Academic literature on the topic 'Bituminous rank coal beds'
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Journal articles on the topic "Bituminous rank coal beds"
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Sherwani, Govand. "Preliminary Evaluation of Quality and Rank of Banik Coal, Zakho, Duhok Governorate, Kurdistan Region, Iraq." UKH Journal of Science and Engineering 5, no. 2 (December 28, 2021): 36–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.25079/ukhjse.v5n2y2021.pp36-46.
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This study aims to evaluate the rank (or grade) and economic value of so–called coal horizons outcropping in the vicinity of Banik and Shiranish-Islam villages of Zakho District, Duhok Governorate. These coal-like beds (locally known as Banik Coal) make up few meters within the upper part of the Jurassic Naokelekan Formation. The evaluation was mainly based on standard chemical tests of coal (proximate and ultimate analyses) achieved in foreign and local laboratories. The test results were assessed according to the standard coal tests introduced by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). The latest stratigraphic studies revealed that the presumable coal horizons were thin beds of limestone and dolomitic limestone alternated with frequent shales all impregnated with bituminous materials, mostly of hydrocarbon source. The bituminous beds were traced in both upper and lower parts of Naokelekan Formation. The standard proximate coal analysis has shown low percent of fixed carbon and high percent of volatiles and ash which support the hydrocarbon source of these bituminous beds. Consequently, it would be difficult to classify these bituminous beds similarly to the standard coal ranks of ASTM. The high values of mineral matter display the dominance of minerals rather than the carbon in the local samples. However, the Gross Calorific Value (heating value) of these beds would imply that they can be used as relatively poor quality source of fuel. Besides, the exploitation of Banik coals would be influenced by the cost of extraction (or mining), the expected prices of produced coal, and the prices of alternative sources of energy.
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Adamczyk, Zdzisław, Joanna Komorek, and Małgorzata Lewandowska. "SPECIFIC TYPES OF COAL MACERALS FROM ORZESZE AND RUDA BEDS FROM ”PNIÓWEK” COAL MINE (UPPER SILESIAN COAL BASIN – POLAND) AS A MANIFESTATION OF THERMAL METAMORPHISM." Archives of Mining Sciences 59, no. 1 (March 1, 2014): 77–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amsc-2014-0006.
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Abstract Subject of the research were coal samples from the seams of Orzesze and Ruda beds from “Pniówek” coal mine. All samples represent methabituminous coal B, which present high vitrinite content (V mmf > 60%). Optical character of vitrinite from all analyzed coal samples is biaxial negative and it is characterized by low differentiation of bireflectance. The experiments have shown that the coal rank of investigated samples is generally decreasing with increasing both depth of coal seams and the distance between sampling point and the Carboniferous roof. It may suggests inversion of coalification. Specific types of macerals, typical for thermally metamorphosed coals have been found for all analysed coal samples. It was found, presence of such components like: fluorescing bituminous substance (FBS) filling of cellular spaces in semifusinite, fusinite, and funginite; pseudomorphs after megaspores exhibiting strong bireflectance, and anisotropic semifusinite. Petrographic components with a structure similar to structure of coke and pyrolytic carbon were observed rarely. Presence of colotelinite grains which are visible darker, impregnated with bituminous substance and exhibiting weak fluorescence may be related with influence of temperature on coal. Carbonates occur as filling of cellular spaces in semifusinite, in examined coal samples and there are the effect of thermal alteration of coal.
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Morcote, Anyela, Gary Mavko, and Manika Prasad. "Dynamic elastic properties of coal." GEOPHYSICS 75, no. 6 (November 2010): E227—E234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.3508874.
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Laboratory ultrasonic velocity measurements of different types of coal demonstrate that their dynamic elastic properties depend on coal rank and applied effective pressure. In spite of the growing interest in coal beds as targets for methane production, the high abundance in sedimentary sequences and the strong influence that they have on seismic response, little data are available on the acoustic properties of coal. Velocities were measured in core plugs parallel and perpendicular to lamination surfaces as a function of confining pressure up to [Formula: see text] in loading and unloading cycles. P- and S-wave velocities and dry bulk and dry shear moduli increase as coal rank increases. Thus, bituminous coal and cannel show lower velocities and moduli than higher ranked coals such as semianthracite and anthracite. The [Formula: see text] relationship for dry samples is linear and covers a relatively wide range of effective pressures and coal ranks. However, there is a pressure dependence on the elastic properties of coal for confining pressures below [Formula: see text]. This pressure sensitivity is related to the presence of microcracks. Finally, the data show that coal has an intrinsic anisotropy at confining pressures above [Formula: see text], the closing pressure for most of the microcracks. This intrinsic anisotropy at high pressures might be due to fine lamination and preferred orientation of the macerals.
