Journal articles on the topic 'Bitumen Testing'
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1
Zheng, Chuanfeng, Genze Li, Yazhi Xu, Danni Wang, and Dan Lv. "Analysis of the Effects of Ageing on the Cohesive Strength of Polymer-Modified Bitumen at Low Temperatures." Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering 13, no. 2 (June 25, 2018): 156–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.7250/bjrbe.2018-13.410.
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The decay law on the ageing process of the cohesive strength of styrene-butadiene-styrene(SBS)- and polyethylene(PE)-modified bitumens at low temperatures was investigated. The rotated-thin-film oven test was used to age the two types of polymer-modified bitumens. The cohesive strengths at different low-temperature conditions were tested quantitatively according to technology for testing the low-temperature cohesive strength of bitumen. The decay curve of bitumen low-temperature cohesive strengths was drawn, and the embrittlement time of bitumen at different ageing states was obtained according to the decay curve. Results showed that ageing time definitely influenced the attenuation degree of the low-temperature cohesive strength of the two types of polymer-modified bitumens and influenced the appearance of the low-temperature cohesive strength peak, i.e., the bitumen embrittlement time, which advanced after ageing. The lightweight components of polymer-modified bitumen were lost after ageing. The bitumen embrittlement time was advanced, and the sharp attenuation of the low-temperature cohesive strength of bitumen appeared. In the future, bitumen antiageing technology and lighter part pre-supplement technology should be studied in-depth.
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Rajput, R. P. S., S. S. Goliya, and R. Mehar. "A study on the effect of aging on pmb40 and crmb55 in bituminous concrete layers." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1130, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 012035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1130/1/012035.
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Abstract Aging occurs in bituminous materials throughout the construction and service lifespan of asphalt pavement, and it has a substantial impact on their performance. Bitumen aging is one of the primary causes of asphalt pavement degradation. As bitumen ages, asphalt surfaces lose their capacity to alleviate tension during the cooling process, increasing the danger of cracking. The thin film oven test (TFOT) and the rolling thin film oven test (RTFOT) are two extensively used short-term aging tests (RTFOT). The rotating cylinder-aging test (RCAT) and pressure aging vessel are two extensively used tests in the long-term aging of bitumen (PAV). The suggested research includes the comparison of un-modified bitumen and modified bitumen of waste crumb rubber and plastic rubber. This research was conducted on the aging of different grades of bitumen, that are two modified bitumen, which are PMB40 & CRMB55. After the aging of the bitumen, we conducted some physical property tests on the normal bitumen and RTFOT-modified bitumen. The outcome of the testing of the physical properties was that the RTFOT modified bitumen gained more strength as compared to the normal bitumen after the testing of physical properties of bitumen (Normal Bitumen & RTFOT Modified Bitumen) prepared samples for testing the Marshall Properties. After testing, Marshall Properties’ research can conclude that the RTFOT Modified Bitumen provides more strength compared to the normal bitumen. The RTOFT modified bitumen can be used in rural areas to provide a better pavement surface and longevity of the pavement. Through the aging of bitumen, the adhesion property between bitumen and aggregate becomes strong, so that in a high traffic area, cracks do not develop easily
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Chomicz-Kowalska, A. "Laboratory testing of low temperature asphalt concrete produced in foamed bitumen technology with fiber reinforcement." Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences 65, no. 6 (December 1, 2017): 779–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bpasts-2017-0086.
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Abstract The paper presents the design process and test results of warm mix asphalt concrete produced with modified foamed bitumen and recycled synthetic fiber reinforcement. Recycling and low-temperature asphalt production techniques are now seen as the possibilities to increase the sustainability and energy effectiveness of road construction. Although low processing temperatures permit increased use of reclaimed and recycled materials in new asphalt mixes, they sometimes result in impaired service performance. The aim of this article was to present a possibility of producing a better performing asphalt concrete (in comparison to a control hot-mix) at lower temperatures. For this purpose two road paving bitumens modified with a surface active agent and a Fischer-Tropsch wax thoroughly tested for their basic, rheological characteristics and foaming performance. Selected binders were used for producing two control mixes (hot-mix and foamed warm mix with 35/50 bitumen) as well as the experimental mix with the modified 50/70 bitumen and an addition of synthetic fiber material from recycling of automotive tires. Basic properties of the mixes were tested (air void content, moisture susceptibility with one freeze-thaw cycle, wheel tracking) along with stiffness moduli and fatigue resistance. It was concluded that the control foamed warm-mix performed significantly worse than the hot-mix, while the experimental warm-mix with modified bitumen and fiber additive exhibited increased performance and resistance to fatigue and moisture.
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Holý, Michal, and Eva Remišová. "Routine Testing of Bitumen Binders." Civil and Environmental Engineering 13, no. 2 (December 20, 2017): 125–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cee-2017-0017.
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Abstract The quality of bituminous binders used in the construction and maintenance of road surfaces is currently assessed by empirical testing based on obtaining one value for specific boundary conditions, which were designed about 100 years ago. Basic empirical tests include the softening point and penetration, but the practice shows that these tests appear to be inadequate. The evaluation of changes of bitumen properties during the production and paving process of bituminous mixture is also important. The paper points out how the “traditional” tests as softening point and penetration and viscosity are sufficient to evaluate properties of bitumen binders.
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Zhurinov M.Zh.,, Teltayev B.B.,, Kalybay A.A.,, Rossi C.O.,, and Amirbayev Ye.D.,. "COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF LOW TEMPERATURE RESISTANCE FOR NANOCARBON AND OTHER BITUMENS." NEWS of National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan 5, no. 443 (October 15, 2020): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.32014/2020.2518-170x.108.
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A comparative analysis of the low temperature resistance for a nanocarbon bitumen and other 30 neat and modified bitumens has been performed in the work. The stiffness at the temperatures of -24°С, -30°С and -36°С under technical system Superpave has been accepted as an indicator of low temperature resistance of the bitumens. The stiffness of the bitumens has been determined on a bending beam rheometer (standard ASTM D 6648-08). Before testing the bitumens have been subjected to the double artificial aging: short-term aging – under standard AASHTO Т 240-13 and long-term aging – under standard ASTM D 6521-08. The nanocarbon bitumen has been prepared in the laboratory of the Kazakhstan Highway Research Institute (KazdorNII) with the use of a road bitumen of the grade BND 70/100 produced by the Pavlodar petrochemical plant (PNHZ) and a nanocarbon powder (2% by weight) manufactured from a coal rock of the deposit “Saryadyr” “Corporation “ON-Olzha” LLP, Akmola region, Kazakhstan). The nanocarbon powder (150-200 nm) has been manufactured by three-stage size reduction of the coal rock: I – a mechanical dispergator (up to 2-3 mm), II – an aerodynamic mill (up to 20 mcm), III – a reactor with a rotating electromagnetic field. The neat bitumens of the grades BND 50/70, BND 70/100, BND 100/130 have been produced by the plants of Kazakhstan and Russia; they satisfy the requirements of the standard ST RK 1373-2013. The modified bitumens have been prepared in the laboratory of KazdorNII with the use of the neat bitumens, 7 types of the polymers, crumb rubber and polyphosphoric acid and they satisfy the requirements of the standard ST RK 2534-2014. It has been determined that the nanocarbon bitumen is one of the most resistant at the low temperatures: -24°С, -30°С and -36°С.
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Evdokimova, N. G., N. A. Egorova, and N. N. Luneva. "Determination of the Strength Characteristics of Bituminous-Mineral Mixtures." Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils 625, no. 3 (2021): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.32935/0023-1169-2021-625-3-39-43.
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The paper presents the results of the development and testing of a laboratory method for determining the strength characteristics of bitumen-mineral mixtures on the Lintel PK-21-01 strength meter. The conditions for testing the strength of bitumen-mineral mixtures are selected. The dependence between the bitumen adhesion index and the compressive strength of samples of bitumen-mineral mixtures based on it, determined according to the developed method, is shown. A decrease in the strength and adhesive properties of the binder was found with an increase in the content of the DST-30-01 polymer in bitumen. It is proposed to evaluate the possibility of performing research for the development of new types of bitumen products, to develop various production technologies and to select the optimal parameters for its production on the basis of standardized methods of testing bitumen and the developed methodology for determining the strength characteristics of bitumen-mineral mixtures.
