Journal articles: 'Biting midges'

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Sunantaraporn, Sakone, Thanaporn Hortiwakul, Kanyarat Kraivichian, Padet Siriyasatien, and Narisa Brownell. "Molecular Identification of Host Blood Meals and Detection of Blood Parasites in Culicoides Latreille (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) Collected from Phatthalung Province, Southern Thailand." Insects 13, no. 10 (October 8, 2022): 912. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13100912.

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Five hundred and fifty-nine female biting midges were collected, and seventeen species in six subgenera (Avaritia, Haemophoructus, Hoffmania, Meijerehelea, Remmia, and Trithecoides) and two groups (Clavipalpis and Shortti) were identified. The dominant Culicoides species was C. peregrinus (30.94%), followed by C. subgenus Trithecoides. From blood meal analysis of engorged biting midges, they were found to feed on cows, dogs, pigs, and avians. The majority of blood preferences of biting midges (68%; 49/72) displayed a mixed pattern of host blood DNA (cow and avian). The overall non-engorged biting midge field infectivity rate was 1.44 % (7/487). We detected Leucocytozoon sp. in three Culicoides specimens, one from each species: C. fulvus, C. oxystoma, and C. subgenus Trithecoides. Crithidia sp. was found in two C. peregrinus specimens, and Trypanosoma sp. and P. juxtanucleare were separately found in two C. guttifer. More consideration should be paid to the capacity of biting midges to transmit pathogens such as avian haemosporidian and trypanosomatid parasites. To demonstrate that these biting midges are natural vectors of trypanosomatid parasites, additional research must be conducted with a greater number of biting midges in other endemic regions.

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BUKAUSKAITĖ, DOVILĖ, RASA BERNOTIENĖ, TATJANA A. IEZHOVA, and GEDIMINAS VALKIŪNAS. "Mechanisms of mortality in Culicoides biting midges due to Haemoproteus infection." Parasitology 143, no. 13 (September 9, 2016): 1748–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182016001426.

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SUMMARYWe examined the effects of Haemoproteus infection on the survival and pathology caused in the biting midges. Forty-six females of Culicoides impunctatus were exposed experimentally by allowing them to feed on a naturally infected red-backed shrike infected with Haemoproteus lanii (lineage hRB1, gametocytaemia 5·2%). Seventeen females were fed on an uninfected bird (controls). Dead insects were collected, counted and used for dissection, histological examination and polymerase chain reaction-based testing. Parasites were present in all experimentally infected biting midges, but absent from control insects. Survivorship differed significantly between the control and infected groups. Twelve hours post-exposure (PE), 45 (98%) experimentally infected midges were dead, but all control midges remained alive, and many of them survived until 7 day PE. The migrating ookinetes of H. lanii overfilled midgut, markedly damaged the midgut wall, entered the haemocoel and overfilled the abdomen and thorax of exposed biting midges. Massive infection by migrating ookinetes led to damage of abdomen and thorax of biting midges. The parasites often present in large clumps in the haemocoel in abdomen and thorax, leading to the interruption of the haemolymph circulation. These are the main reasons for rapid death of biting midges after feeding on high-intensity infections of Haemoproteus parasites.

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Kočišová, A., Z. Kasičová, M. Halán, and P. Komorová. "Occurrence of Biting Midges (Diptera: Culicoides) on Dairy Farms in Eastern Slovakia in Relation to Abiotic Factors." Folia Veterinaria 65, no. 4 (December 1, 2021): 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/fv-2021-0037.

