Academic literature on the topic 'Bitter components'
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Journal articles on the topic "Bitter components"
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Okiki, Pius A., Abidemi R. Idowu, Olayinka O. Idris, Iyadunni A. Anuoluwa, and Esther A. Ekundayo. "Assessment of Nutritional and Bioactive Components of Garcinia kola Chips." ABUAD International Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences 2, no. 1 (March 30, 2022): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.53982/aijnas.2022.0201.04-j.
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Garcinia kola otherwise known as bitter kola has been used in traditional African medicine for centuries, and is considered to have many beneficial properties. The study was aimed at assessing the nutritional and bioactive components of bitter kola chips. Freshly harvested seeds of Garcinia kola were purchased from local markets in Ado Ekiti, Nigeria. The seeds were thoroughly washed with clean water, de-husked, sliced and fast-dried at room temperature under high air current, to obtain bitter kola chips. The dried bitter kola chips were ground into fine powder using an electric blender. The fine powder was then analysed for its proximate, minerals, vitamins, phytochemicals and essential oil content. The results showed low moisture content (8.47 %), moderate levels of protein (12.7 %), fat (6.27 %), ash (7.47 %) and crude fibre (6.27 %), as well as very high levels of carbohydrate (58.77 %) and metabolizable energy (3000 Kcal/Kg). The micronutrients present in bitter kola consists of Fe2+, Zn2+, Mg2+, Ca2+, K+, PO3-, ascorbic acid, thiamine, niacin, and riboflavin at concentrations of 9.37, 0.23, 23.33, 238.33, 26.67, 323.33, 18.23, 0.27, 0.13 and 0.60 mg/100g respectively. The bitter kola chips contained high levels of alkaloids (628.33±10.41 mg/100g), saponins (161.67±7.64 mg/100g), and tannins (233.33±7.64 mg/100g); moderate levels of flavonoids (58.33±5.41 mg/100g), phytates (63.33±2.89), oxalates (90.00±5.00) and oxygen radical absorption capacity (13.23±0.25); while the anti-protease activity and cyanogenic glycosides levels were very low. GCMS analysis of the oil components of G. kola chips showed the presence of molecules such as Trichloroacetic acid, Ar-tumerone, Tumerone, which are of significant importance to human health. Sensory evaluation showed high preference for the bitter kola chips than the fresh seeds.
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Miko�ajczyk-Bator, Katarzyna, and Dariusz Kikut-Ligaj. "Triterpene saponins as bitter components of beetroot." Zywnosc Nauka Technologia Jakosc/Food Science Technology Quality 104, no. 1 (2016): 128–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.15193/zntj/2016/104/107.
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Kostadinovic, Sanja, Marina Stefova, and Diana Nikolova. "Comparative investigation of the sweet and bitter orange essential oil (Citrus sinensis and Citrus aurantium)." Macedonian Pharmaceutical Bulletin 51 (2005): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.33320/maced.pharm.bull.2005.51.007.
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The volatile fraction composition of commercially produced sweet and bitter orange oil from fruit peels was studied using GC-MS. More than fifty components were identified in the oils using their mass spectra and linear retention indices. The monoterpene limonene was the most abundant component even though not in a quantity expected for a fresh orange essential oil. Aldehydes, followed by alcohols and esters, were the main components in the oxygenated fraction. Aldehydes were the major oxygenated components in the sweet orange oil, whereas alcohols and esters were present in higher amounts in the bitter orange oil. Among them, nonanal, decanal and linalool are the most important components for the flavour of sweet orange oil and carvon is the most important ketone for the flavour of bitter orange oil in combination with the other components. The amount of carvon gives a good indication about the freshness of the oil and the quantities of α-pinene and β-pinene, sabinene and myrcene give an indication about the natural or artificially changed composition of the essential oils.
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刘, 子记. "Hypoglycemic Active Components and Mechanism of Bitter Gourd." Pharmacy Information 09, no. 05 (2020): 163–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/pi.2020.95024.
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Park, Hee-Jung, Jin-Gyeong Cho, Yoon-Su Baek, Kyeong-Hwa Seo, Su-Yeon Kim, Myung-Sook Choi, Kyung-Tae Lee, et al. "Identification of bitter components from Artemisia princeps Pamp." Food Science and Biotechnology 25, no. 1 (February 2016): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10068-016-0004-z.
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Sur, Subhayan, and Ratna B. Ray. "Bitter Melon (Momordica Charantia), a Nutraceutical Approach for Cancer Prevention and Therapy." Cancers 12, no. 8 (July 27, 2020): 2064. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers12082064.
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Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide. Many dietary plant products show promising anticancer effects. Bitter melon or bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) is a nutrient-rich medicinal plant cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions of many countries. Traditionally, bitter melon is used as a folk medicine and contains many bioactive components including triterpenoids, triterpene glycoside, phenolic acids, flavonoids, lectins, sterols and proteins that show potential anticancer activity without significant side effects. The preventive and therapeutic effects of crude extract or isolated components are studied in cell line-based models and animal models of multiple types of cancer. In the present review, we summarize recent progress in testing the cancer preventive and therapeutic activity of bitter melon with a focus on underlying molecular mechanisms. The crude extract and its components prevent many types of cancers by enhancing reactive oxygen species generation; inhibiting cancer cell cycle, cell signaling, cancer stem cells, glucose and lipid metabolism, invasion, metastasis, hypoxia, and angiogenesis; inducing apoptosis and autophagy cell death, and enhancing the immune defense. Thus, bitter melon may serve as a promising cancer preventive and therapeutic agent.
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Scinska, Anna, Eliza Koros, Boguslaw Habrat, Andrzej Kukwa, Wojciech Kostowski, and Przemyslaw Bienkowski. "Bitter and sweet components of ethanol taste in humans." Drug and Alcohol Dependence 60, no. 2 (August 2000): 199–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0376-8716(99)00149-0.
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Yamazaki, Takahiro, Chika Takahashi, Yoshimasa Taniguchi, Masataka Narukawa, Takumi Misaka, and Yasuhisa Ano. "Bitter taste receptor activation by hop-derived bitter components induces gastrointestinal hormone production in enteroendocrine cells." Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 533, no. 4 (December 2020): 704–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.10.099.
