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1
Mabuchi, Ryota, Ayaka Ishimaru, Mao Tanaka, Osamu Kawaguchi, and Shota Tanimoto. "Metabolic Profiling of Fish Meat by GC-MS Analysis, and Correlations with Taste Attributes Obtained Using an Electronic Tongue." Metabolites 9, no. 1 (December 21, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo9010001.
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To evaluate the taste of ordinary muscle from white-fleshed fish, we used GC-MS metabolomic analysis to characterise the compounds therein, and correlated the obtained data with taste measurements from an electronic tongue. Prediction models using orthogonal partial least squares were produced for different taste attributes, and the primary metabolic components correlated with the taste attributes were identified. Clear differences were observed in the component profiles for different fish species. Using an electronic tongue, differences in tastes were noted among the fish species in terms of sourness, acidic bitterness, umami and saltiness. The obtained correlations allowed the construction of good taste prediction models, especially for sourness, acidic bitterness and saltiness. Compounds such as phosphoric acid, lactic acid and creatinine were found to be highly correlated with some taste attributes. Phosphoric acid in particular showed the highest variable important for prediction (VIP) scores in many of the taste prediction models, and it is therefore a candidate marker to evaluate the tastes of white-fleshed fish.
2
Delompré, Thomas, Christine Belloir, Christophe Martin, Christian Salles, and Loïc Briand. "Detection of Bitterness in Vitamins Is Mediated by the Activation of Bitter Taste Receptors." Nutrients 14, no. 19 (October 5, 2022): 4141. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14194141.
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Vitamins are known to generate bitterness, which may contribute to an off-taste or aftertaste for some nutritional supplements. This negative sensation can lead to a reduction in their consumption. Little is known about the bitter taste threshold and taste sensing system for the bitter taste detection of vitamins. To better understand the mechanisms involved in bitterness perception, we combined taste receptor functional assays and sensory analysis. In humans, bitter taste detection is mediated by 25 G-protein-coupled receptors belonging to the TAS2R family. First, we studied the bitterness of thirteen vitamins using a cellular-based functional taste receptor assay. We found four vitamins that can stimulate one or more TAS2Rs. For each positive molecule–receptor combination, we tested seven increasing concentrations to determine the half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) and the cellular bitter taste threshold. Second, we measured the bitter taste detection threshold for four vitamins that exhibit a strong bitter taste using a combination of ascending series and sensory difference tests. A combination of sensory and biological data can provide useful results that explain the perception of vitamin bitterness and its real contribution to the off-taste of nutritional supplements.
3
Lush, Ian E., and Gail Holland. "The genetics of tasting in mice: V. Glycine and cycloheximide." Genetical Research 52, no. 3 (December 1988): 207–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016672300027671.
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SummaryGlycine tastes both bitter and sweet to mice but there are differences between strains in their ability to detect each taste. With respect to the bitter taste, fifteen strains were classified as tasters and twelve strains as non-tasters. The difference is due to a single gene, Glb (glycine bitterness). Cycloheximide tastes bitter to all mice at a concentration of 8 μM, but strain differences in sensitivity to the taste of cycloheximide can be detected at lower concentrations. The BXD RI strains can be classified into two groups with respect to sensitivity to cycloheximide. This is probably due to the segregation of two alleles of a single gene, Cyx. A comparison of the distribution in RI strains of alleles of four bitterness-tasting genes shows that the loci are all closely linked and are probably in the order Cyx–Qui–Rua–Glb.
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Ervina, Ervina, Ingunn Berget, and Valérie L. Almli. "Investigating the Relationships between Basic Tastes Sensitivities, Fattiness Sensitivity, and Food Liking in 11-Year-Old Children." Foods 9, no. 9 (September 18, 2020): 1315. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9091315.
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This study investigates the relationships between basic tastes and fattiness sensitivity and food liking in 11-year-old children. The basic taste sensitivity of 106 children was measured using different methods, namely detection (DT) and recognition (RT) thresholds, and taste responsiveness. Caffeine and quinine (bitter), sucrose (sweet), citric acid (sour), sodium chloride (salty), and monosodium glutamate (umami) were investigated for DT and RT at five concentrations in water solutions. In addition, taste responsiveness and liking were collected for the high-intensity concentrations. PROP (6-n-propylthiouracil) responsiveness was tested on paper strips. Fattiness sensitivity was measured by a paired comparison method using milk samples with varying fat content. Liking for 30 food items was recorded using a food-list questionnaire. The test was completed in a gamified “taste detective” approach. The results show that DT correlates with RT for all tastes while responsiveness to PROP correlates with overall taste responsiveness. Caffeine and quinine differ in bitterness responsiveness and liking. Girls have significantly lower DTs than boys for bitterness and sweetness. Food liking is driven by taste and fattiness properties, while fatty food liking is significantly influenced by fattiness sensitivity. These results contribute to a better holistic understanding of taste and fattiness sensitivity in connection to food liking in preadolescents.
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Jioe, Irvan Prawira Julius, Huey-Ling Lin, and Ching-Chang Shiesh. "The Investigation of Phenylalanine, Glucosinolate, Benzylisothiocyanate (BITC) and Cyanogenic Glucoside of Papaya Fruits (Carica papaya L. cv. ‘Tainung No. 2’) under Different Development Stages between Seasons and Their Correlation with Bitter Taste." Horticulturae 8, no. 3 (February 24, 2022): 198. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8030198.
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Papaya fruit is one of economic crops in Taiwan, mostly eaten as table fruits. In some Asian countries, unripe papaya fruit is eaten as salad and this led to trends in Taiwan as well. However, unripe papaya fruit may taste bitter during cool seasons. Glucosinolate and cyanogenic glucoside are among the substances that cause bitter taste in many plants, which can also be found in papaya. However, there is still no report about the relationship between seasons and bitter taste in papaya fruits. Thus, the purpose of this study is to investigate the glucosinolate biosynthesis and its correlation between bitterness intensity during cool and warm seasons. The bitterness intensity was highest at the young fruit stage and decreased as it developed. In addition, the bitterness intensity in cool season fruits is higher than in warm season fruits. Cyanogenic glucoside and BITC content showed negative correlation with bitterness intensity (r = −0.54 ***; −0.46 ***). Phenylalanine showed positive correlation with bitterness intensity (r = 0.35 ***), but its content did not reach the bitterness threshold concentration, which suggested that phenylalanine only acts as cyanogenic glucoside and glucosinolate precusors. Glucosinolate content showed positive correlation with bitterness intensity at different developmental stages (r = 0.805 ***). However, the correlation value in different lines/cultivars decreased (0.44 ***), suggesting that glucosinolate was not the only substance that caused bitter taste in immature papaya fruits.
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Lim, Ler Sheang, Xian Hui Tang, Wai Yew Yang, Shu Hwa Ong, Nenad Naumovski, and Rati Jani. "Taste Sensitivity and Taste Preference among Malay Children Aged 7 to 12 Years in Kuala Lumpur—A Pilot Study." Pediatric Reports 13, no. 2 (May 18, 2021): 245–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pediatric13020034.
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The taste and food preferences in children can affect their food intake and body weight. Bitter and sweet taste sensitivities were identified as primary taste contributors to children’s preference for consuming various foods. This pilot study aimed to determine the taste sensitivity and preference for bitter and sweet tastes in a sample of Malaysian children. A case–control study was conducted among 15 pairs of Malay children aged 7 to 12 years. Seven solutions at different concentrations of 6-n-propylthiouracil and sucrose were prepared for testing bitterness and sweet sensitivity, respectively. The intensity of both bitter and sweet sensitivity was measured using a 100 mm Labelled Magnitude Scale (LMS), while the taste preference was rated using a 5-point Likert scale. The participants were better at identifying bitter than sweet taste (median score 6/7 vs. 4/7). No significant differences were detected for both tastes between normal-weight and overweight groups (bitter: 350 vs. 413, p = 0.273; sweet: 154 vs. 263, p = 0.068), as well as in Likert readings (bitter 9 vs. 8: p = 0.490; sweet 22 vs. 22: p = 0.677). In this sample of Malay children, the participants were more sensitive to bitterness than sweetness, yet presented similar taste sensitivity and preference irrespective of their weight status. Future studies using whole food samples are warranted to better characterize potential taste sensitivity and preference in children.