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Porto, Michele, Paolino Caputo, Abraham A. Abe, Valeria Loise, and Cesare Oliviero Rossi. "Stability of Bituminous Emulsion Induced by Waste Based Bio-Surfactant." Applied Sciences 11, no. 7 (April 6, 2021): 3280. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11073280.
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In the asphalt industry, bituminous emulsions are widely used in road pavement operations and in building/construction processes such as cold mix asphalt and waterproofing processes, respectively. A very important fact to keep in mind is that not all types of bitumen are suitable for the realization of bituminous emulsions. This is largely due to the variation in their chemical nature and the different cracking processes carried out on the bitumen during the fractional distillation process in the petroleum industry. The objective of this study is to identify the underlying causes of the non-emulsionability of bitumen using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and Dynamic Shear Rheology (DSR) analysis. NMR analysis aims at identifying the fundamental chemical components that are responsible for the emulsionability of the bitumen binder and how important their role is in this phenomenon. On the other hand, the DSR analysis is aimed at determining if the rheological (viscoelastic) behavior of bitumen is implicated in its emulsionability. The indications gotten from the data produced by these techniques, enable us as soon as the analyzed bitumen is deemed non-emulsionable to identify what type of additive can be used to modify the bitumen and alleviate its non-emulsionability until a point where its chemical components become ideal for the realization of bituminous emulsions. In this research work, a model bitumen (labelled as Cimar) which is known for its excellently high emulsionability in the production of anionic bituminous emulsions was used as the reference sample. Two bitumens (labelled as Adriatica and Alma) which from preliminary testing were deemed non-emulsionable were alongside the additives selected and subjected to the aforementioned techniques for analysis on their emulsionability. The NMR data obtained allowed the identification of the chemical nature of the components of the analyzed bitumens and the design of the right additive which improves the bitumen and makes it suitable for the preparation of emulsions. In addition to these, a largely uncommon however effective method of acid number determination of bitumen gave indications on an underlying factor which largely influences the emulsionability of bitumen. An aliphatic and an aromatic surfactant were identified thanks to the spectroscopic findings in this study.
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Deis, Donald R., Nelson Garcia Tavel, Carlos Villoria, Germán Febres Ortega, Panfilo Masciangioli, Mark A. Jones, and Gregory R. Lee. "ORIMULSION®: RESEARCH AND TESTING AND OPEN WATER CONTAINMENT AND RECOVERY TRIALS." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1997, no. 1 (April 1, 1997): 459–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1997-1-459.
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ABSTRACT Orimulsion is a bitumen-water mixture (approximately 70% bitumen and 30% water, with 0.2% surfactant) produced in Venezuela and sold internationally as a fuel to fire power plants. The permitting process for the introduction of this fuel into the international energy market has required extensive research and testing on its chemical composition, physical properties, behavior in water, environmental toxicity, and containment and recovery after a spill. Both components (water and bitumen) initially disperse in water. The volatile compounds, which are relatively low in concentration, are contained mostly in the water component. The bitumen is relatively inert. The density of the bitumen tends to cause it to sink in fresh water and rise in saltwater. In addition, seawater causes the emulsifier to destabilize from the bitumen. The result is that, at sea, in calm conditions with sufficient concentration, the bitumen will tend to coalesce and rise to the surface. Bitor and potential users of Orimulsion have been developing response strategies and tools for responding to Orimulsion spills. Recent field testing has shown that a spill of Orimulsion can be cleaned up using currently available response equipment in response strategies developed uniquely for Orimulsion. The tests have shown that, once contained, bitumen can be recovered from an Orimulsion spill very effectively (80% to 90% recovery).
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ANDRONOV, S. Yu, Yu E. VASIL’EV, A. V. KOCHETKOV, and V. I. ALFEROV. "Method for Uniform Introduction of Fiber into a Bitumen Suspension for Arranging Springing Asphalt Concrete Layers." Stroitel'nye Materialy 785, no. 10 (2020): 38–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.31659/0585-430x-2020-785-10-38-43.
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Methods of uniform distribution of fibrous materials in asphalt materials with dispersed bitumen were studied. The key issue in this area is the technology of introducing reinforcing elements into the volume of asphalt concrete mix. Fiber from polyacrylonitrile fibers is considered as a reinforcing material. To achieve the maximum reinforcing effect for any materials, including asphalt, due to the introduction of short fibers and threads, their uniform distribution in semi-finished mixtures and in the formed structural material is necessary. The principal possibility of uniform distribution of reinforcing elements (in the form of short fibers of polyacrylonitrile fiber) in the volume of reinforced asphalt materials based on viscous dispersed bitumens is established. A method for the uniform introduction of fiber into the bitumen suspension for the arranging springing asphalt concrete layers has been developed. For the first time, a material from a bituminous suspension reinforced with polyacrylonitrile fiber, which is not destroyed in thin layers under the action of bending loads, but reversibly deformed, was obtained. Keywords: cold asphalt concrete mixes, dispersed bitumen, testing, springing asphalt concrete layers, fiber, bitumen suspension.
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Kavussi, Amir, and Rashid Tanzadeh. "Application of Slow Curing Bitumen as a Rejuvenating Agent in Aged Bituminous Mixes." Advanced Materials Research 587 (November 2012): 62–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.587.62.
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Recycling of bituminous mixes is extending worldwide with the aim of conserving natural resources and the environment. Rejuvenating agents are generally used in recycling processesin order to soften the aged binders in mixes. Cutback bitumens have been used in Iran mainly in preparing conventional cold mixes. However, the long term good performance of these cold mixes in various parts of the country has shown less hardening of these mixes, compared with conventional HMA mixes. In this research the application of a cutbackbitumen has been investigatedas a rejuvenating agent in mixes containing laboratory aged binders. A 60-70 penetration grade bitumen from Refinery of Tehran was aged under Thin Film Oven Testing (TFOT) conditions. Asphalt Concrete samples were prepared using TFOT aged and virgin binders. Additional samples were prepared using the aged binders together with various amounts of a slow curing SC-250 cutback bitumen from the above refinery. The compacted four inchdiameter samples were tested under static creep testing. The results showed promising effects of the cutback binder in rejuvenating the aged mixes. Based on the results of this study, a mix design criteria wasset for recycled mixes containing cutback bitumen as the rejuvenating agent.
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Al-Mansob, Ramez A., Amiruddin Ismail, Nur Izzi Md Yusoff, Che Husna Azhari, Mohamed Rehan Karim, Aows Alduri, and Mojtaba Shojaei Baghini. "Rheological Characteristics of Epoxidized Natural Rubber Modified Bitumen." Applied Mechanics and Materials 505-506 (January 2014): 174–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.505-506.174.
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Polymer modified bitumens have tended to be the most popular among the various types of modified binders that are available worldwide. Polymer modification significantly alters the rheological characteristics of the binder, thereby requiring the use of fundamental rheological testing methods to provide an indication of the performance of the binder and subsequently the asphalt mixture. In this paper the characterization of bitumen modified with epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) was done with four percentages of ENR content. The effects of the modifier on the conventional properties, storage stability and rheological properties were investigated. The results indicated that storage stability of ENR modified bitumens (ENRMB) were mainly dependent on the ENR content. ENR reduced the temperature susceptibility. The degree of the improvement generally increased with ENR content up to 9%.
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Coufalík, Pavel, Ondřej Dašek, Jiří Kachtík, Jan Kudrna, and Svatopluk Stoklásek. "The Stress Relaxation Of Modified Bitumens." International Journal on Pavement Engineering & Asphalt Technology 16, no. 1 (May 1, 2015): 66–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijpeat-2015-0004.