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Ayabe, Tatsuhiro, Takafumi Fukuda, and Yasuhisa Ano. "Improving Effects of Hop-Derived Bitter Acids in Beer on Cognitive Functions: A New Strategy for Vagus Nerve Stimulation." Biomolecules 10, no. 1 (January 13, 2020): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom10010131.
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Dementia and cognitive decline are global public health problems. Moderate consumption of alcoholic beverages reduces the risk of dementia and cognitive decline. For instance, resveratrol, a polyphenolic compound found in red wine, has been well studied and reported to prevent dementia and cognitive decline. However, the effects of specific beer constituents on cognitive function have not been investigated in as much detail. In the present review, we discuss the latest reports on the effects and underlying mechanisms of hop-derived bitter acids found in beer. Iso-α-acids (IAAs), the main bitter components of beer, enhance hippocampus-dependent memory and prefrontal cortex-associated cognitive function via dopamine neurotransmission activation. Matured hop bitter acids (MHBAs), oxidized components with β-carbonyl moieties derived from aged hops, also enhance memory functions via norepinephrine neurotransmission-mediated mechanisms. Furthermore, the effects of both IAAs and MHBAs are attenuated by vagotomy, suggesting that these bitter acids enhance cognitive function via vagus nerve stimulation. Moreover, supplementation with IAAs attenuates neuroinflammation and cognitive impairments in various rodent models of neurodegeneration including Alzheimer’s disease. Daily supplementation with hop-derived bitter acids (e.g., 35 mg/day of MHBAs) may be a safe and effective strategy to stimulate the vagus nerve and thus enhance cognitive function.
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Fukuda, Takafumi, Kuniaki Obara, Jiro Saito, Satoshi Umeda, and Yasuhisa Ano. "Effects of Hop Bitter Acids, Bitter Components in Beer, on Cognition in Healthy Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 68, no. 1 (December 6, 2019): 206–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.9b06660.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Bitter components"
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Grau, Bové Maria Carme. "Regulation of enteroendocrine function by bioactive components through their interaction with bitter taste receptors." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/672967.
Full textAbstract:
El sistema enteroendocrí es troba al tracte gastrointestinal i controla la gana i l’activitat pancreàtica endocrina, entre
altres funcions. Els compostos bioactius que estimulen aquest sistema són candidats terapèutics per tractar patologies
relacionades amb aquestes funcions. Prèviament s’ha identificat que un extracte de proantocianidines de llavors de
raïm (GSPE) és antidiabètic per les seves capacitats de millora de la funció de les cèl·lules i la seva capacitat
saciant, com a conseqüència en part de l’activació del sistema enteroendocrí. El nostre grup ha relacionat les
secrecions enteroendocrines induïdes per polifenols amb l'estimulació de receptors del gust amarg (TAS2R) in vitro,
però si això es reflecteix en una ingesta alterada encara és deconegut. Per això, és necessari comprendre millor
aquest sistema per poder desenvolupar millors estratègies terapèutiques.
Aquesta tesi aborda si les secrecions d’intererohormones induïdes per GSPE modulen la producció de glucagó
pancreàtic i si aquestes secrecions es regulen mitjançant l’estimulació específica de TAS2R que condueix a un control
diferencial de la ingesta d’aliments. Aquesta hipòtesi s’ha avaluat amb estudis in vivo en rates i estudis ex vivo en
mostres intestinals.
Hem identificat que el glucagó és més sensible que la insulina a GSPE, fet que es correlaciona amb una secreció
il·leal de GLP1 millorada.El sistema enteroendocrino se encuentra en el tracto gastrointestinal y controla el apetito y la actividad pancreática endocrina, entre otras funciones. Los compuestos bioactivos que estimulan este sistema son candidatos terapéuticos para tratar patologías relacionadas con estas funciones. Previamente se identificó que un extracto de proantocianidinas de semillas de uva (GSPE) es antidiabético por sus capacidades de mejora de la función de las células y su capacidad saciante, como consecuencia en parte activar del sistema enteroendocrino. Nuestro grupo relacionó las secreciones enteroendocrinas inducidas por polifenoles con la estimulación de receptores del gusto amargo (TAS2R) in vitro, pero si esto se refleja en una ingesta alterada aún se desconoce. Por esto, es necesario comprender mejor este sistema para poder desarrollar mejores estrategias terapéuticas. Esta tesis aborda si las secreciones enteroendocrinas inducidas por GSPE modulan la producción de glucagón pancreático y si estas se regulan mediante la estimulación específica de TAS2R que conduce a un control diferencial de la ingesta. Esta hipótesis se ha evaluado con estudios in vivo en ratas y estudios ex vivo en muestras intestinales. Hemos identificado que el glucagón es más sensible que la insulina a GSPE, lo que se correlaciona con una secreción ileal de GLP1 mejorada.
The enteroendocrine system is located in the gastrointestinal tract and controls appetite and endocrine pancreatic activity, among other functions. Thus, bioactive compounds that stimulate the enteroendocrine system are therapeutic candidates for treating pathologies related to these functions. Previous research has identified a grape-seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) as antidiabetic for its -cell function enhancement abilities and its appetitesuppressing activity at least partly through activating the enteroendocrine system. Moreover, our group has linked the polyphenol-induced enteroendocrine secretions to the stimulation of some bitter taste receptors (TAS2R) in vitro, but whether it results in an altered food intake has not been studied yet. Since little is known of the mechanisms used by polyphenols to stimulate secretory mechanisms of the enteroendocrine system, there is a need to fully comprehend this system to specifically target it with a therapeutic strategy. For this reason, this thesis addressed whether GSPE-induced enterohormone secretions modulate pancreatic glucagon production, and whether these secretions are regulated through the specific stimulation of TAS2R leading to a differential control of food intake. This hypothesis was assessed with in vivo studies in rats and ex vivo studies in intestinal samples.
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Березка, Тетяна Олександрівна. "Удосконалення технології високостійкого пива з використанням антиоксидантів з рослинної сировини." Thesis, Національний університет харчових технологій, 2014. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/25005.