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Li, Li-Jun, Wan-Seng Tan, Wen-Jing Li, Yan-Bing Zhu, Yi-Sheng Cheng, and Hui Ni. "Citrus Taste Modification Potentials by Genetic Engineering." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 24 (December 8, 2019): 6194. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20246194.
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Citrus fruits are mainly consumed as fresh fruit and processed juice products. They serve as nutritional and a tasty diet in our daily life. However, the formidable bitterness and delayed bitterness significantly impact the citrus industry attributable to the two major bitter compounds naringin and limonin. The extremely sour and acidic also negatively affects the sensory quality of citrus products. Citrus breeding programs have developed different strategies to improve citrus quality and a wealth of studies have aimed to uncover the genetic and biochemical basis of citrus flavor. In this minireview, we outline the major genes characterized to be involved in pathways shaping the sweet, bitter, or sour taste in citrus, and discuss briefly about the possible approaches to modify citrus taste by genetic engineering.
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Cometto-Muñiz, J. Enrique, María Rosa García-Medina, Amalia M. Calviño, and Gustavo Noriega. "Interactions between Co2 Oral Pungency and Taste." Perception 16, no. 5 (October 1987): 629–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p160629.
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Two experiments are reported in which the perceptual interactions between oral pungency, evoked by CO2, and the taste of each of four tastants–sucrose (sweet), quinine sulfate (bitter), sodium chloride (salty), and tartaric acid (sour)–were explored. In experiment 1 the effect of three concentrations of each tastant on the stimulus-response function for perceived oral pungency, in terms of both rate of change (slope) and relative position along the perceived pungency axis, was determined. In experiment 2 the effect of three concentrations of CO2 on the stimulus-response function for the perceived taste intensity of each tastant was examined. Results show that the characteristics of the mutual effects of tastant and pungent stimulus depend on the particular tastant employed. Sucrose sweetness and CO2 oral pungency have no mutual effect; sodium chloride saltiness or tartaric acid sourness and CO2 oral pungency show mutual enhancement; and quinine sulfate bitterness abates CO2 oral pungency, whereas CO2 has a double and opposite effect on quinine sulfate bitterness–at low concentrations of bitter tastant CO2 enhances bitterness, and at high concentrations of bitter tastant CO2 abates bitterness. It is suggested that the perceptual attributes of saltiness and sourness are closer, from a qualitative point of view, to oral pungency than are the attributes of bitterness and sweetness.
9
Soares, Susana, Elsa Brandão, Carlos Guerreiro, Sónia Soares, Nuno Mateus, and Victor de Freitas. "Tannins in Food: Insights into the Molecular Perception of Astringency and Bitter Taste." Molecules 25, no. 11 (June 2, 2020): 2590. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25112590.
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Astringency and bitterness are organoleptic properties widely linked to tannin compounds. Due to their significance to food chemistry, the food industry, and to human nutrition and health, these tannins’ taste properties have been a line of worldwide research. In recent years, significant advances have been made in understanding the molecular perception of astringency pointing to the contribution of different oral key players. Regarding bitterness, several polyphenols have been identified has new agonists of these receptors. This review summarizes the last data about the knowledge of these taste properties perceived by tannins. Ultimately, tannins’ astringency and bitterness are hand-in-hand taste properties, and future studies should be adapted to understand how the proper perception of one taste could affect the perception of the other one.
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An, Uijeong, Xiaofen Du, and Wanyi Wang. "Consumer Expectation of Flavored Water Function, Sensory Quality, and Sugar Reduction, and the Impact of Demographic Variables and Woman Consumer Segment." Foods 11, no. 10 (May 16, 2022): 1434. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11101434.
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This study aimed to investigate consumer expectation of flavored water and potential consumer segments. The results showed flavored water was ranked the fourth most popular drink, after plain water, tea, and coffee, by 901 participants. Consumers highly expected functional flavored water with refreshing (87.4% selection), thirst-quenching (73.7%), and tasty (65.7%) qualities, containing vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants, and providing energy. Expected flavored water sensory qualities included temperature (62.4%), flavor (52.4%), and sweet taste (47.4%); lemon, berry, and lime flavors were most preferred, while bitterness, irritation, astringency, and sourness were least preferred. Pure sugar and honey were rated highest as the sweeteners for flavored water. Likewise, consumers were mostly concerned with taste followed by calories. Single demographic variables (age, reported health condition, drinking frequency, educational level) significantly influenced (p ≤ 0.05) flavored water function, sensory quality, and sugar reduction expectations. Females had higher expectation of flavored water’s refreshing and antioxidant functions. Cluster analysis revealed two consumer segments. The younger, low-education, self-reportedly less healthy cluster (mainly college students) expected various functions and flavors such as low temperature, cooling taste, diverse flavors, and sweet taste (and disliked bitterness). The older, educated, employed, self-reportedly healthy cluster had lower expectations of flavored water functions, were less sensitive to bitterness, and preferred no sweetness or little sweetness. These findings provide informative data to establish marketing and sales strategies for promoting flavored water.
11
Jioe, Irvan Prawira Julius, Ching-Chang Shiesh, and Huey-Ling Lin. "Bitterness of Papaya Milk Is Related to Protein and Free Amino Acid Contents, with Phenylalanine and Tyrosine/Tryptophan Levels Being the Most Important." HortScience 58, no. 3 (March 2023): 261–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci16941-22.
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Papaya milk, a mixture of papaya pulp and dairy milk, is one of the most popular beverages in Taiwan. However, the enzymes present in papaya can cause accumulation of hydrophobic amino acids, resulting in a bitter taste of papaya milk. Thus, it is important to select papaya cultivars without the potential to form the bitter taste, but it is difficult to select these papaya cultivars using a sensory test. The purpose of this research was to investigate the relationship between the intensity of the bitterness with the contents of proteins and free amino acids. The results indicated that neither milk nor papaya alone tastes bitter. Heating the milk or the papaya before mixing and mixing only papaya latex with milk confirmed that an enzyme in papaya causes the bitter taste in papaya milk. The intensity of bitterness positively correlated with the contents of total soluble protein, free amino acids and the phenylalanine and tyrosine/tryptophan contents. Analyses using different papaya accessions in different seasons showed that tyrosine/tryptophan (r = 0.613***) and phenylalanine (r = 0.612***) correlate more strongly with bitterness intensity than the total soluble protein (r = 0.258*) or free amino acids (r = 0.38**). In this drink, milk provides the substrates to form the bitter substances, but the enzymes in the papaya are needed for the reaction to occur. The levels of the amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine/tryptophan showed the highest correlation with the intensity of bitterness.
12
Ervina, Ervina, Ingunn Berget, Siv Borghild Skeie, and Valérie L. Almli. "Basic taste sensitivity, eating behaviour, food propensity and BMI of preadolescent children: How are they related?" Open Research Europe 1 (August 1, 2022): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/openreseurope.14117.2.
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Background: Taste sensitivity has been reported to influence children’s eating behaviour and contribute to their food preferences and intake. This study aimed to investigate the associations between taste sensitivity, eating behaviour, food propensity and BMI (Body Mass Index) in preadolescents. Methods: Preadolescents’ taste sensitivity was measured by detection threshold of sweetness (sucrose), sourness (citric acid), saltiness (sodium chloride), bitterness (caffeine, quinine), and umami (monosodium glutamate). In addition, the Child Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (CEBQ), the Food Propensity Questionnaire (FPQ), and the children’s body weight and height were completed by the parents. A total of 69 child-parent dyads participated (preadolescents mean age =10.9 years). Results: Taste sensitivity to caffeine bitterness was significantly associated with eating behaviour in food responsiveness, emotional overeating, and desire to drink. The preadolescents who were less sensitive to caffeine bitterness had higher food responsiveness scores. Those who were less sensitive to caffeine bitterness and to sweetness had higher emotional overeating scores. In addition, preadolescents who were less sensitive to sourness and bitterness of both caffeine and quinine demonstrated to have higher scores in desire to drink. There was no association between taste sensitivity and FPQ, but significant differences were observed across preadolescents’ BMI for FPQ of dairy food items, indicating higher consumption of low-fat milk in the overweight/obese compared to the normal-weight subjects. There was no significant difference in taste sensitivity according to BMI. Preadolescents’ eating behaviour differed across BMI, demonstrating a positive association between BMI and food approach, and a negative association between BMI and food avoidance. Conclusions: This study contributes to the preliminary understanding of the relationships between taste sensitivity and eating behaviour in preadolescents. The results may be used to develop effective strategies to promote healthy eating practices by considering
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Ervina, Ervina, Valérie L. Almli, Ingunn Berget, Sara Spinelli, Julia Sick, and Caterina Dinnella. "Does Responsiveness to Basic Tastes Influence Preadolescents’ Food Liking? Investigating Taste Responsiveness Segment on Bitter-Sour-Sweet and Salty-Umami Model Food Samples." Nutrients 13, no. 8 (August 7, 2021): 2721. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13082721.
