Journal articles: 'Bitumen emulsion cold mixtures'

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Fang, Xing, Alvaro Garcia-Hernandez, and Pietro Lura. "Overview on cold cement bitumen emulsion asphalt." RILEM Technical Letters 1 (December 29, 2016): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.21809/rilemtechlett.2016.23.

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Cold mix asphalt, a promising substitute for conventional hot mix asphalt, is manufactured at ambient temperature using bitumen emulsion as binder. To improve its strength and durability, cement is often added to the mixture. This review (1) presents an overview about advances in cold mix asphalt modified with cementitious materials, often called CBEA (cement bitumen emulsion asphalt), (2) illustrates advantages and disadvantages of CBEA and (3) gives recommendations to produce homogenous CBEA mixtures

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Wulandari, P. S., and D. Tjandra. "The effect of crumb rubber in dense graded and open graded cold mixture asphalt." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 907, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/907/1/012008.

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Abstract Recycling tires is one of the eco-friendly way for reducing environmental problems. Incorporating crumb rubber in asphalt mixtures is an alternative way for reusing the end-of-life tires in road construction. The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the cold mix asphalt incorporating crumb rubber as a substitute for a part of fine aggregates. In this study, the aggregate gradations for mix design were selected according to the specification, Dense Graded Emulsion Mixtures (DGEM) Type IV and Open Graded Emulsion Mixtures (OGEM) Type E/20. The design bitumen content in this study was optimized for stability, void in mixture (porosity), and density. Crumb Rubber (CR) emulsion mixtures were made with optimum bitumen content at 8% by mass of total mixture for DGEM and OGEM. In order to incorporate crumb rubber into the cold emulsion mixtures, laboratory testing were performed for 25% and 50% of fine aggregates replaced with an equal volume of crumb rubber. In general, CR emulsion mixtures showed good results in all parameters. The CR emulsion mixtures also had a good comparison to hot mix asphalt specification for medium volume traffic loads with porosity less than 10%. From this study, crumb rubber can be recommended as a substitution material of fine aggregates in cold mix asphalt.

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Shojaei Baghini, Mojtaba, and Amiruddin Ismail. "Freeze-Thaw Performance and Moisture-Induced Damage Resistance of Base Course Stabilized with Slow Setting Bitumen Emulsion-Portland Cement Additives." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2015 (2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/348691.

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Freeze-thaw (FT) cycles and moisture susceptibility are important factors influencing the geotechnical characteristics of soil-aggregates. Given the lack of published information on the behavior of cement-bitumen emulsion-treated base (CBETB) under environmental conditions, especially freezing and thawing, this study investigated the effects of these additives on the CBETB performance. The primary goal was to evaluate the resistance of CBETB to moisture damage by performing FT, Marshall conditioning, and AASHTO T-283 tests and to evaluate the long-term stripping susceptibility of CBETB while also predicting the liquid antistripping additives to assess the mixture’s durability and workability. Specimens were stabilized with Portland cement (0%–6%), bitumen emulsion (0%–5%), and Portland cement-bitumen emulsion mixtures and cured for 7 days, and their short- and long-term performances were studied. Evaluation results of both the Marshall stability ratio and the tensile strength ratio show that the additions of additives increase the resistance of the mixtures to moisture damage. Results of durability tests performed for determining the resistance of compacted specimens to repeated FT cycles indicate that the specimen with the 4% cement-3% bitumen emulsion mixture significantly improves water absorption, volume changes, and weight losses. This indicates the effectiveness of this additive as a road base stabilizer with excellent engineering properties for cold regions.

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Terrones-Saeta, Juan María, Francisco Javier Iglesias-Godino, Francisco Antonio Corpas-Iglesias, and Carmen Martínez-García. "Study of the Incorporation of Ladle Furnace Slag in the Manufacture of Cold In-Place Recycling with Bitumen Emulsion." Materials 13, no. 21 (October 26, 2020): 4765. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13214765.

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Cold in-place recycling with bitumen emulsion is a good environmental option for road conservation. The technique produces lower CO2 emissions because the product is manufactured and spread in the same location as the previous infrastructure, and its mixing with bitumen emulsion occurs at room temperature. Adding materials with cementitious characteristics gives the final mixture greater resistance and durability, and incorporating an industrial by-product such as ladle furnace slag (of which cementitious characteristics have been corroborated by various authors) enables the creation of sustainable, resistant pavement. This paper describes the incorporation of ladle furnace slag in reclaimed asphalt pavements (RAP) to execute in-place asphalt pavement recycling with bitumen emulsion. Various test groups of samples with increasing percentages of emulsion were created to study both the density of the mixtures obtained, and their dry and post-immersion compressive strength. To determine these characteristics, the physical and chemical properties of the ladle furnace slag and the reclaimed asphalt pavements were analyzed, as well as compatibility with the bitumen emulsion. The aforementioned tests define an optimal combination of RAP (90%), ladle furnace slag (10%), water (2.6%), and emulsion (3.3%), which demonstrated maximum values for compressive strength of the dry and post-immersion bituminous mixture. These tests therefore demonstrate the suitability of ladle furnace slag for cold in-place recycling with bitumen emulsion.

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Konieczna, Katarzyna, Piotr Pokorski, Wojciech Sorociak, Piotr Radziszewski, Dawid Żymełka, and Jan Król. "Study of the Stiffness of the Bitumen Emulsion Based Cold Recycling Mixes for Road Base Courses." Materials 13, no. 23 (December 1, 2020): 5473. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13235473.

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The benefits of the use of cold recycling mixtures (CRMs) in pavement rehabilitation are associated with both the reduction of natural resource consumption by replacing them with recycled materials and the reduction of energy consumption during their production and paving. The evolution of the stiffness of CRMs in road construction and the fatigue life of pavements with CRM base layers are still being investigated. In this paper, CRMs with 1% cement content, called bitumen-stabilized materials with bitumen emulsion (BSM-Es), were examined. Mixtures that were differentiated in terms of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) content, as well as the amount and type of bitumen emulsions, were subjected to indirect tensile stiffness modulus (ITSM) tests at 5 °C, 13 °C, and 20 °C. The thermal sensitivities of the BSM-E mixtures were analyzed. BSM-E mixture stiffness modulus levels at various temperatures were determined using a statistical approach. On the basis of the results obtained, a discussion on the mechanistic-empirical design of flexible pavements with BSM-E base layers is presented. The potential benefits of using BSM-E materials in road construction in certain aspects of pavement life are indicated.

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Chelelgo, Kiplagat, Zachary C. Abiero Gariy, and Stanley Muse Shitote. "Laboratory Mix Design of Cold Bitumen Emulsion Mixtures Incorporating Reclaimed Asphalt and Virgin Aggregates." Buildings 8, no. 12 (December 10, 2018): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings8120177.