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Abstract The Asphalt pavements in Central and Eastern Europe have to be resistant to high and very low temperatures and climatic changes. Especially emphasize influence of low temperatures seems to be critical parameter. That is why the modified bitumens with low temperature susceptibility and with high resistance to low temperature cracking are searched for. Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR) can be used as a quick method that can evaluate the modification system of bituminous binders. The advantage of DSR testing is also related to possibility of comparison of unaged and aged bitumen. The relaxations of shear stress of several asphalt rubber binders (containing 11 %, 13 %, 15 % and 17 % of crumb rubber) and paving bitumen were determined in DSR at the temperature of 0 °C and −10 °C. Relaxation tests were performed in the controlled strain regime. Total shear strain (rotation of upper geometry) was set to 1 % of the sample thickness and stress was applied for 60 s. Relaxation time was set to a period of 15 minutes. The shear stress relaxation behaviour of unaged bitumens and bitumens aged after 75 minutes and 225 minutes in Rolling Thin Film Oven Test (RTFOT) is presented and discussed.
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Caputo, Paolino, Dlshad Shaikhah, Michele Porto, Valeria Loise, Maria Penelope De Santo, and Cesare Oliviero Rossi. "NMR Diffusiometry Spectroscopy, a Novel Technique for Monitoring the Micro-Modifications in Bitumen Ageing." Applied Sciences 10, no. 16 (August 5, 2020): 5409. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10165409.
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In the past three decades, several conventional methods have been employed for characterizing the bitumen ageing phenomenon, such as rheological testing, ultraviolet testing, gel permeation chromatography (GPC), gas chromatography (GC), atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray scattering, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Nevertheless, these techniques can provide only limited observations of the structural micro-modifications occurring during bitumen ageing. In this study, Fourier transform nuclear magnetic resonance self-diffusion coefficient (FT-NMR-SDC) spectroscopy, as a novel method, was employed to investigate and compare the microstructural changes between virgin bitumen (pristine bitumen) and aged bitumen. The virgin bitumen was aged artificially using two standard ageing tests: Rolling Thin-Film Oven Test (RTFOT) and Pressure Ageing Vessel (PAV). For a comprehensive comparison and an assessment of the validity of this method, the generated samples were studied using various methods: rheological test, atomic force microscopy, and optical microscopy. Significant differences were obtained between the structure and ageing patterns of virgin and aged bitumen. The results indicate that the modification of maltenes to asphaltenes is responsible for the ageing character. When compared with the other methods’ findings, FT-NMR-SDC observations confirm that the asphaltene content increases during ageing processes.
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Ritonga, W., and I. Irfandi. "PENGARUH KARET ALAM SIKLIK (CYCLIC NATURAL RUBBER) TERHADAP RONGGA ASPAL MODIFIKASI." Jurnal Pendidikan Fisika Indonesia 12, no. 2 (October 30, 2016): 169–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/jpfi.v12i2.4389.
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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh karet alam siklik terhadap rongga aspal modifikasi. Tahapan peneltian meliputi pembuatan aspal modifikasi dengan menyampur aspal murni dengan karet alam siklik, pengujian persyaratan fisik aspal, pembuatan benda uji dan pengujian marshall. Berdasarkan pengujian sifat fisik aspal diperoleh data bahwa keseluruhan aspal modifikasi memenuhi persyaratan fisik aspal. Setelah pembuatan benda uji, dilakukan pengujian marshall untuk memperoleh rongga aspal meliputi VIM, VMA dan VFA. Nilai VIM pada penambahan 0 phr, 1 phr, 2 phr, 3 phr, dan 4 phr adalah 3,65%, 5,41%, 4,27%, 3,84%, dan 2,88%. Nilai VMA sebesar 15,52%, 17,26%, 16,07%, 15,80%, dan 15,17%. Nilai VFA sebesar 76,48%, 68,72%, 73,54%, 75,76%, dan 81,34%. Diperoleh kesimpulan bahwa karet alam siklik bisa dijadikan sebagai bahan memodifikasi aspal dan berpengaruh terhadap rongga aspal.This research aimed to determine the effect of cyclic natural rubber (CNR) to cavity of modified bitumen. The steps of the research were mixing the pure bitumen with CNR, testing bitumen physical requirement, making the specimen, and testing the cavity of modified bitumen with marshall method. Testing showed that all the modified bitumen met the physical requirement. After making specimen, marshall method was used to determine the cavity of bitumen, including VIM, VMA, and VFA. VIM in addition of 0 phr, 1 phr, 2 phr, 3 phr, and 4 phr was 3,65%, 5,41%, 4,27%, 3,84%, and 2,88%. The value of VMA was 15.52%, 17.26%, 16.07%, 15.80% and 15.17%. The value of VFA was 76.48%, 68.72%, 73.54%, 75.76% and 81.34%. The conclusion of this study was CNR could be used as material for bitumen modified and had the effect on bitumen cavity.
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Wu, Shao Peng, Jun Han, and Xing Liu. "Evaluation of Fatigue Properties for Ultraviolet Radiation Aged Bitumen and Mixture." Advanced Materials Research 217-218 (March 2011): 181–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.217-218.181.
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Bitumen is widely used in road construction. Due to heavy traffic loads and environmental factors, bitumen properties will change during service life. Bitumen will age due to diffusion of oxygen and UV radiation. Repeated loading will result in decreasing strength because of fatigue. In this paper, one layer clay powder was used to modify base bitumen with different mass contents. Then the influences of ultraviolet radiation (UV) aging on the dynamic fatigue properties of the layered clay powder were evaluated by Dynamic Shear Rheomoter (DSR) and Universal Testing Machine (UTM). The ageing evaluation shows that the ageing resistance of bitumen is improved and this improvement is more notable in bitumen fatigue than mixture.
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Ahmedzade, Perviz, Alexander Fainleib, Taylan Günay, Olga Starostenko, and Tetyana Kovalinska. "Effect of Gamma-Irradiated Recycled Low-Density Polyethylene on the High- and Low-Temperature Properties of Bitumen." International Journal of Polymer Science 2013 (2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/141298.
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This paper describes polymer modification of bitumen with gamma-irradiated recycled (γ-LDPER) low-density polyethylene. The recycled low-density polyethylene (LDPER) was obtained from greenhouse films exposed to sunlight at least one year. The surface of theLDPERwas treated by gamma beam irradiation that provided formation of free radicals and some functional groups that may contribute to the creation of strong chemical bonds between polymer modifier and bitumen. Five different samples of bitumen/γ-LDPERcompositions with the modifier content, wt. %: 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9, were prepared. The effects of theγ-LDPERon original and aged bitumen were investigated by means of morphological, chemical, and physical testing program, including FTIR spectroscopy, conventional tests, rotational viscosity (RV), dynamic shear rheometer (DSR), and bending beam rheometer (BBR) tests. Superior performing asphalt pavements (Superpave) specifications were used to analyze mechanical test results as well as to determine the performance grades (PG) of the binders. Optimum usage of theγ-LDPERas modifier in bitumen were suggested after testing program. The results reveal the stiffening effect of theγ-LDPERon bitumen that provide enhanced temperature susceptibility and also promise better performance grades (PG) withγ-LDPERpolymer modification.
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Kuang, Dongliang, Zhou Ye, Lifeng Yang, Ning Liu, Zaihong Lu, and Huaxin Chen. "Effect of Rejuvenator Containing Dodecyl Benzene Sulfonic Acid (DBSA) on Physical Properties, Chemical Components, Colloidal Structure and Micro-Morphology of Aged Bitumen." Materials 11, no. 8 (August 20, 2018): 1476. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11081476.
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DBSA was used as a solubilizer together with conventional rejuvenator (CR) to produce a solubilized rejuvenator (SR), two kinds of aged bitumen involving TFOT aged bitumen and PAV aged bitumen were obtained by thin film oven test (TFOT) and pressurized aging vessel (PAV), respectively. Effects of CR and SR on the physical properties, chemical components, colloidal structure and micro-morphology of TFOT aged bitumen and PAV aged bitumen were investigated. Testing results of physical properties and chemical components indicated that CR and SR can replenish aged bitumen with necessary aromatics, TFOT aged bitumen that chemical component variation deteriorates its physical properties. With regard to PAV aged bitumen, of which the performance attenuation lies in chemical components variation and colloidal structure transformation, even if the content of CR reached up to 10 wt %, the regenerated bitumen cannot meet the regeneration requirement yet due to its definite influence on colloidal structure transformation, comparatively, sulfonic group in SR can react with the superficial atoms of asphaltenes to reform a solvation layer to facilitate the colloidal structure transformation of PAV aged bitumen, performance and beelike structure of regenerated PAV aged with bitumen with 10 wt % SR were approximated to that of virgin bitumen.
