Journal articles on the topic 'Bivalve'
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1
Schneider, Jay A. "Bivalve systematics during the 20th century." Journal of Paleontology 75, no. 6 (November 2001): 1119–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000017170.
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Over the past 75 years, the higher-level taxonomy of bivalves has received less attention than that of their fellow molluscs, gastropods. The publication of the bivalve volumes of the Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology in 1969 was not followed by an explosion of study into the evolution of bivalves; rather, with only one or two exceptions, bivalve workers were noticeably absent from the cladistic and molecular revolutions that were taking place during the 1970s and 1980s, even as gastropods received considerable attention. Over the past ten years, cladistics and molecular systematics have begun to be applied to solve problems of bivalve evolutionary biology. These studies, most of which have been undertaken by paleontologists, have halted the stagnation in bivalve systematics. Bivalve systematics looks to have an exciting future, as the excellent fossil record of the Bivalvia will be used in conjunction with cladistics and molecular systematics to solve problems in not just bivalve evolution but evolutionary biology in general.
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Utari, Enggar, Hartanto Sanjaya, Mahrawi Mahrawi, Indria Wahyuni, Pipit Marianingsih, and Ita Nurlaita. "Mangrove Land Mapping and the Potential for Bivalve Diversity with Remote Sensing in the Pulau Dua Nature Reserve (As an Initial Study for the Development of Class X High School Ecosystem Biology Subconcept Learning Devices)." Edumaspul: Jurnal Pendidikan 7, no. 2 (October 1, 2023): 2384–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.33487/edumaspul.v7i2.6639.
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Bivalvia is an invertebrate animal that has a high level of diversity and a marine biological resource that has significant economic value. This research was conducted in November 2021, aiming to determine bivalve diversity, mapping of manrove land and the potential for bivalve diversity, the relationship between the results of analysis of the presence of water on bivalves diversity in the Pulau Dua Nature Reserve and the implications of research results in the field of education. The method used is the roaming method to determine bivalves diversity and remote sensing methods to map areas of potential bivalve diversity in Pulau Dua Nature Reserve. The results of observations found that the diversity of bivalves in Pulau Dua Nature Reserve was included in the medium diversity category with a value of 1.085. The results of the relationship between bivalve diversity and MNDWI are classified as having a strong relationship, namely the correlation coefficient (r) is 0.668. In the Pulau Dua Nature Reserve, it was found that areas with a high potential for bivalve diversity were found at coordinates 106.198956 6.018374. The results of this research were then carried out to analyze the material at KD 3.10 and KD 4.10 for class X SMA at school.
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MARIN, IVAN, and GUSTAV PAULAY. "Pinnotherotonia rumphiusi gen. et sp. nov., a new furry bivalve-associated pontoniine shrimp (Crustacea: Decapoda: Palaemonidae) from Palau." Zootaxa 2636, no. 1 (October 5, 2010): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2636.1.3.
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A new genus and species of a furry, bivalve–associated pontoniine shrimp is described from Palau. This is the second pontoniine shrimp known to be associated with bivalves burrowing into soft bottom, and the first record of a venus clam (Bivalvia, Veneridae) as host for caridean shrimps.
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Zani, Rahma, Afrizal Tanjung, and Elizal Elizal. "BIVALVE COMMUNITY STRUCTURE IN THE INTERTIDAL ZONE OF PASUMPAHAN ISLAND PADANG CITY WEST SUMATERA PROVINCE." Asian Journal of Aquatic Sciences 6, no. 2 (August 2, 2023): 168–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/ajoas.6.2.168-173.
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Bivalvia is a class of the Mollusca phylum. Bivalvia is also known as Pelecypoda and Lamellibrankhiata. Bivalvia occupies an area of the intertidal zone, one of which is in the intertidal zone of Pasumpahan Island. But information about bivalves in the area does not exist. To know/understand information about the density and distribution pattern of bivalves on Pasumpahan Island, this research was conducted in January 2022. The sampling area was in the intertidal zone of Pasumpahan Island. Sampling was carried out at three stations, each station was divided into three transects. Bivalve sampling was carried out using a 1 x 1mm sieve. The movement of bivalves to the gravel substrate is very fast to avoid splashing waves. Bivalves samples were then identified. The density of bivalves in the intertidal zone of Pasumpahan Island ranged from 1.78-3.56 Ind/m2. Station 2 has a higher density of bivalves, namely 3.56 Ind/m2, the calculation of bivalves in the intertidal zone of Pasumpahan Island obtained bivalves distribution pattern data in groups
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Suheriyanto, D., E. A. Ningtyas, and R. Susilowati. "The relationship between mangroves and bivalves abundance in Cengkrong Beach, Trenggalek Regency." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1312, no. 1 (February 1, 2024): 012003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1312/1/012003.
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Abstract Cengkrong Beach in Trenggalek Regency has extensive mangrove forest. Mangrove forests play an important role in maintaining aquatic productivity and supporting people’s lives. Bivalve is one of the biota that lives in mangroves and is used by the people around the mangrove forest. The research aims to identify mangroves and bivalves, analyze the abundance of mangroves and bivalves, and determine the relationship between mangroves and bivalves. Mangrove sampling was carried out on 6 transects. Each transect was made 7 with plots measuring 10 m x 10 m with a distance of 5 m and bivalve samples were taken using a 1 m x 1 m plot with 5 plots in that plot. Research data were analyzed using PAST 4.13. The results of the study found 15 species of mangroves and 4 genera of bivalves. The highest mangrove abundance value was Rhizophora apiculata with a value of 0.0092 indiv./m2 and bivalves were of the genus Isognomon with a value of 4.138 indiv./m2. The results of the analysis showed that there was a relationship between the mangrove Sonneratia caseolaris and the bivalve of genus Pilsbryoconcha, the mangrove Aegiceras floridum and the bivalve of genus Geloina, the mangrove Avicennia alba and the bivalve of genus Saccostrea and the mangrove R. apiculata and the bivalve of genus Isognomon.
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Ambeng, Ambeng. "Ambeng, Hazairin Zubair, Ngakan Putu Oka dan Adi Tonggiroh." International Journal of Applied Biology 4, no. 1 (June 29, 2020): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.20956/ijab.v4i1.9324.
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Community structure analysis is one way to describe and assess the environmental quality of an ecosystem. One part of environmental biotic that make up mangrove water ecosystems is bivalves. The mangrove area in the Pangkajene river estuary has become one of the bivalve habitats, which has been widely used by the community. Research on the bivalve community structure of the mangrove area in the Pangkajene river estuary was conducted in April - June 2019, which aims to get an overview and assess the environmental conditions of the mangrove area in the Pangkajene river estuary based on the bivalve community structure. The research place was divided into three stations, each station was divided into two sampling areas, and in each sampling area six sampling points were placed. Sampling was carried out using a 50 x 50 cm plot method. Community structure limits calculated include density, diversity index, uniformity, dominance, and dispersion, as well as measurement of water parameters including pH, Organic C, and substrate texture. The results showed that the composition of bivalve community types consisted of 19 species included in 12 families. The dominant type is Saccostrea sp. with a density of 15.11 ind / m2 (Cr 50.77%). The species diversity index value ranges from 0.91 - 1.91 with an average of 1.50, which indicates the level of diversity of bivalves is relatively low. The Bivalvia community uniformity index includes the unstable criteria and the level of dominance index includes the stable community criteria, with a uniform distribution pattern.
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Jannah, Raudatul, and Adam Restu. "Bivalvia Community Structure in The Poton Bako Beach Area, Jerowaru, East Lombok." Jurnal Biologi Tropis 23, no. 2 (December 12, 2023): 292–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/jbt.v23i2.6193.
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The bivalvia class is a class within mollusca that includes all types of shellfish that have a pair of shells. The aim of this research is to determine the structure of the bivalve community in the coastal waters of Poton Bako, East Lombok. This research was conducted on the coast of Poton Bako, Jerowaru, East Lombok. This research uses a proportional sampling method with quadratic transects. This research variable includes type and bivalves. In this study, 275 individuals of bivalve species were found. The research results show that the ecological condition of Poton Bako is in the relatively good category because the level of Bivalvia diversity is moderate at 1.38 with a high evenness index of 0.60 and a low dominance index of 1.13. In this research, it is necessary to carry out further research regarding distribution patterns, exploitation rates, characteristics of pemadak, and conservation efforts.
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Bieler, Rüdiger, Paula M. Mikkelsen, Timothy M. Collins, Emily A. Glover, Vanessa L. González, Daniel L. Graf, Elizabeth M. Harper, et al. "Investigating the Bivalve Tree of Life – an exemplar-based approach combining molecular and novel morphological characters." Invertebrate Systematics 28, no. 1 (2014): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/is13010.