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Anand-Prakash. "Himalayan coals: their nature, composition, formation and rank." Journal of Palaeosciences 40 (December 31, 1991): 477–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.54991/jop.1991.1795.
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The results of maceral, microlithotype and reflectance analyses, so far carried out on the Palaeozoic (Permian) and Tertiary coals of Himalaya, have been presented along with the details of geological and chemical (proximate) studies. The Permian coals, enclosed in the sediments dispersed as thrust slices in the eastern Himalaya, are characterized by their high rank and the dominance of the maceral vitrinite. In general, these coals are classified as semianthracite, except for the Bhutan coals which are of low rank and high volatile bituminous in nature. Almost all the macerals contain fairly high amount of mineral matter. Finely disseminated argillaceous matter is the most common mineral suite present in the coals followed by carbonates and iron sulphide (pyrite). In most of the cases, the mineral matter is present as infillings in numerous sets of fissures which traverses the coals. These infillings seem to have been developed during the tectonic activity and represent secondary minerals impregnated in various macerals. Often the presence of high amount of mineral matter has greatly reduced the quality of coal. Besides, the marine animal fossil-bearing mineral concretions (coal balls) have indicated that these coals were formed in a series of lagoons under the influence of marine conditions.
The Upper Tertiary coals, associated with the Tipam sediments in the eastern Himalaya, occur as small lenses, very thin impersistent seams and pockets which are characterized by the dominance of maceral vitrinite. It is generally represented by the structured variety (telinite). In general, the cellular structures indicate that these coals have been formed by the burial of wood logs in the fluvial sediments. An important feature of telinite is the presence of folded tissues which attain prominence in the coals occurring closer to the main boundary faults. The coals in this area exhibit lignite-bituminous stage in rank and are comparable to the Mesozoic coals in peninsular India. This stage in rank has been possible mainly due to the tectonic disturbances.
The Lower Tertiary coals of Jammu area are the only economically workable deposits in the Himalayas. These are associated with the beds containing marine animal remains. This indicates that coal formation took place under near-shore environment. These coals are comparable to the Permian coals of the eastern Himalayas. They are also rich in maceral vitrinite and semianthracitic in rank. Such a high rank of these Tertiary coals may be attributed to the effect of tectonic movements in the Himalayan areas.
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Sarate, O. S. "Biopetrological study of Mulug coal belt, Godavari Basin, Andhra Pradesh, India." Journal of Palaeosciences 43, no. 1-3 (December 31, 1994): 51–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.54991/jop.1994.1187.
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Biopetrological investigation of 12 coal seams from Mulug coal belt of Godawari Basin has been carried OUID evaluate their economic potentials. The coal seams are associated with the Karharbari and Barakar of the Lower Gondwana sequence. The maceral study has revealed that seams IV A, IV , 111 B, II, I below index, I and IA contain vitric coal. However, IV below index, III and I B seams are characterized by a mixture of both vtric and fusic coals. Besides, III A and II below index seams contain fusic coal. The microlithotype analysis indicates that the vitric coal has the dominance of vitrite, clarite and duroclarite constituents. The mixed type of coal contains variable frequencies of vitrite and inertite with intimate association of clarite, durite, trimacerite and carbominerite microlithotypes. However, fusic coal has overall dominance of inertite with carbominerite. The reflectance study revealed that I B, I and I below index, IV below index and the lowermost IV A seams have attained high volatile bituminous C rank. Whereas coal of II below index seam is represented by transitional stage of rank between high volatile bituminous C and sub-bituminous A. the coal seams III B and III A contain coal of high volatile bituminous B rank. However, the seams III and II are characterized by coal having rank ranging between high volatile bituminous C to B. Seam I A contains coal of high volatile bituminous C to A rank. However, seam IV comprises coal having reached high volatile bituminous A stage.
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Li, Mingxue, Yonghan Long, Lucheng Guo, Shipan Zeng, Jiacheng Li, and Lei Zhang. "An Experimental Study on CO2 Displacing CH4 Effects of Different Rank Coals." Geofluids 2022 (October 15, 2022): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6822908.