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Hamzaoui, R., S. Guessasma, and A. Bennabi. "Penetration testing and thermal behavior of bitumen 35/50 and modified bitumen 13/40." European Physical Journal Applied Physics 59, no. 1 (July 2012): 10201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjap/2012110406.
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GraŠić, Andrija, Marko Orešković, and Goran Mladenović. "The use of multiple stress creep recovery test to characterize polymer modified bitumen." Put i saobraćaj 66, no. 3 (October 5, 2020): 23–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.31075/pis.66.03.04.
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The paper analyzes the performance of polymer modified bitumen due to multiple stress creep recovery (MSCR). This phenomenon is of great importance when considering binder’s performance related to rutting resistance on high temperatures during exploitation period. The paper presents testing results of five polymer modified bitumen samples, obtained by two producers, tested under same temperature and stress levels. Finally, bitumen samples are classified under new MSCR specification, according to SUPERPAVE methodology.
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Airey, G. D., and A. E. Hunter. "Dynamic mechanical testing of bitumen: sample preparation methods." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Transport 156, no. 2 (May 2003): 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/tran.2003.156.2.85.
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Peltonen, P. V. "Characterization and testing of fibre-modified bitumen composites." Journal of Materials Science 26, no. 20 (January 1991): 5618–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/pl00020433.
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Peltonen, P. V. "Characterization and testing of fibre-modified bitumen composites." Journal of Materials Science 26, no. 20 (October 1991): 5618–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02403965.
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Xie, Tao, Yan Jun Qiu, Ze Zhong Jiang, and Bo Lan. "Compaction Quality of Bitumen Mixtures Based on Ultrasonic Methods." Key Engineering Materials 353-358 (September 2007): 2341–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.353-358.2341.
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Water damage of asphalt concrete pavements has been one of the major distresses in highway engineering. Engineering experiences and research results indicate that this damage is due to the extortionate air voids of bitumen mixtures. Paranormal porosity of asphalt mixture is largely the result of the poor controlling of compact degree during paving process. The quality of asphalt pavement is subjected to the controlling methods of compacting of bitumen mixtures. Ultrasonic is an excellent method for non-destructive testing used in various engineering fields. It is also a potentially effective tool to be applied in the control and evaluation of the compaction quality of bitumen mixtures. This paper presents the results of a study aimed at the applicability of ultrasonic technology for evaluation of porosity and compaction quality of bitumen mixtures. It is shown that this technology, which has been successfully used for many years for evaluation of Portland concrete structures, might be used in asphalt pavement engineering to provide a simple, quick, and objective methodology for control and evaluation of the compact quality of bitumen mixtures. The results of laboratory testing demonstrate the potential of this technology.
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Cheng, Hai Ying, Ting Yuan Yan, Peng Fei Wang, Zhi Qiang Li, and Juan Du. "The Matching of Flow Control and Structure Parameters for the Bitumen Foaming Technology." Advanced Materials Research 535-537 (June 2012): 2002–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.535-537.2002.
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A new driving device is developed for precise flow control of bitumen foaming. Based on the theoretical studies like fluid dynamics, contact heat transfer, phase change, multiphase flow and turbulent flow theories, a reasonable control model for the bitumen foaming behavior is built. And the CFD simulation analysis of the model with the testing parameters is taken. The results show that the foamed bitumen outlet flow follows the quadratic curve control law with the new driving device.
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Sidun, Iurii, Oleksiy Vollis, Volodymyr Bidos, Svitlana Stanchak, and Danylo Helon. "ADHESION OF ROAD BITUMEN EMULSIONS ON BOTH HYDROCHLORIC AND ORTHOPHOSPHORIC ACIDS FOR THE TECHNOLOGY OF SURFACE DRESSING." Theory and Building Practice 2022, no. 1 (June 20, 2022): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/jtbp2022.01.027.
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This article presents the review of surface dressing wear courses, being the version of preservation and sealing of road structures' top layers. In the article, there is studied the adhesion of aggregates (from various granite quarries of Ukraine) with a bitumen binder, namely bitumen emulsion, for application in surface dressing for road pavements. In the article, there are used both the Ukrainian and European testing methods for the determination of adhesion in the bitumen-aggregate system. There was developed two bitumen emulsion formulations for the thin-layer motor-road pavements by the surface dressing depending on the type of acid used (either hydrochloric or orthophosphoric).
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Teltayev, Bagdat, Tulegen Seilkhanov, Cesare Oliviero Rossi, Yerik Amirbayev, and Sakhypzhamal Begaliyeva. "Low Temperature Resistance Increase for Bitumen by Compounding with Tar." Applied Sciences 11, no. 18 (September 15, 2021): 8579. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11188579.
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In this paper, a conventional road bitumen with penetration grade 100–130 is compounded with tar in order to obtain bitumen with improved low temperature resistance. The low temperature (at −24 °C, −30 °C and −36 °C) resistance of the virgin bitumen and the compounded one is evaluated by testing on a bending beam rheometer. It was found that the optimum compounding (20% of tar by weight) decreases the stiffness essentially (from 18% to 34%), i.e., it increases the low temperature resistance of the bitumen. The stiffness decreases in the compounded bitumen can be explained by quantitative variations in its group chemical composition and molecular fragments. Group chemical composition has been determined by the method of absorption chromatography, and the fragments of molecules are identified by NMR-spectroscopy.
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Mirotchnik, K. D., K. Allsopp, A. Kantzas, D. Curwen, and R. Badry. "Low-Field NMR Method for Bitumen Sands Characterization: A New Approach." SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering 4, no. 02 (April 1, 2001): 88–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/71208-pa.
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Summary The nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) signal obtained from conventional oil, heavy oil, and bitumen formations can consist of both hydrocarbon and watersignals. Each NMR signal can further characterize both mobile and immobile fluids in the porous media. However, as the viscosity of the hydrocarbon phase increases and the NMR signal shifts toward lower relaxation times, the composite NMR signal for the hydrocarbon-bearing formation becomes very complicated. As the viscosity of the bitumen exceeds 100,000 cp (at natural conditions), the relaxation characteristics of bitumen become partially nondetectable by both the logging and laboratory NMR tools. As a result, the conventional methods of NMR detection fail to precisely recognize the hydrocarbon components. Laboratory NMR measurements of bitumen-bearing porous media under different temperatures were performed. This method delivered new information about bitumen reserves in situ. The results show that low-field NMR holds promise for the characterization of recoverable heavy oil and bitumen reserves. This new approach can be applicable for real-time monitoring of thermal extraction, including monitoring the efficiency of thermal recovery methods. Introduction NMR logging tools are currently used for determining reservoir properties such as porosity1,2 and permeability,1–4 as well as the presence of mobile and immobile fluids.5-8 Recent developments in NMR research offer tools for separating water, oil, and gas from the combined NMR signal.9–11 Very little is known about the use of NMR logging tools for the in-situ characterization of crude oils.1 With respect to heavy-oil and bitumen formations, NMR logging has not been very successful in characterizing crude oil (viscosity>100,000 cp). The reason for this is the fact that the spectra from most heavy-oil and bitumen formations cannot be adequately detected by the NMR logging tools. This is because the shortest relaxation times (t2's) of the spectra at normal temperature conditions (T 30°C) are lost. High-field NMR technology has solved such problems in the past but is not currently available to be used downhole.12,13 A fundamental objective of the research performed in our laboratory was to extend the use of NMR logging tools to heavy-oil and bitumen formations, particularly during thermal recovery projects. To this end, the NMR characteristics of these types of hydrocarbons in bulk volume and in porousmedia were investigated.8,14 The objective of this work was to investigate the NMR characteristics of these bitumens and heavy oils at elevated vs. ambient temperatures and to isolate the oil signal from the combined NMR spectrum of the formation. The