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Abstract Within the scope of our research, we have performed 59 trapping sessions and collected 15,756 biting midges from 20 species at four farms (Kluknava, Ostrov, Turňa nad Bodovou and Zemplínska Teplica), The most frequent types of captured insects were representatives of the Avaritia subgenus, C. obsoletus/C. scoticus, representing on average 85.1 % (13,295 individuals) of the fauna of the biting midges, with the exception of the farm in Ostrov where this group represented only 41.7 % of the fauna. At this particular farm, the most frequently trapped insects belonged to the Culicoides subgenus (54.1 %), in particular the C. bysta, C. lupicaris, C. newsteadi, C. Pulicaris and C. Punctatus species. During the trapping sessions, we monitored factors affecting the number of trapped biting midges, such as the temperature, relative air humidity and airflow rate: the air temperature during the trapping of the biting midges ranged from 9.8 to 26.2 °C; the relative air humidity ranged from 35.1 to 100 %; and the air flow rate ranged from no wind to a wind velocity of 8.2 m.s-1. However, in the final evaluation, we failed to observe a statistically significant correlation between the air flow and the number of trapped biting midges. The largest amounts of biting midges were trapped at temperatures ranging from 15.8 to 24.6 °C and at a relative air humidity ranging from 54.2 % to 68.6 %. While monitoring the seasonal dynamics of the physiological conditions of biting midge females at the selected farms, we confirmed that during the period from June to August, the most frequently trapped females were parous (50.1 %; 7,826 individuals). In addition, nulliparous females comprised 43.8 % (6,842 individuals) and were continuously trapped throughout the season (April— November).

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Žiegytė, Rita, Rasa Bernotienė, and Vaidas Palinauskas. "Culicoides segnis and Culicoides pictipennis Biting Midges (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae), New Reported Vectors of Haemoproteus Parasites." Microorganisms 10, no. 5 (April 25, 2022): 898. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10050898.

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As bloodsuckers of birds, Culicoides biting midges (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) play an important role in the transmission of avian haemosporidian (Haemoproteus) parasites, which are prevalent in many bird populations and cause disease, pathology, or even mortality in their hosts. Information about the role of the various Culicoides species in the transmission of Haemoproteus parasites remains insufficient. This presents an obstacle for the better understanding of the epizootiology of haemoproteosis. The aim of this study was to determine new Culicoides species involved in the transmission of Haemoproteus parasites in the wild. Biting midges were collected using UV traps on the Curonian Spit, Lithuania. Only parous Culicoides females were investigated: they were identified and were diagnosed for the presence of Haemoproteus parasites using both microscopy and PCR-based methods. We collected and dissected 420 parous Culicoides females. PCR-based screening showed that 28 parous Culicoides biting midges were infected with avian Haemoproteus parasites. Haemoproteid DNA was detected in Culicoides kibunensis, Culicoides pictipennis, Culicoides festivipennis, Culicoides segnis, Culicoides pallidicornis, and Culicoides obsoletus biting midges. The DNA of Haemoproteus palloris, genetic lineage hWW1, was found for the first time in C. pallidicornis. Haemoproteus sporozoites were detected in the salivary glands of two Culicoides segnis biting midges. According to the PCR results, one female contained Haemoproteus tartakovskyi (genetic lineage hHAWF1) DNA and another Haemoproteus majoris (genetic lineage hCCF5) DNA. The sporozoites of Haemoproteus parasites were also detected in the salivary glands of four C. pictipennis biting midges using microscopy, and this finding was confirmed by PCR as Haemoproteus parabelopolskyi DNA (genetic lineage hSYAT02) was detected in three out of the four biting midges. The obtained results supplement existing information about Culicoides biting midges as natural vectors of Haemoproteus spp. and add two new Culicoides species to the vector list, showing the low specificity of these parasites for the invertebrate hosts.

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Žiegytė, Rita, Rasa Bernotienė, and Vaidas Palinauskas. "Culicoides segnis and Culicoides pictipennis Biting Midges (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae), New Reported Vectors of Haemoproteus Parasites." Microorganisms 10, no. 5 (April 25, 2022): 898. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10050898.

