Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7546/crabs.2021.04.09.

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