hydrocarbon and water saturations were then determined. The possibility of increasing the quality of NMR data by increasing the signal-to-noise ratio and by proper reconstruction of the wholet2 spectra was also investigated. These objectives were achieved by performing a series of experiments, which addressed the following issues:Variable-temperature NMR spectra determination for bitumen-saturated cores to estimate different fluid components in porous media in situ.NMR characterization of brines, conventional oils, heavy oils, and bitumen in bulk volume at different temperatures.Estimation of the parameters of NMR tools and their applicability for monitoring thermal recovery processes. It must be noted that La Torraca et al.15 provided laboratory data that correlate NMR properties to viscosity of heavy oils ranging from <1,000 cp to >100,000 cp. Then they combined NMR log and conventional log data to predict the in-situ oil viscosity in two heavy-oil reservoirs. This work,15 although similar in nature to the work presented here, deals with oil reservoirs having 3 to 4 orders of magnitude less viscosity. Unfortunately, algorithms presented in the literature seem to collapse when applied to bitumen formations. Experimental Phase All field measurements for bitumen sands characterization were performed with a Schlumberger CMR-200™ logging tool. All measurements were done at natural in-situ conditions; the maximum recorded temperature was T=14°C.One example of these results is presented in Fig. 1. The entire NMR laboratory testing was performed with a custom-built Numar Corespec 1000™. This is a unique system with a separate temperature control for heating the magnet and the sample. The equipment was installed and tuned at the TIPM Laboratory and operates at a frequency of 1 MHz. All the samples were tested at different temperatures and at ambient pressure with a standard methodology developed for NMR log calibration. 16 All decay data were translated into NMR spectra with algorithms developed in-house and the NUMAR standard analysis packages 6 that are included with the spectrometer. Several sets of experiments were performed to address each of the issues mentioned earlier. Variable-Temperature NMR Spectra of Core. Variable-temperature NMR was used to determine the fluid components in bitumen- and water-saturated cores. The first set of experiments involved the testing of native state cores at different thermal conditions. Native-state bitumen-saturated plug samples were cut from full-size core using a liquid-nitrogen-cooled cutter. Testing started with NMR measurements at the following temperatures: 1°C, 6°C, 8°C, 12°C, 16°C, 22°C, 25°C, 30°C, 40°C,45°C, 50°C, 60°C, 65°C, 70°C, 75°C, and 80°C. For all measurements, a CPMG sequence was applied with interecho times of 0.3 and 0.6 ms. The NMR spectra were recovered. After completion of the temperature-cycle testing, the native-state bitumen-saturated plugs were saturated under vacuum with an aqueous paramagnetic solution (2N CuSO4, T2 1ms). The fact that water entered the cores under vacuum implies that some drying occurred during core handling. This procedure was performed to eliminate the water signal from subsequent NMR testing. The samples were measured at 30°C. Following the NMR data collection with the paramagnetic solution, the sand samples were cleaned using the Dean-Stark method (thus removing all bitumen) and resaturated with 2%NaCl brine. The brine-saturated samples were tested in the NMR again at the previous temperatures. This determined that the NMR spectrum of the sample was free of any bitumen effects, measuring only structural and mineralogical effects. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses were performed to determine clay type and concentration. In accordance with these analyses, a set of artificial samples(sand + clay) was constructed. All samples were saturated with 2% NaCl brine. The brine-saturated artificial samples were tested to determine the NMR spectra, again at the temperatures mentioned above. Examples of the obtained spectra set are presented in Figs. 2 through 4.
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You, Lingyun, Zhanping You, Xu Yang, Dongdong Ge, and Songtao Lv. "Laboratory Testing of Rheological Behavior of Water-Foamed Bitumen." Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 30, no. 8 (August 2018): 04018153. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)mt.1943-5533.0002362.
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Behrens, M. L., B. I. Dvorak, and W. E. Woldt. "Implications of Hidden Costs: Comparison of Bitumen Testing Procedures." Environmental Technology 21, no. 3 (March 2000): 243–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09593332108618111.
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Mazurek, Grzegorz, Juraj Šrámek, and Przemysław Buczyński. "Composition Optimisation of Selected Waste Polymer-Modified Bitumen." Materials 15, no. 24 (December 7, 2022): 8714. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15248714.
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Waste plastomer disposal is currently a major challenge facing modern economies. This article reports on a study and analysis regarding the implementation of plastomers into bitumen, with a special focus on the influence of mixing process factors. Two plastomers were selected for analysis, PP and PET, and two bitumen types, 20/30 and 70/100, were modified. Determination of the basic characteristics, such as penetration, softening temperature, cohesion energy, and Fraass temperature, was complemented with advanced multiple-stress creep recovery (MSCR) rheological testing. The entire experimental process followed the Plackett–Burman design. Rheological effects of modified bitumen were evaluated using the generalized Maxwell model. Microstructural analysis with epi-fluorescence microscopy showed the ability of plastomer-modified bitumen to obtain a fine-grained structure with a particle size of <10 μm. In addition, creep susceptibility (Jnr) was found to be statistically significantly dependent on the polymer type and particle size, rotational speed, and bitumen type. In turn, the particle dispersion structure in the bitumen matrix significantly depended on the rotational speed, plastomer particle size, and mixing temperature. Ultimately, the process of bitumen 70/100 modification was optimized. It was demonstrated, following the experimental design, that by using fine-grained PP for a temperature of 160 °C, rotational speed of about 6300 rpm and time of 105 min, it is possible to obtain modified bitumen with rheological properties very similar to those of modified bitumen PmB 45/80-55.
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Ogiriki, Shadrach Olise, Jennifer Oyindamola Adepoju, Adeyinka Sikiru Yusuff, and Victor Anochie. "Physical Properties of Agbabu and Yegbata Bitumen in Nigeria." Journal of Applied Science & Process Engineering 5, no. 1 (March 30, 2018): 227–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.33736/jaspe.427.2018.
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This experimental work evaluates the physical properties of Abagbu and Yegbata bitumen from Nigeria with comparison with that of Canada being the world largest producer of crude oil from bitumen. This study employed the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) methods in conducting laboratory experiments in order to determine the viscosity, specific gravity, API gravity, pour point and flash point. A Gas Chromatograph (GC) was used to determine the hydrocarbon content of the bitumen samples. Test results show that the bitumen samples have specific gravity of 1.01 with a 0.9962 OAPI for Yegbata, while the Agbabu bitumen sample had 8.599 specific gravity and 10.54 OAPI. Kinematic viscosity ranges of 1.0×102 – 3.3×104 and 1.6×103 – 5.6×104, flash point of 288oC and 282oC and pour point of 44oC and 47oC. The gas chromatography analysis showed that the samples contained 46.35% and 7.59% saturates, 21.63% and 64.39% aromatics and 32.03% and 28.01% resins for Agbabu and Yegbata respectively. In comparison with Athabasca bitumen, the results were similar. The assessment and comparison of these properties with the properties of bitumen from Athabasca in Canada reveals that any surface or subsurface crude bitumen gotten from Agbabu and Yegbata in Ondo State, Nigeria can be exploited using similar technologies, if not the same as the technologies being used in Athabasca, Canada
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Sidun, Iurii, Serhiy Solodkyy, Oleksiy Vollis, Svitlana Stanchak, and Volodymyr Bidos. "ADHESION OF BITUMINOUS BINDERS WITH AGGREGATES IN THE CONTEXT OF SURFACE DRESSING TECHNOLOGY FOR ROAD PAVEMENTS TREATMENT." Theory and Building Practice 2021, no. 1 (June 22, 2021): 92–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/jtbp2021.01.092.
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In this article the study is done for the adhesion of aggregates coming from various granite quarries of Ukraine with bituminous binder, namely with bitumen emulsion – for application in surface dressing technology for road pavements treatment. In the article there are used the Ukrainian and European testing methods for determination of adhesion in the “bitumen – aggregate” system. According to the Ukrainian method, there was determined the adhesion of residual binder with the chips surface after boiling in the distilled water and in the solution of glycerin and distilled water. As the European method, for the studies there was used Vialit Plate Shock Test. There were developed three bitumen emulsion formulations.
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Brożyna, D., and K. J. Kowalski. "Assessment of Polyethylen-Modified Bitumen Adhesion Using Computer Image Analysis." Archives of Civil Engineering 62, no. 4 (December 1, 2016): 3–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ace-2015-0106.