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In order to study the effect of different rank coals on the displacement of CH4 by CO2 and prevent the gas-related disasters, a series of experiments were carried out. For this purpose, we selected low-rank lignite raw from Datong coalfield of Shanxi Province, medium-rank bituminous coal raw from Xutuan coalfield of Anhui Province, and high-rank anthracite raw coal from Yangquan coalfield of Shanxi Province. The results showed that (1) the shape of the displacement adsorption curve of the mixed gas and the shape of the single-dimensional adsorption curve of the pure gas are both steep at the beginning, with the increase of the pressure, the curve becomes more and more gentle. The difference is that it is lower than the single-dimensional gas adsorption curve. (2) The separation factor in the coal samples used in the experiment shows a trend of first decreasing and then increasing with the decrease of coal rank. The displacement factor has the same trend as the separation factor of each coal rank, which is Z i j anthracite > Z i j lignite > Z i j bituminous coal . (3) The amount of displaced CH4 in the displacement/adsorption process has enhanced with the increase in pressure, and the trend for different coals is Q Z bituminous coal > Q Z anthracite > Q Z lignite . In addition, displacement showed the order ƞ lignite > ƞ anthracite > ƞ bituminous coal . The injection ratio of bituminous coal and anthracite decrease with the increase in pressure, while that of lignite increase first and later decreased. (4) In gas injection displacement, on the long time, the displacement effect of high coal rank is better than that of low coal rank.
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Sarate, O. S. "Biopetrological study of coals from Ramagundam coalfield, Godavari basin, Andhra Pradesh, India." Journal of Palaeosciences 43, no. 1-3 (December 31, 1994): 122–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.54991/jop.1994.1195.
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A detailed petrographic study of eight coal seams from Ramagundam Coalfield, Andhra Pradesh is presented here. The top section of the coal seam I A, I, II, III A, III and IV contains workable thickness. Reflectance study has revealed that the seams IA (middle), III B, III A, III (top) and IV contain coal of high volatile bituminous C rank. Coal seams I A (top and bottom parts), I, II and III (middle) seams/part thereof are constituted by alternate coal bands of high volatile bituminous C and high volatile bituminous B rank. Besides, coal seam III and coal bands present below I seam have attained intermediate stage (high volatile bituminous C to sub-bituminous A) and high volatile bituminous C rank. Index seam is represented by coal of high volatile bituminous C and intermediate stage of the rank. The maceral study has revealed that the different seams are characterized mostly by the dominance of collinite maceral. Occasionally cracks in the vitrinite bands are filled either by clay or pyrite (grains/framboids) inerals. Exinite is represented by the microspore and megaspores of variable shape and size, sporangia, seeds, resin bodies, tenui and crassi-cutinites and algal elements. Inertinite Group is characterized by fusinite, semifusinite, inertodetrinite, sclerotinite and pyro-and degrade-fusinite macerals. Transition from vitrinite to semifusinite and semifusinite to fusinite is frequently observed. The microlithtype analysis has shown that the shaly coal, bright and dull coal have characteristic composition. These coals have been grouped under three categories as vitric, fusic and mixed (vitro-fusic and fuso-vitric) type. It is inferred that the sight of deposition has been a tectonically controlled slowly sinking basin.
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Liu, Sheng Yu, and Hong Zhi Lu. "Research of Low Rank Bituminous Coal Heat Treating and Hydrogenation Upgrading." Advanced Materials Research 347-353 (October 2011): 3740–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.347-353.3740.
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This paper developments the research of improving the plasticity of low rank bituminous coal. The purpose is to improve the caking property of low rank bituminous coal and expand coking coal resources. The hydrothermal treatment, co-pyrolysis adding waste plastic and hydrogenation processing are chosen to process low rank bituminous coal. Several means including FTIR spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, gas chromatographic(GC) and caking index are used to analyze the treated coal and generated gas products. The results show that the carboxyl groups of coal are removed after hydrothermal treatment, and the intensity of hydroxyl absorption increases. The oxygen-containing functional groups except hydroxyl groups of coal are removed after hydrogenation. The hydrogenation has obvious effects on the changes of coal structure. The reactivity and caking property of hydrotreated coal increases significantly, the indexes of coke quality of hydrotreated coal is measured to reach 16. The co-pyrolysis hydrogenation of plastic and coal results show that coal can prevent the thermal decomposition products of plastics from escaping. The caking index of hydrotreated coal with plastic is much same as that of hydrotreated coal. The addition of plastic in hydrogenation processing can not directly improve the coal plasticity.