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Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата технічних наук за спеціальністю 05.18.05 – технологія цукристих речовин та продуктів бродіння. – Національний університет харчових технологій Міністерства освіти і науки, Київ, 2014. Дисертаційну роботу присвячено удосконаленню технології пива з використанням антиоксидантів з рослинної сировини. Розглянуто окиснення ізо-альфа-кислот при кип’ятінні сусла з хмелем або хмелепродуктами за ланцюговим вільнорадикальним механізмом. Визначено шляхи сповільнення окиснення в результаті додавання антиоксидантів з рослинної сировини. На основі вивчення кінетики окиснення компонентів хмельових смол озонованим повітрям розчинів СО₂-екстракту хмелю підібрано умови, що забезпечують прискорене окиснення компонентів хмельових смол. Доведено ефективність застосування антиоксидантів із рослинної сировини для захисту від окиснення компонентів хмельових смол. Встановлено найефективніші антиоксиданти та рекомендовану кількість їх внесення. Виявлено, що добавка АО із листя м'яти перцевої та кори дуба в сусло в процесі його кип'ятіння із хмелем найбільш ефективно сприяє коагуляції білків сусла й освітленню пива і дає можливість економити 10 % хмелю або його концентратів та збільшити фізіологічну цінність пива. Виявлено, що АО з трави звіробою та кори дуба впливають на вміст летких метаболітів окиснювального обміну, зокрема зменшують вміст діацетилу та ацетальдегіду в молодому та готовому пиві. Запропоновано технологію застосування антиоксидантів з рослинної сировини на стадіях кип’ятіння і охолодження сусла. Визначено технологічні режими внесення антиоксидантів з рослинної сировини і хмелепродуктів. Проведено виробничі випробування технології різних сортів пива з використанням рослинних антиоксидантів на заводі Харківського відділення ПАТ «CАН ІнБев Україна». Виготовлено дослідно-промислову партію об’ємом 10000 дал.The thesis for a scientific degree of candidate of technical sciences on specialty 05.18.05 – technology of sugary substances and fermentation products. – National University of Food Technologies, Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine, Kуiv, 2014. The dissertation paper is devoted to the improvement of beer technology with the use of plant-extracted antioxidants. Iso-alpha acids oxidation by free-radical-chain mechanism during wort boiling with hop or hop products is discussed. The ways to inhibit the oxidation due to the addition of plant-extracted antioxidants are determined. Based on the analysis of kinetics of ozonized air oxidation of hop resins components in methanol CO₂ hop extract solution, the conditions are found that provide accelerated oxidation of hop resins components. The efficiency of application of plant-extracted antioxidants for anti-oxygenation of hop resins components is proved. The most effective antioxidants and their dosing rate have been determined. It is revealed that adding antioxidants extracted from peppermint leaves and oak bark into boiling wort with hop is most effective for wort proteins coagulation and beer clarification, this provides up to 10 % savings in hop or its extracts and increases the physiological value of the beer. It is found that antioxidants extracted from Hypericum and oak bark influence the contents of volatile metabolites of the oxidizing exchange; specifically they reduce the diacetyl and acetic aldehyde content in young and finished beer. The technology of plant-extracted antioxidants application at the stages of wort boiling and cooling is proposed. The conditions of plant-extracted antioxidants and hop products dozing are determined. Industrial tests of production technology for different beer types with the use of plant-extracted antioxidants were performed at the Kharkov branch of the PJSC «SUN InBev Ukraine». An experimental industrial batch of 10,000 dal was produced.
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Yung, Ming-ho, and 容銘浩. "Mechanistic and functional characterization of bitter melon extract (BME) and its bioactive component, MAP30, in combating ovarian cancer oncogenesis and chemoresistance." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/194613.
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Ovarian carcinoma is one of the most leading causes of cancer death among all gynaecologic malignancies worldwide. Although there are advances in cancer treatment for the last decades, the curative rate of this disease is just modestly improved. Chemoresistance is the major obstacle in clinical management of ovarian cancer nowadays. Thus, it is an urgent need for exploring effective alternative therapeutic strategies for ovarian cancer patients with advanced or recurrent disease. Emerging evidence has suggested that targeting cancer cell metabolism is the most promising molecular therapeutic approach in combating human cancers. Recently, the application of pharmaceutical AMPK activators is a plausible approach in selectively and specifically killing cancer cells without hampering normal cells. However, these pharmaceutical AMPK activators have many side-effects. Therefore, searching for replaceable reagents from nutraceuticals is a “new vista”. Bitter melon and its bioactive components are proposed to be natural activator of AMPK not only to reduce triglycerides levels in hyperlipidemic diabetic or insulin-resistant rodents but also to suppress human cancer cell growth specifically without toxicity to normal cells.
In this study, the anti-cancer effect and molecular mechanism of bitter melon extract (BME) and one of its bioactive components, MAP30, on ovarian cancer cells were examined. Upon treatment of BME and MAP30, ovarian cancer cells showed a drastic reduction in cell proliferation and an increase of cell apoptosis in a dose dependent manner. Intriguingly, co-treatment of BME or MAP30 could enhance cisplatin-induced cell cytotoxicity in ovarian cancer cells. On the other hand, tumor microenvironement has been known as a key factor promoting cancer progression and chemoresistance. Results herein showed that BME or MAP30 could inhibit cell growth, cell migration and invasion of ovarian cancer cells mediated by omentum conditioned medium (OCM), as well as enhanced cisplatin-mediated cell cytotoxicity in a xenograft mouse tumour model.
Mechanistic studies revealed that the inhibitory effect of BME and MAP30 was concomitantly associated with up-regulated AMPK activity but reduced expression of phospho-AKT, phospho-ERK and FOXM1. Such effects were similar to the functions of common AMPK activators e.g. AICAR, A23187, metformin or hypoxic stress, indicating that BME and MAP30 functions as natural AMPK activators in suppressing cancer cells growth through activating AMPK activity and inhibiting AKT/ERK/FOXM1 signaling cascade. Importantly, this study demonstrated that BME and MAP30 induced AMPK activation through an AMP-independent manner using a pair of isogenic HEK293 cells with overexpression of either the wild-type (WT) or R531G mutant isoform of AMPK2 subunit, implying the significance that BME and MAP30 may not affect the mitochondrial respiration and thus may be more tolerated by patients when used as anti-cancer medications.