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Bitumen emulsion asphalts, especially those incorporating marginal and secondary aggregates, are energy efficient, environment friendly, and sustainable alternatives to hot-mix asphalts. This study set out to compare engineering properties of a bitumen emulsion asphalt composed entirely of virgin aggregates with another composed of 55% reclaimed asphalt and 45% virgin aggregates. The aggregates were bound with a slow setting cationic bitumen emulsion composed of 65% base bitumen and 35% water. Marshall specimens molded at varying pre-mix water and bitumen emulsion contents were cured in molds for 24 h before being de-molded and cured for a further 72 h at 40 °C. Dry densities, porosities, and indirect tensile strengths for the cured specimens were determined in dry and soaked states. Virgin aggregate mix, at an optimum binder content of 6.1%, had a tensile strength ratio of 1.3 with corresponding air voids and moisture absorption values of 10.1% and 0.92%, respectively. Similarly, reclaimed asphalt mix at an optimum binder content of 6.2% had a tensile strength ratio of 1.03, with corresponding air voids and moisture absorption values of 7.9% and 0.38%, respectively. Compared to virgin mix, reclaimed asphalt mix had lower air voids and lower moisture absorption values with the overall benefit of enhanced resistance to moisture damage.

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Buczyński, Przemysław, Marek Iwański, and Jakub Krasowski. "Assessment of the Impact of Hydraulic Binder on the Properties of the Cold Recycled Mixture with Foamed Bitumen and Bitumen Emulsion: Field Tests." Buildings 10, no. 12 (November 30, 2020): 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings10120223.

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The paper presents the results of tests of the impact of hydraulic and bituminous binders on the properties of the cold-recycled mixture (CRM). The composition of the cold-recycled mixture includes two types of different binders, i.e., bituminous binder in the form of foamed bitumen and bitumen emulsion, as well as Portland cement (CEM I 32.5R) and hydraulic binder. The hydraulic binder was produced by mixing three base ingredients in the following ratio: 40% CEM I 32.5R; 20% Ca(OH)2 and 40% CBD (cement bypass dust). The cold-recycled mixtures were produced under industrial conditions on a test section. The prepared CRM with bitumen emulsion (MCE) and foamed bitumen (MCAS) was collected from the test section and compacted under laboratory conditions. The impact of the type and kind of the binder was assessed in terms of physical properties, mechanical properties and deformation modulus (bearing capacity of subbase) of the recycled base course after 1, 7 and 28 days. It was found that the use of hydraulic binder in the recycled base course, regardless of the type of bituminous binder, reduced cohesion without reducing the remaining parameters.

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Krasowski, Jakub, Przemysław Buczyński, and Marek Iwański. "The Effect of Polymer Powder on the Cracking of the Subbase Layer Composed of Cold Recycled Bitumen Emulsion Mixtures." Materials 14, no. 19 (October 7, 2021): 5867. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14195867.

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The research was aimed at assessing the effect of the redispersible polymer powder on the fracture resistance of a subbase made of a mineral–cement mixture with a bitumen emulsion. The test was performed at two temperatures, i.e., 0 °C and 20 °C. The prepared mixtures differed in the content of cement, asphalt emulsion, and polymer modifier. Cement and redispersible polymer powder were dosed in 1.5% steps from 0.5% to 3.5% while the amount of bitumen emulsion ranged from 0.0% to 5.0%. The SCB (semi-circular bending) tests carried out in the laboratory showed the dependence of the influence of the amount of binder and polymer modifier on the fracture resistance of the recycled subbase. Mixes containing a polymer modifier in their composition are characterized by a much higher resistance to cracking than traditional mineral–cement–emulsion mixtures. An example is the doubling of the framework’s fracture toughness (KIC) when the amount of the polymer modifier is increased from 0.5% to 2.0% with a constant cement content of 0.5%. The obtained results (KIC) in this case were 2.90 and 5.81. The key is the right ratio of polymer powder and cement in the base composition.

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Marinković, Milan, Edmundas Kazimieras Zavadskas, Bojan Matić, Stanislav Jovanović, Dillip Kumar Das, and Siniša Sremac. "Application of Wasted and Recycled Materials for Production of Stabilized Layers of Road Structures." Buildings 12, no. 5 (April 26, 2022): 552. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12050552.

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The construction industry, as one of the most complex sectors, depends on using wasted and recycled materials, timely decision-making, and adequate execution of all activities in supply chains. This paper presents tests of mixtures for cold in-place recycling where existing material is used. In this research, we used cement and bitumen emulsion as well as fly ash, zeolite, slag, and Bakelite. A total of seven mixtures were tested in order to increase sustainability. It was tested the indirect tensile strength and dynamic modulus of elasticity after seven and 28 days for dry specimens, after 28 days for water-saturated specimens and for specimens exposed to frost. After completing the tests using the MEREC (MEthod based on the Removal Effects of Criteria) and CoCoSo (Combined Compromise Solution) multi-criteria model, mixtures were evaluated and ranked in terms of mechanical properties, price, and environmental protection. Considering the ranking of mixtures using the CoCoSo method, the highest quality mixtures, for most combinations of weight factors, are mixtures with slag, mixtures with fly ash, and mixtures with 2% of cement and 2% of bitumen emulsion. Sensitivity analysis was also performed with new simulated values of the criteria in order to determine the individual influence of the criteria on the ranking of mixtures. The conclusions are as follows: the use of bitumen emulsion, cement, waste materials, and other materials in cold recycling would reduce the cost of recycling pavement structures, increase environmental protection, while the mechanical properties of the pavement structures are within acceptable limits.

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Marinković, Milan, Edmundas Kazimieras Zavadskas, Bojan Matić, Stanislav Jovanović, Dillip Kumar Das, and Siniša Sremac. "Application of Wasted and Recycled Materials for Production of Stabilized Layers of Road Structures." Buildings 12, no. 5 (April 26, 2022): 552. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12050552.

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The construction industry, as one of the most complex sectors, depends on using wasted and recycled materials, timely decision-making, and adequate execution of all activities in supply chains. This paper presents tests of mixtures for cold in-place recycling where existing material is used. In this research, we used cement and bitumen emulsion as well as fly ash, zeolite, slag, and Bakelite. A total of seven mixtures were tested in order to increase sustainability. It was tested the indirect tensile strength and dynamic modulus of elasticity after seven and 28 days for dry specimens, after 28 days for water-saturated specimens and for specimens exposed to frost. After completing the tests using the MEREC (MEthod based on the Removal Effects of Criteria) and CoCoSo (Combined Compromise Solution) multi-criteria model, mixtures were evaluated and ranked in terms of mechanical properties, price, and environmental protection. Considering the ranking of mixtures using the CoCoSo method, the highest quality mixtures, for most combinations of weight factors, are mixtures with slag, mixtures with fly ash, and mixtures with 2% of cement and 2% of bitumen emulsion. Sensitivity analysis was also performed with new simulated values of the criteria in order to determine the individual influence of the criteria on the ranking of mixtures. The conclusions are as follows: the use of bitumen emulsion, cement, waste materials, and other materials in cold recycling would reduce the cost of recycling pavement structures, increase environmental protection, while the mechanical properties of the pavement structures are within acceptable limits.

