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1
Zheng, Chuanfeng, Genze Li, Yazhi Xu, Danni Wang, and Dan Lv. "Analysis of the Effects of Ageing on the Cohesive Strength of Polymer-Modified Bitumen at Low Temperatures." Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering 13, no. 2 (June 25, 2018): 156–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.7250/bjrbe.2018-13.410.
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The decay law on the ageing process of the cohesive strength of styrene-butadiene-styrene(SBS)- and polyethylene(PE)-modified bitumens at low temperatures was investigated. The rotated-thin-film oven test was used to age the two types of polymer-modified bitumens. The cohesive strengths at different low-temperature conditions were tested quantitatively according to technology for testing the low-temperature cohesive strength of bitumen. The decay curve of bitumen low-temperature cohesive strengths was drawn, and the embrittlement time of bitumen at different ageing states was obtained according to the decay curve. Results showed that ageing time definitely influenced the attenuation degree of the low-temperature cohesive strength of the two types of polymer-modified bitumens and influenced the appearance of the low-temperature cohesive strength peak, i.e., the bitumen embrittlement time, which advanced after ageing. The lightweight components of polymer-modified bitumen were lost after ageing. The bitumen embrittlement time was advanced, and the sharp attenuation of the low-temperature cohesive strength of bitumen appeared. In the future, bitumen antiageing technology and lighter part pre-supplement technology should be studied in-depth.
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Zhang, Ji Zhe, Martin Van de Ven, and Shao Peng Wu. "Morphology and Rheological Analysis of Nanoclay in Polymer Modified Bitumen." Key Engineering Materials 509 (April 2012): 155–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.509.155.
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This paper investigated the influence of nanoclay on the properties of polymer modified bitumen(PMB). The nanoclay-polymer modified bitumen has been produced by mixing a standard 70/100 pen bitumen with polymer at a fixed proportion and then mixed with different amount of nanoclay. The rheological behaviour of the samples have been determined using dynamic shear rheometer. The morphology of the samples as well as the distribution of polymer and nanoclay throughout the bitumen have been characterized with a fluorescence microscopy. The result indicate that the rheological properties of nanoclay-polymer modified bitumens dependent on the percentage nanoclay. The morphology result shows that dispersed polymer particles existed in continuous bitumen phase and the addition of nanoclay does not seem to change the particle size of the polymer.
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Zieliński, K. "Analysis of Rheological State of SBS Modified Bitumens Based on Viscosity Measurements." Archives of Civil Engineering 59, no. 1 (March 1, 2013): 143–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ace-2013-0007.
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Abstract Each bitumen has a slightly different group composition, thus bitumen modification with the SBS copolymer gives slightly different results in each case. Both in the industry and construction practice there is still no simple method available which would allow the evaluation of the impact of SBS content and the group composition of bitumen on the structural and rheological properties of the polymer bitumen mix. The article presents the results of the dynamic viscosity tests of three bitumen types. Based on the analysis of the results obtained, it was found that changes in the rheological properties caused by SBS additive are characteristic for each of the bitumens tested and their chemical and group composition. They are also proportionate to the amount of the modifier added. In order to have a possibility to measure this impact, three coefficients rheologically characterizing polymer and bitumen mixes were applied.
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Zhurinov M.Zh.,, Teltayev B.B.,, Kalybay A.A.,, Rossi C.O.,, and Amirbayev Ye.D.,. "COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF LOW TEMPERATURE RESISTANCE FOR NANOCARBON AND OTHER BITUMENS." NEWS of National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan 5, no. 443 (October 15, 2020): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.32014/2020.2518-170x.108.
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A comparative analysis of the low temperature resistance for a nanocarbon bitumen and other 30 neat and modified bitumens has been performed in the work. The stiffness at the temperatures of -24°С, -30°С and -36°С under technical system Superpave has been accepted as an indicator of low temperature resistance of the bitumens. The stiffness of the bitumens has been determined on a bending beam rheometer (standard ASTM D 6648-08). Before testing the bitumens have been subjected to the double artificial aging: short-term aging – under standard AASHTO Т 240-13 and long-term aging – under standard ASTM D 6521-08. The nanocarbon bitumen has been prepared in the laboratory of the Kazakhstan Highway Research Institute (KazdorNII) with the use of a road bitumen of the grade BND 70/100 produced by the Pavlodar petrochemical plant (PNHZ) and a nanocarbon powder (2% by weight) manufactured from a coal rock of the deposit “Saryadyr” “Corporation “ON-Olzha” LLP, Akmola region, Kazakhstan). The nanocarbon powder (150-200 nm) has been manufactured by three-stage size reduction of the coal rock: I – a mechanical dispergator (up to 2-3 mm), II – an aerodynamic mill (up to 20 mcm), III – a reactor with a rotating electromagnetic field. The neat bitumens of the grades BND 50/70, BND 70/100, BND 100/130 have been produced by the plants of Kazakhstan and Russia; they satisfy the requirements of the standard ST RK 1373-2013. The modified bitumens have been prepared in the laboratory of KazdorNII with the use of the neat bitumens, 7 types of the polymers, crumb rubber and polyphosphoric acid and they satisfy the requirements of the standard ST RK 2534-2014. It has been determined that the nanocarbon bitumen is one of the most resistant at the low temperatures: -24°С, -30°С and -36°С.
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Eskandarsefat, S., P. Caputo, C. Oliviero Rossi, R. Vaiana, and C. Sangiorgi. "Advanced Characterization of Bituminous Binders: Comparing Industrial and Paving-Grade Bituminous Binders." Eurasian Chemico-Technological Journal 23, no. 1 (March 25, 2021): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.18321/ectj1033.
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This paper deals with the fundamental differences between industrial and paving-grade bituminous binders. The paper is presented in two main sections: 1) a review of the materials’ colloidal structure and the required properties for the industrial and paving applications; 2) a wide range of experimental tests with which the bituminous binders were studied and compared. In this research, a 160/220 industrial bitumen was studied and compared to a paving-grade bitumen with the same penetration and with a lower penetration, 70/100 one. The research consisted of physical, chemical, thermal, microstructural, and rheological analysis to provide a comprehensive understanding of these bituminous binders of diverse applications. Overall, the comparison of the tests’ results indicated that while the asphaltene content and its characteristics have a great influence on the bitumen’s properties, it is not the only fundamental factor. During the study of the chemical structures via Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), it was found that the Peri phase (attributed to the resins) also plays an important role, defining the bitumen’s physical visco-elastic properties. In fact, from a microstructural point of view using AFM a significant difference was notified between the industrial bitumen and the paving-grade ones. These differences allow the paving-grade bitumens to be more elastic and ductile compared to the industrial bitumen.
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Zhurinov, M. Zh, and B. B. Teltayev. "BITUMENS AND POLYMER BITUMENS - NANODISPERSE SYSTEMS." Series of Geology and Technical Sciences 445, no. 1 (February 1, 2021): 172–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.32014/2021.2518-170x.24.
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This work shows the data regarding the elemental and chemical group compositions of the road bitumens. The short characteristic has been shown for the components of the bitumens - the asphaltenes, the resins and the oils. The properties have been described for the bitumens on which they have the direct impact. The description is given for the micellar model of the bitumens from the point of view of the colloid chemistry. The analysis has been performed for the results of the study by other authors for the asphaltenes of a bitumen and an oil. The group chemical compositions are given for the bitumen of the grades BND 50/70, BND 70/100 and BND 100/130 produced by the plants of Kazakhstan. It has been shown that the content of the asphaltenes in them is from 15.8% to 24.3%; in most cases, the content of the asphaltenes is within the range of 20-25%, i.e. the asphaltenes nanoclusters are almost a fourth of the bitumen by weight. The brief description is given for the best known polymers used for the modification of the road bitumen: 1) the reactive polymers Elvaloy 4170 and Elvaloy AM; 2) the polymers of the group SBS - Kraton D 1192A, Calprene 501, SBS L 30-01 A, KUMHO KTR and Butonal NS 198. It is proposed to consider the bitumen and the polymer bitumen as the peculiar nanodisperse systems. The structures are described for the polymer bitumen nanodisperse systems occurring during the modification of the road bitumen with the polymers of the above two groups.