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To re-evaluate the relationships of the major bivalve lineages, we amassed detailed morpho-anatomical, ultrastructural and molecular sequence data for a targeted selection of exemplar bivalves spanning the phylogenetic diversity of the class. We included molecular data for 103 bivalve species (up to five markers) and also analysed a subset of taxa with four additional nuclear protein-encoding genes. Novel as well as historically employed morphological characters were explored, and we systematically disassembled widely used descriptors such as gill and stomach ‘types’. Phylogenetic analyses, conducted using parsimony direct optimisation and probabilistic methods on static alignments (maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference) of the molecular data, both alone and in combination with morphological characters, offer a robust test of bivalve relationships. A calibrated phylogeny also provided insights into the tempo of bivalve evolution. Finally, an analysis of the informativeness of morphological characters showed that sperm ultrastructure characters are among the best morphological features to diagnose bivalve clades, followed by characters of the shell, including its microstructure. Our study found support for monophyly of most broadly recognised higher bivalve taxa, although support was not uniform for Protobranchia. However, monophyly of the bivalves with protobranchiate gills was the best-supported hypothesis with incremental morphological and/or molecular sequence data. Autobranchia, Pteriomorphia, Heteroconchia, Palaeoheterodonta, Archiheterodonta, Euheterodonta, Anomalodesmata and Imparidentia new clade ( = Euheterodonta excluding Anomalodesmata) were recovered across analyses, irrespective of data treatment or analytical framework. Another clade supported by our analyses but not formally recognised in the literature includes Palaeoheterodonta and Archiheterodonta, which emerged under multiple analytical conditions. The origin and diversification of each of these major clades is Cambrian or Ordovician, except for Archiheterodonta, which diverged from Palaeoheterodonta during the Cambrian, but diversified during the Mesozoic. Although the radiation of some lineages was shifted towards the Palaeozoic (Pteriomorphia, Anomalodesmata), or presented a gap between origin and diversification (Archiheterodonta, Unionida), Imparidentia showed steady diversification through the Palaeozoic and Mesozoic. Finally, a classification system with six major monophyletic lineages is proposed to comprise modern Bivalvia: Protobranchia, Pteriomorphia, Palaeoheterodonta, Archiheterodonta, Anomalodesmata and Imparidentia.
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Febrina, Mutiara, Wahyu Adi, and Arief Febrianto. "KELIMPAHAN BIVALVIA DI EKOSISTEM LAMUN PANTAI PUDING KABUPATEN BANGKA SELATAN." Akuatik: Jurnal Sumberdaya Perairan 12, no. 2 (November 15, 2018): 64–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.33019/akuatik.v12i2.702.
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Puding Beach is administratively located in Pasir Putih Village, Tukak Sadai District, South Bangka Regency. As a coastal area, Puding Beach holds natural resource potential in both marine tourism and biota diversity. This study aims to analyze the abundance and distribution of bivalves and the seagrass beach community structure. This research was conducted in March 2018. The research method used was purposive sampling. Whereas for analysis of water quality characteristics and bivalve abundance, use main component analysis (Principle component analysis / PCA). The results showed that there were 6 species of seagrass and 7 species of bivalves at all stations. Each station I, II and III is dominated by the bivalve type Gafrarium tumidium with different seagrass species density. The highest density of seagrass species at stations I, II and III were Halodule uninervis (141 ind / m), Enhalus acoroides (7 ind / m) and Cymodocea serrulata (38 ind / m). Based on the analysis of main components can be seen the description of the condition to research location and can be seen the correlation between the existing bivalve abundance and the condition of the waters in all the research stations described in the F1-F2 factorial field. Important information on the main component axis is centered on the 2 main axes F1 (82.38%) and F2 (4.62%) of the total percentage. Bivalvia distribution analysis at Puding Beach is uniform and clustered based on habitat characteristics and environmental parameters that influence the life of bivalves
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Rahmantyah, Sri Samira. "Studi Komparasi Kuantitas Bivalvia pada Zona Intertidal di Pantai Ntana Kabupaten Bima sebagai Upaya Penyusunan Brosur Konservasi." Panthera : Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Sains dan Terapan 3, no. 2 (April 15, 2023): 70–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.36312/panthera.v3i2.164.
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Bivalves belong to the Phylum mollusca. Bivalve are found and live in the Intertidal area. Ntana Beach is the easiest area and has the most interaction with human activities, because this area is a transitional area between aquatic ecosystems and land ecosystems. This study aims to: 1) identify the types of bivalves that make up the Intertidal zone on the Ntana coast, Bima Regency; 2) analyzing the abundance, diversity index, and evenness of Bivalvia in the Intertidal zone on the Ntana coast, Bima Regency; 3) describe the population of bivalve species that dominate the Intertidal zone on the Ntana coast, Bima Regency; 4) analyzing the abundance of bivalves in the sandy, muddy and rocky substrate areas on the Ntana beach, Bima Regency; 5) analyzing the diversity of bivalve species in the area of sandy substrate, muddy substrate, and coral substrate on the Ntana beach, Bima Regency; 6) knowing the differences in the dominance of Bivalvia in the sandy, muddy and rocky substrate areas on the Ntana beach, Bima Regency; and 7) to develop research results on a comparative study of the quantity of bivalves in the intertidal zone on the Ntana coast, Bima district as an effort to prepare a conservation brochure. This type of research is descriptive comparative. Sampling used a 1x1 M plot. The results showed that as many as 540 individual bivalves consisting of 15 species were found on the Ntana beach, Bima district. 15 species of bivalves found include Anadara antiquata, Anadara granosa, Anadara brasilliana, Panopea generosa, Fausta pultenei, Dosina crebra, Eurytellina alternate, Dosina discus, Nactula acuta, Gafrarium divaricatum, Dosinia exoleta, Caestoderma edule, Gafrarium disparm, Cyclocardia ventricosa, and Crassostrea gigas. The abundance on sandy and silty substrates is categorized as moderate, whereas on coral substrates it is categorized as low. Species diversity on rocky substrates is less, whereas on muddy and sandy substrates each has a fairly high level of species diversity. The evenness value on sandy and muddy substrates is close to zero (0), so that the evenness of Bivalvia species on both substrates is not evenly distributed. There are no species that dominate other species because D <0.5. The average value of the brochure validation test is 75.4%, with this result, the brochures that have been compiled are in the good category and do not need to be revised.
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Kong, Shuo, Zhao Chen, Abdallah Ghonimy, Jian Li, and Fazhen Zhao. "Bivalves Improved Water Quality by Changing Bacterial Composition in Sediment and Water in an IMTA System." Aquaculture Research 2023 (April 12, 2023): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/1930201.
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Integrated multitrophic aquaculture (IMTA) maximises the nitrogen cycle between system components, including bacteria. In order to maximise the bacterial role in nitrogen elimination in an IMTA system, we investigated the effect of bivalve culture on water quality and bacterial community structure in overlying water and sediment in the “shrimp-crab-bivalve-fish” IMTA system. The bacterial composition in overlying water and sediment was measured by Illumina -MiSeq high-throughput sequencing technology. The results show that dissolved oxygen was higher in the bivalve culture area. Ammonia and nitrite in the bivalve culture area were lower than those in the nonbivalve culture area; however, the nitrate and phosphate in the bivalve culture area were higher than those in the nonbivalve culture area. The Chao1, Shannon, and Ace indexes were higher in the bivalve area. More bacteria with nitrification and denitrification functions were detected in bivalve culture areas, such as Ruegeria (1.05%–4.79%), Thalassobius (0.11%–0.69%), Limibaculum (0.07%–0.69%), HIMB11 (0.13%–0.21%), and Rubellimicrobium (0.01%–0.16%). More Cyanobacteria were detected in bivalve culture areas with higher phosphate concentrations. To sum up, bivalves can release phosphorus through bioturbation, increasing the abundance of Cyanobacteria, which release dissolved oxygen into overlying water through photosynthesis, enhance nitrification (mainly ammonia oxidation), and improve the ammonia nitrogen removal capacity of the system. Meanwhile, bivalves can increase bacterial diversity and abundance by regulating dissolved oxygen. This study provided insight into bivalve interaction with bacterial activity in the IMTA system.
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Rosani, Umberto, Enrico Bortoletto, Chang-Ming Bai, Beatriz Novoa, Antonio Figueras, Paola Venier, and Bastian Fromm. "Digging into bivalve miRNAomes: between conservation and innovation." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 376, no. 1825 (April 5, 2021): 20200165. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2020.0165.
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Bivalves are a diverse mollusc group of economic and ecological importance. An evident resilience to pollution, parasites and extreme environments makes some bivalve species important models for studying adaptation and immunity. Despite substantial progress in sequencing projects of bivalves, information on non-coding genes and gene-regulatory aspects is still lacking. Here, we review the current repertoire of bivalve microRNAs (miRNAs), important regulators of gene expression in Metazoa. We exploited available short non-coding RNA (sncRNA) data for Pinctada martensii, Crassostrea gigas, Corbicula fluminea, Tegillarca granosa and Ruditapes philippinarum , and we produced new sncRNA data for two additional bivalves, the Mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis and the blood clam Scapharca broughtonii . We found substantial heterogeneity and incorrect annotations of miRNAs; hence, we reannotated conserved miRNA families using recently established criteria for bona fide microRNA annotation. We found 106 miRNA families missing in the previously published bivalve datasets and 89 and 87 miRNA complements were identified in the two additional species. The overall results provide a homogeneous and evolutionarily consistent picture of miRNAs in bivalves and enable future comparative studies. The identification of two bivalve-specific miRNA families sheds further light on the complexity of transcription and its regulation in bivalve molluscs. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘Molluscan genomics: broad insights and future directions for a neglected phylum’.