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The objective of this study was to investigate the relationships between taste responsiveness and food liking in preadolescents. Model food samples of grapefruit juice (GF) and vegetable broth (VB) modified with four additions of sucrose and sodium chloride, respectively, were employed. Intensity perception for sweetness, sourness, and bitterness were measured in GF while saltiness and umami were measured in VB. The children (N = 148) also completed food choice, familiarity, stated liking and neophobia questionnaires. The test was conducted at school, with instructions provided remotely via video call. Four segments were defined differing in basic taste responsiveness. Segments and sucrose concentrations significantly affected liking for GF, while no significant effect of segments and sodium chloride concentrations occurred on liking for VB. An increasing sucrose concentration was positively associated with liking for GF only in the segment with low responsiveness to bitter and sour tastes. No significant differences across segments were found for food choice, familiarity, stated liking, and neophobia. Conclusively, relationships between taste responsiveness and liking are product and basic taste-dependent in addition to being subject-dependent. Strategies to improve acceptance by using sucrose as a suppressor for warning sensations of bitterness and sourness can be more or less effective depending on individual responsiveness to the basic tastes.
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Lush, I. E., N. Hornigold, P. King, and J. P. Stoye. "The genetics of tasting in mice VII. Glycine revisited, and the chromosomal location of Sac and Soa." Genetical Research 66, no. 2 (October 1995): 167–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016672300034510.
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SummaryPrevious work which appeared to show that some strains of mice taste glycine solutions as bitter has been found to be in error. The bitterness came from copper glycinate which formed in the brass drinking spouts. Taste testing with copper glycinate shows that the genetical data identifying the gene Glb are still valid. The close linkage of Glb and Rua has been confirmed. Most strains of mice prefer glycine solution to water, presumably because the glycine tastes sweet. The degree of preference for glycine is correlated with the degree of preference for other sweet substances such as saccharin or acesulfame. The gene dpa appears not to be involved.The sweetness tasting gene Sac has been mapped to chromosome 4 at 8·1 ± 3·4 cM distal to Nppa (formerly Pnd). The bitterness tasting gene Soa is very closely linked to Prp on chromosome 6 (no recombinants among 67 backcross progeny). It is suggested that the sweetness and bitterness tasting genes have descended from a common ancestral tasting gene which existed before the tetraploidization of the genome which took place in early vertebrate evolution.
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Deng, Mengyan, Noriko Hida, Taigi Yamazaki, Ryo Morishima, Yuka Kato, Yoshiaki Fujita, Akihiro Nakamura, and Tsutomu Harada. "Comparison of Bitterness Intensity between Prednisolone and Quinine in a Human Sensory Test Indicated Individual Differences in Bitter-Taste Perception." Pharmaceutics 14, no. 11 (November 14, 2022): 2454. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14112454.
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Prednisolone is a frequently prescribed steroid with a bitter, unpalatable taste that can result in treatment refusal. Oral suspensions or powder dosage forms are often prescribed, particularly to pediatric patients, as they improve swallowability and ease of dose adjustment. Consequently, the bitterness of prednisolone is more apparent in these dosage forms. Few studies have investigated prednisolone’s bitterness. Thus, in this study, 50 adults evaluated the bitterness of prednisolone using the generalized Labeled Magnitude Scale (gLMS), in comparison with quinine, a standard bitter substance. Overall, prednisolone-saturated solution demonstrated the same extent (mean gLMS score: 46.8) of bitterness as 1 mM quinine solution (mean gLMS score: 40.1). Additionally, large individual differences were observed in the perception of the bitterness of prednisolone and quinine. Perceived flavors of some drugs are reportedly associated with bitter-taste receptor (TAS2Rs) polymorphisms. Therefore, we investigated the relationship between subjects’ genetic polymorphisms of TAS2R19, 38, and 46, and their sensitivity to bitterness. Although a relationship between TAS2R19 polymorphisms and the perception of quinine bitterness was observed, no significant relationship was found between the perceived bitterness of prednisolone and the investigated genes. Ultimately, the results show that despite individual differences among subjects, the cause of prednisolone’s strong bitterness is yet to be elucidated.
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Pierce-Feldmeyer, Alex M., Dave Josephson, Adrianne Johnson, and Robert Wieland. "Perception of Bitter Taste through Time-Intensity Measurements as Influenced by Taste Modulation Compounds in Steviol Glycoside Sweetened Beverages." Beverages 5, no. 3 (August 20, 2019): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/beverages5030052.
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To limit sugar consumption and maintain sweetness levels in the diet, food and beverage developers often use high potency sweeteners (HPSs) as alternatives. Steviol glycosides are considered a consumer-friendly alternative but they are perceived to have a bitter taste accompanied by sweet and bitter lingering. Recently, taste modulators have been discovered that help to alleviate negative attributes like bitterness of HPSs. To show that taste modulation compounds (TMCs) decrease perceived bitterness associated with steviol glycosides, a trained descriptive panel (n = 9) performed a single-attribute time-intensity (TI) assessment over 2 min. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to analyze TI curves and curve parameters (AUC, Imax and Tmax). Principal components analysis (PCA) was also used to assess TI curves. Results showed that statistically significant results depended on the analysis method. Bitterness perception was shown to persist less over 2 min for steviol glycosides with TMCs when assessing raw scores and parameters. The same was not found using differences from control curves or weighted curves from PCA. These findings demonstrate that particular TMCs may subtly decrease perceived bitterness of steviol glycosides. However, business objectives of TMC use may dictate what kind of analysis method to use when analyzing perceived bitter perception of TMCs over time.
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Chen, Na, Katsumi Watanabe, Tatsu Kobayakawa, and Makoto Wada. "Reasons for Adding Different Tastes: An Example of Sprinkling Salt on Watermelon and Its Relation to Subjective Taste Perception, Taste Preference, and Autistic Traits." Journal of Food Quality 2023 (February 13, 2023): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/9945339.
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Each basic taste can be perceived differently due to stored knowledge and differences in receptor properties. Depending on how these tastes are perceived, eating behavior may change. In this study, we examined the relationships between subjective feelings of taste perception, taste preferences, and autistic traits with the behavior of adding flavor to food using an example of sprinkling salt on watermelon. From an online questionnaire survey among a general Japanese population, we found that salty and sour tastes could be subjectively perceived more quickly than sweet and umami tastes, in line with our expectations. Moreover, the hedonic responses to watermelon with salt were negatively correlated with a preference for bitter taste, i.e., those participants who dislike bitter taste sensations tended to enjoy watermelon with salt more. There was no correlation between the hedonic response to watermelon with salt and the subjective feeling of taste perceptions and autistic traits and no correlation between autistic traits, and the subjective feeling of taste perceptions and taste preferences. These results suggest that adding different tastes could be influenced by taste preferences; thus, the addition of a different taste was thought to be related to an unconscious motivation to reduce bitterness.
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Purba, Laurentia Henrieta Permita Sari, Kanthi Arum Widayati, Kei Tsutsui, Nami Suzuki-Hashido, Takashi Hayakawa, Sarah Nila, Bambang Suryobroto, and Hiroo Imai. "Functional characterization of the TAS2R38 bitter taste receptor for phenylthiocarbamide in colobine monkeys." Biology Letters 13, no. 1 (January 2017): 20160834. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2016.0834.