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Marinković, Milan, Edmundas Kazimieras Zavadskas, Bojan Matić, Stanislav Jovanović, Dillip Kumar Das, and Siniša Sremac. "Application of Wasted and Recycled Materials for Production of Stabilized Layers of Road Structures." Buildings 12, no. 5 (April 26, 2022): 552. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12050552.

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The construction industry, as one of the most complex sectors, depends on using wasted and recycled materials, timely decision-making, and adequate execution of all activities in supply chains. This paper presents tests of mixtures for cold in-place recycling where existing material is used. In this research, we used cement and bitumen emulsion as well as fly ash, zeolite, slag, and Bakelite. A total of seven mixtures were tested in order to increase sustainability. It was tested the indirect tensile strength and dynamic modulus of elasticity after seven and 28 days for dry specimens, after 28 days for water-saturated specimens and for specimens exposed to frost. After completing the tests using the MEREC (MEthod based on the Removal Effects of Criteria) and CoCoSo (Combined Compromise Solution) multi-criteria model, mixtures were evaluated and ranked in terms of mechanical properties, price, and environmental protection. Considering the ranking of mixtures using the CoCoSo method, the highest quality mixtures, for most combinations of weight factors, are mixtures with slag, mixtures with fly ash, and mixtures with 2% of cement and 2% of bitumen emulsion. Sensitivity analysis was also performed with new simulated values of the criteria in order to determine the individual influence of the criteria on the ranking of mixtures. The conclusions are as follows: the use of bitumen emulsion, cement, waste materials, and other materials in cold recycling would reduce the cost of recycling pavement structures, increase environmental protection, while the mechanical properties of the pavement structures are within acceptable limits.

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Miljkovic, Miomir. "Effect of bitumen emulsion on mechanical performance of cold asphalt mixtures." Facta universitatis - series: Architecture and Civil Engineering 12, no. 2 (2014): 195–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fuace1402195m.

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Implementation of innovative material and evaluation concepts in pavement construction industry is important to reduce the negative environmental impacts. The objective of this paper is to review the recent scientific developments in characterising the effect of bitumen emulsion properties on the performance of cold asphalt mixtures. The experimental approach was based on the indirect tensile testing of the standardised bitumen emulsion mortar specimens. The major finding is that there is a continuous change in mechanical properties and the mode of fracture on the long-term basis. However, the ratios of the considered fracture performance-related parameters indicated that the change in the mode of fracture from ductile to brittle is not that direct, and the reason for this could be in the relation between the development of the adhesion and the residual binder viscosity. As a step towards fundamental understanding of the contribution of adhesion, further research should be focused on the interaction between cement hydration, binder droplets, and emulsifier.

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Suárez-Macías, Jorge, Juan María Terrones-Saeta, Francisco Javier Iglesias-Godino, and Francisco Antonio Corpas-Iglesias. "Development of Cold In-Place Recycling with Bitumen Emulsion and Biomass Bottom Ash." Crystals 11, no. 4 (April 7, 2021): 384. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst11040384.

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Power generation from biomass is one of the most promising energy sources available today. However, this industry has a series of wastes derived from its activity, mainly biomass fly ash and biomass bottom ash. Biomass bottom ash is a waste that has no current use and, in most cases, is deposited in landfills. In turn, road construction is one of the activities that produces the most pollution, as it requires huge amounts of raw materials. Therefore, this research proposes the use of biomass bottom ashes, in an unaltered form, for the formation of cold in-place recycling with bitumen emulsion. This type of mixture, which is highly sustainable owing to the use of a high percentage of waste, was made with reclaimed asphalt pavement, biomass bottom ash, water, and bitumen emulsion. To this end, the grading curve of the materials was analyzed, different bituminous mixtures were made with varying percentages of emulsion and water, and the mechanical properties of the mixtures were analyzed. At the same time, the same type of mix was made with reclaimed asphalt pavement and commercial limestone aggregate, in order to compare the results. The tests showed a better mechanical behavior of the bituminous mixes made with biomass bottom ash, maintaining physical properties similar to those of conventional mixes. In short, it was confirmed that the production of this type of mix with biomass bottom ash was feasible, creating sustainable materials that reuse currently unused waste and avoid landfill disposal.

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Baldo, Nicola, Matteo Miani, Fabio Rondinella, and Marco Pasetto. "Recycling of Waste Materials Using Bitumen Emulsion for Road Pavement Stabilized Base Courses: a Laboratory Investigation." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1203, no. 2 (November 1, 2021): 022111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1203/2/022111.

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Abstract The valorisation and reuse of waste materials can enhance the environmental sustainability of road constructions, especially by means of cold recycling techniques, which, moreover, allow to reduce polluting emissions in atmosphere. Among the various technological approaches, the use of bitumen emulsion to stabilize waste materials is very common, especially in case of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) aggregates. However, even other types of waste materials could be considered using a Cold Central Plant Recycling (CCPR) approach. The paper discusses the main results of a laboratory investigation aimed to evaluate the mechanical performance of bitumen emulsion stabilized mixtures for road pavements base courses, prepared with RAP, steel slag, coal ash and glass wastes, used with various percentages. In a first step of the laboratory study, both physical and toxicological properties of each waste material have been investigated, in order to assess their environmental compatibility. Subsequently, an extensive mechanical analysis of the bitumen emulsion stabilized mixtures has been carried out in the laboratory, in terms of indirect tensile strength, indirect tensile stiffness modulus at three temperatures (10°C, 25°C, 40°C) and repeated load axial tests at 30°C. The moisture resistance of the mixes has been also investigated by means of indirect tensile strength tests carried out on soaked specimens. Very good results have been observed, depending on the mix composition: indirect tensile strength at 25 °C on dry specimens up to 0.52 MPa and stiffness modulus up to 4,056 MPa (at 25 °C, for a rise time equal to 124 ms). Therefore, it has been verified that the waste materials considered in the study can be successfully reused to completely substitute conventional aggregates in bitumen emulsion stabilized mixtures for road pavements base courses.

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Nassar, Ahmed I., Mahmoud Khashaa Mohammed, Nicholas Thom, and Tony Parry. "Characterisation of high-performance cold bitumen emulsion mixtures for surface courses." International Journal of Pavement Engineering 19, no. 6 (April 25, 2016): 509–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2016.1176165.

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Grilli, Andrea, Andrea Graziani, Alan Carter, Cesare Sangiorgi, Luciano Pivoto Specht, and Sergio Copetti Callai. "Slurry surfacing: a review of definitions, descriptions and current practices." RILEM Technical Letters 4 (November 19, 2019): 103–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.21809/rilemtechlett.2019.91.