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Qin, Dingyi, Qianyun Chen, Jing Li, and Zhaohui Liu. "Effects of Pressure and Coal Rank on the Oxy-Fuel Combustion of Pulverized Coal." Energies 15, no. 1 (December 31, 2021): 265. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15010265.
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Pressurized oxy-fuel combustion technology is the second generation of oxy-fuel combustion technology and has low energy consumption and low cost. In this research, a visual pressurized flat-flame reaction system was designed. A particle-tracking image pyrometer (PTIP) system based on a high-speed camera and an SLR camera was proposed. Combining the experimental system and data-processing method developed, the ignition and combustion characteristics of a single coal particle between 69 and 133 μm in size were investigated. The results indicated that at atmospheric pressure, the ignition delay time of ShanXi (SX) anthracite coal was longer than that of ShenHua (SH) bituminous coal, while that of PRB sub-bituminous coal was the shortest. As the pressure rose, the ignition delay time of the PRB sub-bituminous coal and SX anthracite coal showed a continuous increasing trend, while the ignition delay time of SH bituminous coal showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing. Moreover, pressure also affects the pyrolysis process of coal. As the pressure increases, it became more difficult to release the volatiles produced by coal pyrolysis, which reduced the release rate of volatiles during the ignition stage, and prolonged the release time and burning duration time of volatiles.
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Kopparthi, V., and S. R. Gollahalli. "Nitric Oxide Emission From Pulverized Coal Blend Flames." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 117, no. 3 (September 1, 1995): 228–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2835345.
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An experimental study of the nitric oxide emission from pulverized blended coal flames as a function of blending mass ratio is presented. Coals of three ranks (anthracite, bituminous, and lignite), and of the same rank (bituminous), but of different origin (Oklahoma and Wyoming mines), were used as fuels. Also, their blends (anthracite-bituminous, anthracite-lignite, lignite-bituminous, and Oklahoma-Wyoming coals) at mass ratios of 20:80, 40:60, 60:40, and 80:20 were studied. Correlations of nitric oxide emission index (mass/unit energy release) with blend mass ratio are presented.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Bituminous rank coal beds"
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Butland, Caroline. "Coal seam gas associations in the Huntly, Ohai and Greymouth regions, New Zealand." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Geological Sciences, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1304.
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Coal seam gas has been recognised as a new, potential energy resource in New Zealand. Exploration and assessment programmes carried out by various companies have evaluated the resource and indicated that this unconventional gas may form a part of New Zealand's future energy supply. This study has delineated some of the controls between coal properties and gas content in coal seams in selected New Zealand locations. Four coal cores, one from Huntly (Eocene), two from Ohai (Cretaceous) and one from Greymouth (Cretaceous), have been sampled and analysed in terms of gas content and coal properties. Methods used include proximate, sulphur and calorifc value analyses; ash constituent determination; rank assessment; macroscopic analysis; mineralogical analysis; maceral analysis; and gas analyses (desorption, adsorption, gas quality and gas isotopes). Coal cores varied in rank from sub-bituminous B-A (Huntly); sub-bituminous C-A (Ohai); and high volatile bituminous A (Greymouth). All locations contained high vitrinite content (~85 %) with overall relatively low mineral matter observed in most samples. Mineral matter consisted of both detrital grains (quartz in matrix material) and infilling pores and fractures (clays in fusinite pores; carbonates in fractures). Average gas contents were 1.6 m3/t in the Huntly core, 4.7 m3/t in the Ohai cores, and 2.35 m3/t in the Greymouth core. The Ohai core contained more gas and was more saturated than the other cores. Carbon isotopes indicated that the Ohai gas composition was more mature, containing heavier 13C isotopes than either the Huntly or Greymouth gas samples. This indicates the gas was derived from a mixed biogenic and thermogenic source. The Huntly and Greymouth gases appear to be derived from a biogenic (by CO2 reduction) source. The ash yield proved to be the dominant control on gas volume in all locations when the ash yield was above 10 %. Below 10 % the amount of gas variation is unrelated to ash yield. Although organic content had some influence on gas volume, associations were basin and /or rank dependant. In the Huntly core total gas content and structured vitrinite increased together. Although this relationship did not appear in the other cores, in the Ohai SC3 core lost gas and fusinite are associated with each other, while desmocollinite (unstructured vitrinite) correlated positively with residual gas in the Greymouth core. Although it is generally accepted that higher rank coals will have higher adsorption capacities, this was not seen in this data set. Although the lowest rank coal (Huntly) contains the lowest adsorption capacity, the highest adsorption capacity was not seen in the highest rank coal (Greymouth), but in the Ohai coal instead. The Ohai core acted like a higher rank coal with respect to the Greymouth coal, in terms of adsorption capacity, isotopic signatures and gas volume. Two hypothesis can be used to explain these results: (1) That a thermogenically derived gas migrated from down-dip of the SC3 and SC1 drill holes and saturated the section. (2) Rank measurements (e.g. proximate analyses) have a fairly wide variance in both the Greymouth and Ohai coal cores, thus it maybe feasible that the Ohai cores may be higher rank coal than the Greymouth coal core. Although the second hypothesis may explain the adsorption capacity, isotopic signatures and the gas volume, when the data is plotted on a Suggate rank curve, the Ohai coal core is clearly lower rank than the Greymouth core. Thus, pending additional data, the first hypothesis is favoured.