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Bitterness perception in mammals is mostly directed at natural toxins that induce innate avoidance behaviours. Bitter taste is mediated by the G protein-coupled receptor TAS2R, which is located in taste cell membranes. One of the best-studied bitter taste receptors is TAS2R38, which recognizes phenylthiocarbamide (PTC). Here we investigate the sensitivities of TAS2R38 receptors to PTC in four species of leaf-eating monkeys (subfamily Colobinae). Compared with macaque monkeys (subfamily Cercopithecinae), colobines have lower sensitivities to PTC in behavioural and in vitro functional analyses. We identified four non-synonymous mutations in colobine TAS2R38 that are responsible for the decreased sensitivity of the TAS2R38 receptor to PTC observed in colobines compared with macaques. These results suggest that tolerance to bitterness in colobines evolved from an ancestor that was sensitive to bitterness as an adaptation to eating leaves.
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Hou, Fuguo, Yan Miao, Xiangxiang Wu, Xinjing Gui, Yanli Wang, Haiyang Li, Junhan Shi, et al. "Study on Masking the Bitterness of Chinese Medicine Decoction-Mate." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2022 (September 9, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3701288.
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Background. Traditional Chinese medicine decoction (TCMD) is an oral liquid made by decocting crude medicinal compounds with water. It has complex compositions and diverse odor and taste, most of which have an unacceptable level of bitterness which seriously affects patients’ medication compliance. To solve this problem, a variety of taste-masking pathways and different types of taste-masking excipients were combined, using the application of coffee-mate to mask the bitterness of coffee as an existing example. Three composite taste-masking adjuvants were developed to improve the taste of TCMD, referred to as the Chinese Medicine Decoction-Mate (CMD-M). However, whether CMD-M has a good taste-masking effect and whether it affects the chemical compositions and pharmacological effects of the medicine remain unclear. Method. The commonly used pediatric medicine Qingre Huazhi Decoction (QRHZD) and the personalized decoctions used in clinical practices were used as the masking research carriers. The taste-masking effect of CMD-M on QRHZD was evaluated by both healthy volunteers and an electronic tongue, and the personalized decoctions were evaluated by clinical subjects. The changes of chemical components of QRHZD before and after taste-masking were evaluated by HPLC. The changes in anti-inflammatory effects were evaluated by establishing mice as an acute inflammatory model. Results. The taste-masking effect evaluation results showed that the bitterness of QRHZD was significantly reduced after adding CMD-M. There was no significant difference in the relative peak areas change rate and total peak areas ratio of common peaks of QRHZD before and after taste-masking ( P > 0.05 ), shown by HPLC analysis. The inhibitory rates of QRHZD on ear swelling in mice before and after taste-masking also showed no significant difference ( P > 0.05 ). Conclusions. CMD-M can effectively mask the bitterness of decoctions while bringing no significant difference overall in chemical compositions and pharmacological effects before and after QRHZD masking.
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Liu, Bo-Ye, Ke-Xue Zhu, Wei Peng, Xiao-Na Guo, and Hui-Ming Zhou. "Effect of sequential hydrolysis with endo- and exo-peptidase on bitterness properties of wheat gluten hydrolysates." RSC Advances 6, no. 33 (2016): 27659–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra28171g.
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After the bitterness of wheat gluten hydrolysates using single-enzyme treatment was assessed by taste dilution analysis, schemes of sequential hydrolysis with endo- and exo- peptidases were designed to prepare low-bitterness small-peptide powders.
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Ervina, Ervina, Ingunn Berget, Siv Borghild Skeie, and Valérie L. Almli. "Basic taste sensitivity, eating behaviour, and propensity of dairy foods of preadolescent children: How are they related?" Open Research Europe 1 (October 20, 2021): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/openreseurope.14117.1.
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Background: Taste sensitivity has been reported to influence children’s eating behaviour and contribute to their food preferences and intake. This study aimed to investigate the associations between taste sensitivity and eating behaviour in preadolescents. Methods: Children’s taste sensitivity was measured by detection threshold with five different concentration levels of sweetness (sucrose), sourness (citric acid), saltiness (sodium chloride), bitterness (caffeine, quinine), and umami (monosodium glutamate). In addition, the Child Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (CEBQ), the Food Propensity Questionnaire (FPQ), and the children’s body weight and height were completed by the parents. Children conducted the sensory evaluation test at schools while parents completed the questionnaires online. Results: A total of 69 child-parent dyads participated. Taste sensitivity was significantly associated with eating behaviour in food responsiveness, emotional overeating, and desire to drink. Children who were less sensitive to caffeine bitterness (higher detection threshold) had higher food responsiveness scores, while those who were less sensitive to sweetness and caffeine bitterness had higher emotional overeating scores. In addition, children who were less sensitive to sourness and bitterness of both caffeine and quinine demonstrated to have higher scores in desire to drink. There was no association between taste sensitivity and FPQ, but significant differences were observed across children’s body mass index (BMI) regarding their FPQ of dairy food items, indicating higher consumption of low-fat milk in the overweight/obese compared to the normal-weight subjects. There was no significant difference in taste sensitivity according to BMI. Children’s eating behaviour differed across BMI, demonstrating a positive association between BMI and food approach, and a negative association between BMI and food avoidance. Conclusions: This study contributes to the preliminary understanding of the relationships between taste sensitivity and eating behaviour in preadolescents which could be used to develop effective strategies to promote healthy eating practices in children by considering their taste sensitivity.
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Wehner, Todd C. "What Are Burpless Cucumbers?" HortTechnology 10, no. 2 (January 2000): 317–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.10.2.317.
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Burpless cucumbers are listed in many seed catalogs as being milder in taste (or easier on the digestion) than the american slicing type. It has been suggested by researchers that burpless cucumbers 1) contain less of a burp-causing compound, 2) are genetically bitterfree, or 3) are just the marketing term for oriental trellis cucumbers sold in the U.S. The objective of this experiment was to determine whether oriental trellis cucumbers cause less burping when eaten, and whether they are genetically bitterfree. An american slicer (`Marketmore 76'), a bitterfree slicer (`Marketmore 80'), and a burpless oriental trellis slicer (`Tasty Bright') were compared. Burpiness of the fruit was determined in the field in two seasons (spring and summer) and two replications. Six judges were grouped into burp-susceptible and burp-resistant. They evaluated the cultivars over two harvests by eating a 4-inch (100-mm) length of one fruit of the three cultivars (in random order) on three consecutive days. Burpiness was rated 0 to 9 (0 = none, 1 to 3 = slight, 4 to 6 = moderate, 7 to 9 = severe). Bitterness of the plants was determined (using different judges) by tasting one cotyledon of six seedlings per cultivar. Cotyledon bitterness is an indicator of plant bitterness; bitterfree plants lack cucurbitacins, and have mild-tasting fruit. Results of taste tests indicated that burpiness ratings were not significantly differentfor burp resistant judges. However, oriental trellis cucumbers were slightly but significantly milder than american slicers for judges susceptible to burping. `Marketmore 76' and `Tasty Bright' were normal-bitter, and `Marketmore 80' was bitterfree. An additional 11 oriental trellis cultivars were also tested for bitterness to determine whether Tasty Bright was typical in bitterness; they were all normal-bitter. In conclusion, oriental trellis cucumbers are not bitterfree, but are slightly milder for burp-susceptible people to eat. Finally, burpless is the marketing term for oriental trellis cucumbers in the United States.
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Mameli, Chiara, Camilla Cattaneo, Luisa Lonoce, Giorgio Bedogni, Francesca Chiara Redaelli, Maddalena Macedoni, Gianvincenzo Zuccotti, and Ella Pagliarini. "Associations Among Taste Perception, Food Neophobia and Preferences in Type 1 Diabetes Children and Adolescents: A Cross-Sectional Study." Nutrients 11, no. 12 (December 13, 2019): 3052. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11123052.
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Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is one of the most common systemic diseases in childhood which predisposes the patient to serious short-term and long-term complications, affecting all body systems. Taste and olfactory impairments were first described a long time ago in adult patients affected by diabetes (both type 1 and type 2 diabetes). However, studies evaluating taste perception, behavioral attitudes (e.g., food neophobia), and preferences toward foods in children and adolescents affected by T1D are globally lacking. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess taste sensitivity, food neophobia, and preferences among children and adolescents affected by T1D and healthy controls in a cross-sectional study. T1D patients presented a significantly lower ability in general to correctly identify taste qualities, especially bitter and sour tastes. Moreover, they were characterized by fewer fungiform papillae compared to controls, as well as a lower responsiveness to the bitter compound 6-n-propylthiouracil (PROP). There were no significant differences in food neophobia scores between the two groups, but differences were observed in the mean hedonic ratings for some product categories investigated. Diabetic patients showed a greater liking for certain type of foods generally characterized by sourness and bitterness, an observation probably linked to their impaired ability to perceive taste stimuli, e.g., sourness and bitterness. These results may help to enhance the understanding of these relationships in populations with elevated diet-related health risks.