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Suryono, Chrisna Adhi, Agus Sabdono, and Subagiyo Subagiyo. "Bioakumulasi Arsen (As) dan Merkuri (Hg) pada Bivalvia dari Pesisir Sekitar Demak dan Surabaya Indonesia." Jurnal Kelautan Tropis 22, no. 2 (November 2, 2019): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jkt.v22i2.6257.
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The coastal waters at Demak and Surabaya as areas for fishing ground bivalve for consumption proposes. Unfortunately, mostly the coastal land these areas were used for industry and settlement, it will have an impact on the coastal environment. Heavy metal is one of aspect on coastal environments will give impact, especially on bivalves. This study aims to determine the metal As and Hg in several of bivalves tissue, seawater, sediments and bioaccumulation factors in the of Demak and Surabaya coastal waters. The analysis of As and Hg content in bivalves tissue, sediments and seawater using ICPMS. The results showed bivalves, sediments and seawater samples were found As and Hg concentrations. The highest concentration of As was found in the sediments; meanwhile the highest Hg concentration was found in the bivalve tissue of P. attenuatus > A. pectinata > A.inaequivalvis > A. granosa > P. viridis > P. undulada > M. hiantina respectively. The BAF bioaccumulation factor a significant difference p = 0.021 and the BSAF sediment bioaccumulation factor showed a very highly significant difference p = 0.009. The concentration of As, Hg and bioaccumulation factors in the two fishing ground bivalves areas shows a difference. Pesisir sekitar Demak dan Surabaya merupakan daerah fishing ground berbagai jenis bivalvia untuk dikonsumsi. Namun sekarang pesisir daratan sebagian besar dimanfaatkan untuk industri dan pemukiman hal tersebut akan memberi dampak pada lingkungan pesisir. Logam berat merupakan salah satu aspek yang memberi dampak pada linkungan pesisir terutama pada bivalvia. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui logam As dan Hg yang terdapat dalam jaringan beberapa jenis bivalvia, air laut, sedimen serta faktor bioakumulasi di pesisir Demak dan Surabaya. Analisa kandungan As dan Hg dalam jaringan bivalvia, sedimen dan air laut menguunakan ICPMS. Hasil penelitian menunjukan sampel bivalvia, sedimen dan air laut ditemukan As dan Hg. Konsentrasi As tertinggi ditemukan dalam sedimen, sedangkan konsentrasi Hg tertinggi ditemukan dalam jaringan bivalvia secara berurutan P. attenuatus > A. pectinata > A.inaequivalvis > A. granosa > P. viridis > P. undulada > T. timorensis. Adanya perbedaan yang nyata p=0.021 terhadap faktor bioakumulasi BAF dan faktor bioakumulasi sedimen BSAF menunjukan perbedaan yang sangat nyata p = 0.009. Konsentrasi As, Hg dan faktor bioakumulasi di kedua daerah fishing ground bivalvia menunjukan adanya perbedaan.
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Aouissi, Riadh, Sihem Salmi-Laouar, Gamal M. El Qot, and El Sayed M. Moneer. "Cenomanian bivalves from Batna Mountains (Saharan Atlas, NE Algeria)." Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia 25, no. 4 (December 31, 2022): 255–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4072/rbp.2022.4.02.
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In the Batna Mountains, the Cenomanian Marnes de Smail Formation yield fossiliferous deposits mostly dominated by bivalves. Thirty-five bivalve species were identified, belonging to nine orders, 19 families and 26 genera. Five of them are mentioned for the first time from the Cenomanian of the study area (i.e., Nucula ? cf. margaritifera Douvillé, Barbatia (Barbatia) aegyptiaca Fourtau, Cucullaea trigona Seguenza, Arctica inornata d’Orbigny, and A. cordata Sharpe). Their distribution provided interesting insights on the marine paleoenvironment of the Cenomanian times. The paleobiogeographic distribution of the studied bivalves corresponds to the Tethys Realm. Keywords: Bivalvia, Cretaceous, Cenomanian, Algeria, Batna, Tethys
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Abdulla-Al-Asif, Hadi Hamli, Abu Hena Mustafa Kamal, Mohd Hanafi Idris, Geoffery James Gerusu, Johan Ismail, and Muyassar H. Abualreesh. "Bivalves (Mollusca: Bivalvia) in Malaysian Borneo: status and threats." Journal of Threatened Taxa 13, no. 11 (September 26, 2021): 19553–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.7287.13.11.19553-19565.
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Species checklists enlist the species existing within a distinct geographical biome and assist as an indispensable input for evolving conservation and administration strategies. The arenas of conservation ecology and biology face the challenge of exaggerated biodiversity, accredited to the non-recognition of taxonomic inconsistencies. The study’s goals are to organize all scattered taxonomic information regarding bivalve molluscs from Malaysian Borneo, i.e. Sarawak and Sabah, under one umbrella. Available literature regarding Malaysian Borneo was reviewed. The published taxonomic data on bivalve species, conservation status, inconsistencies, habitats (marine, fresh, and brackish), research aspects, threats, and conservation strategies are presented. A critical review of the checklists and distributional records of the class Bivalvia from Malaysian Borneo and subsequent validation of species names with the World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) database revealed that currently 76 bivalve species from 12 orders and other entities, 18 superfamilies, and 27 families have been recorded from the area. Twenty-six inconsistencies with WoRMS were found, and the corrected names are presented. The study indicates most of the enlisted bivalve species have not been evaluated by the IUCN Red List authority and have ‘Least Concern’ or ‘Data Deficient’ status for Malaysian Borneo. To date, published documents on conservation decision strategies and guidelines for future research are not good enough. Nevertheless, potential threats and their remedies for bivalves in the enriched Malaysian Borneo ecosystems are discussed herein.
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MORUF, Rasheed Olatunji, Gabriel Femi OKUNADE, and Owoyemi Wahab ELEGBELEYE. "Bivalve Mariculture in Two – Way Interaction with Phytoplankton: A Review of Feeding Mechanism and Nutrient Recycling." Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca. Animal Science and Biotechnologies 77, no. 2 (November 18, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/buasvmcn-asb:2020.0010.
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Bivalve mariculture is a type of molluscan farming done in open seawater on racks, rafts or longlines where naturally occurring phytoplankton serves as a key food item, introduced into the enclosures with the normal circulation of seawater. Increasingly, the reverse trophic interaction is being recognized; dissolved inorganic and organic waste compounds released by metabolically active bivalves can supply phytoplankton with nutrient and energy requirements for their growth. This two-way interaction can be viewed as a type of community symbiosis developed over long evolutionary timescales. The extent to which this affects overall nutrient budgets and thus primary production is related to the system flushing rate and residence time. Here we reviewed the feeding mechanism and nutrient recycling activities of bivalve and also emphasized the role of phytoplankton as a key nutritional live feed in sustainable bivalve mariculture. Bivalves influence nutrient dynamics through direct excretion and indirectly through microbial mediated remineralisation of their organic deposits in the sediments. The quantitative knowledge of bivalve - phytoplankton trophic interactions in coastal waters will inform bivalve mariculture development to effectively serve the needs of both seafood production and ecosystem restoration.
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Kawung, Nikita Ribka, I. Wayan Sandi Adnyana, and I. Gede Hendrawan. "ANALISIS KELIMPAHAN MIKROPLASTIK PADA BIVALVIA DI PERAIRAN TUMINTING DAN MALALAYANG KOTA MANADO." ECOTROPHIC : Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan (Journal of Environmental Science) 16, no. 2 (December 6, 2022): 220. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/ejes.2022.v16.i02.p09.
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Microplastic as a marine debris is currently become a global problem. Tuminting and Malalayang coasts as the study case in this research because these places were located in the high population and anthropogenic activity areas, that allowing the microplastic pollution. The goal of this research are to identify the types of microplastic, to analyze the abundance of microplastic and to evaluate the differences accumulation of microplastic in bivalve from Tuminting and Malalayang, Manado. This research is used a purposive sampling method. The analysis of microplastic in bivalves following C. M. Boerger et al. (2010) methods. The average of microplastic for the three species of bivalve in Tuminting for Cardidae sp. Was 5.75 particles/g, Venridae sp. 17.05 particles/g and Mytilidae sp. 130.06 particles/g, while in the three species of bivalve in Malalayang for Cardidae sp. 50.87 particles/g, Venridae sp. 9.56 particles/g and Mytilidae sp. 6.93 particles/g. Based on Kruskal Wallis analysis for bivalve of Tuminting is 0.087; Malalayang 0.616. The bivalve morphometric correlation test using Spearman Rank analysis showed a result 0.05 for Tuminting and 0.187 for Malalayang. The microplastics types that found in bivalve are fragments, films, fibers, foam, pellets, granules and the highest one is fiber. In this study, abundance of microplastic in bivalve from Tuminting also Malalayang waters, were found so it was necessary to disseminate this information to the public about the dangers of plastic. There must be a government regulations regarding the coastal area management related to garbage waste and have to make another research about the identification of the chemical that containing in microplastic in bivalves.