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Cold bitumen emulsions (CBE) are currently used worldwide for both non-structural (cold surface treatments) and structural (cold bituminous mixtures) paving applications. Among non-structural applications, bituminous slurry surfacings (BSS) allow to improve surface properties and extend the pavement’s life. However, selection of constituents, mix design, application and quality control procedures for BSS are mostly based on local experience and empirical tests. Thus, the use of BSS is associated to higher technical risks with respect to the use of traditional hot-mix technologies. In this context the RILEM Technical Committee 280-CBE TG2 “Multiphase characterisation of cold bitumen emulsion materials” aims to collect worldwide theoretical knowledge and experiences on BSS and to inspire new standards, specifications and guidelines encompassing the wide set of existing practices. This paper summarizes the first part of the literature review carried out as part of the TC workplan and focuses on the definition, the description and the application method for BSS. National standards, construction specifications and best practice documents from North America, South America, Europe and Australia are analysed and compared.

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Li, Chun, Jian Ouyang, Peng Cao, Jingtao Shi, Wenting Yang, and Yuqi Sha. "Effect of Rejuvenating Agent on the Pavement Properties of Cold Recycled Mixture with Bitmen Emulsion." Coatings 11, no. 5 (April 29, 2021): 520. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11050520.

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A traditional cold recycled mixture with bitumen emulsion (CRMB) has a relatively low cracking resistance and moisture susceptibility, which greatly limits its application scope. A rejuvenating agent was employed to improve the pavement properties of CRMB. To avoid the rejuvenating agent having an adverse effect on the new bitumen, reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) was firstly treated by the rejuvenating agent, and the effect of rejuvenating time on the pavement properties of CRMB was investigated. Results indicate that the addition of a rejuvenating agent can greatly improve the ductility and moisture susceptibility of CRMB. Meanwhile, although the rejuvenating agent can soften aged bitumen, the addition of a rejuvenating agent can still increase the indirect tensile strength of CRMB and does not greatly reduce the rutting resistance of CRMB. This phenomenon exists because the rejuvenating agent can be both beneficial to the membrane structure of the bitumen emulsion mastic and aged bitumen. It can also greatly improve the bonding interface between RAP and the bitumen emulsion mastic. The rejuvenating time between RAP and the rejuvenating agent can affect the pavement properties of CRMB. To obtain better pavement properties, the optimum recommended rejuvenating time is between 5 and 7 days. Overall, the addition of rejuvenating agent can be a good choice to improve the pavement properties of CRMB.

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Zubkov, A. F., L. S. Zarapina, and K. A. Andrianov. "INFLUENCE OF THE LOAD ON THE MODULUS OF ELASTICITYOF THE ASPHALT GRANULATE LAYER DURING THE RESTORATIONSURFACE OF THE ROAD CONSTRUCTION PAVEMENT." Russian Journal of Building Construction and Architecture, no. 1(53) (February 21, 2022): 69–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.36622/vstu.2022.53.1.007.

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Statement of the problem. The effect of the size of fractions, layer thickness during compaction and the percentage of bitumen emulsion of asphalt granulate obtained during the destruction of an old non-rigid pavement by cold milling on the elastic modulus of the pavement is investigated. Results. It has been experimentally proven that taking into account the size of the fractions, the introduction of a bitumen emulsion into the mixture of asphalt granulate has a different effect on the strength characteristics of the asphalt granular concrete mixture. The greatest effect when the emulsion is introduced into asphalt granulate is achieved at 2 %. For a mixture of a fraction of5--20 mm, an increase in the bitumen emulsion from 2 to 4 % has no significant effect on the strength characteristics. For an asphalt-granular concrete mixture with fractions of 20--40 mm, with an increase in the emulsion content above 2 %, a decrease in the strength characteristics of the pavement layer occurs, which is explained by the structure of the compacted layer.Conclusion. Dependences for determining the modulus of elasticity of an asphalt granulate layer are presented taking into account its thickness, particle size and the percentage of bitumen emulsion in the mixture.

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Russo, Francesca, Rosa Veropalumbo, Cristina Oreto, Salvatore Antonio Biancardo, Francesco Abbondati, and Nunzio Viscione. "Verifying the Mechanical Performance of Cold and Hot Asphalt Mastics Containing Jet Grouting Waste as a Filler." Coatings 11, no. 7 (June 23, 2021): 751. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11070751.

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In the road construction sector, the CO2 emissions that affect global warming are, in most cases, from the asphalt mixtures production activities that are carried out at high temperature (above 160 °C). The research here presented aims to investigate the physical-mechanical properties of asphalt mastics made up using jet grouting waste (JW) as a filler produced through both cold (40–50 °C) and hot mixing process. The first step focused primarily on examining the effects of optimal blending time and curing time of the mastics. The second step focused on the investigation of the rheological properties using a dynamic shear rheometer and carrying out a frequency sweep test at temperatures ranging from 0 to 50 °C with increments of 10 °C, and a multiple stress creep and recovery (MSCR) test under 0.1 and 3.2 kPa load levels at temperatures of 40 and 50 °C. Four cold asphalt mastic solutions were analyzed and then compared to three hot traditional ones, keeping constant, on the one hand, the binder weight and filler over binder weight ratio (0.5), and, on the other hand, changing the type and amount of filler. The compositions of the hot and cold asphalt mastics were as follows: (a) 33% limestone filler (LF) plus 67% bitumen (concerning the cold mixing process, the bitumen content refers to the amount of bitumen into the bitumen emulsion), (b) 33% JW plus 67% bitumen, (c) 16.5% LF plus 16.5% JW and 67% bitumen. The fourth solution designed only for cold asphalt mastic was made up of 33% Portland cement (PC) plus 67% bitumen (referring to the amount of bitumen in the bitumen emulsion). The main findings showed that the optimal performance was achieved at high test temperature by cold and hot asphalt mastics made up adding LF and JW filler, which showed a pronounced elastic behavior. Moreover, the cold asphalt mastic solution made up of LF and JW filler showed better performance than the mastic made up using PC, reaching over 40% increase of the shear modulus and 30% lower non-recoverable creep compliance values at all test temperatures.

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Chelelgo, Kiplagat, Zachary C. Abiero Gariy, and Stanley Muse Shitote. "Modeling of Fatigue-Strength Development in Cold-Emulsion Asphalt Mixtures Using Maturity Method." Applied Sciences 9, no. 13 (July 2, 2019): 2694. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9132694.

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Emulsion asphalts are cost-effective, environmentally friendly, and sustainable alternatives to hot-mix asphalts. Laboratory curing protocols currently used to simulate field curing of emulsion asphalts have been observed to offer conflicting predictions. This study employed the maturity method to account for the combined effects of temperature and time on fatigue-strength development in emulsion asphalts. An emulsion asphalt, composed of 55% reclaimed asphalt pavement, 45% virgin aggregates, 6.2% bitumen emulsion, and 4% pre-mix water was designed following the Asphalt Institute procedure. A total of 168 specimens from the mix were variously cured at 5 °C, 25 °C, 40 °C, and 50 °C for time intervals of 1, 3, 5, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days, before being tested for fatigue-strengths on the four-point bending test jig. It was observed that fatigue-strengths increased with an increase in cure temperature but decreased with an increase in cure duration. A parabolic hyperbolic fatigue-maturity model was developed from results of specimens cured at 5 °C, 25 °C, and 40 °C and validated with results from specimens cured at 50 °C. A strong correlation was observed between predicted fatigue-maturity and laboratory-determined fatigue-strengths at test strain levels between 125 µm/m and 200 µm/m. The study concluded that the laboratory characterization of emulsion asphalts should consider the curing history of the mix.