Book chapters on the topic "Bituminous rank coal beds"
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Dwivedi, Krishna Kant, Prabhansu, A. K. Pramanick, M. K. Karmakar, and P. K. Chatterjee. "Indian Sub-bituminous and Low-Rank Coal Gasification Experiments in a Circulating Fluidized Bed Gasifier Under Air Atmosphere." In Advances in Mechanical Engineering, 777–84. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0124-1_70.
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KOLAK, J., and R. BURRUS. "The effect of coal rank on the physicochemical interactions between coal and CO2-implications for CO2 storage in coal beds." In Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies 7, 2233–37. Elsevier, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-008044704-9/50308-6.
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Grady, William C., Cortland F. Eble, and Sandra G. Neuzil. "Brown coal maceral distributions in a modern domed tropical Indonesian peat and a comparison with maceral distributions in Middle Pennsylvanian–age Appalachian bituminous coal beds." In Geological Society of America Special Papers, 63–82. Geological Society of America, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/spe286-p63.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Bituminous rank coal beds"
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Giuffrida, Antonio. "Impact of Low-Rank Coal on Air-Blown IGCC Performance." In ASME Turbo Expo 2014: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2014-26843.
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This paper presents simulation results of air-blown coal gasification-based combined cycles when using low-rank coals, by means of a previously realized thermodynamic model. In detail, besides considering a sub-bituminous coal, attention is also paid to a brown coal, pre-dried to reduce its high moisture content. When gasifying a sub-bituminous as received coal the results highlight a slight reduction in IGCC LHV efficiency, with an absolute difference less than 1 percentage point if compared to the case with bituminous coal. This result is accomplished with an increase in net power output (almost 8 percentage points). As concerns the brown coal, a pre-drying before gasification is considered because of its significant moisture content (65 wt%). In particular, three cases with different pre-drying levels are analyzed, with the highest residual moisture content limited to 30 wt%. Even considering an energy-saving technology as the fluidized bed dryer with integrated waste heat recovery, the specific demand for coal drying amounts to 2.1–2.3 percentage points referred to the (pre-dried) coal thermal input, seriously affecting both the final IGCC efficiency and its power output in comparison with the case of bituminous coal. Higher residual moisture in coal leads to lower IGCC efficiency, whereas the net power is always less than the one delivered by the plant with the sub-bituminous coal. However, comparing the cases with sub-bituminous coal and brown coal with the minimum moisture content (10 wt%), LHV and HHV efficiencies present opposite trends, since HHV efficiency for the case with brown coal is even better than with sub-bituminous coal.
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Rosfjord, T. J. "Staged Combustor Evaluation of Low Rank Coal Fuels." In ASME 1988 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/88-gt-91.
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The combustion characteristics of fuels derived from low rank, coals have been evaluated at firing conditions representative of an industrial gas turbine engine. Data have been acquired for five fuels containing sub-bituminous coal and one using a lignite. The sub-bituminous fuels were coal-water mixtures differing in either the coal processing or coal loading. One slurry was based on minimally-processed coal which contained relatively high ash and internal moisture levels; the coal loading was limited to 42 pct to sustain acceptable handling. The other four slurries presented different loading of an improved-quality form of the same parent coal; slurry loadings up to 55 pct were achieved, providing nearly 50-pct greater heating value than the minimally-processed fuel. The lignite coal was also processed to produce an improved-quality slurry. Attempts to deliver and combust powdered, sub-bituminous coal were not successful. All tests were performed in a combustor configured to achieve geometrically separated zones of fuel-rich and fuel-lean combustion. Test results indicated a lower limit of fuel energy density as necessary to sustain stable combustion; efficiencies greater than 95 pct were only achieved for improved-quality fuels. The staged combustor approach again demonstrated its ability to control the conversion of fuel-bound nitrogen to NOx as concentrations down to 40 ppm (15 pct 02) were recorded.