Keywords: marine debris; microplastics; bivalve; manado
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Silaban, Tulus Gandra Saputra, Afrizal Tanjung, and Yusni Ikhwan Siregar. "Size and Distribution of Bivalva in the Interidal Zone in Sambungo Village, Silaut District, South Coastal Regency, West Sumatera Province." Journal of Coastal and Ocean Sciences 3, no. 2 (May 12, 2022): 100–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/jocos.3.2.100-103.
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This research was carried out in January 2021 in the Intertidal Zone of Sambungo Village, Silaut District, Pesisir Selatan Regency, West Sumatra Province. The purpose of this study was to determine the size variation of the bivalve, the distribution pattern of the bivalve, the effect of the type of sediment fraction on the size, and the distribution of the bivalve in the intertidal zone. The method used in this research is a survey method which is carried out by direct observation and sampling in the field. Bivalve samples obtained were identified at the Marine Biology Laboratory and Sediment Fraction Analysis was carried out at the Chemical Analysis Laboratory, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine, Universitas Riau. Based on the results of the study, the highest number of bivalves was at station 1 as many as 11 individuals. The distribution pattern of macrozoobenthos in the intertidal zone of Sambungo Village ranges from 3.86 to 5.07 with the highest morisita index value being at station 1. The highest percentage of sediment fraction is 96.53% in the lower zone and the highest organic matter content is at station 1 of the lower zone. with a total percentage of 6.65%. Based on the criteria for the morisita index at station 1, station 2, and station 3 with an Id>1 value, it can be concluded that the distribution of Bivalvia in the intertidal zone in Sambungo Village is clustered
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Gillan, David C., and Chantal De Ridder. "Iron encrustation of the bivalve Montacuta ferruginosa." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 84, no. 6 (November 23, 2004): 1213–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315404010677h.
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The epibiotic iron-encrusted biofilms occurring on the shell of the bivalve Montacuta ferruginosa were examined over an annual cycle in order to determine possible variation of the iron-encrustation. Among the 379 examined specimens, well-coated bivalves always predominate. However, it was found that about 50% of the small-sized bivalves were uncoated or weakly coated during the summer months. This result can be explained by the life history of the bivalve and by the physico-chemical conditions in the sediments.
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Vaughn, Caryn C., and Timothy J. Hoellein. "Bivalve Impacts in Freshwater and Marine Ecosystems." Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 49, no. 1 (November 2, 2018): 183–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110617-062703.
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Bivalve molluscs are abundant in marine and freshwater ecosystems and perform important ecological functions. Bivalves have epifaunal or infaunal lifestyles but are largely filter feeders that couple the water column and benthos. Bivalve ecology is a large field of study, but few comparisons among aquatic ecosystems or lifestyles have been conducted. Bivalves impact nutrient cycling, create and modify habitat, and affect food webs directly (i.e., prey) and indirectly (i.e., movement of nutrients and energy). Materials accumulated in soft tissue and shells are used as environmental monitors. Freshwater mussel and oyster aggregations in rivers and estuaries are hot spots for biodiversity and biogeochemical transformations. Historically, human use includes food, tools, currency, and ornamentation. Bivalves provide direct benefits to modern cultures as food, building materials, and jewelry and provide indirect benefits by stabilizing shorelines and mitigating nutrient pollution. Research on bivalve-mediated ecological processes is diverse, and future synthesis will require collaboration across conventional disciplinary boundaries.
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Purbonegoro, Triyoni. "POTENSI BIVALVIA SEBAGAI BIOINDIKATOR PENCEMARAN LOGAM DI WILAYAH PESISIR." OSEANA 43, no. 3 (October 30, 2018): 61–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/oseana.2018.vol.43no.3.68.
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POTENTIAL OF BIVALVE AS BIOINDICATOR OF METAL POLLUTION IN THE COASTAL AREA. Bioaccumulation database using various species of marine bivalves is useful to determine which species are suitable as bioindicators in pollution monitoring. In general, metal bioaccumulation in bivalve varies in every location and influenced by the biokinetics of each species depending on the environmental condition. Increasing accumulation of one metal will enhance the accumulation of other metal in bivalve tissue. This needs to be taken into account in interpreting metal concentrations in bivalve. Oysters and mussels have the potential as bio-indicators of metals, especially Cu and Zn, while scallops are more potential as bioindicators of Cd and Zn. Meanwhile, clams has the potential as a bioindicators of Zn. Change in shape (malformation) of bivalve shells due to heavy metal accumulation also observed. The rough structure, attachment of minerals to the shell, and thickening of the shell layer are some forms of changes in bivalve shell morphology.
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Kasoar, Tim, Philline S. E. zu Ermgassen, Alvar Carranza, Boze Hancock, and Mark Spalding. "New opportunities for conservation of a threatened biogenic habitat: a worldwide assessment of knowledge on bivalve-reef representation in marine and coastal Ramsar Sites." Marine and Freshwater Research 66, no. 11 (2015): 981. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf14306.
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The present study draws attention to the current state of knowledge of bivalve reef, an important but historically overlooked habitat type. Recent interest has led to the explicit recognition of this habitat type under the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance (the Ramsar Convention), an international treaty that has widespread governmental and scientific involvement. To assess the state of knowledge, the Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands (RIS) for marine and coastal Sites was searched for evidence that bivalve-reef habitat is present in the site. We then examined the quality of this information using alternative data sources. These were public databases of geolocated species records at three spatial scales, local and regional experts, and a general web search. It was found that of the 893 marine and coastal Ramsar Sites considered, the RIS for 16 Sites provided strong evidence of bivalve-reef habitat and 99 had confirmed presence of reef-forming bivalves, a strikingly high number, given that it is not yet compulsory to include bivalve reef in RISs. However, the alternative information sources identified bivalve reefs or reef-forming bivalves in 142 further Sites. No one information source provided comprehensive information, highlighting the overall poor state of knowledge of this habitat type.
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Sauvey, Aurore, Françoise Denis, Hélène Hégaret, Bertrand Le Roy, Christophe Lelong, Orianne Jolly, Marie Pavie, and Juliette Fauchot. "Interactions between Filter-Feeding Bivalves and Toxic Diatoms: Influence on the Feeding Behavior of Crassostrea gigas and Pecten maximus and on Toxin Production by Pseudo-nitzschia." Toxins 13, no. 8 (August 19, 2021): 577. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins13080577.
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Among Pseudo-nitzschia species, some produce the neurotoxin domoic acid (DA), a source of serious health problems for marine organisms. Filter-feeding organisms—e.g., bivalves feeding on toxigenic Pseudo-nitzschia spp.—are the main vector of DA in humans. However, little is known about the interactions between bivalves and Pseudo-nitzschia. In this study, we examined the interactions between two juvenile bivalve species—oyster (Crassostrea gigas) and scallop (Pecten maximus)—and two toxic Pseudo-nitzschia species—P. australis and P. fraudulenta. We characterized the influence of (1) diet composition and the Pseudo-nitzschia DA content on the feeding rates of oysters and scallops, and (2) the presence of bivalves on Pseudo-nitzschia toxin production. Both bivalve species fed on P. australis and P. fraudulenta. However, they preferentially filtered the non-toxic Isochrysis galbana compared to Pseudo-nitzschia. The presence of the most toxic P. australis species resulted in a decreased clearance rate in C. gigas. The two bivalve species accumulated DA in their tissues (up to 0.35 × 10−3 and 5.1 × 10−3 µg g−1 for C. gigas and P. maximus, respectively). Most importantly, the presence of bivalves induced an increase in the cellular DA contents of both Pseudo-nitzschia species (up to 58-fold in P. fraudulenta in the presence of C. gigas). This is the first evidence of DA production by Pseudo-nitzschia species stimulated in the presence of filter-feeding bivalves. The results of this study highlight complex interactions that can influence toxin production by Pseudo-nitzschia and accumulation in bivalves. These results will help to better understand the biotic factors that drive DA production by Pseudo-nitzschia and bivalve contamination during Pseudo-nitzschia blooms.
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Kupina, Natalia M. "The main results of the study of bivalve mollusks in the coastal zone of the Japan Sea." Izvestiya TINRO 182, no. 3 (September 30, 2015): 249–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.26428/1606-9919-2015-182-249-257.
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Technologies for processing of bivalve mollusks are developed on the base of study of their physical, chemical, and technological properties and evaluation of the food and biological value. Bivalves in the coastal waters of the Japan Sea are very different by their size and chemical composition, but all of them are a source of full value protein, essential amino acids, and some substances with therapeutic effect. Biochemical and technological properties of the bivalves differ significantly from traditional fish raw materials. Boiled and salted products of them are distinguished by high rigidity because of the high protein content of connective tissue and its specific microstructure. However, consistency of bivalve products can be regulated by means of thermal and biochemical processing of the raw material. Comprehensive waste-free technology of the bivalves processing is presented for manufacturing of food and fodder products with high consumer properties. The bivalve mollusks from the coastal waters of Primorye are considered as safe for food on the basis of phytotoxins content in their soft tissues, radionuclides activity, and concentrations of toxic elements in their foot, mantle and liver.