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Dołżycki, Bohdan, Mariusz Jaczewski, and Cezary Szydłowski. "The Impact of Long-Time Chemical Bonds in Mineral-Cement-Emulsion Mixtures on Stiffness Modulus." Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering 13, no. 2 (June 25, 2018): 121–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.7250/bjrbe.2018-13.406.

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Deep cold in-place recycling is the most popular method of reuse of existing old and deteriorated asphalt layers of road pavements. In Poland, in most cases, the Mineral-Cement-Emulsion mixture technology is used, but there are also applications combining foamed bitumen and cement. Mineral-Cement-Emulsion mixtures contain two different binding agents – cement as well as asphalt from the asphalt emulsion. Asphalt creates asphalt bonding (responsible for flexible behaviour), whereas cement generates hydraulic bonds (responsible for stiffness of the layer). Final properties of Mineral- Cement-Emulsion mixtures are a result of a combination of both binding agents. While the stiffness of the material is unaffected by asphalt bonding, an increase in stiffness with time is visible for materials treated with hydraulic binders. This publication presents the change in stiffness modulus of Mineral-Cement-Emulsion mixtures by Simple Performance Test. For the analysis, two batches of specimens were used: the first was tested 28 days after compaction (period stated in Polish recommendations) and the second was tested 1.5 years after compaction. Analysis showed that after 1.5 years the stiffness modulus increased by about 10% in comparison to the 28 days after compaction. The change is minor but still significant. Unexpectedly, the level of the increase was unaffected by the combination of the binding agents (asphalt emulsion, cement).

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Joni, H. H., and M. Sh Hashim. "Evaluation silica fume addition on some properties of cold bitumen emulsion mixtures (CBEMs)." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 433 (November 30, 2018): 012021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/433/1/012021.

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Graziani, Andrea, Christian Iafelice, Simone Raschia, Daniel Perraton, and Alan Carter. "A procedure for characterizing the curing process of cold recycled bitumen emulsion mixtures." Construction and Building Materials 173 (June 2018): 754–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.04.091.

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Nassar, Ahmed I., Nicholas Thom, and Tony Parry. "Optimizing the mix design of cold bitumen emulsion mixtures using response surface methodology." Construction and Building Materials 104 (February 2016): 216–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.12.073.

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Chegenizadeh, Amin, Anthony Tufilli, Indah Sekar Arumdani, Mochamad Arief Budihardjo, Ethan Dadras, and Hamid Nikraz. "Mechanical Properties of Cold Mix Asphalt (CMA) Mixed with Recycled Asphalt Pavement." Infrastructures 7, no. 4 (March 22, 2022): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures7040045.

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From the perspective of sustainability and environmental concerns, the use of cold-mix asphalt (CMA) and recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) is more advantageous than the use of hot mix asphalt (HMA) and warm mix asphalt (WMA). Some researchers used a mixture of CMA and RAP to improve the mechanical properties of pavement and made it more economical. However, only a few studies have focused on using a high content of RAP—particularly 100% RAP—as the virgin aggregate. Therefore, this study aims to analyse cold-mix asphalt (CMA) using 100% recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) instead of virgin aggregate raw materials and to determine the best mixture for the production of environmentally friendly asphalt. It is necessary to investigate the performance of CMA mixed with RAP in terms of the resilient modulus, indirect tensile strength, fatigue and rutting resistance. In this study, the percentage of bitumen emulsions added is 2%, 2.5%, 3%, 3.5%, and 4%, along with 100% RAP material. The results indicate that the fatigue life of the RAP mixture increased by 49.34% with the addition of bitumen emulsion (BE) from 2% to 4%, while the wheel tracking test experienced a decrease in rutting depth along with an increase in BE dose of 4%, which was 9 mm. The mixture containing 4% asphalt emulsion has the best performance. The results suggested that increasing the BE dosage increases the resistance against rutting and fatigue.

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Graziani, Andrea, Carlotta Godenzoni, and Francesco Canestrari. "Experimental characterization of the 3D linear viscoelastic behavior of cold recycled bitumen emulsion mixtures." Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering (English Edition) 6, no. 4 (August 2019): 324–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtte.2019.03.001.

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Abdel-Wahed, Talaat, Anmar Dulaimi, Hayder Kamil Shanbara, and Hassan Al Nageim. "The Impact of Cement Kiln Dust and Cement on Cold Mix Asphalt Characteristics at Different Climate." Sustainability 14, no. 7 (March 31, 2022): 4173. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14074173.

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Cold bitumen emulsion mixtures (CBEMs) are made up of the same materials that are used in hot mixes. However, asphalt emulsion and water are used in such mixes. To date, many countries are still not using these mixes as a structure layer. This can be attributed mainly to their low resistance to rainfall, long curing time and low early strength. The addition of cementitious filler to CBEMs as a clean paving material is a potential technique to achieve superior mechanical qualities. The aim of this research is to compare improved CBEMs that might be used as a wearing surface to hot mix asphalt (HMA). These improvements were carried out through the use of a combination of cement and limestone, or a combination of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and cement kiln dust (CKD). CBEMs were prepared according to Egyptian and British gradations using different percentages of ordinary Portland cement (OPC), CKD, and limestone. This may offer a new cold bitumen emulsion mixture to be used as a structural pavement layer in such countries. The main tests performed for the assessment of the mixes in this research are indirect tensile stiffness modulus, fatigue resistance, and resistance to rutting at different temperatures (20 °C, 45 °C, and 60 °C). The results show that adding OPC to CBEMs enhanced the results in terms of ITSM, rutting and fatigue resistance. However, significant improvements were made by binary filler made of CKD and OPC to the said mechanical properties in terms of both UK and Egyptian gradations. The ITSM values for both CBEMUK6 and CBEMEg6, which contain 80% OPC + 20% CKD, improved by around 8 and 9 times in comparison to CBEMUK1 and CBEMEg1, which contain 20% OPC + 80% L.S, respectively.

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Al-Mohammedawi, Ahmed, and Konrad Mollenhauer. "A Study on the Influence of the Chemical Nature of Fillers on Rheological and Fatigue Behavior of Bitumen Emulsion Mastic." Materials 13, no. 20 (October 16, 2020): 4627. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13204627.