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Fatemi, Saeed, Jafar Bolouri Bazaz, and Seyed Ali Ziaee. "Laboratory Investigation of Using Calcium Lignosulfonate as an Oxidation Inhibitor in Bitumen." Advances in Civil Engineering 2022 (January 31, 2022): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/1488958.
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Asphalt mixtures are the major constituent of road constructions. Those mixtures expose to high-temperature levels during the construction process and their life cycle. The bitumen aging occurred because of the harmful effects of elevated temperatures upon the asphalt mixtures, which leads to oxidation, evaporation, and physical hardening within the bitumen structure. The aging phenomenon can intensify the hardness and brittleness of bitumen, which negatively affects the performance of asphalt mixtures. Researchers have investigated different types of bitumen additives to diminish the negative effects of bitumen aging, among which biomass additives are more attractive for researchers because that additives are organic and mainly emanate from waste materials. The current study investigated the effect of calcium lignosulfonate (CLS) at four quantities (i.e., 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% by the weight of base bitumen) as an antiaging bitumen additive on physical, workability, thermal susceptibility, rheological, and chemical properties of 60/70 penetration grade bitumen. The results revealed that although the addition of CLS into the bitumen enhanced the rigidity of bitumen against rutting failure at high-temperature conditions, the CLS-modified bitumen was more susceptible to fatigue failure than the virgin bitumen at low-temperature regions. The workability analysis showed that the CLS powder could improve the bitumen’s consistency against permanent deformation at high-temperature levels. Although the bitumen’s viscosity increased because of CLS modification, the CLS-modified bitumen provided acceptable workability based on the Superpave specifications. Outcomes from the rheological test revealed that the addition of CLS into the bitumen improved the rutting resistance of bituminous mixtures at high-temperature levels. The SARA analysis indicated that the hardening of CLS-modified samples emanated from the formation of asphaltenes within the bitumen because of CLS incorporation. Different types of aging indices, including PRP, SPI, VAI, and AIRF, which were calculated in this research, showed that the presence of CLS within the bitumen could retard the bitumen’s aging process.
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Plachy, Jan, Vít Petranek, and Zdenek Caha. "Bitumen Substance Analysis." Advanced Materials Research 897 (February 2014): 103–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.897.103.
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This contribution deals with the composition of the bitumen substance of bitumen waterproofing sheets used in bridge decks in the Slovak Republic. This contribution examines the samples of waterproofing sheets from various manufacturers in terms of the bitumen areal weight and the quantity of fillers in the bitumen substance. This contribution also answers the hypothesis of whether the quantity of bitumen is increased or decreased and the filler affects the basic thermal technical properties of bitumen waterproofing sheets, such as its flexibility at low temperatures and its heat resistance.
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Porto, Michele, Paolino Caputo, Abraham A. Abe, Valeria Loise, and Cesare Oliviero Rossi. "Stability of Bituminous Emulsion Induced by Waste Based Bio-Surfactant." Applied Sciences 11, no. 7 (April 6, 2021): 3280. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11073280.
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In the asphalt industry, bituminous emulsions are widely used in road pavement operations and in building/construction processes such as cold mix asphalt and waterproofing processes, respectively. A very important fact to keep in mind is that not all types of bitumen are suitable for the realization of bituminous emulsions. This is largely due to the variation in their chemical nature and the different cracking processes carried out on the bitumen during the fractional distillation process in the petroleum industry. The objective of this study is to identify the underlying causes of the non-emulsionability of bitumen using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and Dynamic Shear Rheology (DSR) analysis. NMR analysis aims at identifying the fundamental chemical components that are responsible for the emulsionability of the bitumen binder and how important their role is in this phenomenon. On the other hand, the DSR analysis is aimed at determining if the rheological (viscoelastic) behavior of bitumen is implicated in its emulsionability. The indications gotten from the data produced by these techniques, enable us as soon as the analyzed bitumen is deemed non-emulsionable to identify what type of additive can be used to modify the bitumen and alleviate its non-emulsionability until a point where its chemical components become ideal for the realization of bituminous emulsions. In this research work, a model bitumen (labelled as Cimar) which is known for its excellently high emulsionability in the production of anionic bituminous emulsions was used as the reference sample. Two bitumens (labelled as Adriatica and Alma) which from preliminary testing were deemed non-emulsionable were alongside the additives selected and subjected to the aforementioned techniques for analysis on their emulsionability. The NMR data obtained allowed the identification of the chemical nature of the components of the analyzed bitumens and the design of the right additive which improves the bitumen and makes it suitable for the preparation of emulsions. In addition to these, a largely uncommon however effective method of acid number determination of bitumen gave indications on an underlying factor which largely influences the emulsionability of bitumen. An aliphatic and an aromatic surfactant were identified thanks to the spectroscopic findings in this study.
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Antunes, Vítor, Fernando Moreno, Maria Rubio-Gámez, Ana Cristina Freire, and José Neves. "Assessing RAP Multi-Recycling Capacity by the Characterization of Recovered Bitumen Using DSR." Sustainability 14, no. 16 (August 16, 2022): 10171. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141610171.
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This paper addresses the changes in bitumen properties during multi-recycling cycles, both before and after ageing. The rheology of recovered bitumen was characterized using the dynamic shear rheometer. The softening point and penetration value were also determined. The analysis showed that the bitumen’s properties could be recovered even after more than one recycling cycle. The bitumen recovered from the second recycling cycle presented an average reduction of 45% in terms of complex modulus when compared with the first recycling cycle. The bitumen from the RAP mixtures presented a similar susceptibility to ageing. The analysis clearly showed that RAP has the potential to be multi-recycled.
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Caputo, P., M. Porto, V. Loise, B. Teltayev, and C. Oliviero Rossi. "Analysis of Mechanical Performance of Bitumen Modified with Waste Plastic and Rubber Additives by Rheology and Self Diffusion NMR Experiments." Eurasian Chemico-Technological Journal 21, no. 3 (September 30, 2019): 235. http://dx.doi.org/10.18321/ectj864.
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In this study, the mechanical and physico-chemical properties of a new kind of modified bitumen are presented. The bituminous binders have been modified in order to understand the effect on the structural properties of several compounds such as a Polymer elastomer as Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR), Polymer thermoplastic polypropylene (PP) and a waste plastic (Waste PP). Laboratory tests have been focused on the characterization of bitumen modified with single product and their binary combinations compared with pristine binder as a reference. Characterization has been conducted by using conventional as well as advanced methods on bitumens. Fundamental rheological tests, based on dynamic shear rheometer in the temperature range from -30 °C to +160 °C have been performed and the structure of a bitumens and modified bitumens has been analysed by the mobility of the oily maltene by self-diffusion Pulsed field gradient spin-echo (PGSE) FT-NMR experiments.
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Ghoreishi, Atefeh, Mojtaba Koosha, and Navid Nasirizadeh. "Modification of bitumen by EPDM blended with hybrid nanoparticles: Physical, thermal, and rheological properties." Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials 33, no. 3 (October 18, 2018): 343–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0892705718805536.
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The aim of this research is to study the physical, thermal, and rheological properties of bitumen modified with ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) elastomer and hybrid nanoparticles including carbon nanotubes (CNTs) masterbatch and bentonite nanoclay. Modified bitumen samples were prepared by mixing 60/70 bitumen with 3% EPDM, 0.1% CNT masterbatch, and 1.5% and 4.5% bentonite nanoclay. It was found that addition of these nanoparticles increased the softening point, reduced the penetration degree as well as temperature susceptibility of the modified bitumens. Results of rheological studies in the linear viscoelastic range showed that for the hybrid samples reinforced with EPDM, CNT masterbatch, and nanoclay, complex shear modulus was increased at high temperatures and the rutting factor was shifted from 81°C for the unmodified bitumen to >90°C for the EPDM-nano-modified bitumens. Thermogravimetric analysis also showed the improvement in the thermal degradation behavior of the hybrid samples. Our results indicate that the addition of small amounts of the additives used in this work can highly enhance the viscoelastic behavior of the bitumen at elevated temperatures. According to the findings of this work, the addition of EPDM (3%) and hybrid nanoparticles of CNT masterbatch (0.1%) and bentonite nanoclay (1.5%) to bitumen can synergistically result in the lowest penetration degree, highest softening point, and lowest temperature susceptibility and has the potential to have a better performance in warm areas.