Taken together, the findings in this study suggest that the non-toxic BME and MAP30 function as natural AMPK activator in impairing ovarian cancer cell growth and enforcing cisplatin-mediated cell cytotoxicity in ovarian cancer cells through targeting cancer cell metabolism. Thus, BME or MAP30 may be used as a supplement for synergistically enhancing the efficacy of current chemotherapy regimes.published_or_final_version
Obstetrics and Gynaecology
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy
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Shen, Yi-Chung, and 申一中. "To examine the active components of bitter gourd extracts for regulating the blood sugar." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/31305167527127359623.
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碩士中國醫藥大學
中國醫學研究所碩士班
95
To examine the active components of bitter gourd extracts for regulating the blood sugar Director：Tin-Yun Ho, Associate Professor graduate student：Yi-Chung Shen China Medical University, Graduate Institute of Chinese Medical Science Bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) is a commonly known vegetable and is used as a medicinal plant for years. Several science reports indicated could be used for the regulation of blood sugar or for the treatment of diabetes and its complications, such as nephropathy, cataract, and insulin resistance. However, the active components of bitter gourd responsible remained to be identified. Three parts of bitter gourd extracted by water and tested the concentration. To establish normal animail lowing-blood sugar model used by Day’s method. To feed various concentration; of proteins that extracted from bitter gourd to the rat through rat’s mouth.. Then inject glucose solution (4 g/kg) to check the blood sugar change. After two hours the blood sugar low to the bakevalue. It proves that the bitter gourd extracts can regulate the blood sugar. In electrophoresis-plot bitter gourd seed is more deep than others. The functional proteins were isolated by gel filtration and further identified by proteomic approach.. In the plot from MASS-MASS hydrolysis bitter gourd specific peptides, the amino acid series are CDALQEIARand GQEGSQMLQK. From checking the sequences in NCBI protein databas,it has high homophyly with napin proteins.
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Yueh-Chu, Hsu, and 徐月珠. "Studies on Major Bitter Components in Buntan Shaddock（Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck）Juice and." Thesis, 2001. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/50292413958409495095.
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碩士國立臺灣大學
園藝學研究所
89
Bitter compound is known as important quality index in Buntan Shaddock ( Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck, one variety of pummelos ) juice. Two groups of bitter compounds are found in Buntan Shaddock juice: narigin which found in flavanone glycoside and limonoid, which included of limonin and nomilin. Content of limonin and nomilin in Shaddock decreased during postharvest storage whereas no significant decrease was observed in naringin. Titratable acid, Ascorbic acid decreased during storage time, but soluble solids, protein, formaldehyde nitrogen and total phenol were increased. Buntan Shaddock juice prepared by no removal of segment membrane contains higher bitter compound than that of segment membrane removed juice. Naringin was found the highest bitter compound in Shaddock juice. In resin naringin debittering model solution models experiment, 5L model solution was treated by 50 g, 100 g of XAD-16 and 50 g and 100 g of XAD-7HP, the debittering ability was 59.5 %, 96.7 %, 42.6 % and 87.1 % respectively. In 200 mg/ L model solution, debittering ability of 50 g of XAD-16 and XAD-7HP was found to be 86.8 % and 64.3 %, respectively. It was also found that the higher amount the treated juice, the higher concentration of bitter compound could be found in Shaddock juice. After 4 L of Shaddock juice treated by two above resins, its bitter compound was found within the threshold concentration. In juice prepared without removal of segment membrane, limonin reached threshold concentration when XAD-16 and XAD-7HP were added to 0.4 L and 0.6L of Shaddock juice; Nomilin reached threshold con- centration at 0.6 L and 0.8 L; Naringin reached 500 mg/ L in 2.0 L and 1.6 L. The adsorption ability of above resins was investigated. After 4 L of Shaddock juice treated by 50 h XAD-16 and XAD-7HP, removing rate of limonin was 75.7 % and 78.9 %, respectively; removing rate in nomilin was 88.2% and 90.1 % whereas in naringin was 83.6 % and 74.0 %, respectively. In juice prepared without removal of segment membrane, removing rate of limonin was 62.8% and 58.4 %, nomilin was 78.1% and 69.8% and naringin was 32.5% and 26.9%. It indicated that XAD-7HP have better ability in debittering of limonin and nomilin, whereas XAD-16 better at the debittering of naringin, and adsorptive space of XAD-16 was higher. In the regeneration of resins, after been used for three time, absorption ability of XAD-16 and XAD-7HP to limonin, nomilin and naringin were dropped in 3.0% and 2.9%, 1.6% and 2.0%, 29.4% and 6.4%, respectively. As a result, XAD-7HP have better regeneration performance. Juice treated with XAD-16 has no significant difference in its titratable acid and ascorbic acid changes but decrease in protein and total phenol. XAD-7HP caused no change in titratable acid but decrease in ascorbic acid, protein and soluble solid. The adsorption of pigment by these resins also caused the increase of L and a value and decrease of b value. In summary, XAD-16 has better performance in debittering of naringin and also caused small change in juice components; XAD-7HP has better debittering performance in limonin and nomilin, and also with good resin regeneration.
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Huang, Tsui Ping, and 黃翠萍. "Antimicrobial Activity Survey of Local Vegetables and Studies on the Antimicrobial Components from Bitter Gourd." Thesis, 2001. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/79161538866448490942.