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Cold Bitumen Emulsion (CBE) mixture technologies have been recently developed to lower pavement construction temperatures to reduce environmental costs and control gas emissions. Due to its poor early mechanical strength, active fillers (i.e., cement) have been used to obtain high early stiffness in order to have the potential for timely construction of the next layer. There is, however, a lack of understanding about the impact of active fillers on the viscoelastic behavior and fatigue damage resistance of CBE mastics. This study, therefore, aims to identify the influence of active fillers on the rheological properties and the resulting fatigue behavior of CBE mastic, supported by chemical analysis for the filler-bitumen emulsion. For this aim, bitumen emulsion was mixed separately with seven fillers/blended fillers to prepare the CBE mastics. Various experiments, including continuous pH monitoring tests (chemical reactivity of filler-bitumen emulsion), Strain Sweep (SS) tests, Temperature-Frequency Sweep (TFS) tests, Time Sweep (TS) tests, and Linear Amplitude Sweep (LAS) tests were conducted on the CBE binder and the prepared mastics. Results show that the rheological performance and the fatigue damage resistance depend not only on the filler inclusions but also on filler type and chemistry. On this basis, the rise in complex shear modulus and the decrease in the viscous component is associated with a significant enhancement in fatigue performance for specific fillers.

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Holovko, Serhiy. "ABOUT MODERN POSSIBILITIES OF REUSING ROAD-BUILDING MATERIALS WHEN REPAIRING ROAD PAVEMENTS OF AN IMPROVED LIGHTWEIGHT TYPE." Avtoshliakhovyk Ukrayiny, no. 3 (267)' 2021 (September 24, 2021): 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.33868/0365-8392-2021-3-267-30-35.

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At present, when developing design solutions for the repair of non-rigid road pavements of an improved lightweight type, they provide for the device of a base layer using cold recycling technology or from a crushed stone-sand mixture treated with a mineral or complex binder, and two layers of asphalt concrete are laid on top. Based on the results of exploratory studies aimed at wider reuse of road building materials, it is proposed, when repairing a road surface of an improved lightweight type, instead of the top layer of a base made of asphalt concrete, arrange a layer of road material made by the technology of cold recycling ” in the mixer” using an organic binder, and the bottom layer of the base should be made of road material made by the technology of cold recycling “on the road” using a mineral or complex binder. Considering that Ukraine has insufficient experience in preparing mixtures using cold recycling technology using foamed bitumen or bitumen emulsion, the features of their manufacture are given. After milling the asphalt concrete, the bottom layer of the base is reinforced from the road material made using the cold recycling technology “on the road” using a mineral or complex binder. Layers of materials arranged according to the technology of cold recycling, due to processing with a small amount of binders, have insufficient resistance to the action of the wheels of vehicles, and therefore, on top of these layers, it is necessary to arrange a coating layer of materials that provide resistance to dynamic action. The given approach allows to obtain a reduction in the cost of pavement repair due to a decrease in energy consumption for the preparation of asphalt concrete, since the production of materials using cold recycling technologies does not provide for heating the material.

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Zarapina, L. S., K. A. Andrianov, and A. F. Zubkov. "INFLUENCE OF THE PROPERTIES OF THE MATERIAL OBTAINEDBY COLD MILLING OF NON-RIGID PAVEMENTS ON THE DEFORMATIONOF THE LAYER DURING THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE PAVEMENT." Russian Journal of Building Construction and Architecture, no. 1(53) (February 21, 2022): 56–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.36622/vstu.2022.53.1.006.

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Statement n of the problem. Establish the effect of the size of material fractions, thickness and percentage of bitumen emulsion obtained by milling non-rigid pavements on the deformation of the layer during pavement construction.Results. It has been experimentally proven that there is a correlation between the density, strength and deformation of the layer under the action of a sealing load. The material obtained by cold milling of old non-rigid coatings has its own characteristics that must be taken into account when using it. The introduction of a binder into asphalt granulate affects not only the properties of the asphalt-granular concrete mixture, but also the formation of the structure of the pavement layer. Conclusion. Dependencies for calculating the deformation of the pavement layer have been obtained, which make it possible to predict the strength characteristics of the layer by deformation at different sizes of material fractions, layer thickness and percentage of bitumen emulsion in the mixture under the existing load during the compaction process.

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Veropalumbo, Rosa, Francesca Russo, Nunzio Viscione, and Salvatore A. Biancardo. "Rheological Properties Comparing Hot and Cold Bituminous Mastics Containing Jet Grouting Waste." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2020 (February 22, 2020): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8078527.

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The use of reclaimed asphalt pavement is a practice that is adding significant environmental value to road technologies, not only due to the reduction of materials sent to landfill but also because of the mechanical properties of the reclaimed asphalt (RA) that can be reused. This research focuses on the rheological properties of hot and cold bituminous mastics made up as follows: (1) hot mastics mixed with limestone filler (LF) and bitumen, (2) hot mastics, made from bitumen mixed with jet grouting waste (JW), a mixture of water, cement, and soil derived from land consolidation work in underground tunnels, and (3) hot mastics mixed with LF and JW as filler and bitumen. Three different ratios (0.3, 0.4, and 0.5) of filler per unit of neat bitumen (B50/70) were studied. The same number was used for mixing cold mastics, by using an appropriate laboratory protocol designed since the adoption of a cationic bituminous emulsion. A total of 18 mastics were prepared and investigated. The comparison was carried out using the frequency sweep (FS) test, analysing shear modulus G∗, applying the multistress creep and recovery (MSCR) test (40°C and 60°C) as well as the delta ring and ball (ΔR&B) test, focusing on two main issues: (1) the stiffening effect caused by the filler type used for mixing each mastic, and (2) a comparison, in terms of stiffening effects and nonrecoverable creep compliance (Jnr) of hot and cold mastic performance to highlight JW reuse in mastics. The results showed that the best G∗ performance at test temperatures higher than 30°C is given by cold mastic after 28 days of curing time when JW is added to LF and bitumen. The lowest Jnr value was 40°C and 60°C for the same mastic.

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Šedina, Jakub, Jan Valentin, Petr Mondschein, and Jan Suda. "Alternative Micro-Milled Binders in Cold Recycling Technologies." Slovak Journal of Civil Engineering 27, no. 2 (June 1, 2019): 16–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sjce-2019-0011.

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AbstractIn addition to bituminous binders (bituminous emulsion, foamed bitumen), hydraulic binders are applied in cold recycling technologies to increase the strength of a final structural layer as well as to increase its resistance to water and frost impacts. This paper deals with the use of energy by-products from fluidized bed coal combustion and mineral waste and their modification into reactive material with the potential of replacing commonly used hydraulic binders. The increase in the reactive potential takes place through a high-speed milling process where the mechanical-chemical activation of the material takes place. This process is associated with the refinement of the material, a higher proportion of micro and nanoparticles, an increased surface area, opening of particles, etc. The material treated exhibits binding properties, and it can be used as an active filler that allows for the partial or complete substitution of hydraulic binders. The experimental part is focused on the application of alternative binders to cold recycling mixtures and their assessment according to valid technical regulations, i.e., an assessment of their indirect tensile strength and water susceptibility as well as compressive strength and resistance to the effects of water and frost.