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Subramanian, M., M. D. Deo, and F. V. Hanson. "Compositional Analysis of Bitumen and Bitumen-Derived Products." Journal of Chromatographic Science 34, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 20–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/34.1.20.
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Galkin, Andrey, and Yan Pyrig. "OVERVIEW OF BITUMEN BINDERS USED IN UKRAINE." Dorogi i mosti 2021, no. 23 (March 25, 2021): 60–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.36100/dorogimosti2021.23.060.
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Introduction. Pavement bitumen is one of general road construction materials that are used for pavement construction. The quality of bitumen binder regulates specific technical and operational characteristics of asphalt pavements and their durability Problem Statement. Nowadays in Ukraine only one refinery plant produces pavement bitumen. The volume of its production is not enough to completely satisfy the demands of Ukrainian road construction industry. Due this a lot of binders in Ukraine are imported from other countries. In recent years the highest volumes of bitumen was imported from Republic of Belarus and Poland. In 2020 the amount of road construction works was increased, particularly with pavement repairing and new pavement constructing. It resulted in increasing in need in pavement bitumen that led not only to the high volume of import bitumen but to an expansion of the list of importing counties. Purpose. The presented study is aimed on analysis of quality of bitumen imported in Ukraine from eight countries. For these binders their features are obtained and problem of their applicability and its advisability in Ukraine road industry is considered. Materials and methods. As a material of research bitumens produced in Azerbaijan, the Republic of Belarus, Greece, Spain, Italy, Poland, Turkey and Ukraine are chosen. The standard quality properties are obtained in accordance with the actual in Ukraine standards ДСТУ 4044 and ДСТУ EN 12591. Beside this the attention is paid to the finding of fundamental properties of these binders, such as adhesion, cohesion and viscosity. Results. With the experimental data it is found that all bitumens significantly differ in their structural type. It results in differences in softening point and breaking point temperatures at the equal penetration value (this difference is in the range from 4.5 °С for the closer values to 16.5 °С for the most distinct values). This fact can influence on asphalt pavement properties and durability. Besides such a difference in a temperature susceptibility of binders their adhesion and cohesion properties differ too. Bitumen that tends to sol type of structure is characterized with higher cohesion and viscosity values. This peculiarity must be taken into account in mixing and compaction operations for the asphalts with such bitumen. The temperatures of these operations must be higher than one for bitumen close to the gel type. The low temperature susceptibility and wide plasticity interval are the advantages of bitumen that tends to gel type of structure. Conclusions. All bitumens that are imported in Ukraine must be certificated with ДСТУ 4044:2019 national standard requirements. Also they must be tested with additional methods to validate the decision on their implementation in road construction industry and to specify the implementation area. Keywords: paving bitumen, bitumen binder, penetration, softening point temperature, adhesion, cohesion, viscosity
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Lanotte, Michele. "Soft Computing Approach for Predicting the Effects of Waste Rubber–Bitumen Interaction Phenomena on the Viscosity of Rubberized Bitumen." Sustainability 14, no. 21 (October 24, 2022): 13798. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142113798.
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The ability to anticipate the effects of the interaction between waste rubber particles from end-of-life tires and bitumen can encourage the use of rubberized bitumen, a material with proven environmental benefits, in civil engineering applications. In this study, a predictive model of rubberized bitumen viscosity is presented for this purpose. A machine learning-based approach (Multi-Gene Genetic Programming—MGGP) and a more traditional multi-variable least square regression (MLSR) method are compared. The statistical analysis indicates that the robustness and the capability of the MGGP algorithm led to a better estimation of the rubberized bitumen’s viscosity. Additionally, the MGGP analysis returned an actual equation that could be easily implemented in any spreadsheet for an initial tuning of the production protocol based on the desired level of interaction between the rubber and bitumen.
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Mieczkowski, Paweł, Bartosz Budziński, Mieczysław Słowik, Jan Kempa, and Wojciech Sorociak. "Experimental Study of Tensile Properties of Styrene–Butadiene–Styrene Modified Asphalt Binders." Materials 14, no. 7 (April 1, 2021): 1734. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14071734.
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The requirements imposed on road pavements are ever increasing nowadays, necessitating the improvement of the properties of paving materials. The most commonly used paving materials include bituminous mixtures that are composed of aggregate grains bound by a bituminous binder. The properties of bitumens can be improved by modification with polymers. Among the copolymers used for modifying bitumens, styrene–butadiene–styrene, a thermoplastic elastomer, is the most commonly used. This article presents the results of tests conducted on bitumens modified with two types of styrene–butadiene–styrene copolymer (linear and radial). Two bitumen types of different penetration grades (35/50 and 160/220) were used in the experiments. The content of styrene–butadiene–styrene added to the bitumen varied between 1% and 6%. The results of the force ductility test showed that cohesion energy can be used for qualitative evaluation of the efficiency of modification of bitumen with styrene–butadiene–styrene copolymer. The determined values of the cohesion energy were subjected to the original analysis taking into account the three characteristic elongation zones of the tested binders. The performed analyses made it possible to find a parameter whose values correlate significantly with the content of styrene–butadiene–styrene copolymer in the modified bitumen. With smaller amounts of added modifier (approximately 2%), slightly better effects were obtained in the case of linear copolymer styrene–butadiene–styrene and for larger amounts of modifier (5–6%) radial copolymer styrene–butadiene–styrene was found to be more effective. This is confirmed by the changes in the binder structure, as indicated by the penetration index (PI).
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Plachý, Jan, Jana Vysoká, Jindřiška Šulistová, and Radek Vejmelka. "Dependency Analysis of Selected Thermal Properties of Reinforced Bitumen Sheets for Waterproofing." Applied Mechanics and Materials 824 (January 2016): 60–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.824.60.
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This paper deals with the investigation of the interdependence between the flow resistance at elevated temperatures for reinforced bitumen sheets and softening points of bitumen matter softening point in these reinforced bitumen sheets. Reinforced bitumen sheets, which are used for waterproofing isolation of concrete bridge decks, were selected as the samples from various manufacturers. In practice, the mentioned dependency is often cited, but not explicitly documented.
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Cao, Qiang, Jiaren Ye, Yongchao Lu, Yang Tian, Jinshui Liu, Chenjie Xu, Hanwen Yu, and Lina Sun. "Evidence from the Changing Carbon Isotopic of Kerogen, Oil, and Gas during Hydrous Pyrolysis from Pinghu Formation, the Xihu Sag, East China Sea Basin." Energies 14, no. 24 (December 10, 2021): 8317. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14248317.
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Semi-open hydrous pyrolysis experiments on coal-measure source rocks in the Xihu Sag were conducted to investigate the carbon isotope evolution of kerogen, bitumen, generated expelled oil, and gases with increasing thermal maturity. Seven corresponding experiments were conducted at 335 °C, 360 °C, 400 °C, 455 °C, 480 °C, 525 °C, and 575 °C, while other experimental factors, such as the heating time and rate, lithostatic and hydrodynamic pressures, and columnar original samples were kept the same. The results show that the simulated temperatures were positive for the measured vitrinite reflectance (Ro), with a correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.9861. With increasing temperatures, lower maturity, maturity, higher maturity, and post-maturity stages occurred at simulated temperatures (Ts) of 335–360 °C, 360–400 °C, 400–480 °C, and 480–575 °C, respectively. The increasing gas hydrocarbons with increasing temperature reflected the higher gas potential. Moreover, the carbon isotopes of kerogen, bitumen, expelled oil, and gases were associated with increased temperatures; among gases, methane was the most sensitive to maturity. Ignoring the intermediate reaction process, the thermal evolution process can be summarized as kerogen0(original) + bitumen0(original)→kerogenr (residual kerogen) + expelled oil (generated) + bitumenn+r (generated + residual) + C2+(generated + residual) + CH4(generated). Among these, bitumen, expelled oil, and C2-5 acted as reactants and products, whereas kerogen and methane were the reactants and products, respectively. Furthermore, the order of the carbon isotopes during the thermal evolution process was identified as: δ13C1 < 13C2-5 < δ13Cexpelled oil < δ13Cbitumen < δ13Ckerogen. Thus, the reaction and production mechanisms of carbon isotopes can be obtained based on their changing degree and yields in kerogen, bitumen, expelled oil, and gases. Furthermore, combining the analysis of the geochemical characteristics of the Pinghu Formation coal–oil-type gas in actual strata with these pyrolysis experiments, it was identified that this area also had substantial development potential. Therefore, this study provides theoretical support and guidance for the formation mechanism and exploration of oil and gas based on changing carbon isotopes.