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Lipchock, Sarah V., Andrew I. Spielman, Julie A. Mennella, Corrine J. Mansfield, Liang-Dar Hwang, Jennifer E. Douglas, and Danielle R. Reed. "Caffeine Bitterness is Related to Daily Caffeine Intake and Bitter Receptor mRNA Abundance in Human Taste Tissue." Perception 46, no. 3-4 (January 24, 2017): 245–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0301006616686098.
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We investigated whether the abundance of bitter receptor mRNA expression from human taste papillae is related to an individual’s perceptual ratings of bitter intensity and habitual intake of bitter drinks. Ratings of the bitterness of caffeine and quinine and three other bitter stimuli (urea, propylthiouracil, and denatonium benzoate) were compared with relative taste papilla mRNA abundance of bitter receptors that respond to the corresponding bitter stimuli in cell-based assays ( TAS2R4, TAS2R10, TAS2R38, TAS2R43, and TAS2R46). We calculated caffeine and quinine intake from a food frequency questionnaire. The bitterness of caffeine was related to the abundance of the combined mRNA expression of these known receptors, r = 0.47, p = .05, and self-reported daily caffeine intake, t(18) = 2.78, p = .012. The results of linear modeling indicated that 47% of the variance among subjects in the rating of caffeine bitterness was accounted for by these two factors (habitual caffeine intake and taste receptor mRNA abundance). We observed no such relationships for quinine but consumption of its primary dietary form (tonic water) was uncommon. Overall, diet and TAS2R gene expression in taste papillae are related to individual differences in caffeine perception.
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Tao, Ran, and Sungeun Cho. "Consumer-Based Sensory Characterization of Steviol Glycosides (Rebaudioside A, D, and M)." Foods 9, no. 8 (July 31, 2020): 1026. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9081026.
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Rebaudioside (Reb) D and M are the recent focus of the food industry to address the bitter taste challenge of Reb A, which is the most commonly used steviol glycoside in natural sweetener stevia. This study evaluated the sensory characteristics of Reb A, D, and M, compared to 14% (w/v) sucrose, using a consumer panel and explored the relationship between 6-n-Propylthiouracil (PROP) taster status (i.e., non-tasters, medium tasters, supertasters) and the perceived intensity of sweet and bitter tastes of the three steviol glycosides. A total of 126 participants evaluated the intensities of in-mouth, immediate (5 s after expectorating), and lingering (1 min after expectorating) sweetness and bitterness of 0.1% Reb A, D, M, and 14% sucrose and described the aftertaste of the sweeteners by using a check-all-that-apply (CATA) question. The results showed that in-mouth sweetness and bitterness of Reb D and M were not significantly different from sucrose, unlike Reb A which showed significant bitterness. However, Reb D and M showed more intense lingering sweetness than sucrose. The CATA analysis resulted that Reb D and M were closer to positive attribute terms and also to sucrose than Reb A, but Reb D and M were still considered artificial, which may cause them to be perceived negatively. When comparing among PROP taster groups, no significant differences in the perceived sweetness and bitterness of the three steviol glycosides were found. This study generates important information about Reb A, D, and M for the food industry, especially working with products formulated to deliver reductions in sugar using a natural high-intensity sweetener, stevia.
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Zhang, Xiao, Hongwei Wu, Xiankuo Yu, Hanyan Luo, Yaqi Lu, Hongjun Yang, Xin Li, Zhiyong Li, Liying Tang, and Zhuju Wang. "Determination of Bitterness of Andrographis Herba Based on Electronic Tongue Technology and Discovery of the Key Compounds of Bitter Substances." Molecules 23, no. 12 (December 19, 2018): 3362. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23123362.
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Andrographis Herba (AH), the dry aerial segments of Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees, is a common herbal remedy with bitter properties in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) theory. Although bitterness is one of the features representing Chinese medicine, it has not been implemented as an index to assess the quality and efficacy of TCM because of peoples’ subjectivity to taste. In this study, 30 batches of AH with different commercial classifications (leaves, stems, or mixtures of both) were collected. Bitterness of AH was quantified by electronic tongue technology. Meanwhile, chemical compositions were characterized through establishing high-performance liquid chromatography fingerprints. The result indicated that the radar curves of the bitterness from different AH commercial classifications displayed different taste fingerprint information. Based on six taste factors, a Principal Component Analysis (PCA) score three-dimensional (3D) plot exhibited a clear grouping trend (R2X, 0.912; Q2, 0.763) among the three different commercial classifications. Six compounds (Peaks 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8) with positive correlation to bitterness were discovered by a Spearman correlation analysis. Peaks 2, 6, 7, 8 were identified as andrographolide, neoandrographolide, 14-deoxyandrographolide, and dehydroandrographolide, respectively. The electronic tongue can be used to distinguish AH samples with different commercial classifications and for quality evaluation.
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Fu, Denggang, Sara Riordan, Shannon Kieran, Ron A. Andrews, Huijun Z. Ring, and Brian Z. Ring. "Complex relationship between TAS2 receptor variations, bitterness perception, and alcohol consumption observed in a population of wine consumers." Food & Function 10, no. 3 (2019): 1643–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8fo01578c.
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Wasilewska, Katarzyna, Patrycja Ciosek-Skibińska, Joanna Lenik, Stanko Srčič, Anna Basa, and Katarzyna Winnicka. "Utilization of Ethylcellulose Microparticles with Rupatadine Fumarate in Designing Orodispersible Minitablets with Taste Masking Effect." Materials 13, no. 12 (June 15, 2020): 2715. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13122715.
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Minitablets in orodispersible form constitute a flexible drug delivery tool for paediatric and geriatric population as they eliminate the risk of chocking and do not require drinking water in the application. Due to their direct contact with taste buds, taste sensation is an important factor. Preparing microparticles with taste masking polymers utilizing spray drying is an efficient technique for reducing the bitterness of drugs. Ethylcellulose is a hydrophobic polymer widely used as a taste masking material. Rupatadine fumarate, one of the newest antihistamines, features an intensive bitter taste, hence in designing orodispersible formulations, achieving an acceptable taste is a crucial issue. The main objective of this work was to formulate orodispersible minitablets containing taste masked ethylcellulose-based microparticles with rupatadine fumarate and evaluation of their quality, especially in terms of taste masking efficacy. The accessed data indicated that all obtained minitablets were characterized by beneficial pharmaceutical properties. Three independent methods: in vivo with healthy volunteers, in vitro drug dissolution, and “electronic tongue” confirmed that all designed formulations provided satisfactory taste masking rate and that formulation F15 (prepared with Pearlitol® Flash and Surelease® microparticles with rupatadine fumarate) was characterized by the lowest bitterness score.
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Zhang, Chunlei, Adeola M. Alashi, Nisha Singh, Prashen Chelikani, and Rotimi E. Aluko. "Glycated Beef Protein Hydrolysates as Sources of Bitter Taste Modifiers." Nutrients 11, no. 9 (September 10, 2019): 2166. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11092166.
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Being averse to bitter taste is a common phenomenon for humans and other animals, which requires the pharmaceutical and food industries to source compounds that can block bitterness intensity and increase consumer acceptability. In this work, beef protein alcalase hydrolysates (BPAH) and chymotrypsin hydrolysates (BPCH) were reacted with glucose to initiate Maillard reactions that led to the formation of glycated or advanced glycation end products (AGEs), BPAH-AGEs and BPCH-AGEs, respectively. The degree of glycation was higher for the BPAH-AGEs (47–55%) than the BPCH-AGEs (30–38%). Analysis by an electronic tongue instrument showed that BPAH-AGEs and BPCH-AGEs had bitterness scores that were significantly (p < 0.05) less than quinine. The addition of BPAH-AGEs or BPCH-AGEs to quinine led to significant (p < 0.05) reductions (up to 38%) in bitterness intensity of quinine. The use of 3% hydrolysate to react with glucose yielded glycated peptides with a stronger ability to reduce quinine bitterness than when 1% was used. Calcium release from HEK293T cells stably expressing the T2R4 human bitter taste receptor was significantly (p < 0.05) attenuated by BPAH-AGEs (up to 96%) and BPCH-AGEs (up to 92%) when compared to the BPAH (62%) and BPCH (3%) or quinine (0%). We concluded that BPAH-AGEs and BPCH-AGEs may be used as bitter taste blockers to formulate better tasting foods.