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McKeon, C. Seabird, Björn G. Tunberg, Cora A. Johnston, and Daniel J. Barshis. "Ecological drivers and habitat associations of estuarine bivalves." PeerJ 3 (November 12, 2015): e1348. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1348.
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Community composition of the infaunal bivalve fauna of the St. Lucie Estuary and southern Indian River Lagoon, eastern Florida was sampled quarterly for 10 years as part of a long-term benthic monitoring program. A total of 38,514 bivalves of 137 taxa were collected and identified. We utilized this data, along with sediment samples and environmental measurements gathered concurrently, to assess the community composition, distribution, and ecological drivers of the infaunal bivalves of this estuary system. Salinity had the strongest influence on bivalve assemblage across the 15 sites, superseding the influences of sediment type, water turbidity, temperature and other environmental parameters. The greatest diversity was found in higher salinity euhaline sites, while the greatest abundance of individual bivalves was found in medium salinity mixohaline sites, the lowest diversity and abundances were found in the low salinity oligohaline sites, demonstrating a strong positive association between salinity and diversity/abundance. Water management decisions for the estuary should incorporate understanding of the role of salinity on bivalve diversity, abundance, and ecosystem function.
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Ren, Qian, Chunyang Wang, Min Jin, Jiangfeng Lan, Ting Ye, Kaimin Hui, Jingmin Tan, et al. "Co-option of bacteriophage lysozyme genes by bivalve genomes." Open Biology 7, no. 1 (January 2017): 160285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsob.160285.
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Eukaryotes have occasionally acquired genetic material through horizontal gene transfer (HGT). However, little is known about the evolutionary and functional significance of such acquisitions. Lysozymes are ubiquitous enzymes that degrade bacterial cell walls. Here, we provide evidence that two subclasses of bivalves (Heterodonta and Palaeoheterodonta) acquired a lysozyme gene via HGT, building on earlier findings. Phylogenetic analyses place the bivalve lysozyme genes within the clade of bacteriophage lysozyme genes, indicating that the bivalves acquired the phage-type lysozyme genes from bacteriophages, either directly or through intermediate hosts. These bivalve lysozyme genes underwent dramatic structural changes after their co-option, including intron gain and fusion with other genes. Moreover, evidence suggests that recurrent gene duplication occurred in the bivalve lysozyme genes. Finally, we show the co-opted lysozymes exhibit a capacity for antibacterial action, potentially augmenting the immune function of related bivalves. This represents an intriguing evolutionary strategy in the eukaryote–microbe arms race, in which the genetic materials of bacteriophages are co-opted by eukaryotes, and then used by eukaryotes to combat bacteria, using a shared weapon against a common enemy.
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Ríos-Jara, Eduardo, Ceciel-M. Navarro-Caravantes, Cristian-M. Galván-Villa, and Ernesto Lopez-Uriarte. "Bivalves and Gastropods of the Gulf of Tehuantepec, Mexico: A Checklist of Species with Notes on Their Habitat and Local Distribution." Journal of Marine Biology 2009 (2009): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/176801.
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The taxonomic composition of 160 species of bivalves and gastropods recorded in the Gulf of Tehuantepec is presented with information on their habitat and distribution along 10 different localities of the shoreline and 42 stations of the continental shelf. The species were on sandy and rocky beaches, coastal lagoons, estuaries, mangroves, rocky breakwaters of ports, and shallow subtidal areas (14–47 m depth). A total of 78 bivalve species and 82 gastropod species were recorded. Most of these were associated with sandy and rocky beaches and breakwaters of ports. The estuaries host 30 species and the coastal lagoons only two. In the shallow subtidal there were 18 gastropod species and 40 bivalve species representing 36.3% of all. This study adds 24 bivalve species and 29 gastropod species not recorded in previous studies for a total count of 213 species (102 bivalves and 111 gastropods) for Gulf of Tehuantepec.
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Riani, Aprilia Indah M., Suparmono Suparmono, Darma Yuliana, and Henny Wijayanti. "DIVERSITY OF MOLLUSCA BIVALVIA ALONG THE BEACHES SAND OF KARANG MAS, MUARA GADING MAS, MARINGGAI REGENCY, EAST OF LAMPUNG." Journal of Aquatropica Asia 6, no. 2 (October 3, 2021): 83–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.33019/aquatropica.v6i2.2609.
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East Lampung Regency has a coastal area of East Lampung with 316 ha. One of the coastal tourist areas owned by East Lampung Regency is Shells Mas Beach. This beach has a fairly long coastline where there are a lot of bivalves, but the inventory of the types of bivalves on the beach.The purpose of the research is to analyze both the species diversities of bivalves and physical also chemical conditions of the waters. The research methodology used purposive sampling method analysis of species abundance data, diversity index, and index dominance. From the result of the bivalve diversities on the coast, bivalve the most common found are is Matra grandis,it is found out that there is no dominating bivalve amongst them due to below normal dominating rate that is 0,08-0,16 to be considered low level (00,00<C≤0,30); middle with diversity index 2,18–2,70 (2<H’≤3); high with index diversity 0,85–0,94 (E>0,6). The highest abundance value at station 1 is 4787.01 ind/m3 and the lowest species abundance value at station 3 is138.75 ind/m3. From the results of the chemical physics measurements, it shows that it still is in the range of sea water quality standards. The Bivalve diversity relationship shows a positive correlation to the parameters of salinity, grain size, and sediment TSS. Meanwhile, it shows negative correlation for parameters DO, pH and temperature.
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Tanaviyutpakdee, Pharrunrat, and Weeraya Karnpanit. "Exposure Assessment of Heavy Metals and Microplastic-like Particles from Consumption of Bivalves." Foods 12, no. 16 (August 11, 2023): 3018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods12163018.
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The aim of this study was to determine the contamination of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd) and microplastic (MP)-like particles in bivalves and estimate the exposure of the Thai population to these contaminants due to bivalve consumption. Clams, mussels and cockles were purchased from five wholesale seafood markets located on the upper Gulf of Thailand during the period 2017–2019. Determinations of Cd and Pb in the bivalves were conducted using a graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometer (GFAAS). Visualization was conducted using a stereomicroscope to investigate the morphology and content of MP-like particles in the bivalve samples. The average Pb contents in clams, mussels and cockles were 112, 64 and 151 µg/kg wet wt., respectively. The average Cd contents were 126, 107 and 457 µg/kg wet wt. for clams, mussels and cockles, respectively. The average number of MP-like particles in bivalve samples varied from not detected to 1.2 items/g wet wt. and not detected to 4.3 items/individual. The exposure to Pb, Cd and MP-like particles due to bivalve consumption varied between 0.005 and 0.29 µg/kg bw/day, 0.017 and 28.9 µg/kg bw/month and 0.015 and 27.5 items/person/day, respectively. There was no potential health risk of exposure to Pb and Cd due to bivalve consumption in any age group. However, a high consumption of cockles with high Cd levels (the worst-case scenario) in children may be of concern.
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Miller, Arnold I., and J. John Sepkoski. "Modeling bivalve diversification: the effect of interaction on a macroevolutionary system." Paleobiology 14, no. 4 (1988): 364–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0094837300012100.
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The global diversification of the class Bivalvia has historically received two conflicting interpretations. One is that a major upturn in diversification was associated with, and a consequence of, the Late Permian mass extinction. The other is that mass extinctions have had little influence and that bivalves have experienced slow but nearly steady exponential diversification through most of their history, unaffected by interactions with other clades. We find that the most likely explanation lies between these two interpretations. Through most of the Phanerozoic, the diversity of bivalves did indeed exhibit slow growth, which was not substantially altered by mass extinctions. However, the presence of “hyperexponential bursts” in diversification during the initial Ordovician radiation and following the Late Permian and Late Cretaceous mass extinctions suggests a more complex history in which a higher characteristic diversification rate was dampened through most of the Phanerozoic. The observed pattern can be accounted for with a two-phase coupled (i.e., interactive) logistic model, where one phase is treated as the “bivalves” and the other phase is treated as a hypothetical group of clades with which the “bivalves” might have interacted. Results of this analysis suggest that interactions with other taxa have substantially affected bivalve global diversity through the Phanerozoic.
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Rhodes, Melissa Clark, and R. J. Thompson. "Comparative physiology of suspension-feeding in living brachiopods and bivalves: evolutionary implications." Paleobiology 19, no. 3 (1993): 322–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0094837300000300.
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This paper presents scaling equations relating suspension-feeding rates to body size for articulate brachiopods and bivalve molluscs, two classes which represent a significant component of the fossil record of marine benthic communities. Clearance (feeding) rates of five species of living articulate brachiopods and three species of epifaunal suspension-feeding bivalve molluscs collected from mid-latitude fjords of Newfoundland and New Zealand were measured in similar experimental conditions. In comparisons within and between the two classes, we found that both plectolophous and spirolophous brachiopods had significantly lower feeding rates than mytilids, which are filibranchs, but that a sympatric primitive eulamellibranch veneroid bivalve had rates comparable to the brachiopods. Articulate brachiopods do not appear to feed effectively at the high algal concentrations which bivalves can exploit. The data on comparative suspension-feeding rates support the hypothesis that past changes in diversity and distribution of bivalves and brachiopods may be related to an overall increase in energy flux and escalation of metabolic rates during the Phanerozoic.