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Stimilli, A., G. Ferrotti, C. Conti, G. Tosi, and F. Canestrari. "Chemical and rheological analysis of modified bitumens blended with “artificial reclaimed bitumen”." Construction and Building Materials 63 (July 2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.03.047.
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Fernández, Matías, Gustavo Canon, Sabine Leischner, Mrinali Rochlani, José Norambuena-Contreras, and Alvaro González. "Effects of Microwave Heating and Long-Term Aging on the Rheological and Chemical Properties of Recovered Bitumen." Materials 14, no. 24 (December 16, 2021): 7787. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14247787.
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Microwave heating of asphalt pavement is a promising technique to reduce the maintenance and increase the service life of materials through self-healing of cracks. Previous studies have shown that microwave heating technology at high temperatures could damage the bitumen of asphalt mixture, which is an unwanted effect of the crack-healing technique. In this study, the effects of microwave heating and long-term aging on the rheological and chemical properties of recovered bitumen were quantified using a frequency sweep test and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry analysis, respectively. The main results indicate that microwave heating has no significant effect on the aging performance of G* and δ for aged asphalt mixtures. However, for newer bitumens, the rheological properties G* and δ show minor changes after microwave heating was applied. Overall, this study confirms that microwave heating is a potential alternative for maintenance of asphalt pavements, without severely affecting the rheological and chemical properties of bitumen.
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Zoorob, Salah E., Ibrahim B. Kamaruddin, and Napiah Madzlan. "The Use of Bitumen Linear Viscoelastic Properties to Assess Rutting Sensitivity." Applied Mechanics and Materials 567 (June 2014): 755–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.567.755.
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The use of viscosity temperature relationships to predict creep performance of road bitumens have been shown to be inadequate in particular with respect to the analysis of polymer modified binders. In this paper we explore the origins of the US Strategic Highway Research Programmebinder performance grading system and detail two examples of more recent developments towards improved creep characterisation.Starting from first principles, an equation to analyse the ratio of dissipated to stored energy during sinusoidal loading of viscoelastic bitumen was derived. The energy equation was contrasted with an empirical relationship proposed by Anderson D.A., and with a second more theoretical derivation proposed by Shenoy A.Using frequency sweep data from a conventional 40/50 pen grade bitumen and a proprietary SBS modified binder, the applicability of the energy equation was subsequently compared to the two aforementioned post-SHRP creep relations. Recommendations are made regarding the suitability of the proposed relations in ranking bitumen creep performance.
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Girgis, Marvy, Jérémie Barbier, Alain Quignard, Isabelle Merdrignac, and João Marques. "Correlation and modelling of the penetration and softening point tests of bitumen binders with a variety of physical and chemical properties." Oil & Gas Science and Technology – Revue d’IFP Energies nouvelles 76 (2021): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2516/ogst/2021046.
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Studying bitumen has always posed a challenge to researchers owing to its extreme complexity and unique properties. To classify it commercially and to determine bitumen grade, two standard empirical tests have been adopted within the European standardized bitumen binders system [EN 12591:2009 (2009) Bitumen and bituminous binders – Specifications for paving grade bitumens]: Softening Point (SP) and Penetration (PEN). The relationship between these two tests and the physical or chemical properties of bitumen is not well understood. For the first time, this study represents an attempt to build more understanding of such a relationship through a comprehensive study of the correlation between the two standard tests and many physical and chemical properties of bitumen. A second goal is to propose some predictive models for these two tests and compare their predictive accuracy. Therefore, 13 Straight Run Vacuum Residues (SRVR) samples from different geographical origins were analyzed to measure the following parameters: Dynamic Viscosity (VisDy), Conradson Carbon Residue (CCR), C5 Asphaltenes Content (AspC5), C7 Asphaltenes Content (AspC7), Elemental Analysis (including C, H, O, N, S, Ni, and V content), Simulated Distillation (SD), Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (H-NMR). Results of studying correlations using correlation matrix and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) have emphasized the prominent effect of asphaltenes content on the other properties and the results of SP and PEN. It has also shown the potential importance of the aliphaticity/aromaticity of bitumen. Then, four models were proposed for the prediction of SP and PEN: viscosity, FT-IR, H-NMR, and multi-parameter models. Partial least squares (PLS) regression was used for building all models, except viscosity ones. All SP models, except H-NMR model, exhibited very good accuracy compared to the standard method. On the other hand, PEN was more difficult to predict than SP and only the multi-parameter model of PEN showed relatively good accuracy of prediction.
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Gonçalves, Paula Alexandra, João Graciano Mendonça Filho, and Deolinda Flores. "Organic Petrology and Thermal Maturity of Dispersed Organic Matter from the Ramalhal-1 Well (Lusitanian Basin, Portugal)." Minerals 11, no. 12 (December 14, 2021): 1415. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11121415.
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Organic petrology is an important tool used to characterize dispersed organic matter (DOM) in sediments and sedimentary rocks, and to assess its thermal maturity. This study was carried out on 33 cutting samples (Middle-Upper Jurassic) from the Ramalhal-1 well to characterize the particulate organic matter and to evaluate its thermal maturity. The samples were submitted to optical petrography analysis (reflected white and blue incident lights) and the mean random reflectance was measured. Microscopic observations revealed a low DOM content, characterized by the predominance of macerals of the inertinite group (including charcoal), followed by solid bitumen. Huminite/vitrinite is usually small in size and quantity. Liptinite macerals were also present, represented by sporinite, cutinite, liptodetrinite and rare bituminite. A type III-IV kerogen was defined for the Ramalhal-1 sequence. Huminite/vitrinite mean random reflectance varied between 0.38% and 0.75%, pointing to an immature-to-mature stage of the organic matter. Multi-populations of solid bitumen occurred in almost all the samples, filling voids and fractures in the inorganic materials (mainly carbonates). The bitumen populations were quite heterogeneous, concerning both the optical characteristics and distribution, displaying different thermal maturities. No relationship between vitrinite and bitumen reflectance was established, indicating that these bitumens were not generated in situ.
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Borinelli, Jaffer Bressan, Johan Blom, Miguel Portillo-Estrada, Patricia Kara De Maeijer, Wim Van den bergh, and Cedric Vuye. "VOC Emission Analysis of Bitumen Using Proton-Transfer Reaction Time-Of-Flight Mass Spectrometry." Materials 13, no. 17 (August 19, 2020): 3659. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13173659.
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Bitumen is one of the most important materials used in roads. During asphalt pavement construction, workers can be affected by emissions, such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs), when bitumen is heated. Therefore, it is crucial to correctly identify and measure VOCs. This paper presents a novel, promising method to determine VOC emissions. The proposed method offers a way to standardize routine measurements on a lab scale, enabling reliable comparison across bitumen types and their modifications or additives. A proton-transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer (PTR-TOF-MS) was used to monitor VOC emissions from commercial unmodified bitumen and crumb rubber modified bitumen (CRMB) with heating of up to 180 °C. Results confirmed that the temperature range of 160–180 °C is a highly influential factor for VOC emissions from heated commercial bitumen and particularly CRMB. A significant increase in alkane and aromatic emission was detected when the binders were heated to 180 °C. Sulfur-containing VOCs were almost nonexistent for the base bitumen fumes, while a significant increase was detected in the fumes when two different types of CR were added to the bitumen, even at 120 °C. The additional CR in the bituminous binder contributed to the potentially harmful VOC emission of benzothiazole, which belongs to the class of sulfur-containing compounds. The concentration of benzothiazole was 65%, 38%, and 35% higher for CR1 in comparison to CR2 at 140, 160, and 180 °C, respectively. It is clear from the results that this method allows different bitumen sources or modifications to be quickly analyzed and their VOC emissions cross-compared. If adopted and confirmed further, the method could offer the asphalt industry a viable solution to monitor VOC emissions by analyzing samples in real time at different steps of the production process.