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Messerle, V. E., A. B. Ustimenko, N. A. Slavinskaya, and U. Riedel. "Influence of Coal Rank on the Process of Plasma Aided Gasification." In ASME Turbo Expo 2012: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2012-68701.
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This paper describes numerical and experimental investigations of coal gasification in a combined arc-plasma entrained flow gasifier. The experimental installation is intended to operate in the electric power range of 30–100 kW, mass averaged temperature 1800–4000 K, coal dust consumption 3–10 kg·h−1 and gas-oxidant flow 0.5–15 kg·h−1. The numerical experiments were conducted using the PLASMA-COAL computer code. It was designed for computation of the processes in plasma gasifiers. This code is based on a one-dimensional model, which describes the two-phase chemically reacting flow with an internal plasma source. The thermo-chemical conversion of the oxidizer-coal mixture is described through formation of primary volatile products, their conversion in the gas phase and the coke residue gasification reactions. Kazakhstan Ekibastuz bituminous coal of 40% ash content, Germany Saarland bituminous coal of 10.5% ash content and 14% ash content bituminous coal from the Middleburg opencast mines, South Africa, were used for the investigation. Performed investigations demonstrate that regardless of the coal quality the plasma assisted coal gasification allows obtaining a pure synthesis gas at a ratio of H2:CO≥1.
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Estejab, Bahareh, and Francine Battaglia. "Modeling of Coal-Biomass Fluidization Using Computational Fluid Dynamics." In ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-63339.
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In an effort to assess the fluidization characteristics of coal-biomass mixtures, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was used and validated. The gas and solids phases were modeled using an Eulerian-Eulerian approach to efficiently simulate the physics. The computational platform Multiphase Flow with Interphase eXchanges (MFIX) was employed to simulate the particle-particle interactions of coal-biomass mixtures and compare the predictions with experimental data. The coal-biomass mixtures included sub-bituminous coal and hybrid poplar wood. Particles properties of both materials fall within the Geldart A classification. Of particular interest to this study was predicting particle mixing in fluidized beds and biomass hydrodynamics. Both materials and two mass ratio mixtures were studied and pressure drop across the bed for various gas inlet velocities and bed height were analyzed and compared to the experiments.
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"PAHs Content of Tar Produced from Fischer Assay of Medium Rank C Bituminous South African Coal." In Nov. 27-28, 2017 South Africa. EARES, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.17758/eares.eap1117032.
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Wang, Zhihua, Junhu Zhou, Jun Cheng, Hao Zhou, and Kefa Cen. "Experimental Study for NOx Reduction Using Four Chinese Pulverized Coals." In ASME 2005 Power Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pwr2005-50331.
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Four typical coals with different ranks around China were used as reburning fuels to evaluate its ability for NOx reduction in a pilot scale entrainment reactor. The selected four coals have similar fuel-N containing from 1.09% to 1.30% at different coal rank from bituminous to anthracite. Results show that Bituminous coal (Yanzhou, Huainan) are advantages than anthracite (Jincheng) and lean coal (Zhengzhou). Due to Yanzhou coal’s more moisture and less ash contents, it’s the best coal for reburning in this test. When using Huainan coal as reburning fuel, carbon in ash increased form 3.64% to 4.52% along with the increase of heat input from 15 to 25%. The optimal temperature for Huainan coal reburning is around 1300°C no larger than 1400°C. With the increasing of reburn zone stoichiometric ratio from 0.6 into 1.2 the NO reduction efficiency decreased from 52.1% into 17.6%. The impact of particle fineness on the NO reduction is not so evident.
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Chudnovsky, B., and A. Talanker. "Effect of Bituminous Coal Properties on Heat Transfer Characteristic in the Boiler Furnaces." In ASME 2004 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2004-59182.