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Rakocevic, Miroslava, Moacir José Sales Medrado, Fernando Lucambio, and Alice Teresa Valduga. "Intensity of bitterness of processed yerba mate leaves originated in two contrasted light environments." Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 51, no. 3 (June 2008): 569–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-89132008000300018.
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The bitterness intensity of beverage prepared from the leaves produced on the males and females of yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis), grown in the forest understory and monoculture, was evaluated. The leaves were grouped by their position (in the crown and on the branch tips) and by the leaf age. The leaf gas exchange, leaf temperature and photosynthetic photon flux density were observed. Inter and intra-specific competition for light and self-shading showed the same effect on yerba mate beverage taste. All the shading types resulted in bitterer taste of the processed yerba mate leaves compared to the leaves originated under the direct sun exposure. The leaves from the plants grown in the monoculture showed less bitterness than those grown in the forest understory. This conclusion was completely opposite to the conventionally accepted paradigm of the yerba mate industries. The leaves from the tips (younger leaves) of the plants grown in the monoculture resulted a beverage of softer taste; the males produced less bitter leaves in any light environment (forest understory or in the crown in monoculture). The taste was related to the photosynthetic and transpiration rate, and leaf temperature. Stronger bitterness of the leaves provided from the shade conditions was related to the decreased leaf temperature and transpiration in the diurnal scale.
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Yeomans, Martin R., John Prescott, and Natalie J. Gould. "Acquired hedonic and sensory characteristics of odours: Influence of sweet liker and propylthiouracil taster status." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 62, no. 8 (August 2009): 1648–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470210802557793.
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Repeated pairings of novel food-related odours with sweet tastes can result in enduring changes in sweetness of the odour alone, but have less consistent effects on odour liking. Variation in ability to taste propylthiouracil (PROP) might account for this, since PROP supertasters (ST) have been reported both to experience stronger sweetness intensity and to be more likely to dislike sweetness than do PROP nontasters (NT). Alternatively, individual differences in liking for sweetness may transfer to sweet-paired odours independently of PROP sensitivity. To explore this, evaluations of sucrose, saccharin, and PROP solutions were used to classify 92 volunteers as either sweet likers or dislikers and as PROP ST, NT, or medium tasters (MT). Changes in pleasantness of odours that had been paired with the taste of saccharin increased in sweet likers but decreased in dislikers. Odour sweetness increased regardless of PROP taster or sweet liker status. PROP ST rated saccharin as more bitter than did other taster groups and also showed greater increases in acquired bitterness of the saccharin-paired odour. Overall, these data suggest that individual differences in evaluation of saccharin reliably predict subsequent changes in evaluation of saccharin-paired odours, with hedonic changes corresponding with liking for sweet tastes and sensory changes reflecting differences in sensory quality between PROP taster groups.
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Di Pizio, Antonella, and Alessandro Nicoli. "In Silico Molecular Study of Tryptophan Bitterness." Molecules 25, no. 20 (October 11, 2020): 4623. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25204623.
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Tryptophan is an essential amino acid, required for the production of serotonin. It is the most bitter amino acid and its bitterness was found to be mediated by the bitter taste receptor TAS2R4. Di-tryptophan has a different selectivity profile and was found to activate three bitter taste receptors, whereas tri-tryptophan activated five TAS2Rs. In this work, the selectivity/promiscuity profiles of the mono-to-tri-tryptophans were explored using molecular modeling simulations to provide new insights into the molecular recognition of the bitter tryptophan. Tryptophan epitopes were found in all five peptide-sensitive TAS2Rs and the best tryptophan epitope was identified and characterized at the core of the orthosteric binding site of TAS2R4.
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Hwang, Liang-Dar. "Do People with Lower IQ Have Weaker Taste Perception? A Hidden Supplementary Table in ‘Is the Association Between Sweet and Bitter Perception Due to Genetic Variation?’." Twin Research and Human Genetics 23, no. 2 (April 2020): 123–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/thg.2020.19.
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AbstractThis paper is about Nick’s contribution to the field of taste genetics, how I became involved and how a study on the genetic association between the perception of sweetness and bitterness ended up examining the influence of intelligence on taste perception.
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Thanh Ngoc, Nguyen Thi. "INFLUENCE OF FACTORS ON THE BITTERNESS AND SENSORY TASTE IN PROTEIN HYDROLYSATE FROM SPENT." Vietnam Journal of Science and Technology 54, no. 4A (March 21, 2018): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/2525-2518/54/4a/11991.
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Spent brewer’s yeast, obtained after the main fermentation stage, is a rich- in-protein source (protein content accounts for 48 - 50 % dry matter). In order to use efficiently this protein source for using in food industry, it was hydrolysed by different methods into mixtures of peptides and amino acids. So that it has a wide range of applications in food. It can be used as emulsifying agents in a number of applications such as salad dressings, spreads, ice cream, coffee whitener, cracker, and meat products like sausages. However, bitterness in hydrolysates is one of the major undesirable aspects for various applications in food processing. In this study, influences of factors (E/S ratio, pH and temperature) on bitterness of hydrolysate were studied to choose the best hydrolysis conditions by using flavourzyme, alcalase and neutrase. The bitterness of hydrolysate was determined by intensity sensory method (using quinine standard) and amino acid content was analysed by HPLC method. The result showed that bitterness of brewer’s yeast hydrolysate by flavourzyme is the lowest and that by neutrase is the highest. In particular, the bitterness of hydrolysates have reached values of 15.2–40.42 µmol quinine/l (FH - flavourzyme hydrolysate), 21–64.99 µmol quinine/l (AH - alcalase hydrolysate) and 34.62–64.26 µmol quinine/l (NH - neutrase hydrolysate), respectively. The hydrolysis conditions in using flavourzyme were chosen at 50 oC, pH 7, E/S ratio 7.1U/g and in using alcalase - at 55 oC, pH 8, ratio E/S 7.2 U/g, respectively. At this conditions, bitterness reached values 15.44 µmol quinine/l (in FH) and 21.16 µmol quinine/l (in AH).
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Chono, Sumio, Akari Ikeda, Shiori Ishikawa, and Kohei Togami. "Taste and dissolution of theophylline extended-release dry syrups." Journal of Generic Medicines: The Business Journal for the Generic Medicines Sector 14, no. 3 (July 2, 2018): 117–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1741134318785215.
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Objectives In this study, we examined the taste and dissolution of theophylline extended-release dry syrups using one branded and six generic formulations. Methods Healthy volunteers underwent sensory testing to assess the syrup taste. Drug dissolution was examined using in vitro dissolution tests. Results and discussion: Syrup taste, including sweetness, bitterness, and aftertaste, was different between formulations. These differences can likely be attributed to the presence of different pharmaceutical additives between formulations. Our results indicated that syrup aftertaste was dependent on the level of sweetness and bitterness. In addition, dissolution behaviors were different between formulations, suggesting bio-inequivalence between formulations. These differences likely reflect the use of different controlled-release technologies between formulations. Conclusions This study provides useful information for selecting branded or generic theophylline extended-release dry syrups for individualized treatments.
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ENGEL, ERWAN, CHANTAL SEPTIER, NADINE LECONTE, CHRISTIAN SALLES, and JEAN-LUC LE QUERE. "Determination of taste-active compounds of a bitter Camembert cheese by omission tests." Journal of Dairy Research 68, no. 4 (November 2001): 675–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029901005209.
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The taste-active compounds of a Camembert cheese selected for its intense bitterness defect were investigated. The water-soluble fraction (WSE) was extracted with pure water and fractionated by successive tangential ultrafiltrations and nanofiltration. The physicochemical assessment of these fractions led to the construction of a model WSE which was compared by sensory evaluation to the crude water-soluble extract, using a panel of 16 trained tasters. As no significant difference was perceived, this model WSE was then used directly or mixed with other cheese components for omission tests. Among the main taste characteristics of the WSE (salty, sour, umami and bitter), bitterness was found to be due to small peptides whose mass distribution was obtained by RPHPLC-MS (400–3000 Da) and whose taste properties are discussed.