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As bloodsuckers of birds, Culicoides biting midges (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) play an important role in the transmission of avian haemosporidian (Haemoproteus) parasites, which are prevalent in many bird populations and cause disease, pathology, or even mortality in their hosts. Information about the role of the various Culicoides species in the transmission of Haemoproteus parasites remains insufficient. This presents an obstacle for the better understanding of the epizootiology of haemoproteosis. The aim of this study was to determine new Culicoides species involved in the transmission of Haemoproteus parasites in the wild. Biting midges were collected using UV traps on the Curonian Spit, Lithuania. Only parous Culicoides females were investigated: they were identified and were diagnosed for the presence of Haemoproteus parasites using both microscopy and PCR-based methods. We collected and dissected 420 parous Culicoides females. PCR-based screening showed that 28 parous Culicoides biting midges were infected with avian Haemoproteus parasites. Haemoproteid DNA was detected in Culicoides kibunensis, Culicoides pictipennis, Culicoides festivipennis, Culicoides segnis, Culicoides pallidicornis, and Culicoides obsoletus biting midges. The DNA of Haemoproteus palloris, genetic lineage hWW1, was found for the first time in C. pallidicornis. Haemoproteus sporozoites were detected in the salivary glands of two Culicoides segnis biting midges. According to the PCR results, one female contained Haemoproteus tartakovskyi (genetic lineage hHAWF1) DNA and another Haemoproteus majoris (genetic lineage hCCF5) DNA. The sporozoites of Haemoproteus parasites were also detected in the salivary glands of four C. pictipennis biting midges using microscopy, and this finding was confirmed by PCR as Haemoproteus parabelopolskyi DNA (genetic lineage hSYAT02) was detected in three out of the four biting midges. The obtained results supplement existing information about Culicoides biting midges as natural vectors of Haemoproteus spp. and add two new Culicoides species to the vector list, showing the low specificity of these parasites for the invertebrate hosts.

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Romiti, Federico, Romolo Fochetti, Adele Magliano, Vittorio Vinciguerra, Arianna Ermenegildi, and Claudio De Liberato. "First Report of Culicoides Biting Midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) Attacking People in Italy, With the Description of Extreme Larval Breeding Sites and Diurnal Activity of Culicoides riethi." Journal of Medical Entomology 59, no. 2 (December 31, 2021): 772–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjab212.

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Abstract Biting midges of the genus Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) play a paramount role in medical and veterinary entomology worldwide, particularly as vectors of pathogens which cause animal diseases. Biting midges are also infamous for the nuisance they provoke to people involved in outdoor activities. Nonetheless, attacks to man by midges from any Culicoides species have not been reported in Italy. An entomological investigation was performed following repeated attacks to man in a nature park near Rome (central Italy). The study area is a natural degassing zone, characterized by widespread hazardous gas emissions of CO2 and H2S, with several water bodies including permanent lakes, ponds, and pools. The biting midge C. riethi Kieffer, 1914 was very active during daytime in the period April–June. The species has been identified as responsible for attacks on people in the area. An in-depth analysis of the extreme environmental conditions revealed the ability of larvae to thrive in several water bodies, characterized by an extremely low pH and a high concentration of sulfates.

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SZADZIEWSKI, RYSZARD, ELŻBIETA SONTAG, WIESŁAW KRZEMIŃSKI, and JACEK SZWEDO. "Two new genera of insectivorous biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) from mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber." Palaeoentomology 2, no. 6 (December 20, 2019): 657–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/palaeoentomology.2.6.17.

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Two new fossil genera and two new species of biting midges from mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber are described and illustrated: Burmahelea neli Szadziewski & Sontag gen. et sp. nov. (Atriculicoidini) and Nelohelea neli Szadziewski & Sontag gen. et sp. nov. (Ceratopogonini). This is the oldest record (99 Ma) of a predatory biting midge in the extant tribe Ceratopogonini and the subfamily Ceratopogoninae.

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KAUFMANN, CHRISTIAN, FRANCIS SCHAFFNER, DOMINIK ZIEGLER, VALENTIN PFLÜGER, and ALEXANDER MATHIS. "Identification of field-caught Culicoides biting midges using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry." Parasitology 139, no. 2 (October 19, 2011): 248–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182011001764.

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SUMMARYCulicoides biting midges are of great importance as vectors of pathogens and elicitors of allergy. As an alternative for the identification of these tiny insects, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) was evaluated. Protein mass fingerprints were determined for 4–5 field-caught reference (genetically confirmed) individuals of 12 Culicoides species from Switzerland, C. imicola from France, laboratory-reared C. nubeculosus and a non-biting midge. Reproducibility and accuracy of the database was tested in a validation study by analysing 108 mostly field-caught target Culicoides midges and 3 specimens from a non-target species. A reference database of biomarker mass sets containing between 24 and 38 masses for the different species could be established. Automated database-based identification was achieved for 101 of the 108 specimens. The remaining 7 midges required manual full comparison with the reference spectra yielding correct identification for 6 specimens and an ambiguous result for the seventh individual. Specimens of the non-target species did not yield identification. Protein profiling by MALDI-TOF, which is compatible with morphological and genetic identification of specimens, can be used as an alternative, quick and inexpensive tool to accurately identify Culicoides biting midges collected in the field.