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Over the past years experience has been gained in employing changing types of imported coal. Apart from the proximate analysis this led to development of evaluation criteria regarding the operation of coals. These are criteria numbers obtained from operational experience and criteria numbers used for the characterization of specific operational properties on the basis of special laboratory analyses. The study evaluates the effect of the characteristics of pulverized coal on the furnace fouling and radiation heat transfer. The aim of the study was to access whether fouling and radiation heat transfer could be predicted from coal characteristics. The paper presents the experimental results on the fouling propensity of fifteen coals tested in a 575 MW combustion engineering tangential firing boiler. The results showed that no coals produced a strong molten deposit. In order to rank the fouling propensity and radiation heat transfer properties numerically, we measured the profile of incident heat fluxes, defined furnace exit flue gas temperature and absorbed heat fluxes. The basic molar ratio correlates the fouling propensity. Besides that increasing of SiO2 and Al2O3 content in the ash strongly reduces water wall absorptivity factor. The present work is also concerned with the effect of different bituminous coal on their flame emissivity. Using the radiation properties of flue gases derived from the full scale experiments, we run computational fluid dynamics (CFD) on the combustion process. The known fouling and radiation heat transfer properties enable the prediction of the effect of coal quality on the performance of a specific boiler.
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Webb, J., B. Casaday, B. Barker, J. P. Bons, A. D. Gledhill, and N. P. Padture. "Coal Ash Deposition on Nozzle Guide Vanes: Part I—Experimental Characteristics of Four Coal Ash Types." In ASME 2011 Turbo Expo: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2011-45894.
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An accelerated deposition test facility was operated with three different coal ash species to study the effect of ash composition on deposition rate and spatial distribution. The facility seeds a combusting (natural gas) flow with 10–20 micron mass mean diameter coal ash particulate. The particulate-laden combustor exhaust is accelerated through a rectangular-to-annular transition duct and expands to ambient pressure through a nozzle guide vane annular sector. For the present study, the annular cascade consisted of two CFM56 aero-engine vane doublets; comprising three full passages and two half passages of flow. The inlet Mach number (0.1) and gas temperature (1100°C) are representative of operating turbines. Ash samples were tested from the three major coal ranks: lignite, subbituminous, and bituminous. Investigations over a range of inlet gas temperatures from 900°C to 1120°C showed that deposition increased with temperature, though the threshold for deposition varied with ash type. Deposition levels varied with coal rank, with lignite producing the largest deposits at the lowest temperature. Regions of heightened deposition were noted; the leading edge and pressure surface being particularly implicated. Scanning electron microscopy was used to identify deposit structure. For a limited subset of tests, film cooling was employed at nominal design operating conditions but provided minimal protection in cases of severe deposition.
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Du, Yongbo, Chang'an Wang, Pengqian Wang, Qiang Lv, and Defu Che. "Numerically Study on Combustion and NOx Emission Characteristics in Tangentially Fired Boiler Co-Firing Semi-Coke." In ASME 2018 Power Conference collocated with the ASME 2018 12th International Conference on Energy Sustainability and the ASME 2018 Nuclear Forum. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2018-7211.
Full textAbstract:
Semi-coke is a specific solid fuel, which is mainly produced by upgrading low-rank coal. The poor reactivity of semi-coke makes a difficulty to its practical utilization in utility boilers. Previous research was mainly focused on the combustion behavior of semi-coke, while the industrial application has to be understood. In this paper, the effect of co-firing semi-coke and bituminous coal on the operation performance of pulverized boiler was numerically studied. The work was conducted on a 300 MW tangentially fired boiler, and the temperature distribution, the char burnout and NOx production were mainly examined. The results indicate that the incomplete combustion heat loss drops with the increase in semi-coke blending ratio. The NOx concentration increases from 186 mg/Nm3 for only firing the bituminous coal to 200, 214, and 255 mg/Nm3, when the blending ratio was 17%, 33% and 50%, respectively. With enhancing excess air coefficient for the co-firing condition, the combustion efficiency got improved, while NOx production increased very slightly. In general, the boiler is well adapted to co-firing semi-coke, and the semi-coke blending ratio of 1/3 with an excess air coefficient of 1.235 is recommended.
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Chudnovsky, B., A. Talanker, Y. Berman, R. Saveliev, M. Perelman, E. Korytnyi, B. Davidson, and E. Bar-Ziv. "Prediction of Performance From PRB Coal Fired in Utility Boilers With Various Furnace and Firing System Arrangements." In ASME 2009 Power Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2009-81038.