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AbstractIn order to achieve extended life of asphalt pavement, one of key points is to achieve a good bonding between it’s components. This research paper presents findings on the topic of influence of polyethylene bitumen modification on the adhesion between bitumen and aggregate. A novel method of quantifying the bitumen coated area, based on computer image analysis, has been developed for this study. Two different methods of adhesion testing were employed, namely boiling water method and the rolling bottle method. Aggregates used in this study were granite and limestone. Based on 108 measurements, it was concluded that polyethylene modification has a negative impact on binder aggregate adhesion.
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Ngii, E., L. One, N. Nasrul, and M. I. Udo. "Effects of Dammar as the partial substitution of bitumen in HMA AC-WC containing Buton Asphalt." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1065, no. 1 (July 1, 2022): 012019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1065/1/012019.
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Abstract Petroleum asphalt is the residue of fossil fuel distillation. The flexible pavement material generally uses petroleum asphalt. The world’s need for bitumen increases from year to year to pavement materials. Meanwhile, the availability of bitumen as a non-renewable resource is limited. To meet the world’s need for bitumen in the future, the utilization of natural polymers, such as a dammar, can be the best solution. This study aims to analyze the influence of dammar on the Marshall stability of HMA AC-WC containing Buton Granular Asphalt (BGA). This study was carried by using Marshall testing on the Asphalt Concrete Wearing Courses (AC-WC) containing Buton asphalt of 10%. Bitumen content is in all specimens amount 6,3%, bitumen content of BGA 50/30 is 22,48%, and the variation of dammar content is as the substitution of bitumen of 2.5-10%. Before mixing all material, it was first conducted the mixing of dammar and penetration at the temperature of 90°C to get a modified asphalt. The use of 10% dammar in asphalt mixtures meets the requirements of Bina Marga specifications. Utilization of Dammar content of 10% with BGA content of 10% can substitute petroleum asphalt by 45.68%.
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Ahmedzade, Perviz, Alexander Fainleib, Taylan Günay, Olga Grigoryeva, Baurzhan Kultayev, and Olga Starostenko. "Influence of Ion Irradiated Recycled Polyethylene on Physical Properties of Bituminous Binder." Advanced Materials Research 1125 (October 2015): 360–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1125.360.
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In this paper, ion irradiated recycled high density polyethylene (i-HDPER) was investigated as modifier in bitumen. Ion irradiation process was applied to recycled HDPE (HDPER) in order to form strong chemical bonding between bitumen and HDPER polymers. Five samples were prepared with different i-HDPER modifier content of 1%, 3%, 5%, 7% and 9%. The effects of i-HDPER on the bitumen were investigated by means of morphological, chemical and physical testing program; including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) spectroscopy, conventional tests, rotational viscosity (RV) and dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) test. Tests results promote the using waste polymers in bitumen by means of ion irradiation process. The results also reveal that a gradually increment in i-HDPER modification leads to an increased rutting parameter which means permanent deformation in flexible pavement can be reduced by i-HDPER modification.
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Zhang, Zou, Jia, Wang, Li, and Shi. "Effect of Thermo-Oxidative Ageing on Nano-Morphology of Bitumen." Applied Sciences 9, no. 15 (July 26, 2019): 3027. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9153027.
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In recent years, the research on bitumen has reached the nanometer level, but there are still some problems in the study of the relationship between the atomic force microscope (AFM) nano-morphology and ageing of bitumen. The purpose of this paper is to find out the effect of thermal oxygen ageing on the nano-morphology of bitumen. Atomic force microscope (AFM) test sample of bitumen was prepared in this paper. Area ratio of bee-like structure, roughness, and maximum amplitude were selected as the nano-morphological parameters of the bitumen. The calculation method of nano-parameters was also proposed. Bitumen with different ageing degrees was prepared by thin film oven test (TFOT). Nano-morphological parameters of bitumen with different ageing degrees were obtained by AFM and analyzed with NanoScope Analysis, and the relationships between nano-morphological parameters and bitumen technical indexes after ageing, such as penetration, ductility, softening point, and viscosity were analyzed. The test results show that the wave crests and wave troughs of the bee-like structure on the surface of the bitumen alternate, while the other areas are relatively flat. The bee-like structure continues to develop as the ageing time prolongs, and the number of bee-like structures decreases, but the volume and the undulation degree increase. With the ageing time prolonging, the nano-parameters of bitumen, such as the area ratio of bee-like structure, roughness, and maximum amplitude, show a trend of increasing gradually, but the increasing rates become smaller and smaller. During the ageing process of bitumen, with the increase of nano-morphological parameters (area ratio of bee-like structure, roughness, and maximum amplitude), penetration at 25 °C and ductility at 15 °C of the bitumen decrease, and softening point and viscosity at 60 °C increase. AFM testing technology and image analysis method in this paper can be used for a reference in the nano-scale study of bitumen.
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Plachý, Jan, Jana Vysoka, Zdenek Caha, Radek Vejmelka, and Vít Petranek. "The Laboratory Verification of the Absorption of Bitumen Waterproofing Sheets in the Dependence on Selected Parameters." Advanced Materials Research 1100 (April 2015): 156–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1100.156.
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This contribution deals with the issue of the weight absorption of bitumen waterproofing sheets. The aim is to determine which parameter the weight absorption depends on, according to the laboratory measurement and the statistical evaluation. This dependence is to be examined based on the results of the weight absorption achieved by the two different testing methodologies [1], [2]. The laboratory measurement was performed on bitumen waterproofing sheets used for waterproofing concrete bridge decks [3].
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Ostashkina, E. E., and A. E. Savkin. "Radiation resistance of organic compounds for LRW solidification." Radioactive Waste 16, no. 3 (2021): 44–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.25283/2587-9707-2021-3-44-50.
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Experiments were carried out to determine the radiation resistance of a bitumen compound produced based on genuine cubic residue from the Kalinin NPP using bitumen grades BND 60/90 and BND 90/130, polymer compounds based on spent ion exchange resins and spent inorganic sorbents. It was found that at an irradiation dose of 1·106 Gy, the volume of the bitumen compound increases to no more than 10 vol. %, which complies with the NP-019-15 requirements. The polymer compound based on spent ion-exchange resins from the testing of a pilot plant for resin conditioning directly in a disposal container by dewatering and impregnation with an epoxy binder, meets the
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Zhang, Huang, Jian Ying Yu, Zhi Long Cao, and Fei Liu. "Rheological Model and Viscoelasticity of Crumb Rubber Modified Bitumen." Materials Science Forum 913 (February 2018): 1076–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.913.1076.
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Rheological model for crumb rubber modified bitumen (CRMB) by the rheological testing and model analyzer was investigated in this paper. The effects of crumb rubber content and temperature on rheological model and viscoelasticity of CRMB were conducted. The results illustrate that rheological model of bitumen is transformed from Dashpot into Burgers at 60°C after bitumen has been modified by crumb rubber. And the elasticity of CRMB is increased and the viscosity is decreased with crumb rubber content rising. For the modified bitumen with 20% crumb rubber (CRMB-20), its rheological model is Burgers among 20°C~80°C, but the model is translated into Maxwell at 100°C. As the temperature increases, both viscosity and elasticity of CRMB-20 are increased. Compared with 20°C, the instantaneous elastic and viscous deformation of CRMB-20 at 100°C are increased by 14.2 times and 80.5 times, respectively.
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Salihov, Muhammet, Evgeniy Veyukov, Ekaterina Lomakina, and Lidia Malyanova. "Bitumen aging on the surface of crushed limestone at high temperatures." E3S Web of Conferences 263 (2021): 01005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126301005.
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In road structural layers, mixtures of crushed limestone with oil bitumen are used as a structural material (black crushed stone), or as a part of asphalt concrete organic-mineral mixtures. Since limestone deposits are located in a great number of regions, their increased use makes it possible to reduce transportation costs in the estimated road construction cost. In the meantime, it is necessary to conduct a study of the aging of bitumen-mineral mixtures during their preparation and use in road structures when using local limestone materials. This article presents the results of the studies, during which the effect of bitumen aging on some properties of bitumen-mineral mixtures was studied using a new method. The developed method for studying bitumen aging compares favorably with the already known methods and is protected by the Patent of the Russian Federation No. 2654954. Due to this method, it becomes possible to study the effect of aging on the values of any indicator according to a single model – both complex (e.g. asphalt concrete) and simple systems (crushed stone-bitumen, sand-bitumen, etc.). This approach provides a more accurate prediction of the material behavior both during preparation and service in road structures. The execution of work involves the preliminary establishment of the optimal bitumen and crushed stone ratio, at which the highest average density and ultimate compressive strength at +20 °C is provided. Laboratory testing of samples indicated the dynamic pattern of the value of the aging coefficient and the aging rate in terms of the ultimate compressive strength at +50 °C and the elastic modulus.