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Svobodová, Milena, Lenka Zídková, Ivan Čepička, Miroslav Oborník, Julius Lukeš, and Jan Votýpka. "Sergeia podlipaevi gen. nov., sp. nov. (Trypanosomatidae, Kinetoplastida), a parasite of biting midges (Ceratopogonidae, Diptera)." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 57, no. 2 (February 1, 2007): 423–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.64557-0.

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Three strains of a trypanosomatid protozoan were isolated from the midguts of two naturally infected species of biting midges [Culicoides (Oecacta) festivipennis and Culicoides (Oecacta) truncorum] and characterized by light and electron microscopy and by molecular techniques. Morphological characteristics and sequences of the 18S rRNA, 5S rRNA, spliced leader RNA and glycosomal glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase genes indicate that the studied flagellates represent a novel phylogenetic lineage within the Trypanosomatidae. Based on phylogenetic analyses, the novel endosymbiont-free, monoxenous trypanosomatid was classified as Sergeia podlipaevi gen. nov., sp. nov. Interestingly, it is closely related to another trypanosomatid species that parasitizes the sand fly Lutzomyia evansi, a blood-sucking dipteran from South America. The type strain of S. podlipaevi sp. nov., ICUL/CZ/2000/CER3, was obtained from Malpighian tubes. Of 2518 females of seven species of biting midges trapped in the Czech Republic, more than 1.5 % were infected by trypanosomatid parasites. An unrelated insect species, Culicoides (Monoculicoides) nubeculosus, was experimentally infected with S. podlipaevi, demonstrating that its host range extends to different subgenera of biting midges.

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Rozo-Lopez, Paula, Berlin Londono-Renteria, and Barbara S. Drolet. "Impacts of Infectious Dose, Feeding Behavior, and Age of Culicoides sonorensis Biting Midges on Infection Dynamics of Vesicular Stomatitis Virus." Pathogens 10, no. 7 (June 29, 2021): 816. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10070816.

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Culicoides sonorensis biting midges are biological vectors of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) in the U.S. Yet, little is known regarding the amount of ingested virus required to infect midges, nor how their feeding behavior or age affects viral replication and vector competence. We determined the minimum infectious dose of VSV-New Jersey for C. sonorensis midges and examined the effects of multiple blood-feeding cycles and age at the time of virus acquisition on infection dynamics. A minimum dose of 3.2 logs of virus/mL of blood resulted in midgut infections, and 5.2 logs/mL resulted in a disseminated infection to salivary glands. For blood-feeding behavior studies, ingestion of one or two non-infectious blood meals (BM) after a VSV infectious blood meal (VSV-BM) resulted in higher whole-body virus titers than midges receiving only the single infectious VSV-BM. Interestingly, this infection enhancement was not seen when a non-infectious BM preceded the infectious VSV-BM. Lastly, increased midge age at the time of infection correlated to increased whole-body virus titers. This research highlights the epidemiological implications of infectious doses, vector feeding behaviors, and vector age on VSV infection dynamics to estimate the risk of transmission by Culicoides midges more precisely.

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Sunantaraporn, Sakone, Arunrat Thepparat, Atchara Phumee, Sriwatapron Sor-Suwan, Rungfar Boonserm, Glenn Bellis, and Padet Siriyasatien. "Culicoides Latreille (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) as potential vectors for Leishmania martiniquensis and Trypanosoma sp. in northern Thailand." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 12 (December 15, 2021): e0010014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0010014.