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Krasowski, Jakub, Marek Iwański, and Przemysław Buczyński. "Analysis of the Impact of Redispersible Polymer Powder on the Water and Frost Resistance of Cold-Recycled Mixture with Bitumen Emulsion." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1203, no. 2 (November 1, 2021): 022006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1203/2/022006.

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Abstract The subject of the research presented in the article is the assessment of the effect of redispersible polymer powder (RPP) on water and frost resistance of a cold-recycled mixture with bitumen emulsion (BE-CRM). The article presents the results of research on the influence of polymer powder EVA based on polymer (polyethylene-co-vinyl acetate) on the properties of BE-RCM. The impact analysis was determined using the assumptions of the Box-Behnken experiment plan in which three components are controlled. In this case, the variables were the content of: polymer, cement and asphalt emulsion. All ingredients were dosed with a step of 1.5% of the percentage share in the mixture composition. Polymer and Portland cement in an amount of 0.5% to 3.5%. On the other hand, the pure asphalt originating from the asphalt emulsion was 0.0%, 1.5% and 3.0%, respectively. The scope of the tests included the determination of: mixture density, void content (Vm), water absorption (nw), intermediate tensile strength (ITS), to water (TSR) as well as water and frost according to AASHTO T283.

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Carpani, Carlo, E. Bocci, and M. Bocci. "Rheological and performance characterisation of the bitumen recovered from different emulsions for cold mixtures." Road Materials and Pavement Design 22, sup1 (April 5, 2021): S214—S231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2021.1906735.

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Orosa, P., I. Pérez, and A. R. Pasandín. "Evaluation of the shear and permanent deformation properties of cold in-place recycled mixtures with bitumen emulsion using triaxial tests." Construction and Building Materials 328 (April 2022): 127054. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.127054.

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Ouyang, Jian, Wenting Yang, Jijiang Chen, and Baoguo Han. "Effect of Superplasticizer and Wetting Agent on Pavement Properties of Cold Recycled Mixture with Bitumen Emulsion and Cement." Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 32, no. 6 (June 2020): 04020136. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)mt.1943-5533.0003194.

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Bouraima, Mouhamed Bayane, and Yanjun Qiu. "Investigation of influential factors on the tensile strength of cold recycled mixture with bitumen emulsion due to moisture conditioning." Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering (English Edition) 4, no. 2 (April 2017): 198–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtte.2016.08.005.

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Abbasnejad, Seyed Yousof, and Amir Modarres. "Effect of setting accelerator additive on short- and long-term properties of cold recycled mixture containing bitumen emulsion–cement composites." Road Materials and Pavement Design 21, no. 7 (March 1, 2019): 1932–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2019.1580208.

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Miljković, Miomir, and Martin Radenberg. "Fracture behaviour of bitumen emulsion mortar mixtures." Construction and Building Materials 62 (July 2014): 126–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.03.034.

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Mignini, Chiara, Davide Lo Presti, Gordon Airey, and Andrea Graziani. "Rheological characterisation of cold bitumen emulsion slurries." Road Materials and Pavement Design 22, sup1 (March 30, 2021): S232—S250. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2021.1906303.

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41

Liu, Hong Ying, and Yi Qin Jia. "Study on the Action Mechanism of Bitumen Emulsion and Aggregate." Advanced Materials Research 250-253 (May 2011): 3039–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.250-253.3039.

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The paper describes the action mechanism of bitumen emulsion and aggregate, the charge test of aggregate and reaction heat test between aggregate and bitumen emulsion are used to analyze adsorption mechanism. The results show that at moisture condition alkaline aggregate generally carry positive electric charges, while acidic aggregate negative charges. Interaction between aggregate and bitumen emulsion can be affected by affinity of the materials, extent of chemical reaction and electrical property on their surface, which can determine the mechanics properties of the mixtures. The adhesive coefficient can be used to evaluate adhesive property between aggregate and bitumen emulsion, Kad is the larger, the adsorption strength between aggregate and bitumen emulsion is the larger.

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Li, Chun, Jian Ouyang, Fangjie Dou, and Jingtao Shi. "Mechanism Influencing the Drying Behavior of Bitumen Emulsion." Materials 14, no. 14 (July 12, 2021): 3878. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14143878.

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The drying process of bitumen emulsion largely dominates the strength development of emulsion-based mixtures for pavement structure, thus it can be used to judge the quality of bitumen emulsion. However, the drying behaviour of bitumen emulsions was seldom considered. The emulsion drying and film formation theory are employed to study the drying process of different bitumen emulsions with a thin layer. Results indicated the drying process of bitumen emulsion can be divided into three stages: (a) an initial high evaporation rate stage; (b) an intermediate stage with a rapidly decreasing evaporation rate; (c) a final stage with a very small evaporation rate. The boundaries among the three stages can be identified by studying the water evaporation rate. Three drying parameters, i.e., the critical volume fractions of bitumen defining the boundaries among the three stages and the maximum packing fraction of bitumen droplets, are proposed to quantitatively characterize the drying behavior of bitumen emulsion. High values of these parameters indicate a bitumen emulsion that has rapid drying behavior. Therefore, these parameters are independent of the emulsifier type, but they are highly dependent on the bitumen’s droplet size. These drying parameters increase with a decrease in bitumen droplet size. Therefore, bitumen emulsion with a smaller size distribution of bitumen droplets can have a more rapid drying behavior, which is recommended in real engineering.

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Abdelfatah, Elsayed, Yining Chen, Paula Berton, Robin D. Rogers, and Steven L. Bryant. "Tuning Ionic Liquids for Simultaneous Dilution and Demulsification of Water-In-Bitumen Emulsions at Ambient Temperature." SPE Journal 25, no. 02 (December 31, 2019): 759–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/193615-pa.

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Summary Thermal and flotation processes are widely used to produce bitumen from oil sand in Alberta. However, bitumen contains many surface-active components that tend to form water-in-oil (w/o) emulsion stabilized by fines and/or asphaltenes. Although several demulsifiers have been proposed in the literature to treat such emulsions, these chemicals are sometimes not effective. We propose ionic liquids (ILs) whose composition has been designed to enable effective treatment of these emulsions. Different ILs were synthesized and tested for their efficiency in treating bitumen emulsion obtained from a field in Alberta. ILs tested are mixtures of organic bases (primary and tertiary amines) with oleic acid. Mixtures of ILs and bitumen emulsion were prepared at several mass ratios. The two components were mixed under ambient conditions. After mixing, segregation of different components in the mixture was accelerated by centrifugation for rapid assessment of the degree of emulsion breaking. Optical microscopy, rheology, thermal gravimetric analysis, and viscosity measurements were used to assess the effect of ILs on bitumen emulsions. The first set of ILs with primary amine cations of different alkyl chain lengths (N-butylammonium oleate, N-octylammonium oleate) were able to separate the water from the emulsion. However, these ILs tended to form gels when mixed with water. The IL prepared from a tertiary amine with short alkyl chain length, triethylammonium oleate, also formed a gel with water. The number and length of alkyl chains proved critical for avoiding gel formation. ILs with tertiary amine cations of longer alkyl chain lengths (tri-N-butylammonium oleate and tri-N-octylammonium oleate) were immiscible with the separated water and did not gel. These ILs were very efficient in diluting and demulsifying bitumen emulsion. The emulsion droplet sizes increased upon addition of the IL. The IL mixes into the bitumen phase released from the emulsion, yielding a viscosity at an ambient temperature close to the pipeline specifications. This work demonstrates that ILs can be tailored to break bitumen emulsions effectively without heat input. The process developed in this paper can replace current practice for the demulsification and dilution of bitumen emulsions, which requires the emulsion to be heated significantly. Hence the IL process reduces the heat requirements and hence greenhouse gas emissions.