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Yang, Xue, Shengke Li, Qing-Wen Zhang, Ying Zheng, David Bardelang, Lian-Hui Wang, and Ruibing Wang. "Concealing the taste of the Guinness World's most bitter substance by using a synthetic nanocontainer." Nanoscale 9, no. 30 (2017): 10606–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7nr03608f.
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Habschied, Kristina, Iztok Jože Košir, Vinko Krstanović, Goran Kumrić, and Krešimir Mastanjević. "Beer Polyphenols—Bitterness, Astringency, and Off-Flavors." Beverages 7, no. 2 (June 11, 2021): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/beverages7020038.
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The acceptance of beer among consumers is most influenced by the taste and aroma. Polyphenols are widely responsible for both. Whereas polyphenols do not always result in a positive flavor and taste, they can surely impart certain off-flavors, which will be mentioned in this paper. However, the aftertaste is an important component of the beer-tasting experience and acceptance. The aftertaste, including astringency, may largely influence consumers’ consumption preference and behavior. Bitterness is one of the main, desirable characteristics of beer, but to an untrained consumer, it can often be mistaken with astringency. This review aims to describe the differences between these two properties. Both attributes derive from the same beer components, polyphenols from barley and hop, but there is a distinctive difference between them. To understand the complexity of bitterness and astringency, polyphenols behavior, characteristics, and stability during the brewing process are also described in this review.
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Sihombing, Monang, and Victoria Kristina Ananingsih. "Encapsulated Curcuma aeruginosa: Inhibition Method of Bitter Receptor Cells from The Perspective of Wall Formation." Indonesian Journal of Agricultural Research 1, no. 2 (September 3, 2018): 172–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/injar.v1i2.267.
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Curcuma aeruginosa is one of the herbs with health benefits and has been used in traditional medicine, has the characteristic bitter taste, so that limited use was. The formation of walls in the active component coating process can minimize direct contact of bitter receptor cells in the oral peripherals so the perception of bitterness can be reduced. This study used a variation of the WPI concentration as the coating wall materials 10%, 15% and 20%. Formation of coating walls was analyzed using SEM later in the sensory test for effectiveness decreased level of bitterness. The addition of 10% WPI results in the best wall formation was in Curcuma aeruginosa, which could decrease perception of significant bitterness. In contrast to the addition of WPI 15% and 20% were found in an oval shape, craters and ruptures form on coating wall, reducing the protection of the core component and contact with bitter receptor cells in the oral peripheral resulting in bitters taste perception increasing.
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Keating, Alison V., Jessica Soto, Claire Forbes, Min Zhao, Duncan Q. M. Craig, and Catherine Tuleu. "Multi-Methodological Quantitative Taste Assessment of Anti-Tuberculosis Drugs to Support the Development of Palatable Paediatric Dosage Forms." Pharmaceutics 12, no. 4 (April 17, 2020): 369. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12040369.
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The unpalatability of antituberculosis drugs is often cited as a major cause of non-adherence in children, yet limited quantitative taste assessment data are available. The aim of this research was to quantify the bitterness of isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol dihydrochloride using two in vivo (a human taste panel and a rat brief-access taste aversion (BATA) model) and one in vitro (sensor) method. The response of the Insent TS-5000Z electronic tongue was compared to the in vivo drug concentration found to elicit and suppress half the maximum taste response (EC50 in human and IC50 in rats). Using dose-relevant concentrations, an overarching rank order of bitterness was derived (rifampicin > ethambutol > pyrazinamid~isoniazid). In vitro, only ethambutol exhibited a linear response for all sensors/concentrations. Based on the EC50/IC50 generated, a ‘taste index’ was proposed to allow for anticipation of the likelihood of taste issues in practice, taking in account the saturability in the saliva and therapeutic doses; ethambutol and isoniazid were found to be the worst tasting using this measure. The study presents the first quantitative taste analysis of these life-saving drugs and has allowed for a comparison of three methods of obtaining such data. Such information allows the operator to identify and prioritise the drugs requiring taste masking to produce palatable formulations.
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Ikezaki, Hidekazu. "Development of Taste Sensor for Bitterness Evaluation of Drugs." YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 134, no. 3 (March 1, 2014): 313–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/yakushi.13-00234-2.
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., Sutriyo, Raditya Iswandana, and Elisa Nur Widiya. "EFFECT OF VARIATIONS OF BETA VULGARIS EXTRACTS ON MASKING THE BITTER TASTE OF MOMORDICA CHARANTIA EXTRACT SYRUP." International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics 10, no. 1 (December 20, 2018): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijap.2018.v10s1.34.
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Objective: This study aimed to obtain a formula with an optimal sweetener concentration of beet extract that can cover the bitter taste of bitter melonand confer optimal physical properties on the syrup.Methods: The syrups were prepared by mixing bitter melon extract, sucrose, beet extract, sorbitol, sodium benzoate, strawberry essence, anddemineralized water. The control formula and formulas 1, 2, and 3 contained beet extract at concentrations of 0% and 10%, 15%, and 20%, respectively.All formulas were evaluated to determine their physical properties, stability, and bitterness. The bitterness was tested on 30 respondents, with databeing analyzed using Wilcoxon’s test on SPSS software.Results and Conclusion: Formula 3 with 20% beet extract was identified as the best formula for masking bitter taste because it had a significantlybetter average value than the other formulas (p<0.05) and the highest bitterless taste percentage (86.67%), with physical properties of a brownishblackcolor, odor of mixture of strawberry and dominant beet, a sweet and dominant beet taste, pH 5.46, and specific gravity of 1.228 g/mL.
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Mabuchi, Ishimaru, Adachi, Zhao, Kikutani, and Tanimoto. "Taste Evaluation of Yellowtail (Seriola Quinqueradiata) Ordinary and Dark Muscle by Metabolic Profiling." Molecules 24, no. 14 (July 15, 2019): 2574. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24142574.
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We performed metabolic profiling on yellowtail (Seriola quinqueradiata) muscle to develop an objective taste evaluation method for fish meat. Dark (DM) and ordinary (OM) muscle samples before and after storage were subjected to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis and taste measurements using an electronic tongue. The metabolites identified by the GC-MS analysis were treated as x variables, and the taste values obtained by the electronic tongue were treated as y variables. The relationships between the metabolites and taste attributes were evaluated by two-way orthogonal projections to latent structures (O2PLS) analysis. The O2PLS analyses were normalized in two ways, unit variance (UV) and pareto (Par) scaling. The O2PLS (UV) analysis produced 3+1+0 models in Autofit and this model was statistically significant with R2Y (0.73) and Q2 (0.52) metrics. In particular, significant correlations were found between DM or OM and metabolite intensity and taste attributes, and strong associations were found between “sourness” and lysine, “irritant” and alanine and phenylalanine, “saltiness” and pantothenic acid, and “umami” and creatinine and histidine. The O2PLS (Par) analysis of DM generated significant predictive models for “acidic bitterness,” “irritant,” “saltiness,” “bitterness,” “astringency,” and “richness.” Among these, only “irritant” was affected by storage. This method was thus effective in evaluating the taste of yellowtail muscle.
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A V, Misal, G. R. Godage, and S. A. Belge. "Current Progress in the Formulation and Taste-Masking Technologies for Mouth Dissolving Tablets." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nanotechnology 9, no. 5 (July 31, 2016): 3452–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.37285/ijpsn.2016.9.5.2.
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Within the past one decade, mouth dissolving or fast disintegrating tablet technology has received ever-increasing demand. Mouth dissolving or fast disintegrating tablet can be defined as a solid dosage form that can disintegrate or dissolved within half-minute in the oral cavity resulting in a solution or suspension without administration of water. Mouth dissolving tablet have been formulated for pediatric, geriatric, bedridden patient or mentally ill patient and may not have access to water. Patient incompliance occurs due to bitterness of formulation. So masking the bitterness become in dispensable. To surmount this problem, several newer techniques have been developed to mask the bitter taste. Such techniques are not only masked the bitter taste but also improved the bioavailability and performance of the drug formulation. This review article focus on taste-masking techniques, conventional and advanced technologies for fast disintegrating tablet. This article also describes the properties, advantages of mouth dissolving tablets and the need for developing a better mouth dissolving tablet.