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SALTAN, Mehmet, Öznur KARADAĞ, Gizem KAÇAROĞLU, İslam GOKALP, and Volkan Emre UZ. "SICAK KARIŞIM ASFALTIN OPTİMUM BİTÜM ORANI ÜZERİNE AGREGA ÖZGÜL AĞIRLIĞININ ETKİSİNİN İNCELENMESİ." Mühendislik Bilimleri ve Tasarım Dergisi 10, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 453–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.21923/jesd.1023895.
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In this study, effect of aggregate specific gravity, which is directly related to origin of aggregates used in hot mix asphalt on optimum bitumen content, indirect tensile strength and tensile strength ratio of hot mix asphalt, was investigated. Specific gravity (SG) values of one kind of limestone aggregate were calculated according to Turkish Standard (TS), American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) and American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) standards, separately. Although one kind of limestone aggregate and 50/70 penetration grade bitumen are used in the mixtures, different values were obtained in terms of optimum bitumen content, indirect tensile strength and moisture sensitivity due to differences in the specific gravity values of the aggregates. Optimum bitumen contents were found by using TS, ASTM and AASHTO standards as 5.03%, 4.75% and 4.59%, respectively. According to the cost – benefit analysis, it can be said that changes in aggregate specific gravity values, which were calculated, based on different standards provide economic benefit. Overall, the results indicated that specific gravity values of one kind of limestone aggregate used in hot mix asphalt have significantly affected optimum bitumen content and indirect tensile strength of the mixtures.
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Sybilski, Dariusz. "Zero-Shear Viscosity of Bituminous Binder and Its Relation to Bituminous Mixture's Rutting Resistance." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1535, no. 1 (January 1996): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198196153500103.
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When testing viscosity of polymer-bitumen systems a question arises about interpretation of results as those systems behave as non-Newtonian liquids. A simple equation modeling non-Newtonian behavior of polymer-bitumens was proposed (which is a simplified version of the CROSS model). The equation used enables the calculation of zero-shear viscosity η0 from viscosity measurements conducted under various shear conditions, that is, with rotational viscometer at different shear rates (stresses). Test results are presented of several polymer-modified bituminous binders before and after Thin film oven test aging and discussion of non-Newtonian behavior. The wheel tracking test (Laboratoric Central des Ponts et Chaussées) was conducted for asphalt concrete with several bituminous binders, either plain bitumens or polymer modified. To estimate bituminous mixture's rutting resistance, a new relationship has been proposed to calculate N10 (wheel passes number to rut depth 10 mm). Close correlation was found between N10 and zero-shear (or absolute) viscosity of binders at 60°C, both conventional and polymer modified.
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Xu, Gang, Yunhong Yu, Jingyao Yang, Tianling Wang, Peipei Kong, and Xianhua Chen. "Rheological and Aging Properties of Composite Modified Bitumen by Styrene–Butadiene–Styrene and Desulfurized Crumb Rubber." Polymers 13, no. 18 (September 8, 2021): 3037. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13183037.
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Taking advantage of crumb rubber from waste tires to modify bitumen is widely for the environmentally friendly and sustainable development of pavement. This study investigated the modification mechanism, rheological, and aging properties of styrene–butadiene–styrene (SBS)/desulfurized crumb rubber (DCR) composite modified bitumen (SBS/DCRMB). Morphological features and chemical characteristics were assessed by fluorescence intensity measurement and gel permeation chromatography (GPC), respectively, and results demonstrated that the DCR and SBS modifier in SBS/DCRMB had been vulcanized and formed a three-dimensional network structure. Moreover, a comparison of the GPC elution curve showed the residual bitumen hardly changed due to carbon black released from DCR of SBS/DCRMB during the aging process of SBS/DCRMB, and the polymer molecules condensed to larger units. However, the remaining bitumen in SBSMB had changed evidently and the polymer degraded to smaller molecules. Meanwhile the rheological testing results, including multiple stress creep recovery, linear amplitude sweep and bending beam rheometer, declared that the SBS/DCRMB is superior to SBSMB before and after aging.
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Abramyan, S. G., and O. V. Oganesyan. "Polymer-Bitumen Binder Based Multifunctional Material." Solid State Phenomena 265 (September 2017): 303–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.265.303.
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The relevance of this paper is based on the increasingly larger volumes of reconstruction of buildings and structures and also with the opportunity to use polymer-bitumen binder based multifunctional materials for construction and installation purposes during such works as sealing cracks and hollows in structural elements. The paper provides a summary analysis of the current situation with the use of composite materials to increase the load-bearing capacity of certain structural elements. It discusses the methods for achieving multi-functionality of materials with the use of polymer-bitumen binders. It further details the procedure for the experimental studies conducted to test several composite materials introduced in a liquid polymer-bitumen mass and applied onto an adhesive polymer-bitumen tape, including the following components: graphite powder, graphite grease, cement and a mixture of graphite powder and cement. When assessing the adhesion characteristics of the samples tested, it was found that the best performance was demonstrated by the following composite materials: polymer-bitumen tape with graphite powder and a mixture of graphite powder and cement. Their adhesion characteristics were shown to be relatively equivalent by using the following two testing methods: the tear-off method with a three day holding period, and the instant adhesion measuring method. However, composite materials with a liquid polymer-bitumen basis failed to produce the desirable results. The authors are of the view that in this case the given adhesion power parameters can be achieved through changing the structure of the materials.
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Bražiūnas, Justas, and Henrikas Sivilevičius. "THE BITUMEN BATCHING SYSTEM'S MODERNIZATION AND ITS EFFECTIVE ANALYSIS AT THE ASPHALT MIXING PLANT." TRANSPORT 25, no. 3 (September 30, 2010): 325–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/transport.2010.40.
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Some particular aspects such as the improvement methods of technological parameters for hot bitu‐ men storage in a pipeline transport system, transportation and dosed supply to batch asphalt mixing plant (AMP) are evaluated in this paper. Bitumen in asphalt concrete binds together the material of mineral particles into a strong conglomerate of a complicated structure, capable of withstanding the destructive effect of vehicles and the factors on the road pavements. The optimal amount of bitumen determined by calculation and laboratory testing should be maintained in mix batches of hot‐mix asphalt (HMA) obtained from AMP mixer. In the periodic type of the asphalt concrete blender mass of the weighted matrix in the all merging batcher's tanks should correspond in percents equally in the HMA to the designed amount of the job‐mix formula (JMF). The bitumen batcher does not always weigh bitumen portions precisely. Their mass deviations from the amount determined by JMF and its variation impair HMA composition and performance. In addition,, an additive model for calculating the effect of factors causing the variance of bitumen content in the produced HMA mixture is presented in this current paper as well. The data on statistical evaluation of bitumen batcher's modernization performed at certain Lithuanian Enterprise are discussed. The differences in structures of reconstructed and not reconstructed bitumen batching systems (BBS) are analysed and methods of determining modernization effectiveness are presented. The effectiveness of BBS is analysed too, defining the deviations of bitumen content in subsamples, taken and extracted everyday for two seasons (before and after the batcher's modernization) of HMA mixture production from the value of JMF and comparing them to the values of tolerances. The analysis of column charts and histograms shows that the made modernization helped to increase the precision of supplying the required amount of bitumen to HMA mixture insignificantly. However, the control of BBS has been considerably increased.
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Saidian, Milad, Torben Rasmussen, Mosab Nasser, Andres Mantilla, and Rick Tobin. "Qualitative and quantitative reservoir bitumen characterization: A core to log correlation methodology." Interpretation 3, no. 1 (February 1, 2015): SA143—SA158. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/int-2014-0052.1.