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Buczyński, Przemysław, and Marek Iwański. "Fatigue Life Comparison of Recycled Cold Mixes with Foamed Bitumen and with Bitumen Emulsion." Procedia Engineering 172 (2017): 135–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.02.035.

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Modarres, Amir, and Pooyan Ayar. "Coal waste application in recycled asphalt mixtures with bitumen emulsion." Journal of Cleaner Production 83 (November 2014): 263–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.07.082.

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Thanaya, I. N. A., S. E. Zoorob, and J. P. Forth. "A laboratory study on cold-mix, cold-lay emulsion mixtures." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Transport 162, no. 1 (February 2009): 47–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/tran.2009.162.1.47.

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Abdul Ghafar, S., M. N. Mohd Warid, and N. Abdul Hassan. "Effect of emulsifier on physical properties of cup lump modified emulsified bitumen residues." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1022, no. 1 (May 1, 2022): 012032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1022/1/012032.

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Abstract The improvement of physical properties of emulsified bitumen residues is the prime concern for researchers to improve the performance of cold mix asphalt and different types of polymers are incorporated in emulsified bitumen for this purpose. However, the bitumen emulsion is usually prepared with the help of emulsifier and the function of emulsifier in the emulsions is to reduce the interfacial tension on the surfaces of bitumen and water droplets which results in a stable droplets suspension system for a sufficient period of time. Despite using it as an emulsifying agent, the impact of emulsifier on physical and rheological properties of bitumen emulsion’s residues is never studied before. In this study, different types of bitumen with pen 80/100, 60/70 and Cup lump rubber (CLR) modified bitumen were emulsified at 0.5%, 1% and 6.5% emulsifier (Redicote-EM44) content respectively. Physical tests such as penetration, softening point and viscosity were carried out on bitumen residues to investigate the effect of emulsifier. The results indicate that the emulsifier enhances the physical properties of bitumen emulsion residues. The resistance to penetration was improved up to 20% and 16% for the bitumen emulsion residues of 80/100 and 60/70 respectively while it had adverse effect on penetration value of CLR residue resulting in a decreased performance up to 19%. The effect of emulsifier on softening point was not remarkable but has improved SPV of 80/100 and 60/70 bitumen residues whereas the values decreased for CLR bitumen residue. The viscosity results were with better agreement of penetration and softening point results.

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Pan, Changluan, Deqiang Liang, Liantong Mo, Martin Riara, and Juntao Lin. "Influence of Different Modifiers on Bonding Strength and Rheological Performance of Bitumen Emulsion." Materials 12, no. 15 (July 29, 2019): 2414. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12152414.

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Styrene butadiene rubber latex (SBR), waterborne epoxy adhesive (WE) and colloidal silica sol (SiO2) were used to prepare modified bitumen emulsion for cold mix asphalt. The modification effects of the individual modifiers and the combination of these modifiers were investigated by using bonding strength and dynamic shear rheological property. Test results showed that the modifier dosage helped to balance the performance of modified bitumen emulsion by improving its bonding strength without compromising its rheological properties. The critical dosage at which the peak bonding strength occurred was 4%, 12% and 4% for SBR, WE and SiO2 respectively. Improved rheological performance on the master curves was well distinguished, in particular, by increased complex modulus and reduced phase angle at the low frequency region. Abrupt changes, especially on phase angle occurred when the modifier dosage was beyond 12%. The measured ratio between bonding strength and complex shear modulus could vary ranging from 10−2 to 102. Highly-modified bitumen emulsion with good adhesion, rheology and compatibility can be prepared by using the combination of SBR, WE and SiO2. It is important to carefully select the type and dosage of modifier for a particular combination to optimize the performance of modified bitumen emulsion.

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Tanzadeh, Rashid, and Mahyar Arabani. "Laboratory Study on the Effect of Asphalt Emulsion as a Rejuvenator in Aged Asphalt Pavement." Advanced Materials Research 587 (November 2012): 57–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.587.57.

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Modiﬁcation of the asphalt binder is one approach taken to improve aged pavement performance. To make the most of maintenance budgets, many agencies have resorted to the use of asphalt rejuvenators as an alternative to revive aging and brittle asphalt pavements. The purpose of this study is laboratory research on the effect of asphalt emulsion in restoring the original properties of aged asphalt pavement. For this purpose, the repeated load axial test is carried out on conventional asphalt samples and aged asphalt samples containing rejuvenator agents in different stress and rejuvenator percentage. Bitumen aged with RTFO according to ASTM-D2872 and the optimum bitumen of 5.5% were considered. The softening point and penetration tests, to examine the effect of rejuvenator in asphalt mixtures modification, On the basic, aged and modified aged bitumen were performed. The results represent that asphalt emulsion as a rejuvenator material in aged asphalt samples because of suitable performance improve aged asphalt permanent deformation resistance and aged bitumen Rheological property.

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Iwański, Marek, and Anna Chomicz-Kowalska. "Application of the foamed bitumen and bitumen emulsion to the road base mixes in the deep cold recycling technology." Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering 11, no. 4 (December 20, 2016): 291–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/bjrbe.2016.34.

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This paper presents findings of a study concerning the influence of binder type on the mechanical properties of road base in the cold recycling technology. The principal aim of this investigation was to evaluate the mixes in scope of susceptibility to moisture and low-temperatures. In the comparative research foamed bitumen and bitumen emulsion were used in four different concentrations (2.0%, 2.5%, 3.0%, 3.5%). The materials used in the study were reclaimed from an existing road construction layers: reclaimed aggregate from the road base and reclaimed asphalt pavement obtained by milling the surface and binder course. Portland cement in 2.0% concentration was used as a hydraulic binder. The evaluated parameters were: indirect tensile strengths, tensile strength retained and indirect tensile stiffness modulus at 25 °C. These tests were complemented by an evaluation of susceptibility to moisture and frost according to modified procedures implemented by American researchers: Tunnicliff, Root and Lottman. Moreover, tests for low-temperature cracking were conducted according to Finnish standard. The investigations showed that the use of foamed bitumen for road base layer produced in the cold recycling technology results in better mechanical properties and resistance to moisture and frost compared to using bitumen emulsion. The use of 2.5% of foamed bitumen and 2.0% of Portland cement in the recycled road base allowed to meet the established criteria.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Bitumen emulsion cold mixtures'

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