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Maciejewski, Krzysztof, and Anna Chomicz-Kowalska. "Foaming Performance and FTIR Spectrometric Analysis of Foamed Bituminous Binders Intended for Surface Courses." Materials 14, no. 8 (April 19, 2021): 2055. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14082055.
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This study explores the effects of foaming on three selected bituminous binders: 50/70 paving grade bitumen, 45/80-55 polymer modified bitumen and 45/80-80 HiMA binder. The first part of the investigations included the evaluation of the foaming performance in terms of foaming temperature and foaming water content with the utilization of desirability functions and based on the equality of maximum expansion ratio and bitumen foam half-life. The second part of the study investigated the effects of foaming on the chemical structure of the binders using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The results of the spectroscopic measurements permitted calculation of structural indices specific to functional groups associated with bitumen oxidation, as well as those indicative of elastomeric modification. The results have shown that the different types of bitumen exhibited different foaming characteristics, which was most evident in bitumen foam half-lives, with the HiMA binder performing the best. The spectrometric measurements did not show any significant effects of foaming on the chemical structure of the evaluated binders related to oxidative stress, neither were any major changes in the PmB-specific regions found.
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Bražiūnas, Justas, and Henrikas Sivilevičius. "THE BITUMEN BATCHING SYSTEM'S MODERNIZATION AND ITS EFFECTIVE ANALYSIS AT THE ASPHALT MIXING PLANT." TRANSPORT 25, no. 3 (September 30, 2010): 325–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/transport.2010.40.
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Some particular aspects such as the improvement methods of technological parameters for hot bitu‐ men storage in a pipeline transport system, transportation and dosed supply to batch asphalt mixing plant (AMP) are evaluated in this paper. Bitumen in asphalt concrete binds together the material of mineral particles into a strong conglomerate of a complicated structure, capable of withstanding the destructive effect of vehicles and the factors on the road pavements. The optimal amount of bitumen determined by calculation and laboratory testing should be maintained in mix batches of hot‐mix asphalt (HMA) obtained from AMP mixer. In the periodic type of the asphalt concrete blender mass of the weighted matrix in the all merging batcher's tanks should correspond in percents equally in the HMA to the designed amount of the job‐mix formula (JMF). The bitumen batcher does not always weigh bitumen portions precisely. Their mass deviations from the amount determined by JMF and its variation impair HMA composition and performance. In addition,, an additive model for calculating the effect of factors causing the variance of bitumen content in the produced HMA mixture is presented in this current paper as well. The data on statistical evaluation of bitumen batcher's modernization performed at certain Lithuanian Enterprise are discussed. The differences in structures of reconstructed and not reconstructed bitumen batching systems (BBS) are analysed and methods of determining modernization effectiveness are presented. The effectiveness of BBS is analysed too, defining the deviations of bitumen content in subsamples, taken and extracted everyday for two seasons (before and after the batcher's modernization) of HMA mixture production from the value of JMF and comparing them to the values of tolerances. The analysis of column charts and histograms shows that the made modernization helped to increase the precision of supplying the required amount of bitumen to HMA mixture insignificantly. However, the control of BBS has been considerably increased.
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Zhang, Ji Zhe, Shao Peng Wu, Martin Van de Ven, and Feng Chen. "Dynamic Viscosity Analysis of Base Bitumen with the Addition of Rediset." Advanced Materials Research 476-478 (February 2012): 1621–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.476-478.1621.
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This paper investigated the influence of Rediset on the properties of base bitumen. The warm mix bitumen binder were produced by mixing a standard 40/60 pen bitumen with Rediset at fixed two proportions. The dynamic viscosity behaviour of the samples have been determined using dynamic shear rheometer with a cone and a fixed plate with a diameter of 25mm. The thermal stability of the Rediset was characterized and the result indicate that the physicochemical properties of Rediest are stable bellow 150°C. The dynamic viscosity result shows that the addition of Rediset can affect the flow behavior of the bitumen. Rediset decreases the viscosity of the binders, especially at the range of 100°C~150°C. The contribution of Rediset to the change of viscosity became less with the temperature increasing from 100°C to 150°C.
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Connan, Jacques, Michael H. Engel, Robert B. Jackson, Seth Priestman, Tom Vosmer, and Alex Zumberge. "Geochemical Analysis of Two Samples of Bitumen from Jars Discovered on Muhut and Masirah Islands (Oman)." Separations 8, no. 10 (October 12, 2021): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/separations8100182.
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Two samples of bitumen were obtained, one from a torpedo jar (c. 3rd–8th C. AD) from Masirah island and one from a Tunisian jar (c. 18th C. AD) from Muhut island off the central coast of Oman. Steranes and terpanes, as well as isotope data on chromatographic fractions, were used as tools to characterize the bitumen. Comparison of data with those already acquired on bitumen from torpedo jars from Thailand, Iran, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Saudi Arabia, India, and oil seeps from Iran and Iraq allowed us to conclude that the bitumen originated from different areas of southwest Iran. Those of the Muhut jar were likely from Khuzistan, whereas those from Masirah island appear to have been sourced from Kermanshah. These findings are in keeping with other similar geochemical studies undertaken on bitumen lined vessels from across the region (see more below).
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Ji, Dongy Yu. "Structural Analysis for Bitumen Residuum Concrete Inclined Wall Rockfill Dam of Fengguo Reservoir." Applied Mechanics and Materials 394 (September 2013): 385–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.394.385.
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Through analyzing bitumen residuum concrete inclined wall rockfill dam structures mechanical characteristics in construction process and operational process, this paper adopts finite element method to carry out structural analysis for bitumen residuum concrete inclined wall rockfill dam of Fengguo reservoir. Deducing distribution law of the dams stress and displacement in construction process and operational process. Analysis results show that, bitumen residuum concrete inclined wall rockfill dam construction of Fengguo reservoir is reasonable, it meets the requirements for design.
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Bražiūnas, Justas, and Henrikas Sivilevičius. "ANALYSIS OF THE INFLUENCE OF THE MODERNIZED BITUMEN BATCHING SYSTEM ON THE COMPOSITION OF THE HOT MIX ASPHALT MIXTURE." Mokslas - Lietuvos ateitis 2, no. 6 (December 31, 2010): 72–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/mla.2010.115.
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The weighted mass of a binder in the bucket of the bitumen batcher of a batch-type asphalt plant should be such that its percentage of hot mix asphalt (HMA) mixture lot would comply with the design amount of the job-mix formula in all mix batches. A bitumen batcher does not always weigh bitumen portions precisely. Their mass deviations from the amount determined by the project and its variation impair HMA composition and performance. The paper provides data on a statistical evaluation of bitumen batcher modernization performed at Lithuanian enterprise „LL“. The article analyzes differences in the structures of reconstructed and not reconstructed bitumen batching systems and presents methods for determining modernization effectiveness. The paper also focuses on the effectiveness of the batching system, determining deviations from bitumen content in subsamples taken and extracted everyday during two seasons (before and after batcher‘s modernization) of producing HMA from the value of job-mix formula and comparing them to the values of tolerances.
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Li, Chao, Guodong Zeng, Yang Fang, Yisheng Xu, and Guoxin Long. "Non-recoverable creep behavior and micro-structural analysis of recycled bitumen containing aged bitumen and TLA modified bitumen." Case Studies in Construction Materials 17 (December 2022): e01643. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2022.e01643.