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Bott, Nathan J., John M. Healy, and Thomas H. Cribb. "Patterns of digenean parasitism of bivalves from the Great Barrier Reef and associated waters." Marine and Freshwater Research 56, no. 4 (2005): 387. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf04307.
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Digenean parasites of marine bivalves are relatively poorly known, particularly in Australia. We surveyed 2256 bivalve individuals (47 species, 17 families) from Queensland marine waters incorporating south-east Queensland, Heron Island (southern Great Barrier Reef) and Lizard Island (northern Great Barrier Reef). Infections of trematode species from three families, Bucephalidae, Gorgoderidae and Monorchiidae, were found. Overall prevalence of infection was 2.3%. The Bucephalidae was the most commonly found family; 11 species were found in Tellinidae, Ostreidae, Isognomonidae and Spondylidae – the latter two previously unknown as hosts for bucephalids. A single gorgoderid infection was found in a venerid, Lioconcha castrensis. Five species of monorchiids were found from Tellinidae and Lucinidae. All infections are new host/parasite records. No infections were found in 35 of the 47 bivalve species sampled. The generally low prevalence of infection by digeneans of bivalves suggests that it is unlikely that any of the species reported here are seriously damaging to bivalve populations in these waters. We deduce that, at best, we have some life-cycle information but no actual identifications for 10% of the species of trematodes that infect bivalves of Queensland marine waters.
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Crame, J. Alistair. "Evolution of taxonomic diversity gradients in the marine realm: a comparison of Late Jurassic and Recent bivalve faunas." Paleobiology 28, no. 2 (2002): 184–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/0094-8373(2002)028<0184:eotdgi>2.0.co;2.
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We still have much to learn about the evolution of taxonomic diversity gradients through geologic time. For example, have latitudinal gradients always been as steep as they are now, or is this a phenomenon linked to some form of Cenozoic global climatic differentiation? The fossil record offers potential to address this sort of problem, and this study reconstructs latitudinal diversity gradients for the last (Tithonian) stage of the Jurassic period using marine bivalves. At this time of relative global warmth, bivalves were cosmopolitan in their distribution and the commonest element within macrobenthic assemblages.Analysis of 31 regional bivalve faunas demonstrates that Tithonian latitudinal gradients were present in both hemispheres, though on a much smaller magnitude than today. The record of the Northern Hemisphere gradient is more complete and shows a steep fall in values at the tropical/temperate boundary; the Southern Hemisphere gradient exhibits a more regular decline in diversity with increasing latitude.Tithonian latitudinal gradients were underpinned by a tropical bivalve fauna that comprises almost equal numbers of epifaunal and infaunal taxa. The epifaunal component was dominated by three pteriomorph families, the Pectinidae, Limidae and Ostreidae, that may be regarded as a long-term component of tropical bivalve diversity. Of the mixture of older and newer “heteroconch” families that formed the bulk of the infaunal component, the latter radiated spectacularly through the Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic to dominate tropical bivalve faunas at the present day. This pulse of heteroconch diversification, which was a major cause of the steepening of the bivalve latitudinal gradient, provides important evidence that rates of speciation may be negatively correlated with latitude.Nevertheless, we cannot exclude the possibility that elevated extinction rates in the highest latitudes also contributed to the marked steepening of bivalve latitudinal gradients over the last 150 Myr. Rates of extinction within epifaunal bivalve taxa appear to have been higher in these regions through the Cretaceous period, but this was largely before any significant global climatic deterioration. Infaunal bivalve clades have had differential success over this time period in the polar regions. Whereas, in comparison with the Tropics, heteroconchs are very much reduced in numbers today, the anomalodesmatans are much better represented, and the protobranchs have positively thrived. We are beginning to appreciate that low temperature per se may not be a primary cause of elevated rates of extinction. Food supply may be an equally important control on both rates of speciation and extinction; those bivalves that have been able to adapt to the extreme seasonality of food supply have flourished in the polar regions.
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., Sudiyar, Okto Supratman, and Indra Ambalika Syari. "HUBUNGAN KEPADATAN BIVALVIA DENGAN PARAMETER LINGKUNGAN DI PESISIR TANJUNG PURA KABUPATEN BANGKA TENGAH." Akuatik: Jurnal Sumberdaya Perairan 13, no. 2 (June 18, 2020): 112–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.33019/akuatik.v13i2.1434.
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The destructive fishing feared will give a negative impact on the survival of this organism. This study aims to analyze the density of bivalves, distribution patterns, and to analyze the relationship of bivalves with environmental parameters in Tanjung Pura village. This research was conducted in March 2019. The systematic random system method was used for collecting data of bivalves. The collecting Data retrieval divided into five research stasions. The results obtained 6 types of bivalves from 3 families and the total is 115 individuals. The highest bivalve density is 4.56 ind / m², and the lowest bivalves are located at station 2,1.56 ind / m², The pattern of bivalve distribution in the Coastal of Tanjung Pura Village is grouping. The results of principal component analysis (PCA) showed that Anadara granosa species was positively correlated with TSS r = 0.890, Dosinia contusa, Anomalocardia squamosa, Mererix meretrix, Placamen isabellina, and Tellinella spengleri were positively correlated with currents r = 0.933.
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Eddy, La, Rezki Amalia Riandini, and Mechiavel Moniharapon. "HISTOLOGI JARINGAN MANTEL TIRAM (SAIBO) PADA BEBERAPA JENIS BIVALVIA SEBAGAI ALTERNATIF IMPLANTASI MUTIARA." Jurnal Pendidikan Matematika dan IPA 10, no. 1 (January 30, 2019): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.26418/jpmipa.v10i1.27629.
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All types of bivalves have the potential to produce pearls. Pearls can be produced naturally and cultivated. In cultured pearls, pearl sac are obtained from saibo (slices of another bivalve mantle) that which come from pallial zone. This study wants know the structures of tissues saibo of several species of bivalves as an alternative pearls implantation. This study is conducted from January to March 2017. This study used 7 types of bivalves among others; Pinctada margaritifera, Saccostrea cucullata, Asaphis violascens, Polymesoda bengalensis, Pinna muricata, Volachlamys singaporina, and Tridacna crocea. The method used by staining Hematoxylin-Eosin. Thisstudy show results that every saibo has the different characteristic, but has a common characteristic of having outer epithelium mantle, inner epithelium mantle, muscle fibers, connective tissue and longitudinal muscle, so it can be recommended in pearls implantation Keywords : Saibo, Bivalvia, Implantasi Mutiara[H1] [H1]Disusun berdasarkan abjad
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Kett, GF, SC Culloty, SA Lynch, and MAK Jansen. "Solar UV radiation modulates animal health and pathogen prevalence in coastal habitats—knowledge gaps and implications for bivalve aquaculture." Marine Ecology Progress Series 653 (October 29, 2020): 217–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps13464.
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Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is an important environmental factor that can have an impact directly, or indirectly, on the health of organisms. UVR also has the potential to inactivate pathogens in surface waters. As a result, UVR can alter host-pathogen relationships. Bivalve species are threatened by various pathogens. Here, we assessed the impacts of UVR on (i) bivalves, (ii) bivalve pathogens and (iii) the bivalve host-pathogen relationship. UVR consistently impedes pathogens. However, the effect of UVR on marine animals is variable, with both positive and negative impacts. The limited available data allude to the potential to exploit natural UVR for disease management in aquaculture, but also highlight a striking knowledge gap and uncertainty relating to climate change.
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Sulistiyo, Restu Budi, Laila Abdul Jalil, Badruzsaufari Badruzsaufari, and Dharmono Dharmono. "IDENTIFIKASI EKOFAK MOLUSKA BIVALVA DARI SITUS BENTENG TABANIO, DI KABUPATEN TANAH LAUT." Naditira Widya 16, no. 1 (December 12, 2022): 55–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.24832/nw.v16i1.504.
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Pada ekskavasi arkeologi di situs Benteng Tabanio yang dilakukan oleh Balai Arkeologi Banjarmasin ditemukan berbagai artefak dan ekofak. Ekofak yang banyak ditemukan adalah cangkang moluska. Namun demikian, cangkang moluska hasil penelitian tersebut belum diidentifikasi secara taksonomis. Pelabelan koleksi ditulis sebagai kerang, cangkang kerang, atau fragmen cangkang kerang, padahal dalam koleksi tersebut terdapat cangkang moluska bivalvia dan cangkang gastropoda. Kerancuan identitas ini berakibat pada kesalahan informasi. Pada penelitian ekskavasi situs Benteng Tabanio, tinggalan ekofaktual moluska bivalvia belum dibahas secara komperehensif. Penelitian ini ditujukan untuk memahami keberadaan cangkang moluska bivalvia di situs Benteng Tabanio. Identifikasi 101 sampel cangkang marin dilakukan sampai dengan tingkat genus atau spesies dilakukan menggunakan analisis komparasi morfologi dengan cangkang bivalvia marin yang didapatkan di luar zona situs. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat empat ordo dengan tujuh famili dan empat belas genera atau spesies yang dapat diidentifikasi. Keempat belas genera atau spesies tersebut dapat dikonsumsi, tetapi sisa-sisa cangkang yang ditemukan di situs Benteng Tabanio menunjukkan tidak adanya pemanfaatan moluska bivalvia sebagai bahan pangan ataupun bahan bangunan.A variety of artefacts and ecofacts was found during the excavation of Tabanio Fort by the Banjarmasin Institute for Archaeology. The most common ecofacts found were mollusc shells. However, the mollusc shells collected from the excavation have not been taxonomically identified. Even though the collection contains shells of bivalve molluscs and gastropods, the collection labelling was written as shells, clam shells, or clam shell fragments. Such ambiguous identity results in misinformation. The bivalve mollusc ecofacts recovered from the Tabanio Fort have not been comprehensively discussed. This research aims to understand the presence of bivalve mollusc shells at the site of Tabanio Fort. The identification of 101 marine shells was carried out up to the genus or species level by using comparative morphological analysis with marine bivalve shells obtained beyond the site zone. The research identified four orders, including seven families and fourteen genera or species of bivalve shells. The fourteen identified genera or species are of edible varieties, but shell remains recovered from the Tabanio Fort site indicate no use of bivalve molluscs as food or building materials.