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碩士國立臺灣大學
農業化學研究所
89
Antimicrobial activities of 12 crops against 22 microorganisms, including 2 yeasts, 5 molds, 4 gram-negative bacteria, and 11 gram-positive bacteria, were examined by paper disc diffusion method. Fresh raw materials were dried through 50℃air-oven first, and homogenized before sampling, then extracted by 10 volumes of methanol and ethylacetate. Results showed that the extracts of leaves of sweet potato, bracken, and Boussingaultia gracilis Miers var. pseudobaselleoides were only against Fusarium moniliforme； celon spinach were against Salmonella choleraesuis subsp. choleraesuis and F. moniliforme；Solanum nigrum L. against Sal. choleraesuis subsp. choleraesuis, F. moniliforme and Saccharomyces cerevisiae；celery against Sal. choleraesuis subsp. Choleraesuis and F. moniliforme；baile against Sal. choleraesuis subsp choleraesuis, F. moniliforme and F. roseum；bitter gourd against Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Microcuccus luteus and F. moniliforme；Gynura''s deux couleurs and Talium triangulare wild against F. moniliforme and F. roseum；perilla against Sal. choleraesuis subsp. choleraesuis, Staphylococcus delphini, F. moniliforme and F. roseum. However, both methanol and ethylacetate extract of lettuce did not have inhibition effect to all of the test microorganisms。 Bitter gourd presented broader and stronger antimicrobial activity against test microorganisms. And, bitter gourd could be harvested all year round in Taiwan. Fresh fruit of bitter gourd, homogenized and treated with heat, exhibited the antimicrobial activity, and even while stored (4℃) after one year, the activity remained to attest the stability of the antimicrobial characters. Besides, among the common species of bitter gourd, white, green and wild, the last one showed better quality of activtiy. Concerning the above facts, we selected the wild bitter gourd as the study material of antimicrobial components. Sliced and dried wild bitter gourd fruit was extracted by methanol, decolored by active charcoal and coated on silica gel, then eluted by solvents in the order of ethylacetate, acetone, and methanol. Bioassay results revealed that the crude extracts of methanol might contain several antimicrobial components. There were more than one component, eluted from various polarities, processed antimicrobial property to both Bacillus cereus and B. subtilis. However, the components with inhibition effect to E. coli was eluted only by the solvent with higher polarity. Acetone eluent from silica gel chromatography was dissolved in water and separated by HPLC system for fraction collection. One of the major antimicrobial component was further analyzed. This antimicrobial component might be sugar containing aromatic compound in accordance with IR, NMR, LC/MS determinations and GC/MS library research of trimethylsilylation derivatives of acid hydrolysis of this compound.
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Ying, Hao-Ting, and 應浩庭. "Bioactive components of wild bitter melon leaf inhibit Porphyromonas gingivalis-induced inflammation in vitro and in vivo." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/p492c6.
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Chen, Zsu-Yi, and 陳思吟. "Investigate of Bitter Component in Bamboo Shoot." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/70303745369950942012.
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碩士國立中興大學
園藝學系所
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In the present study, the objective was to investigate the relationship between bitter components and whether the bamboo shoots greening or not within Dendrocalamus hamiltonii Nees et Arn. ex Munro which is known for no bitterness taste and other verities of bamboo shoots. Taxiphyllin can be decomposed to hydrogen cyanide and p-hydroxybenzaldehyde. Hydrogen cyanide concentrations are high in the top of bamboo shoots, and get lower in the base of bamboo shoots. In greening bamboo shoots of Leleba oldhami Nakai, hydrogen cyanide concentrations are 3.12 mg/g•F.W in the top, 2.87 mg/g•F.W. in the middle, and 0.48 mg/g•F.W. in the base. But in etiolated bamboo shoots of Leleba oldhami Nakai, hydrogen cyanide concentrations are 0.44 mg/g•F.W in the top, 0.03 mg/g•F.W. in the middle, and 0.00 mg/g•F.W. in the base. Hydrogen cyanide concentrations have significant differences between greening bamoo shoots and etiolated shoots of Leleba oldhami Nakai. There are similar results in other verities. Like Dendrocalamus latifloxus Munro, and Leleba edulis Odashimo. However, there are very low hydrogen cyanide concentrations in Dendrocalamus hamiltonii Nees et Arn. ex Munro. The sensory evaluation, shows positive correlations between bitterness and accumulation of hydrogen cyanide. Besides, total phenolic compounds, free amino acids, and soluble proteins in Dendrocalamus hamiltonii Nees et Arn. ex Munro are lower than Leleba oldhami Nakai.
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Chen, Gou-Chun, and 陳姤君. "The study and application of bitter melon seed oil and its functional component cis-9, trans-11, trans-13 conjugated linolenic acid on modulation of lipid metabolism." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/j53nqx.
Full textBook chapters on the topic "Bitter components"
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Rolls, Edmund T. "The taste and flavour system." In Brain Computations, 192–216. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198871101.003.0004.
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Information is represented in taste regions up to and including the insular primary taste system of what the taste is independent of its reward value and pleasantness with a sparse distributed representation of sweet, salt, bitter, sour and umami inputs. The texture of food in the mouth, including fat texture, is also represented in these areas. The insular taste cortex then projects to the orbitofrontal cortex, in which the reward value and pleasantness of the taste and flavour are represented, with olfactory components included.
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Eryılmaz Pehlivan, Fadime. "Bitter Melon: A Multifunctional Medicinal Plant with Powerful Bioactive Compounds." In Functional Foods [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.98812.
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Nature is full of poisons as well as life-saving entities. Extracts of natural products in medicinal plants have been used for thousands of years in traditional medicine throughout the World. Bitter melon (Momordica charantia) is a member of Cucurbitaceae family, widely distributed in tropical regions of the World, that has been used in folk medicine for the treatment of diabetes mellitus, and its fruit has been used as a vegetable for thousands of years. It contains phytochemicals, flavonoids, triterpenes, saponins, ascorbic acid, steroids, proteins, and polysaccharides. This plant is a traditional herbal medicine, possesses various biological, medicinal activities and pharmacological functions, namely antidiabetic, anthelmintic, contraceptive, antimalarial, laxative, antihyperglycemic, antimutagenic, antiulcer, antilipolytic, antifertility, hepatoprotective, anticancer, antibacterial, antiviral, antitumor, immunomodulation, antioxidant, antidiabetic, and anti-inflammatory activities of M. charantia have been reported. Its fruit has a special bitter taste, parts of M. charantia, such as fruits, vines, leaves and even roots have been used as folk medicine for the remedy of diseases like toothache, diarrhea, and diabetes. It is also used for the treatment of eczema, gout, jaundice, pneumonia, psoriasis, and rheumatism. These beneficial effects are attributed to the various bioactive components of M. charantia, which are important sources of phytoconstituents used to treat various diseases since ancient times. This chapter reviews various aspects of the results of investigations involving M. charantia in the recent years, providing a comprehensive overview of the phytochemical application of M. charantia to attract more attention to their biological activities for better utilization of M. charantia; focusing on the review of benefits that bitter melon offers in terms of its potential as a source of bioactive compounds and its role in the control of different diseases.