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Kemalov, Alim Feizrakhmanovich, Ruslan Alimovich Kemalov, Dinar Zinnurovich Valiev, and Ilmira Maratovna Abdrafikova. "Structural Dynamic Study of Roof Waterproofing Materials." Modern Applied Science 8, no. 5 (August 17, 2014): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/mas.v8n5p115.
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The present research was aimed to develop the scientific applied principles and technologies of composite bituminous materials for civil engineering based on the investigation of the structures of polymer modifier and bitumen-polymer binder (BPB) on its basis with the use of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The method of pulsed NMR was chosen as one of the rapid analysis methods that can be used for the analysis of bitumen-polymer systems, especially when assessing the group chemical composition of residual oil feedstock (ROF), bitumens and composite materials based on them. Using the method of pulsed NMR the regularities of the impact of modifier component composition on the changes of structural-group composition of the original and modified products were specified. Based on the results of research the optimal ratio of bitumen-polymer binder components was investigated, the manufacturability of the process for obtaining of composite bituminous materials for civil engineering with the aim of optimizing the quality of the final products was evaluated. Pulsed NMR - spectroscopy is suggested as input and output quality control of bituminous products. The regularities of redistribution of the phases with different molecular mobility and their relationship with the binder components were investigated. Rapid technique for quantifying the content of polymer in the solvent was developed.
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Bat-Erdene, Erdenetsogt, Batdelger Byambagar, Erdenee Enkhtsetseg, and Budeebazar Avid. "Chemical Analysis on Mongolia’s Natural Bitumen." Advances in Chemical Engineering and Science 04, no. 02 (2014): 184–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/aces.2014.42021.
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Brożyna, D., and K. J. Kowalski. "Assessment of Polyethylen-Modified Bitumen Adhesion Using Computer Image Analysis." Archives of Civil Engineering 62, no. 4 (December 1, 2016): 3–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ace-2015-0106.
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AbstractIn order to achieve extended life of asphalt pavement, one of key points is to achieve a good bonding between it’s components. This research paper presents findings on the topic of influence of polyethylene bitumen modification on the adhesion between bitumen and aggregate. A novel method of quantifying the bitumen coated area, based on computer image analysis, has been developed for this study. Two different methods of adhesion testing were employed, namely boiling water method and the rolling bottle method. Aggregates used in this study were granite and limestone. Based on 108 measurements, it was concluded that polyethylene modification has a negative impact on binder aggregate adhesion.
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Hou, Yuguang, Yaqi Liang, Sheng He, Yukun Liu, Zhiwei Fan, and Yingrui Song. "Distribution and Thermal Maturity of Devonian Carbonate Reservoir Solid Bitumen in Desheng Area of Guizhong Depression, South China." Geofluids 2017 (2017): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/4580416.
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The distribution of solid bitumen in the Devonian carbonate reservoir from well Desheng 1, Guizhong Depression, was investigated by optical microscope and hydrocarbon inclusions analysis. Vb and chemical structure indexes measured by bitumen reflectance, laser Raman microprobe (LRM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were carried out to determine the thermal maturity of solid bitumen. Based on the solid bitumen thermal maturity, the burial and thermal maturity history of Devonian carbonate reservoir were reconstructed by basin modeling. The results indicate that the fractures and fracture-related dissolution pores are the main storage space for the solid bitumen. The equivalent vitrinite reflectance of solid bitumen ranges from 3.42% to 4.43% converted by Vb (%) and LRM. The infrared spectroscopy analysis suggests that there are no aliphatic chains detected in the solid bitumen which is rich in aromatics C=C chains (1431–1440 cm−1). The results of Vb (%), LRM, and FTIR analysis demonstrate that the solid bitumen has experienced high temperature and evolved to the residual carbonaceous stage. The thermal evolution of Devonian reservoirs had experienced four stages. The Devonian reservoirs reached the highest reservoir temperature 210–260°C during the second rapid burial-warming stage, which is the main period for the solid bitumen formation.
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Zou, Xianli, Xing Fan, Gangqiang Chen, Tao Xu, and Chunmiao Ma. "Geochemical Analysis of a Multi-Layer Hydrocarbon Reservoir in the Wuerhe Area, Junggar Basin." Applied Sciences 12, no. 8 (April 12, 2022): 3871. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12083871.
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From 5000 m underground to the surface, there is a multi-layer hydrocarbon reservoir under the Wuerhe nose uplift in the Junggar Basin. Light oil, heavy oil, oil sand, and solid bitumen are found in Permian to Cretaceous strata. The normal crude oil present under heavy oil and solid bitumen reservoir can easily ignored by explorers. To effectively exploit the petroleum and bitumen mineral resources in the Junggar Basin, geochemical characteristics of crude oils in the different layers were analyzed. It is concluded that the crude oils and bitumen minerals came from Permian source rocks of alkaline lacustrine facies. Combined with tectonic movement analysis, two stages of accumulation occurred in research area. During the Indosinian Tectonic movement, the crude oil generated from Permian source rocks first migrated upwards along large faults and then accumulated in the Permian, Triassic, and Jurassic reservoirs. The crude oil of the Jurassic reservoir was seriously biodegraded and a high abundance of 25-norhopane was detected. At the end of the Yanshan movement, small normal faults were developed to connect the oil in the Triassic reservoirs to the surface. The light components of the oil in the fault system quickly volatilized and left solid bitumen minerals in the faults. Due to the plugging effect of “bitumen plug”, the oil and gas in the lower part cannot migrate upward and be damaged. Therefore, light oil-heavy oil–oil sand and bitumen minerals were formed from the bottom to the top. The research result will also have a guiding significance for oil and gas exploration in the northwest margin of the Junggar Basin.
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Trejbal, Jan, Tereza Valentová, Václav Nežerka, and Petr Semerák. "MECHANICAL AND IMAGE ANALYSIS OF ADHESION BETWEEN MINERAL AGGREGATE AND BITUMINOUS BINDER." Acta Polytechnica CTU Proceedings 26 (March 17, 2020): 112–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/app.2020.26.0112.
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Asphalt mixtures often fail due to poor interaction between mineral aggregate and bituminous binder. Therefore, many efforts are being made on adhesion improvement between the two materials. In this work, paving grade bitumen 50/70 was doped with two types of adhesion promoters. Asphalt mixtures composed of crushed aggregate Brant coated by binder were made and exposed to stripping water. Then, they were subjected to visual and digital image analysis aiming to quantify aggregate residual bitumen-coated areas. Besides, two cylindrical samples of aggregate were bonded together by a thin film of bitumen doped with adhesion promoters. After solidification of binder, force needed for separation of the two parts was measured. It was shown that residual bitumen-coated areas were increased by 20-30% by adding adhesion promoters into binder. Mechanical adhesion of thus modified binder to aggregate was increased by up to twice.
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Маслов (Maslov), Ставнислав (Stavnislav) Григорьевич (Grigor'evich), Лидия (Lidiya) Ивановна (Ivanovna) Инишева (Inisheva), and Кристина (Kristina) Евгеньевна (Evgen'evna) Щукина (Shchukina). "RESERCH THE COMPOSITION OF PEATS IN OLIGOTROPHIC MIRE." chemistry of plant raw material, no. 3 (March 27, 2018): 231–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/jcprm.2018033762.
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Specific and most representative group of biologically active substances of peat are humic acid (HA) and bitumen, which is a complex mixture of high molecular weight and polyfunctional alicyclic compounds, hydroaromatic, aromatic and heterocyclic nature. Preparations from HA and bitumen are used in medicine and veterinary medicine. However, the spectrum of peat BAS is quite wide and heterogeneous in individual peatlands and depends of peat formation of the swamp, the depth of peat deposit, botanical composition and other factors. The identification of the highest quality raw material base for the production of specific drugs requires the study of the organic composition of peat, including HA and bitumen on all swamp depth. The article substantiates the need to identify the highest quality raw material base (peat deposit or combinations peat deposits) for the production of specific products. On the example of the peat deposit Gazoprovodnoe, presents the results of the analysis of HA and bitumens throughout the profile of the peat deposit and establishes the possibility of using peat resources of this peat deposit in the production of a wide range of drugs for medical purposes and household chemicals.