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Biting midges of genus Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) are the vectors of several pathogenic arboviruses and parasites of humans and animals. Several reports have suggested that biting midges might be a potential vector of Leishmania parasites. In this study, we screened for Leishmania and Trypanosoma DNA in biting midges collected from near the home of a leishmaniasis patient in Lamphun province, northern Thailand by using UV-CDC light traps. The identification of biting midge species was based on morphological characters and confirmed using the Cytochrome C oxidase subunit I (COI) gene. The detection of Leishmania and Trypanosoma DNA was performed by amplifying the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) and small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) genes, respectively. All the amplified PCR amplicons were cloned and sequenced. The collected 223 biting midges belonged to seven species (Culicoides mahasarakhamense, C. guttifer, C. innoxius, C. sumatrae, C. huffi, C. oxystoma, and C. palpifer). The dominant species found in this study was C. mahasarakhamense (47.53%). Leishmania martiniquensis DNA was detected in three samples of 106 specimens of C. mahasarakhamense tested indicating a field infection rate of 2.83%, which is comparable to reported rates in local phlebotomines. Moreover, we also detected Trypanosoma sp. DNA in one sample of C. huffi. To our knowledge, this is the first molecular detection of L. martiniquensis in C. mahasarakhamense as well as the first detection of avian Trypanosoma in C. huffi. Blood meal analysis of engorged specimens of C. mahasarakhamense, C. guttifer, and C. huffi revealed that all specimens had fed on avian, however, further studies of the host ranges of Culicoides are needed to gain a better insight of potential vectors of emerging leishmaniasis. Clarification of the vectors of these parasites is also important to provide tools to establish effective disease prevention and control programs in Thailand.

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da Conceição Abreu Bandeira, Maria, Allane Barros Cerqueira, Jorge Luiz Pinto Moraes, Reginaldo Peçanha Brazil, and José Manuel Macário Rebêlo. "Diversity of Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in Rural Settlements and Degraded Seasonal Deciduous Forests." Journal of Medical Entomology 59, no. 1 (October 11, 2021): 240–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjab150.

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Abstract Biting midges are widespread in Brazilian natural ecosystems. However, deforestation and other activities that impact the environment are reducing natural habitats where biting midges proliferate. The objective of this study was to verify whether there is variation in the composition, richness, abundance, and seasonality of biting midges between wild and rural environments, in a forest area with intense deforestation. Biting midges were captured using 6 traps installed at an average height of 1.5 m in the peridomicile, intradomicile, and deciduous seasonal forests, once a month from May 2012 to April 2013. In total, 2,182 specimens of 13 species of the genus Culicoides were captured. Species richness was similar in the intradomicile (13 species), forest (12), and peridomicile (11), but species diversity was greater in the peridomicile (H’ = 0.803) compared with the intradomicile (H’ = 0.717) and forest (H’ = 0.687). The order of species dominance varied between the forest (Culicoides paucienfuscatus Barbosa > Culicoides leopodoi Ortiz > Culicoides foxi Ortiz > Culicoides ignacioi Forattini) and peridomicile + intradomicile habitats (C. paucienfuscatus > C. foxi > C. filariferus Hoffman > C. ignacioi). The activity of these dipterans was strongly influenced by meteorological variables, as biting midges are predominant in the rainy season (80.7% of specimens), when higher rainfall, relative humidity, and lower temperatures prevail. The abundance of biting midges was higher in the peridomicile + intradomicile (83.7% of specimens) compared with the degraded forest (16.3%), a result that reflects the loss of forest habitat due to intense and progressive deforestation.

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Krakowski, Andrew C., and Baran Ho. "Arthropod Assault from Biting Midges." Journal of Pediatrics 163, no. 1 (July 2013): 298–298. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2013.02.006.

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Losson, B., B. Mignon, J. Paternostre, M. Madder, R. De Deken, G. De Deken, I. Deblauwe, et al. "Biting midges overwintering in Belgium." Veterinary Record 160, no. 13 (March 31, 2007): 451–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.160.13.451-b.

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Kaufmann, C., C. Schaffner, A. Tschuor, and A. Mathis. "Répartition et abondance des moucherons piqueurs, vecteurs potentiels de la fièvre catarrhale ovine, en Suisse." Revue d’élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux 62, no. 2-4 (February 1, 2009): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/remvt.10039.

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Indigenous biting midges proved to be highly efficient vectors for the recently introduced bluetongue virus serotype 8 (BTV-8). Since its introduction in Northern Europe, the virus has rapidly spread, reaching Switzerland in 2008. The aims of this project are to determine the distribution, abundance, and activity patterns of biting midges occurring in Switzerland. Insects were caught with Onderstepoort ultraviolet light traps once weekly at stations representing the 12 climatic regions of Switzerland throughout the whole year. In addition, catches were carried out at five stations in an Alpine region of Switzerland at altitudes between 1300 and 2000 metres above sea level from the end of June to the end of October 2008. Midges were grouped under the stereomicroscope into Obsoletus complex, Pulicaris complex or other Culicoides spp. Midges were caught at all stations, albeit in very different numbers. The highest monthly average was 10,000 midges per night (Dittingen); the third highest average was recorded at the highest station (Juf, 2130 m). At stations below 1500 m, midges of the Obsoletus complex (98% in Dittingen) were predominant. In Central Europe, they are considered the most likely vectors responsible for BTV transmission. With increasing altitude, midges of the Pulicaris complex prevailed (91% in Juf). Catches in two neighbouring Alpine mountains of similar altitude (approximately 2000 m) varied considerably. It is most likely that there are no midge-free zones in the agricultural areas (including Alpine summer pastures) of Switzerland, but the vector competence of the various midges with regard to BTV needs to be urgently clarified.