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Zhang, Angela Huyue. "Weaponizing Antitrust During the Sino-US Tech War." In Chinese Antitrust Exceptionalism, 203–34. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198826569.003.0006.
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This chapter demonstrates the close interdependence between the regulatory moves of the United States and those of China. Against the backdrop of the bitter Sino-US tech war, it applies game theory analysis of cooperation and conflict to examine the role of antitrust in China’s tit-for-tat strategy against the aggressive US sanctions. The US executive branch has wide discretion in prosecuting foreign businesses and individuals and has strategically used such legal discretion as an instrument of trade and foreign policy against China. China has retaliated in kind by invoking a number of regulatory measures. In particular, the Chinese antitrust authority has flexed its muscles by holding up large mergers between foreign multinationals, amending its antitrust law to allow for high monetary fines and potential criminal liabilities, and threatening to impose heavy sanctions on firms that boycott or refuse to supply key components to Chinese technology companies. As a result, the line between national security and antitrust policy, once belonging to separate spheres, has become increasingly blurred amid growing Sino-US tensions. However, similar to other countries that have applied countermeasures against US sanctions law, China faces significant economic constraints in weaponizing its antitrust law against US businesses.
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Mubanga Chisenga, Shadrack. "Primary Quality Control Parameters of Cassava Raw Materials." In Cassava - Biology, Production, and Use. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97879.
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Fresh cassava roots are transformed into shelf stable raw materials (flours and extracted starches). Chemical composition (moisture, protein, lipid, fibre and amylose content, cyanide contents), dry matter, starch extraction yields, particle size distribution and whiteness index are some of the quality characteristic requirements for selection of varieties in breeding programs, and raw materials for industrial processes. Starch yields ranges 20–35%, and vary with genotype. The crude protein (1–2%) and crude fat (∼1%) are considered minor components of cassava and are indicative of the poor nutritional quality. The cumulative of particles passing finer than sieve (D90) is commonly selected for industrial applications because it yields a large proportion of flour in the range 90–96% finer particle than sieve size. The amylose is the main genetic trait for categorising starches into waxy, semi-waxy, normal/regular and high amylose types when amylose content is 0–2, 3–15, 16–35, and > 35% of the total starch, respectively. Additionally, amylose is basic criteria for blending flours of different botanical sources. Cassava varieties are classified as sweet and bitter varieties when cyanide values are in the range 15–50 and 50–400 ppm, respectively. The a* (redness-greenness) and b* (yellowish) are considered as impurities in white fleshed cassava.
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Gillath, Nurit. "Avoiding Conscription in Israel." In Research Anthology on Religious Impacts on Society, 638–61. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-3435-9.ch033.
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This chapter tackles Zionism as a modern manifestation of nationalism that included religion as an essential component of national identity. Positing from a feminist perspective that national identity is synonymous with masculinity, the author searches for the women's place in the Zionist movement, particularly through the prism of military service. The Israeli army had a major role in the creation of a Zionist national ethos, and the concept of a people's army, where women should be equal participants shaped the country as the only western democracy that conscripted women. With the establishment of the state, conscription to the IDF was made mandatory for both men and women. However, women's conscription met bitter opposition from religious Orthodox circles. This chapter analyzes how orthodox women were political pawns in the hands of religious leaders. The author claims that they were robbed of their right to choose military service and as such to be an equal part of Israel's diverse society.
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Gillath, Nurit. "Avoiding Conscription in Israel." In Comparative Perspectives on Civil Religion, Nationalism, and Political Influence, 226–56. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-0516-7.ch009.
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This chapter tackles Zionism as a modern manifestation of nationalism that included religion as an essential component of national identity. Positing from a feminist perspective that national identity is synonymous with masculinity, the author searches for the women's place in the Zionist movement, particularly through the prism of military service. The Israeli army had a major role in the creation of a Zionist national ethos, and the concept of a people's army, where women should be equal participants shaped the country as the only western democracy that conscripted women. With the establishment of the state, conscription to the IDF was made mandatory for both men and women. However, women's conscription met bitter opposition from religious Orthodox circles. This chapter analyzes how orthodox women were political pawns in the hands of religious leaders. The author claims that they were robbed of their right to choose military service and as such to be an equal part of Israel's diverse society.
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Pushpa Arokia Rani, Asirwatham, and Marie Serena McConnell. "Snake Venom." In Snake venom and Ecology [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.101716.
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Venomous snakes belonging to the family Viperidae, Elapidae, Colubridae and Hydrophidae, produces snake venom in order to facilitate immobilization and digestion of prey, act as defense mechanism against threats. Venom contains zootoxins which is a highly modified saliva that is either injected via fangs during a bite or spitted. The modified parotid gland, encapsulated in a muscular sheath, present on each side of the head, below and behind the eye, have large alveoli which temporarily stores the secreted venom and later conveyed by a duct to tubular fangs through which venom is injected. Venoms are complex mixtures of more than 20 different compounds, mostly proteins and polypeptides, including proteins, enzymes and substances with lethal toxicity which are either neurotoxic or haemotoxic in action and exert effects on nervous/muscular impulses and blood components. Lots of research are directed to use venoms as important pharmacological molecules for treating various diseases like Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease etc.
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Primrose, Sandy B. "The Inadvertent Pathogen: Borrelia burgdorferi and Lyme Disease." In Microbiology of Infectious Disease, 133–39. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192863843.003.0017.