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Mudrychenko, Anatolii, Serhii Illiash, and Vyacheslav Savenko. "ANALYSIS OF PHYSICO-MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF WARM ASPHALT CONCRETE MIXTURES BASED ON BITUMEN WITH THE ADDITION OF ENERGY-SAVING ADDITIVES AND FOAMED BITUMEN." Dorogi i mosti 2022, no. 25 (March 17, 2022): 87–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.36100/dorogimosti2022.25.087.
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Introduction. The article investigates asphalt concrete mixtures made by standard technology according to [1], [2] and so-called warm asphalt concrete mixtures made at low technological temperatures on the basis of bitumen with the addition of energy-saving additives and foamed bitumen. Problem statement. Considering the trends of the modern world, the problem arises regarding the effective use of energy resources. In conditions of increase the volumes of road works one of actual questions which arises at preparation of asphalt concrete mix, is the energy saving for its manufacturing. The main direction in improving the technology of preparation of asphalt mixtures is to improve the adhesive properties that provide strong and stable adhesion to the pavement surface of mineral materials of different origins and adhesion between layers at low temperatures. Therefore, in the development of new technologies and methods of use of paving bitumen for the preparation of asphalt mixtures, the issue of their adhesion to the pavement surface of mineral materials has to be central. At that the adhesion means the connection or interaction (adhesion) between the surfaces of two dissimilar contact layers - bitumen and mineral material [9]. Improving the properties of bitumen under normal conditions is reached by using additional expensive surfactants, which complicate the manufacturing technology and increase the cost of asphalt concrete [9]. Improving of adhesion can be reached without use of expensive modifiers, using bitumen foaming technology, which reduces the surface tension of bitumen and thus facilitate the mixing process, promotes better coverage and uniform distribution of bitumen on the surface of mineral grains. This allows to reduce the temperature of the asphalt mixture preparation and as a result - to provide significant energy savings. The formation of thinner bitumen films on the mineral surface reduces the required volume of binder and thus reduces the cost of the asphalt mixture. Lower technological temperatures cause less thermal aging of bitumen, which in turn leads to improved quality of asphalt concrete and increased durability of pavements [9]. Purpose. The purpose of research was to study the feasibility of use of asphalt concrete mixtures made at low technological temperatures on the basis of bitumen with the addition of energy-saving additives and foamed bitumen. Materials and methods. Experimental comparative tests of traditional hot asphalt concrete mixtures with miscellaneous content of the output, foamed bitumen and bitumen with the addition of energy-saving additives were performed. Results. The feasibility of warm asphalt concrete mixtures use has been established. Recommendations on technological parameters of preparation, transportation, laying and compaction of such mixtures are presented. Conclusions. Performed studies have shown that the use of warm asphalt concrete technologies can reduce the temperature of hot asphalt concrete mixtures preparing by 20-40 ° C without deterioration of strength characteristics of the pavement in compare with traditional hot asphalt concrete that prepared on the same bitumen. This is reached due to the relatively new physical and chemical effects that lead to decrease in the shear resistance of the mixture during its preparation and compaction. Keywords: Road, asphalt mixtures, binder, energy saving additive, foamed bitumen, pavement, temperature, physical a
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Côté, Jean, Vivien Grosjean, and Jean-Marie Konrad. "Thermal conductivity of bitumen concrete." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 40, no. 2 (February 2013): 172–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2012-0159.
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The thermal conductivity of bitumen concrete is a key parameter in the thermal analysis of pavements submitted to widely varying climate conditions. This paper presents the experimental results of thermal conductivity of bitumen concrete typically used in the Province of Quebec. The results show that the thermal conductivity of bitumen concrete is dependent on the aggregate's mineral origin and on the amount of air voids. It is also shown that the presence of bitumen increases thermal conductivity compared to unbound aggregates. The paper demonstrates that the effect of bitumen creates thermal bridges between aggregate particles similarly to other types of binders such as Portland cement and natural binders found in sedimentary rocks. Based on these observations and on the analyses of over 80 data sets from the literature, an existing model is used to develop a simplified thermal conductivity equation to estimate this parameter for bitumen concrete.
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Wu, Shiang Hau, and Jiann Jong Guo. "The Trend Change of Bitumen Research: A Text Mining Analysis (2000-2010)." Applied Mechanics and Materials 84-85 (August 2011): 681–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.84-85.681.
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In recent years, much research has been devoted to the Bitumen research; however, few have deployed the study of the research trend. In fact, grasping the research trend is imperative for enterprises and researchers. The study aims at analyzing the trend change of Bitumen research from 2000 to 2010. The contribution of the study includes the following two points. First, the study has found the shift of the Bitumen research from “distribution” and “sand” related issues to the focuses of “surface” and “polymer”. Second, the study finds a new way of literature survey by using the text mining method in order to explore the trend change.
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Chomicz-Kowalska, Anna. "Analysis of 50/70 foamed bitumen properties in the aspect of its utilization in mineral-bitumen mixtures." Budownictwo i Architektura 13, no. 4 (December 9, 2014): 091–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.35784/bud-arch.1722.
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The aim of the study was to analyze the properties of foamed bitumen produced from 50/70 bitumen in terms of the assessment of its usefulness to the road construction materials. In order to improve the foaming parameters the synthetic wax Fischer-Tropsch (FT) in an amount of 1.0%, 2.0% and 3.0% was used. Bitumen binder parameters were evaluated before and after the foaming process. The basic parameters were evaluated (before the foaming process): penetration, Fraass breaking point and softening point. The bitumen foam parameters were measured at the foaming water content (FWC) in the range from 1.5% to 4.0% with an increment of 0.5%. The tests allowed determining optimal application ranges for the FT and the FWC to produce asphalt at lower temperatures.
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Gaudenzi, Elena, Fabrizio Cardone, Xiaohu Lu, and Francesco Canestrari. "Analysis of Fatigue and Healing Properties of Conventional Bitumen and Bio-Binder for Road Pavements." Materials 13, no. 2 (January 16, 2020): 420. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13020420.
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The analysis of fatigue behavior of bituminous binders is a complex issue due to several time-temperature dependent phenomena which interact simultaneously, such as damage accumulation, viscoelasticity, thixotropy, and healing. The present research involves rheological measurements aimed at evaluating the fatigue behavior and compares the self-healing capability of two plain bitumen and a bio-binder obtained by partially replacing one of the plain bitumen with a renewable bio-oil. Healing potential was assessed by means of an experimental approach previously implemented for modified bitumen and bituminous mastic and based on the use of a dynamic shear rheometer (DSR). The effects of some variables such as bitumen type, bio-oil addition, and aging on the healing potential of binders were taken into account. Results showed that the above-mentioned method for healing analysis is also suitable for conventional and bio-add binders. Outcomes of the experimental investigation highlight that fatigue and self-healing are mainly dependent on binder consistency and also affected by aging. Finally, the addition of bio-oil may induce even better performances in terms of healing potential compared to conventional bitumen, especially in aged condition.
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Mazurek, Grzegorz, Juraj Šrámek, and Przemysław Buczyński. "Composition Optimisation of Selected Waste Polymer-Modified Bitumen." Materials 15, no. 24 (December 7, 2022): 8714. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15248714.
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Waste plastomer disposal is currently a major challenge facing modern economies. This article reports on a study and analysis regarding the implementation of plastomers into bitumen, with a special focus on the influence of mixing process factors. Two plastomers were selected for analysis, PP and PET, and two bitumen types, 20/30 and 70/100, were modified. Determination of the basic characteristics, such as penetration, softening temperature, cohesion energy, and Fraass temperature, was complemented with advanced multiple-stress creep recovery (MSCR) rheological testing. The entire experimental process followed the Plackett–Burman design. Rheological effects of modified bitumen were evaluated using the generalized Maxwell model. Microstructural analysis with epi-fluorescence microscopy showed the ability of plastomer-modified bitumen to obtain a fine-grained structure with a particle size of <10 μm. In addition, creep susceptibility (Jnr) was found to be statistically significantly dependent on the polymer type and particle size, rotational speed, and bitumen type. In turn, the particle dispersion structure in the bitumen matrix significantly depended on the rotational speed, plastomer particle size, and mixing temperature. Ultimately, the process of bitumen 70/100 modification was optimized. It was demonstrated, following the experimental design, that by using fine-grained PP for a temperature of 160 °C, rotational speed of about 6300 rpm and time of 105 min, it is possible to obtain modified bitumen with rheological properties very similar to those of modified bitumen PmB 45/80-55.