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Reservoir bitumen is a highly viscous, asphaltene-rich hydrocarbon that can have important effects on reservoir performance. Discriminating between producible oil and reservoir bitumen is critical for recoverable hydrocarbon volume calculations and production planning, yet the lack of resistivity contrast between the two makes it difficult, if not impossible, to make such differentiation using conventional logs. However, the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) response in bitumen-rich zones is dominated by short transverse relaxation times ([Formula: see text]) and a low apparent fluid hydrogen index ([Formula: see text]), providing an opportunity to identify the presence of reservoir bitumen. Therefore, NMR logging technology becomes crucial in the characterization of reservoirs in which the presence of bitumen may be of concern. We used NMR and other log data to identify and quantify the occurrence of reservoir bitumen in a carbonate reservoir. A thorough petrophysical evaluation was performed using a full suite of logs, formation pressure measurements, and laboratory core analysis data. We discuss several quick methods to identify intervals with a higher chance of reservoir bitumen presence. The short transverse relaxation times ([Formula: see text]) and consequently lower [Formula: see text] logarithmic mean time values are characteristics of bitumen-rich zones. Another characteristic is low [Formula: see text] in these zones and consequently lower NMR porosity estimates when compared to porosity estimates from the density and neutron tools. We analyzed 2D longitudinal-transverse relaxation time ([Formula: see text]) maps for core samples at different depths to confirm the presence of reservoir bitumen in some wells using laboratory low-field NMR data. We observed a high [Formula: see text] ratio at various depths, which is an indication of high-molecular-weight hydrocarbons. The presence of bitumen at the same depths was confirmed by thin section analysis, and it is the likely cause for failed formation pressure testing attempts at those depth intervals. Partial cleaning of reservoir bitumen-rich core plugs results in helium-injection porosity estimates that are too low, and they are closer to the NMR porosity than to density porosity, the latter being more consistent with actual values. In addition, the grain density (GD) calculated by He injection is significantly lower than the GD estimated from elemental capture spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction techniques. Disregarding these effects complicates the core to log correlation, which is common practice for porosity calculations using the density log. A volumetric rock model was used to reconcile core and log data as well as to calculate the saturation of reservoir bitumen. The methodologies for reservoir bitumen characterization introduced here can be applied successfully in different reservoirs for more reliable and precise reservoir evaluation and production planning.
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Grilli, Andrea, Maurizio Bocci, Amedeo Virgili, and Carla Conti. "Mechanical Characterization and Chemical Identification of Clear Binders for Road Surface Courses." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2020 (January 20, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/4930646.
Full textAbstract:
The development of non‐black asphalt mixtures for surface courses may play a significant role to improve functional, aesthetic and environmental issues of road pavements. Nowadays, the development of clear binders as substitutes for traditional bitumen in asphalt mixtures, which combine durability and mechanical properties, exalting the color of pavements for a better integration of road networks in urban and environmentally sensitive areas, is undoubtedly a timing challenge. However, the selection and classification of clear binders are often based only on color and standard requirements referred to traditional bitumen that do not describe consistently the binder behavior. A better understanding on clear binder properties is required to guide the aggregate selection and the mix design for surface layer, merging safety, aesthetical and environmental benefits into long lasting pavement. This paper presents a comprehensive experimental program, including empirical tests, infrared spectrum analysis, and rheological testing over a wide range of temperature and frequency, to determine the overall mechanical behavior of three clear binders. Results highlighted that the selected clear binders differ from traditional bitumen in terms of mechanical behavior. Different composition or origin can induce to completely different performance. Moreover, the combination of several testing procedures allowed suggesting specific application methods and uses for the three clear binders.
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Mei, Alessandro, Raffaella Fusco, Monica Moroni, Nicola Fiore, Giuliano Fontinovo, and Antonio D’Andrea. "Affinity between Bitumen and Aggregate in Hot Mix Asphalt by Hyperspectral Imaging and Digital Picture Analysis." Coatings 11, no. 6 (May 28, 2021): 648. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11060648.
Full textAbstract:
This study investigated the viability of quantifying the affinity between aggregate and bitumen by means of different imaging techniques. Experiments were arranged in accordance with the rolling-bottle test, as indicated in UNI EN 12697-11, “Test methods for hot bituminous conglomerates—Part 11”. Digital image processing (DIP) techniques have only recently been used for such quantification. The data gathered with a multi-sensor optical platform equipped with VIS–NIR and SWIR spectrometers were compared with DIP outcomes. Data were processed using the unsupervised ISODATA and the supervised parallelepiped algorithms. The exposed aggregate index (EAI) and the bitumen index (BIT) were calculated to retrieve the bitumen percentage coverage of different mixtures. The comparison with the results obtained employing the traditional 6, 24, 48 and 72 testing hours reveals the possibility to implement a standardized analysis methodology combining digital and hyperspectral imagery to highlight potential inaccuracies deriving from the visual interpretation.
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Zhu, Hongbin, Min Zhang, Yuanyuan Li, Yingxue Zou, Anqi Chen, Fu Wang, Langrun Liu, Dengjun Gu, and Shaoyun Zhou. "Swelled Mechanism of Crumb Rubber and Technical Properties of Crumb Rubber Modified Bitumen." Materials 15, no. 22 (November 11, 2022): 7987. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15227987.
Full textAbstract:
Crumb rubber modified bitumen (CRMB) has excellent high-temperature performance and fatigue resistance, and is widely used in asphalt pavement to cope with increasing traffic axle load and changing climate. Under conventional preparation conditions, the swelling degree of CR can directly impact the comprehensive properties of CRMB; however, physical and chemical properties research on swelling crumb rubber (SCR) and crumb rubber recycled bitumen (CRRB) in CRMB is relatively lacking. In this paper, the working performance of CRMB and CRRB in high-temperature and low-temperature conditions were studied through physical and working performance testing of bitumen. The CR and SCR were tested by scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and particle size distribution (PSD) tests to study the physicochemical behavior and microscopic effects before and after CR swelling. The results showed that CR dosage was in the range of 10%, 15%, and 20%, as well as that CR dosages have a positive effect on the high- and low-temperature performance, storage stability, and elastic recovery of bitumen. The high-temperature PG grades of bitumen were directly improved by four grades, and the elastic recovery rate increased by 339.9%. CR improved the ultra-low temperature crack resistance of bitumen. Due to the absorption of lighter components by CR, the relative content of the heavy component of bitumen increased; however, its low-temperature performance decreased significantly. After swelling, the CR particle size increased and the range became wider, the surface complexity of CR became higher, and the specific surface area was larger. At the same time, CR carried out the transformation process from large and medium molecules to small molecules. During the swelling process, a new benzene ring structure appeared in the CR, and the C–C bond and C–S bond of CR broke, forming part of the C=C bond.
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Eraky, Ahmed, H. S. Ayoub, Omar Osman, Mohamed E. Ouf, and Abdel Zaher E. A. Mostafa. "Improving the Performance Grade and Traffic Loading of Egyptian Asphalt Binders by Recycled Polyethylene Modification." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1056, no. 1 (August 1, 2022): 012041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1056/1/012041.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Recent SUPERPAVE technology allows assessment and performance grading (PG) of modified asphalts according to AASHTO T 350–14 and ASTM D7405-15 standards. These testing protocols use modified - multiple stress creep recovery (MSCR) test, to yield the high temperature PG and the traffic level of the asphalt binder. Latest AASHTO T 350–14 test protocol is used to assess two major Egyptian bitumen products, Alex and Suez (pen 60/70) before and after polymer modification. These standard products have different fractional composition since they are obtained from different local origins. Low density polyethylene modification (LDPE) of such products leads to a major enhancement in their PGs and decreases their high temperature rutting potential. A characteristic comparison between virgin a and LDPE modified bitumen samples is provided to achieve the desired PG and traffic level for high reliability projects deployed in Egyptian hot climate regions. it was found that a 2% wt recycled LDPE modification, enhances the high temperature performance grade and the traffic grade from PG 58S-XX to PG 64S-XX for the bitumen produced by Alexandria Oil Company, and from PG 58S-XX to PG 70S-XX for the bitumen produced by Suez Oil Company.