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Gusman, Arthur, Sophia Lecomte, Donald T. Stewart, Marco Passamonti, and Sophie Breton. "Pursuing the quest for better understanding the taxonomic distribution of the system of doubly uniparental inheritance of mtDNA." PeerJ 4 (December 13, 2016): e2760. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2760.
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There is only one exception to strict maternal inheritance of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in the animal kingdom: a system named doubly uniparental inheritance (DUI), which is found in several bivalve species. Why and how such a radically different system of mitochondrial transmission evolved in bivalve remains obscure. Obtaining a more complete taxonomic distribution of DUI in the Bivalvia may help to better understand its origin and function. In this study we provide evidence for the presence of sex-linked heteroplasmy (thus the possible presence of DUI) in two bivalve species, i.e., the nuculanoidYoldia hyperborea(Gould, 1841)and the veneroidScrobicularia plana(Da Costa,1778), increasing the number of families in which DUI has been found by two. An update on the taxonomic distribution of DUI in the Bivalvia is also presented.
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Renaud, Claude B., Klaus L. E. Kaiser, Michael E. Comba, and Janice L. Metcalfe-Smith. "Comparison between lamprey ammocoetes and bivalve molluscs as biomonitors of organochlorine contaminants." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 52, no. 2 (February 1, 1995): 276–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f95-028.
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Lamprey ammocoetes were determined to be as suitable as adult bivalve molluscs for monitoring persistent organochlorine contaminants in the freshwater environment. Ammocoetes of four lamprey species and adults of three bivalve mollusc species, collected from the same seven rivers of the St. Lawrence River basin in Québec, were assayed for 21 organochlorine pesticides and for polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners. All organochlorine compounds assayed were detected in one or more of the 15 lamprey samples whereas Aldrin, β-BHC, and PCB congeners 1, 3, 12(13), 29, 54, 189, 191, and 199 were not detected in any of the nine bivalve samples. Nine pesticides (Aldrin, Dieldrin, γ-BHC, α-Chlordane, γ-Chlordane, o,p′-DDD, p,p′-DDD, p,p′-DDT, and a-Endosulfan) had higher concentrations in the lampreys. PCB congeners 167(185) and 209 had higher concentrations in bivalves. PCBs accounted for 96.6–99.4% of the organochlorine lipid burden in bivalves, but only 33.4–76.8% in lampreys. On average, ammocoetes had 44 times more lipids per body dry weight than did bivalves. The differences observed in concentrations and types of organochlorine compounds found in the two taxa may be due to differences in the amounts (observed) and types (postulated) of body lipids they each possess.
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Mapes, Royal H., and E. J. Benstock. "Color pattern on the Carboniferous bivalve Streblochondria? Newell." Journal of Paleontology 62, no. 3 (May 1988): 439–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000059217.
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This report describes a previously unknown chevron color pattern preserved on the Carboniferous bivalve Streblochondria? and discusses the significance of color patterns on Paleozoic bivalves as a group. Analysis of Paleozoic color pattern distribution suggests that the appearance of predators in the Devonian may have influenced preferential evolutionary selection for the development of color patterns in bivalves.
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Gense, Kristina, Verena Peterseil, Alma Licina, Martin Wagner, Margit Cichna-Markl, Stefanie Dobrovolny, and Rupert Hochegger. "Development of a DNA Metabarcoding Method for the Identification of Bivalve Species in Seafood Products." Foods 10, no. 11 (October 28, 2021): 2618. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10112618.
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The production of bivalve species has been increasing in the last decades. In spite of strict requirements for species declaration, incorrect labelling of bivalve products has repeatedly been detected. We present a DNA metabarcoding method allowing the identification of bivalve species belonging to the bivalve families Mytilidae (mussels), Pectinidae (scallops), and Ostreidae (oysters) in foodstuffs. The method, developed on Illumina instruments, targets a 150 bp fragment of mitochondrial 16S rDNA. We designed seven primers (three primers for mussel species, two primers for scallop species and a primer pair for oyster species) and combined them in a triplex PCR assay. In each of eleven reference samples, the bivalve species was identified correctly. In ten DNA extract mixtures, not only the main component (97.0–98.0%) but also the minor components (0.5–1.5%) were detected correctly, with only a few exceptions. The DNA metabarcoding method was found to be applicable to complex and processed foodstuffs, allowing the identification of bivalves in, e.g., marinated form, in sauces, in seafood mixes and even in instant noodle seafood. The method is highly suitable for food authentication in routine analysis, in particular in combination with a DNA metabarcoding method for mammalian and poultry species published recently.
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Kholmogorova, N. V., A. G. Mikhailova, and N. B. Ovchankova. "BIVALVE MOLLUSCS (BIVALVIA: UNIONIDAE, DREISSENIDAE, SPHAERIIDAE) OF UDMURTIA." Bulletin of Udmurt University. Series Biology. Earth Sciences 31, no. 4 (December 30, 2021): 378–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2412-9518-2021-31-4-378-393.
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The results of the studies of fauna of bivalve molluscs of Udmurt Republic are summarized. The annotated check-list of species of bivalve molluscs of the waterbodies of Udmurtiya is presented. After examination of own collections and critical assessment of published data, 26 species of bivalves from 74 localities (14 rivers, 2 reservoirs, 8 pounds and 2 oxbow lakes) have been included into the final list. In studied region 11 species of bivalves are recorded for the first time. From the zoogeographical point of view most species belong to the European-Siberian faunistic group (46 %), also a considerable part of fauna are European species (26,9% of overall species composition), which are located in the region at the Eastern border of the range.
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Beran, Luboš. "Vodní měkkýši dolního toku Chrudimky – jediná lokalita Unio crassus v Pardubickém kraji? [Aquatic molluscs of the lower stretch of the Chrudimka River – the only site of Unio crassus in Pardubice Region?]." Malacologica Bohemoslovaca 15 (December 23, 2016): 30–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/mab2016-15-30.
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This paper presents results of a malacological survey of the Chrudimka River between the town of Chrudim and the junction with the Labe (Elbe) River; the territory of the Dolní Chrudimka Site of Community Importance (SCI). Twenty-three species of aquatic molluscs (11 gastropods and 12 bivalves) were found at 21 sites during the research in 2013, 2015 and 2016. The occurrence of a population of rare bivalve Pseudanodonta complanata was recorded in the lower stretch. The research was focused on the population of the endangered bivalve Unio crassus which occurrence was confirmed at nine sites, however its population density was always low. The Chrudimka site is nowadays the only site with the occurrence of this bivalve known in Pardubice Region (Czech Republic, Eastern Bohemia).
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Richard, M., F. Forget, A. Mignucci, S. Mortreux, P. Le Gall, MD Callier, AM Weise, CW McKindsey, and J. Bourjea. "Farmed bivalve loss due to seabream predation in the French Mediterranean Prevost Lagoon." Aquaculture Environment Interactions 12 (December 3, 2020): 529–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/aei00383.
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Bivalve predation by seabream has been observed worldwide and is a major concern for bivalve farmers. Farmed bivalve-seabream interactions must be better understood to ensure the sustainability of bivalve aquaculture. The objectives of this study were to characterize gilthead seabream Sparus aurata presence in a bivalve farm in Prevost Lagoon (Mediterranean Sea) using acoustic telemetry and to evaluate monthly losses of mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis and oysters Crassostrea gigas due to seabream predation over an 18 mo period inside the farm and at an unprotected experimental platform. Large (281 to 499 mm TL) seabream were more commonly detected in the bivalve farm than were small (200 to 280 mm TL) seabream. In contrast to small seabream, 90% of large seabream returned to and spent extended periods in the study area the following year, suggesting inter-annual site fidelity for large fish that used the bivalve farm as a feeding site. Signs of predation were observed on mussels and oysters throughout the year at the unprotected experimental platform. Farmers noted losses in the farm from April to September. Maximal losses (90 to 100%) were observed post-oyster ‘sticking’ and mussel socking. Despite the deployment of nets as mechanical protection to reduce predation, oyster losses represented 28% of the annual value of oysters sold while mussel losses were estimated at ca. 1%. These results suggest that bivalves must be protected by nets throughout the year to avoid predation, particularly post-handling. A collaboration between shellfish farmers and fishermen could be a sustainable solution for bivalve farming, by regularly fishing for seabream in farms, between tables and inside protective nets.