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Mhatre, Akshay, Avinash Walunj, Atish Pichake, Ankit Torane, Vinayak Agawane, and Dr Apeksha Mendhe. "Experimental Analysis of HDPE Percentage in Bitumen Samples Using IDT Test." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 4 (April 30, 2022): 1819–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.41637.
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Abstract: The main objective of this research is to evaluate the ability of using recycled plastic waste as a binder material with asphaltic concrete to improve the performance and service life of the road. As bitumen is used as a binder material in asphaltic concrete which is very costly. We can reducethis cost by replacing bitumen (up to some extent) with plastic. There are many types of plastic but here we used only High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) plastic. NHA class B aggregates were used in this research with varying admixture (2, 4, and 6%) and bitumen content (3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5,5.5, and 6%). For this purpose Marsha Stability and Flow test and ITS test was carried out whichshowed different results for different percentages of admixture.
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Razali, Mohd Najib, Syarifah Nur Ezatie Mohd Isa, Noor Adilah Md Salehan, Musfafikri Musa, Mohd Aizudin Abd Aziz, Abdurahman Hamid Nour, and Rosli Mohd Yunus. "Formulation of Emulsified Modification Bitumen from Industrial Wastes." Indonesian Journal of Chemistry 20, no. 1 (December 31, 2019): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijc.40888.
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The aim of this research was to characterize and analyze the formulation of emulsified modification bitumen (EMB) as well as the industrial wastes used in the formulation. Bitumen being a non-renewable product with severe environmental issues arising lately led to the use of industrial wastes such as plastic and recycled base oil in this research. Physical characteristic studies were performed to analyze the decomposition temperature, boiling point, flash point, density, moisture content, element content in waste plastics, and flowability of bitumen emulsion. Eight ratios of modified bitumen were formulated and compared with the industrial grade bitumen. The modified bitumen with a penetration value of 103 mm and softening value at 49 °C was chosen for the emulsification process where three emulsifiers were added into the mixture of bitumen and water. These samples were compared with the industrial bitumen emulsion. From the analysis, the formulated emulsion was obtained from a mixture consists of 20% bitumen, 7% polymer, and 73% recycled base oil.
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Imanbayev, Yerzhan, Akkenzhe Bussurmanova, Yerdos Ongarbayev, Akmaral Serikbayeva, Serik Sydykov, Maxat Tabylganov, Anar Akkenzheyeva, et al. "Modification of Bitumen with Recycled PET Plastics from Waste Materials." Polymers 14, no. 21 (November 4, 2022): 4719. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14214719.
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Nowadays in the world, due to the constant desire for recycling, many countries are considering the use of recycled plastics on roads. Modification of bitumen for roads in Kazakhstan is considered one of the most suitable and popular approaches. This paper presents the results of research on the modification of bitumen by recycled plastics from waste materials. The paper describes the details of the use of plastic waste as bitumen modifiers, with a specific focus on recycled plastics and how they can potentially be used to enhance bitumen performance and the road durability. The main physical and mechanical characteristics of the modified bitumen were determined after routine tests, penetration and plasticity, softening temperature, brittleness temperature on Fraas and microscopic analysis. The morphology of the modified bitumen was studied using scanning electron microscopy. The results confirm that the modified bitumen complies with the requirements for polymer-bitumen binder of Kazakhstani standards and is suitable for the production of modified bitumen by its physical and chemical characteristics.
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Zieliński, Krzysztof, and Michał Babiak. "Optimization of content of a new modifier type in bitumen intended for waterproofing products." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 43, no. 1 (January 2016): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2014-0304.
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Styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) is currently the most popular bitumen modifier. Its weaknesses have become a strong incentive to search for new materials that could modify bitumen in a similar scope as SBS, but would be cheaper and easier to use. The article presents the results of studies of oleic imidazoline — a new generation bitumen modifier. The analysis of the results of laboratory tests allowed for the optimization of its content in bitumen. It has been demonstrated that the new type modifier developed by the authors of the article has a significant impact on physical characteristics of bitumen. Its use results in a significant increase of bitumen plasticity range, both before and after laboratory ageing, and a considerable improvement of bitumen resistance to ageing.
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Varanda, Catarina, Inês Portugal, Jorge Ribeiro, Artur M. S. Silva, and Carlos M. Silva. "Influence of Polyphosphoric Acid on the Consistency and Composition of Formulated Bitumen: Standard Characterization and NMR Insights." Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry 2016 (2016): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/2915467.
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Over the recent years, bitumen modification with polymers, acids, or mineral fillers has gained relevance to adjust its performance properties. This work reports the use of polyphosphoric acid (PPA) for the modification of formulated bitumen. With this objective, an in-depth literature review on PPA modification was firstly performed. Subsequently, five individual refinery components were selected for the preparation of bitumen blends, namely, asphaltic residue, vacuum residue, and three lube oils extracts. Seven binary/ternary bitumen blends were prepared and then treated with PPA. Afterwards, the five components and the unmodified and PPA-modified bitumen were characterized by standard methods (penetration, softening point, and penetration index), SARA analysis, elemental analysis, and31P and1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The results evidenced higher asphaltenes and lower saturates/resins contents in PPA-modified bitumen. The NMR data suggest that the paraffinic chains became longer, the content of condensed aromatics increased, more substituted aromatic structures appeared, andα-hydrogen in aromatic structures diminished. These findings disclosed the improved consistency and oxidation stability of PPA-modified bitumen blends.
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Liu, Yunfeng, Zhengsong Qiu, Hanyi Zhong, Zhen Nie, Jia Li, Weian Huang, and Xin Zhao. "Bitumen Recovery from Crude Bitumen Samples from Halfaya Oilfield by Single and Composite Solvents—Process, Parameters, and Mechanism." Materials 12, no. 17 (August 21, 2019): 2656. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12172656.
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Since 2007, heterogeneous, high-viscosity active bituminous formations have often occurred during the drilling process in Yadavaran oilfield (Iran), Halfaya oilfield (Iraq), and tar sands (Canada). The formation of bitumen exhibits plastic and creep properties, and its adhesion is strong, so drilling accidents are easily caused, such as adhering vibrating screen, drill pipe sticking, lost circulation, and even well abandonment. These complex problems cause huge economic losses. Solvents used to dissolve bitumen are a feasible technology to remove bitumen effectively. In order to solve this problem, we used crude bitumen samples from Halfaya oilfield to study the relation between the bitumen component and different solvents. In this study, the temperature, crude bitumen sample to solvent ratio, stirring rate, stirring time, and ultrasound time on bitumen recovery by toluene were investigated by a single factor experiment. The optimum process parameter for bitumen recovery was obtained. Toluene, n-heptane, tetrahydrofuran, cyclohexane, cyclopentane, ethyl acetate, and n-pentane were chosen as the solvents for single solvent extraction and composite solvent extraction. The bitumen recovery increased significantly with the use of a composite solvent compared to a single solvent. The composite solvent ratio was 1:1. The highest bitumen recovery was 98.9 wt% by toluene/cyclohexane composite solvent. The SARA (saturates, aromatics, resins, and asphaltenes) components of the bitumen were analyzed. The toluene showed the highest asphaltene content, while the n-alkanes showed the lowest asphaltene content. The higher the asphaltene content, the higher the bitumen recovery. The composite solvent obtained the highest asphaltene content and bitumen recovery. The viscosity of bitumen extraction by different solvents was measured. The lower the bitumen viscosity, the higher the bitumen recovery. The element analysis indicated the solvent’s ability to extract bitumen colloids with the C/H ratio. This study provides a reliable theoretical basis for the subsequent adoption of effective anti-bitumen polluted drilling fluid additives.