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Sick, Franziska, Martin Beer, Helge Kampen, and Kerstin Wernike. "Culicoides Biting Midges—Underestimated Vectors for Arboviruses of Public Health and Veterinary Importance." Viruses 11, no. 4 (April 24, 2019): 376. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11040376.

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Culicoides biting midges, small hematophagous dipterans, are the demonstrated or putative vectors of multiple arboviruses of veterinary and public health importance. Despite its relevance in disease spread, the ceratopogonid genus Culicoides is still a largely neglected group of species, predominantly because the major human-affecting arboviruses are considered to be transmitted by mosquitoes. However, when a pathogen is detected in a certain vector species, a thorough search for further vectors often remains undone and, therefore, the relevant vector species may remain unknown. Furthermore, for many hematophagous arthropods, true vector competence is often merely suspected and not experimentally proven. Therefore, we aim to illuminate the general impact of Culicoides biting midges and to summarize the knowledge about biting midge-borne disease agents using the order Bunyavirales, the largest and most diverse group of RNA viruses, as an example. When considering only viruses evidentially transmitted by Culicoides midges, the Simbu serogroup (genus Orthobunyavirus) is presumably the most important group within the virus order. Its members are of great veterinary importance, as a variety of simbuviruses, e.g., the species Akabane orthobunyavirus or Schmallenberg orthobunyavirus, induces severe congenital infections in pregnant animals. The major zoonotic representative of this serogroup occurs in South and Central America and causes the so-called Oropouche fever, an acute febrile illness in humans.

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Lloyd, Aaron M. "FIELD EVALUATION OF TALSTAR (BIFENTHRIN) RESIDENTIAL BARRIER TREATMENTS ALONE AND IN CONJUNCTION WITH MOSQUITO MAGNET LIBERTY PLUS TRAPS IN CEDAR KEY, FLORIDA." Journal of the Florida Mosquito Control Association 68, no. 1 (June 10, 2021): 56–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/jfmca.v68i1.129100.

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The effectiveness of bifenthrin applications to vegetation with and without commercial mosquito traps (Mosquito Magnet Liberty Plus) was evaluated against Culicoides biting midges in a residential coastal area located in Cedar Key, Florida. Efficacy evaluations were determined by surveillance trap collections and modified landing rate counts. In general, all treatments provided significant reduction from Culicoides biting midge pressure when compared with untreated yards with no traps (control). However, the combination of bifenthrin and Liberty Plus traps proved to be the most successful in reducing Culicoides compared with yards with only a Liberty Plus trap. Yards treated with bifenthrin alone or in combination with the Liberty Plus trap were more successful than controls, suggesting that Culicoides biting midge population suppression may be obtained through barrier application alone.

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SZADZIEWSKI, RYSZARD, PATRYCJA DOMINIAK, ELŻBIETA SONTAG, WIESŁAW KRZEMIŃSKI, BO WANG, and JACEK SZWEDO. "Haematophagous biting midges of the extant genus Culicoides Latreille (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) evolved during the mid-Cretaceous." Zootaxa 4688, no. 4 (October 24, 2019): 535–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4688.4.5.

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Four new fossil species of haematophagous biting midges of the genus Culicoides Latreille, from mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber are described and illustrated: C. bojarskii Szadziewski & Dominiak sp. nov., C. burmiticus Szadziewski & Dominiak sp. nov., C. ellenbergeri Szadziewski & Dominiak sp. nov. and C. myanmaricus Szadziewski & Dominiak sp. nov. These extinct species are assigned to the new subgenus, Groganomyia Szadziewski & Dominiak subgen. nov. which also includes an extant species that inhabits European mountains, Culicoides cameroni Campbell & Pelham-Clinton, 1960, the type species. These very old (99 Ma) haematophagous biting midges of the extant genus Culicoides from Burmese amber supports the hypothesis that most groups of modern biting midges evolved during the mid-Cretaceous greenhouse climate.