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Kam, Natania, Jacinta Fanya Setiadi, Hardoko Hardoko, and Dela Rosa. "Correlation Between Bitterness Removal And Functional Properties Of Papaya (Carica Papaya L.) Leaves." Indonesian Food Science & Technology Journal 5, no. 2 (July 31, 2022): 71–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.22437/ifstj.v5i2.14800.
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The mature papaya leaves are known for its medicinal properties albeit its distinctive bitter taste. In this research 3 different adsorbents; bentonite, activated attapulgite and diatomaceous earth were used to reduce the bitterness of the papaya leaves. The adsorbent treated papaya leaves were then analysed for its sensory evaluation in terms of bitterness intensity and phytochemical compounds which include phenolic, flavonoid, tannin and alkaloid compounds and also antioxidant activity. Papaya leaves treated with bentonite had the most reduced bitterness and application of heat treatment further enhance the efficacy of bitterness removal. However the removal of the bitterness also slightly affected the phytochemical compounds and their functional properties. The leaves treated with bentonite by method of boiling was found to be the most effective method in reducing bitterness, with bitterness intensity score of 0.3 out of the original 11.2, while retaining its phytochemical compound; total phenolic content of 10.699 mg GAE/g extract, total flavonoid content of 1.468 mg QE/g extract, total tannin content of 9.423 mg TAE/g extract, total alkaloid content of 1.363% while retained most of its Antioxidant IC50 of 1001.058 ppm and Antidiabetic properties of 642.231 ppm
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Puputti, Sari, Ulla Hoppu, and Mari Sandell. "Taste Sensitivity is Associated with Food Consumption Behavior but not with Recalled Pleasantness." Foods 8, no. 10 (September 27, 2019): 444. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods8100444.
Full textAbstract:
As taste perception varies between individuals, it might be important in explaining food consumption behavior. Previous studies have focused on sensitivity to the bitter tastant PROP (6-n-propylthiouracil) concerning eating with little attention paid to other tastants. For the first time, connections between food consumption behavior, pleasantness, and taste sensitivity are studied with five taste modalities. Sensitivity to bitterness, sourness, umami, saltiness, and sweetness as well as an overall taste sensitivity score was determined with intensity evaluation for 199 Finnish adults. Recalled pleasantness and food consumption behavior were enquired with online questionnaires. Consumption concerned intake of vegetables, fruits, and berries; use-frequency of specific foods; and tendency to mask or modify tastes of foods. All modality-specific taste sensitivities were related to some consumption behavior but none to recalled pleasantness. A higher taste sensitivity score indicated avoidance of coffee, lower consumption of pungent foods, and a more frequent habit of adding ketchup to a meal. In conclusion, it may be more informative to study the influence of taste sensitivity on food consumption behavior with taste modalities separately rather than with a general indicator of taste sensitivity. Additionally, these results highlight the importance of studying actual behavior toward food and not just liking.
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Do, Ha Huu, Jin Hyuk Cho, Sang Mok Han, Sang Hyun Ahn, and Soo Young Kim. "Metal–Organic-Framework- and MXene-Based Taste Sensors and Glucose Detection." Sensors 21, no. 21 (November 8, 2021): 7423. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21217423.
Full textAbstract:
Taste sensors can identify various tastes, including saltiness, bitterness, sweetness, sourness, and umami, and have been useful in the food and beverage industry. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) and MXenes have recently received considerable attention for the fabrication of high-performance biosensors owing to their large surface area, high ion transfer ability, adjustable chemical structure. Notably, MOFs with large surface areas, tunable chemical structures, and high stability have been explored in various applications, whereas MXenes with good conductivity, excellent ion-transport characteristics, and ease of modification have exhibited great potential in biochemical sensing. This review first outlines the importance of taste sensors, their operation mechanism, and measuring methods in sensing utilization. Then, recent studies focusing on MOFs and MXenes for the detection of different tastes are discussed. Finally, future directions for biomimetic tongues based on MOFs and MXenes are discussed.
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Lu, Lin, Xianqiao Hu, and Zhiwei Zhu. "Joint Voltammetry Technology with a Multi-electrode Array for Four Basic Tastes." Current Analytical Chemistry 15, no. 1 (December 5, 2018): 75–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573411014666180522100504.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Rapid and easy technology which can mimic the tongue for the simultaneous perception of several tastes based on sensory analysis and mathematical statistics is sorely needed. Methods: Joint voltammetry technology was developed to qualitatively and quantitatively analyze four basic tastes namely sweetness, saltiness, sourness and bitterness with the multi-electrode array. Four taste stimuli were corresponded to four tastes. Cyclic Voltammetry (CV), Differential Pulse Voltammetry (DPV) and Square Wave Voltammetry (SWV) were employed. The original voltammetric signals were transformed by Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT) in order to reveal more feature information for sensing taste stimuli. Joint voltammetry was applied via the combination of voltammetry. The data of feature points from the transformed signal as the input were used for neural network model. Results: Layer-Recurrent neural network (LRNN) could effectively identify the types of stimuli. The accuracies of the training set and test set by joint voltammetry were both higher than that of regular voltammetry, confirming that Back Propagation neural network (BPNN) could quantitatively predict single taste stimulus of the mixture. Conclusion: Joint voltammetry technology had a strong ability to sense basic tastes as human tongue.
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Montoro, Paola, Gilda D’Urso, Adam Kowalczyk, and Carlo Ignazio Giovanni Tuberoso. "LC-ESI/LTQ-Orbitrap-MS Based Metabolomics in Evaluation of Bitter Taste of Arbutus unedo Honey." Molecules 26, no. 9 (May 8, 2021): 2765. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26092765.
Full textAbstract:
Strawberry tree honey is a high-value honey from the Mediterranean area and it is characterised by a typical bitter taste. To possibly identify the secondary metabolites responsible for the bitter taste, the honey was fractionated on a C18 column and the individual fractions were subjected to sensory analysis and then analysed by liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry in negative ion mode, using a mass spectrometer with an electrospray source coupled to a hybrid high resolution mass analyser (LC-ESI/LTQ-Orbitrap-MS). A chemometric model obtained by preliminary principal component analysis (PCA) of LC-ESI/LTQ-Orbitrap-MS data allowed the identification of the fractions that caused the perception of bitterness. Subsequently, a partial least squares (PLS) regression model was built. The studies carried out with multivariate analysis showed that unedone (2-(1,2-dihydroxypropyl)-4,4,8-trimethyl-1-oxaspiro [2.5] oct-7-en-6-one) can be considered responsible for the bitter taste of strawberry tree honey. Confirmation of the bitter taste of unedone was obtained by sensory evaluation of a pure standard, allowing it to be added to the list of natural compounds responsible for giving the sensation of bitterness to humans.
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Fritz, Franziska, Robert Preissner, and Priyanka Banerjee. "VirtualTaste: a web server for the prediction of organoleptic properties of chemical compounds." Nucleic Acids Research 49, W1 (April 27, 2021): W679—W684. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkab292.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Taste is one of the crucial organoleptic properties involved in the perception of food by humans. Taste of a chemical compound present in food stimulates us to take in food and avoid poisons. Bitter taste of drugs presents compliance problems and early flagging of potential bitterness of a drug candidate may help with its further development. Similarly, the taste of chemicals present in food is important for evaluation of food quality in the industry. In this work, we have implemented machine learning models to predict three different taste endpoints—sweet, bitter and sour. The VirtualTaste models achieved an overall accuracy of 90% and an AUC of 0.98 in 10-fold cross-validation and in an independent test set. The web server takes a two-dimensional chemical structure as input and reports the chemical's taste profile for three tastes—using molecular fingerprints along with confidence scores, including information on similar compounds with known activity from the training set and an overall radar chart. Additionally, insights into 25 bitter receptors are also provided via target prediction for the predicted bitter compounds. VirtualTaste, to the best of our knowledge, is the first freely available web-based platform for the prediction of three different tastes of compounds. It is accessible via http://virtualtaste.charite.de/VirtualTaste/without any login requirements and is free to use.