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Borrelia burgdorferi, the organism causing Lyme disease, infects humans via tick bites. The European tick vector is different from the North American tick vector. Humans are inadvertent hosts for the ticks which normally feed on wild animals. Following infection with Borrelia burgdorferi, the symptoms range from none to very severe, the latter including arthritis, neurological disorders, and carditis. Arthritis is caused by release of peptidoglycan cell wall components that stimulate inflammation but the causes of the other symptoms are not known. Tick larvae acquire Borrelia during their first blood meal. The bacterium over-winters in the tick midgut with the aid of its OspA protein. The first blood meal the following Spring cause the bacterium to stop making OspA and now make the OspC protein. This permits the bacterium to move to the salivary glands and be injected into a new host. Borrelia avoids the immune system of its mammalian hosts using the vls (variable major protein-like sequence) system to create highly diverse epitopes of the outer membrane VlsE lipoprotein. The genome of Borrelia is small but very complex as each strain has thirteen to twenty-one plasmids. The majority of genes facilitating life in the tick vector and the mammalian host are found on the plasmids. The genes responsible for many of the symptoms of Lyme disease have not been identified but, given the differing symptoms between Europe and North America, probably are located on one or more plasmids.
Conference papers on the topic "Bitter components"
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Headings, Leon M., and Gregory N. Washington. "Building-Integrated Thermoelectrics as Active Insulators and Heat Pumps." In ASME 2007 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2007-43122.
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Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) accounts for 40% to 60% of residential and commercial building energy consumption, making this a critical component of energy usage in the face of rising energy prices. Building-integrated thermoelectrics (BITE) may provide a step towards adaptive homes and buildings that offer significantly improved efficiency and comfort. Integrating thermoelectrics into thermal mass and resistance (insulation) wall systems presents a fundamental shift from optimizing heating and cooling source efficiencies and minimizing building-envelope energy losses to a new regime where an active envelope is optimized to most efficiently eliminate those losses. This approach not only offers improved energy efficiency, but improves the uniformity and consistency of temperature, eliminates the need for all other heating and air conditioning equipment including thermal energy transport, and provides the platform for adaptive zone heating and cooling which can provide additional efficiency gains. Because of the solid-state nature of thermoelectrics, such a system would be reliable, low maintenance, silent, and clean. This paper examines various wall configurations and sizing for thermal mass, resistance, and thermoelectric components. A dynamic simulation is used to demonstrate how proper system design of thermal resistance and capacitance elements with existing thermoelectric materials may improve the typically low coefficient of performance of thermoelectric devices, making it competitive with traditional building systems. The results for different wall configurations are shown as a basis for future configuration design and optimization.
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Bergmann, Martin, Klaus Zeman, Alexander Kainz, Konrad Krimpelstätter, Dieter Paesold, Peter Schellingerhout, and Bas Smeulders. "Mixed Lubrication Model for Cold Rolling Considering the Inlet and Deformation Zones." In ASME 2012 International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference collocated with the 40th North American Manufacturing Research Conference and in participation with the International Conference on Tribology Materials and Processing. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2012-7245.
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A mixed lubrication model for cold rolling was developed by separating, according to common concepts, the domain of calculation into two zones: the inlet zone and the zone of plastic strip bulk deformation. The analysis of the inlet zone mainly focuses on film formation from different lubricants based on the evolution of layers consisting of neat oil on the metallic surfaces. In the zone of plastic strip bulk deformation, contributions of boundary and hydrodynamic friction are modeled incorporating longitudinal and transversal roughness components. Lubricant pressure, which is influenced by the geometry of these roughness structures, is governed by hydrodynamic mechanisms. Additionally, lubricant temperature in the roll bite is predicted by an integrated thermodynamics sub-model. While coupling between the inlet and plastic deformation zones is performed iteratively, the highly non-linear and coupled equations for the latter zone are solved simultaneously by applying a variant of the well-known damped Newton-Raphson method.
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Lin, Yun-Jeng, C. Steve Suh, and Sherif T. Noah. "On the Causes of Rolling Instability and Chatter." In ASME 2002 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2002-32392.
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Dynamic rolling instability known as fifth-octave chatter is studied using a nonlinear model developed to describe the responses of work rolls subjected to the exertion of sheet forces of various spectral characteristics. The model enables the dynamic instability of sheet rolling to be correlated with work roll stiffiness, rolling speed, inter-stand tension, roll-bite entry and exit thickness, and the sheet force resulted from the interactive action of the work roll with the plastic deformation of the rolled strip. It is found that roll-bit elastic-plastic deformation sheet force is nonlinearly coupled with the rollstack stiffness and also plays a dominant role in affecting rolling instability. In addition, whenever the frequency spectrum of the normal sheet forces containing spectral components that match the fundamental modes of the roll stand, resonance-like beating would occur. This highly linear physical phenomenon, which is accompanied by large vibration amplitudes in the active work rolls, is recognized as chatter. Although many different dynamic modes of instability including mode excitation and beating are induced in response to sheet forces of nonlinear and non-stationary in nature, however, the rolling system never responds chaotically.
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Kono, Daisuke, and Tomoyuki Osumi. "A Friction Fluctuation Model of Rolling Guideways." In ASME 2021 16th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2021-63199.
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Abstract Linear ball guideways are widely employed in machine tool drive systems. Friction fluctuation of linear ball guideways cause the fluctuation of feed rate which results in the contour error in synchronous motions using several feed drives. A model-based systematic methodology to design the raceway profile is demanded to reduce the friction fluctuation of rolling guideways. In this study, a model to estimate the rolling resistance fluctuation of a ball sandwiched by two raceways was proposed. The rolling resistance fluctuation was estimated from the contact angle between the ball and raceways. The contact angle was obtained from the surface profile of the raceway. The estimation accuracy of the proposed model was verified by comparing measured and estimated rolling resistances. The raceway that was finished by face milling with a R-bite was used in the experiment to have rolling resistance fluctuation due to a periodic surface profile. The experimental results showed that the rolling resistance fluctuation could be estimated by the proposed model with 30% amplitude error at maximum. The variation of the rolling resistance was influenced by the phase difference between the upper and lower raceway profiles. The rolling resistance variation could be decreased to 1/3 when the phase difference was 1/2 period of the periodic profile component.
Reports on the topic "Bitter components"
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Naim, Michael, Andrew Spielman, Shlomo Nir, and Ann Noble. Bitter Taste Transduction: Cellular Pathways, Inhibition and Implications for Human Acceptance of Agricultural Food Products. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7695839.bard.