Full textAbstract:
Present regulatory requirements enforces the modification of the firing modes of existing coal-fired utility boilers and the use of coals different from those originally designed for these boilers. The reduction of SO2 and NOx emissions were the primary motivation for these changes. However, economic considerations played a major role too. Using sub-bituminous coals has become an important solution for emissions compliance due to their unique constituents and combustion characteristics; these coals are often referred to as enviro coals. Powder River Basin (PRB) Coals are classified as sub-bituminous ranked coals. Unlike higher ranked bituminous coals, which have tight pore structures that limit the amount of moisture they could hold, low rank coals, such as PRB coals, have looser pore structure and additional moisture retention capacity. PRB coals differ in many properties from those of the commonly burned bituminous coals, including low heating value, low fusion temperature, and high moisture content. However, PRB coals have low sulfur content and are relatively low cost. They can also lower NOx emission from power plants due to higher volatile content. When power plants switch from the designed coal to a PRB coal, operational challenges, including transportation, handling, storage, and combustion, were encountered. A major problem faced when using PRB coals is severe slagging and excess fouling on the heating surface. Not only is there an insulating effect from deposit, but there is a change in reflectivity of the surface. Excess furnace fouling and high reflectivity ash may cause reduction of heat transfer in the furnace, which results in higher furnace exit gas temperatures (FEGT), especially with opposite wall burners and with single backpass. Higher FEGT usually result in higher stack gas temperature and increasing in the reheater spray flow and therefore decreasing the boiler efficiency with higher heat rate of the unit. The modification of an existing unit for firing of PRB coals is confined to — and constrained by — existing equipment. All successful conversions happen when in the design phase of a project the following parameters are evaluated: (1) capacities or limitations of furnace size, (2) firing system type and arrangement, (3) heat transfer surface, (4) pulverizers, (5) sootblowers, (6) fans, and (7) airheaters. In the present study we used a comprehensive methodology to predict the behavior of three PRB coals fired in a 575MW T-fired boiler.
Reports on the topic "Bituminous rank coal beds"
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Ardakani, O. H. Organic petrography and thermal maturity of the Paskapoo Formation in the Fox Creek area, west-central Alberta. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/330296.
Full textAbstract:
The Paskapoo Formation, which ranges in age from middle to upper Paleocene, is the major shallow aquifer in Alberta. This study is part of a larger GSC-led study on the potential environmental impact of hydrocarbon development in the Fox Creek area (west-central Alberta) on shallow aquifers. Fox Creek is located near the northern limit of the Paskapoo Formation. In addition to the underlying organic-rich source rocks in the study area, including the Duvernay Formation that is currently exploited for hydrocarbon resources, the Paskapoo Formation contains organic-rich intervals and coal seams. In order to investigate any potential internal hydrocarbon sources within the Paskapoo Formation, ninety-seven (97) cutting samples from the formation obtained from eight shallow monitoring wells (50-90 m) in the study area were studied for total organic carbon (TOC) content, organic matter composition and thermal maturity of coal seams using programmed pyrolysis analysis and organic petrography. The TOC content of all samples ranges from 0.2 to 8.8 wt. %, with a mean value of 0.95 ± 1.6 wt. % (n=97). The Tmax values of studied samples range from 347 to 463 °C, with a mean value of 434 ± 20 °C that suggest a range of thermal maturity from immature to peak oil window. The random reflectance (Rr) measurement and fluorescence microscopy on eighteen (18) selected samples with TOC content > ~1 wt. % shows a mean Rr value of 0.27% and 0.42% for the overlying till deposits and the underlying shallow depth sandstone, siltstone, shale and coal seams respectively, indicating a low rank coal ranging from lignite to sub-bituminous coal. Blue to green and yellow fluorescing liptinite macerals further confirmed the low maturity of studied samples. The low S2 yield of a large part of the samples (65%) resulted in unreliable Tmax values that overestimated the thermal maturity. Although the organic matter in the studied intervals are immature, exsudatinite, as secondary liptinite maceral, was observed in samples from the lower parts of the studied monitoring wells. Exsudatinite generally derives from the transformation of sporinite, alginite, resinite and varieties of vitrinite, which is a resinous or asphalt like material. Considering the thickness and distribution of coal seams in the studied samples, it is unlikely the exsudatinite will be a major source for aquifer hydrocarbon contamination in the study area. Additional stratigraphic studies and molecular geochemical analysis could provide an estimate of the total volume of possible organic compounds contribution to the aquifer in the study area. Due to the presence of coal seams in the studied intervals of the Paskapoo Formation, it is important to investigate the possibility of biogenic methane formation in Paskapoo shallow aquifers.