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Sharov, A. N., T. B. Zaytseva, and N. G. Medvedeva. "Responses of <i>Unio pictorum</i> to the Presence of Toxic and Non-Toxic Strains of <i>Microcystis aeruginosa</i>." Биология внутренних вод, no. 6 (November 1, 2023): 876–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0320965223060293.
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In order to assess the impact of cyanobacteria on mollusks under experimental conditions, the interaction of toxic and non-toxic strains of cyanobacteria Microcystis aeruginosa (Kützing) Kützing and bivalve mollusks Unio pictorum (L., 1758) was studied. Cyanobacteria have a negative effect on bivalve mollusks: 40% death of mollusks and deterioration of their adaptive capacity were recorded when co-cultivated with M. aeruginosa at a high cell concentration. At the same time, there was no difference in the mortality of mollusks incubated with toxic and non-toxic cyanobacteria. A decrease in the content of microcystin LR in the presence of bivalves was revealed. No statistically significant increase in the number of cyanobacteria in the water was noted after transit passage through the digestive system of bivalves.
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Newton, Cathryn R., Michael T. Whalen, Joel B. Thompson, Nienke Prins, and David Delalla. "Systematics and Paleoecology of Norian (Late Triassic) Bivalves from a Tropical Island Arc: Wallowa Terrane, Oregon." Journal of Paleontology 61, S22 (July 1987): 1–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000060881.
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Early Norian silicified bivalves from Hells Canyon in the Wallowa terrane of northeastern Oregon are part of a rich molluscan biota associated with a tropical island arc. The Hells Canyon locality preserves lenses of silicified shells formed as tempestites in a shallow subtidal carbonate environment. These shell assemblages are parautochthonous and reflect local, rather than long-distance, transport. Silicification at this locality involved small-scale replacement of original calcareous microstructures, or small-scale replacement of neomorphosed shells, without an intervening phase of moldic porosity. This incremental replacement of carbonate by silica contrasts markedly with void-filling silicification textures reported previously from silicified Permian bivalve assemblages.The bivalve paleoecology of this site indicates a suspension feeding biota existing on and within the interstices of coral-spongiomorph thickets, and inhabiting laterally adjacent substrates of peloidal carbonate sand. The bivalve fauna is ecologically congruent with the reef-dwelling molluscs associated with Middle Triassic sponge-coral buildups in the Cassian Formation of the Dolomites (Fuersich and Wendt, 1977). Hells Canyon is a particularly important early Norian locality because of the diversity of substrate types and because the site includes many first occurrences of bivalves in the North American Cordillera. These first occurrences include the first documentation of the important epifaunal families Pectinidae and Terquemiidae in Triassic rocks of the North American Cordillera.The large number of biogeographic and geochronologic range extensions discovered in this single tropical Norian biota indicates that use of literature-based range data for Late Triassic bivalves may be very hazardous. Many bivalve taxa formerly thought to have gone extinct in Karnian time have now been documented from Norian strata in this arc terrane. These range extensions, coupled with the high bivalve species richness of the Hells Canyon site, suggest that the Karnian mass extinction in several literature-based compilations may be an artifact of incomplete sampling. Even for the Norian, present compilations of molluscan extinction may have an unacceptably large artifactual component.Thirty-five bivalve taxa from the Hells Canyon locality are discussed. Of these, seven are new: the mytilid Mysidiella cordillerana n. sp., the limacean Antiquilima vallieri n. sp., the true oyster Liostrea newelli n. sp., the pectinacean Crenamussium concentricum n. gen. and sp., the unioid Cardinioides josephus n. sp., the trigoniacean Erugonia canyonensis n. gen. and sp., and the carditacean Palaeocardita silberlingi n. sp.
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Reitan, Trond, and Lee Hsiang Liow. "An unknown Phanerozoic driver of brachiopod extinction rates unveiled by multivariate linear stochastic differential equations." Paleobiology 43, no. 4 (June 28, 2017): 537–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/pab.2017.11.
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AbstractWhether the evolutionary dynamics of one group of organisms influence that of another group of organisms over the vast timescale of the geological record is a difficult question to tackle. This is not least because multiple factors can influence or mask the effects of potential driving forces on evolutionary dynamics of the focal group. Here, we show how an approach amenable to causality inference for time series, linear stochastic differential equations (SDEs), can be used in a multivariate fashion to shed light on driving forces of diversification dynamics across the Phanerozoic. Using a new, enhanced stepwise search algorithm, we searched through hundreds of models to converge on a model that best describes the dynamic relationships that drove brachiopod and bivalve diversification rates. Using this multivariate framework, we characterized a slow process (half-life of c. 42 Myr) that drove brachiopod extinction. This slow process has yet to be identified from the geological record. Using our new framework for analyzing multiple linear SDEs, we also corroborate our previous findings that bivalve extinction drove brachiopod origination in the sense that brachiopods tended to diversify at a greater rate when bivalves were removed from the system. It is also very likely that bivalves “self-regulate” in the sense that bivalve extinctions also paved the way for higher bivalve origination rates. Multivariate linear SDEs as we presented them here are likely useful for studying other dynamic systems whose signatures are preserved in the paleontological record.
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Fraiser, Margaret L., and David J. Bottjer. "When bivalves took over the world." Paleobiology 33, no. 3 (2007): 397–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0094837300026361.
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AbstractThe end-Permian mass extinction is commonly portrayed not only as a massive biodiversity crisis but also as the time when marine benthic faunas changed from the Paleozoic Fauna, dominated by rhynchonelliform brachiopod taxa, to the Modern Fauna, dominated by gastropod and bivalve taxa. After the end-Permian mass extinction, scenarios involving the Mesozoic Marine Revolution portray a steady increase in numerical dominance by these benthic molluscs as largely due to the evolutionary effects of an “arms race.” We report here a new global paleoecological database from study of shell beds that shows a dramatic geologically sudden earliest Triassic takeover by bivalves as numerical dominants in level-bottom benthic marine communities, which continued through the Early Triassic. Three bivalve genera were responsible for this switch, none of which has any particular morphological features to distinguish it from many typical Paleozoic bivalve genera. The numerical success of these Early Triassic bivalves cannot be attributed to any of the well-known morphological evolutionary innovations of post-Paleozoic bivalves that characterize the Mesozoic Marine Revolution. Rather, their ability to mount this takeover most likely was due to the large extinction of rhynchonelliform brachiopods during the end-Permian mass extinction and aided by their environmental distribution and physiological characteristics that enabled them to thrive during periods of oceanic and atmospheric stress during the Permian/Triassic transition.
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Fraiser, Margaret L., and David J. Bottjer. "When bivalves took over the world." Paleobiology 33, no. 3 (2007): 397–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/05072.1.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThe end-Permian mass extinction is commonly portrayed not only as a massive biodiversity crisis but also as the time when marine benthic faunas changed from the Paleozoic Fauna, dominated by rhynchonelliform brachiopod taxa, to the Modern Fauna, dominated by gastropod and bivalve taxa. After the end-Permian mass extinction, scenarios involving the Mesozoic Marine Revolution portray a steady increase in numerical dominance by these benthic molluscs as largely due to the evolutionary effects of an “arms race.” We report here a new global paleoecological database from study of shell beds that shows a dramatic geologically sudden earliest Triassic takeover by bivalves as numerical dominants in level-bottom benthic marine communities, which continued through the Early Triassic. Three bivalve genera were responsible for this switch, none of which has any particular morphological features to distinguish it from many typical Paleozoic bivalve genera. The numerical success of these Early Triassic bivalves cannot be attributed to any of the well-known morphological evolutionary innovations of post-Paleozoic bivalves that characterize the Mesozoic Marine Revolution. Rather, their ability to mount this takeover most likely was due to the large extinction of rhynchonelliform brachiopods during the end-Permian mass extinction and aided by their environmental distribution and physiological characteristics that enabled them to thrive during periods of oceanic and atmospheric stress during the Permian/Triassic transition.
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Fürsich, Franz T., Matthias Alberti, Dhirendra K. Pandey, and Wagih S. Ayoub-Hannaa. "Jurassic bivalves from the Spiti area of the Himalayas, northern India." Zitteliana 96 (August 11, 2022): 153–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zitteliana.96.87253.
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The present study describes and illustrates six bivalve taxa from the Early Bathonian to Early Callovian Ferruginous Oolite Formation and 24 taxa from the Callovian to basal-most Cretaceous Spiti Shale Formation of the Spiti and Zanskar areas in the Indian Himalayas. The Spiti Shale Formation contains a low-diversity bivalve fauna that is concentrated in few horizons, particularly in the lower member of the formation. With few exceptions, the bivalves are poorly preserved. Bivalve taxa recorded by earlier studies are revised wherever possible. Several of the taxa, most of which are from mid- to outer shelf environments, are characteristic of the south-eastern margin of the Neotethys, but some are also closely related to forms occurring in Kachchh, a rift basin situated at the western margin of the Indian Craton.