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Historically, the aversive response of humans and other mammals to bitter-taste substances has been useful for survival, since many toxic constituents taste bitter. Today, the range of foods available is more diverse. Many bitter foods are not only safe for consumption but contain bitter constituents that provide nutritional benefits. Despite this, these foods are often eliminated from our current diets because of their unacceptable bitterness. Extensive technology has been developed to remove or mask bitterness in foods, but a lack of understanding of the mechanisms of bitterness perception at the taste receptor level has prevented the development of inhibitors or efficient methods for reducing bitterness. In our original application we proposed to: (a) investigate the time course and effect of selected bitter tastants relevant to agricultural products on the formation of intracellular signal molecules (cAMP, IP3, Ca2+) in intact taste cells, in model cells and in membranes derived therefrom; (b) study the effect of specific bitter taste inhibitors on messenger formation and identify G-proteins that may be involved in tastant-induced bitter sensation; (c) investigate interactions and self-aggregation of bitter tastants within membranes; (d) study human sensory responses over time to these bitter-taste stimuli and inhibitors in order to validate the biochemical data. Quench-flow module (QFM) and fast pipetting system (FPS) allowed us to monitor fast release of the aforementioned signal molecules (cGMP, as a putative initial signal was substituted for Ca2+ ions) - using taste membranes and intact taste cells in a time range below 500 ms (real time of taste sensation) - in response to bitter-taste stimulation. Limonin (citrus) and catechin (wine) were found to reduce cellular cAMP and increase IP3 contents. Naringin (citrus) stimulated an IP3 increase whereas the cheese-derived bitter peptide cyclo(leu-Trp) reduced IP3 but significantly increased cAMP levels. Thus, specific transduction pathways were identified, the results support the notion of multiple transduction pathways for bitter taste and cross-talk between a few of those transduction pathways. Furthermore, amphipathic tastants permeate rapidly (within seconds) into liposomes and taste cells suggesting their availability for direct activation of signal transduction components by means of receptor-independent mechanisms within the time course of taste sensation. The activation of pigment movement and transduction pathways in frog melanophores by these tastants supports such mechanisms. Some bitter tastants, due to their amphipathic properties, permeated (or interacted with) into a bitter tastant inhibitor (specific phospholipid mixture) which apparently forms micelles. Thus, a mechanism via which this bitter taste inhibitor acts is proposed. Human sensory evaluation experiments humans performed according to their 6-n-propyl thiouracil (PROP) status (non-tasters, tasters, super-tasters), indicated differential perception of bitterness threshold and intensity of these bitter compounds by different individuals independent of PROP status. This suggests that natural products containing bitter compounds (e.g., naringin and limonin in citrus), are perceived very differently, and are in line with multiple transduction pathways suggested in the biochemical experiments. This project provides the first comprehensive effort to explore the molecular basis of bitter taste at the taste-cell level induced by economically important and agriculturally relevant food products. The findings, proposing a mechanism for bitter-taste inhibition by a bitter taste inhibitor (made up of food components) pave the way for the development of new, and perhaps more potent bitter-taste inhibitors which may eventually become economically relevant.
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Ibdah, Mwafaq, Dorothea Tholl, and Philipp W. Simon. How temperature stress changes carrot flavor: Elucidating the genetic determinants of undesired taste in carrots. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7598171.bard.
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Global climate change and warming temperatures represent the greatest future challenge for global food production and quality. In this project, we will define the genetic factors of climate-associated taste deficiencies in carrot. Carrot is considered one of the leading horticultural crops in the world in terms of its nutritional value, health benefits, and unique flavor based on its high content of carotenoids and volatile aroma compounds. In recent years, carrot genotypes of different color with improved nutraceutical attributes have been developed. When exposed to high growth temperatures, carrots develop an undesired harsh and bitter taste caused by the accumulation of terpene metabolites. This taste deficiency represents a quality defect to carrot breeders and large- scale growers and needs to be minimized for successful marketing of carrot crops. Surprisingly, the genetic determinants of bitter and harsh flavor in carrot and their response to temperature stress are not well characterized. We started to elucidate these factors in different carrot cultivars by investigating the biosynthesis of volatile terpenes, which represent the predominant flavor compounds in carrots. Also, up to date we identified and characterized two terpenesynthase enzymes, one of which produces (E)-β- caryophyllene, a major terpene component in carrot root. Both TPSs may contribute to the observed variation in volatile terpene formation.
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Ungar, Eugene D., Montague W. Demment, Uri M. Peiper, Emilio A. Laca, and Mario Gutman. The Prediction of Daily Intake in Grazing Cattle Using Methodologies, Models and Experiments that Integrate Pasture Structure and Ingestive Behavior. United States Department of Agriculture, July 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7568789.bard.
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This project addressed the prediction of daily intake in grazing cattle using methodologies, models and experiments that integrate pasture structure and ingestive behavior. The broad objective was to develop concepts of optimal foraging that predicted ingestive behavior and instantaneous intake rate in single and multi-patch environments and extend them to the greater scales of time and space required to predict daily intake. Specific objectives included: to determine how sward structure affects the shape of patch depletion curves, to determine if the basic components of ingestive behavior of animals in groups differs from animals alone, and to evaluate and modify our existing models of foraging behavior and heterogeneity to incorporate larger scales of time and space. Patch depletion was found to be predominantly by horizon, with a significant decline in bite weight during horizon depletion. This decline derives from bite overlap, and is more pronounced on taller swards. These results were successfully predicted by a simple bite placement simulator. At greater spatial scales, patch selection was aimed at maximizing daily digestible intake, with the between patch search pattern being non-random. The processes of selecting a feeding station and foraging at a feeding station are fundamentally different. The marginal value theorem may not be the most appropriate paradigm for predicting residence time at a feeding station. Basic components of ingestive behavior were unaffected by the presence of other animals. Our results contribute to animal production systems by improving our understanding of the foraging process, by identifying the key sward parameters that determine intake rate and by improving existing conceptual and quantitative models of foraging behavior across spatial and temporal scales.