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Breidenbaugh, Mark S., Elizabeth H. Foley, Caroline Brooks, and Will K. Reeves. "Nighttime Aerial Sprays for Control of Crepuscular Biting Midges in South Carolina." Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 36, no. 4 (December 1, 2020): 272–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2987/20-6956.1.

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ABSTRACT Nighttime aerial spray applications with naled were conducted to evaluate their efficacy in controlling crepuscular biting midges (Culicoides spp.) in South Carolina, using a US Air Force C-130. Local populations of Culicoides spp. were monitored before and after the sprays with Mosquito Magnet traps to assess the efficacy of postsunset applications. Biting midge populations were consistently decreased by the aerial spray applications in this study. This indicates that nighttime sprays can be used to control these pests, even when their peak flight activity is focused around sunset.

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Spinelli, Gustavo R., Pablo I. Marino, and Melina Mauad. "Diptera, Ceratopogonidae Newman, 1834: New records of Biting and Predaceous midges from Iberá wetlands, Argentina." Check List 8, no. 5 (September 1, 2012): 886. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/8.5.886.

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The first Argentina records of four species of biting and predaceous midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) are provided from the Iberá wetlands in Corrientes Province: Forcipomyia (Euprojoannisia) unica Bystrak and Wirth, Echinohelea blantoni Wirth, Neobezzia fittkaui Wirth and Ratanaworabhan and Paryphoconus grandis Macfie. This is the first record of the predaceous midge genus, Echinohelea Macfie, from Argentina.

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LI, JIA-HUI, DAVID GOPURENKO, DU-CHENG CAI, YE-MENG YANG, RONG HU, ARUNRAT THEPPARAT, APRIL H. WARDHANA, et al. "Culicoides Latreille biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) of the Dongzhaigang mangrove forest, Hainan Province, China." Zootaxa 4227, no. 1 (January 31, 2017): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4227.1.2.

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The biting midge fauna of Dongzhaigang Mangrove Forest, Hainan Province, China was sampled on 14 October 2015 using three methods: a pan light trap operated from dusk until dawn the following morning and sweep net and human landing collections performed between 16:15–17:15 hr. Eight species, including two new records for China, Culicoides palawanensis and C. niphanae, and one new record for Hainan, C. circumbasalis, were collected. A key to assist with identification of specimens of these species is provided. DNA barcodes supported the morphological identification of some of these species and identified the potential presence of cryptic species and/or deep population structure in others. The newly recorded species were morphologically similar to species previously reported from Hainan, highlighting the need for further investigation into the taxonomy of biting midges in this region. Species composition and abundance varied considerably between the three collection techniques suggesting that multiple techniques likely provide a more comprehensive sample of biting midge fauna.

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Edwards, F. W. "BRITISH NON-BITING MIDGES (DIPTERA, CHIRONOMIDAE)." Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 77, no. 2 (April 24, 2009): 279–430. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1929.tb00692.x.

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De Sousa Farias, Emanuelle, Antonio Marques Pereira Júnior, Jéssica Feijó Almeida, Felipe Arley Costa Pessoa, and Jansen Fernandes Medeiros. "Hematophagous biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) from Tefé municipality, Amazonas state, Brazil." Check List 11, no. 4 (June 13, 2015): 1676. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/11.4.1676.

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Some species of biting midges are vectors of pathogens that cause disease in vertebrates, including humans. The aim of this study was to survey the biting midge fauna in Tefé, Amazonas, Brazil. Culicoides were collected using HP light traps during January, February, and April 2013. Midges collected included one species from the genus Lectoconops that bites humans. A total of 248 Culicoides individuals were collected, representing 19 species from two subgenera (Haematomyidium and Hoffmania) and four informal species groups (carpenteri, leoni, fluvialis, and reticulatus). Twelve individuals of L. brasiliensis were also collected, and this is the first record of L. brasiliensis in Amazonas. Three species of Culicoides were also recorded for the first time in Amazonas, including Culicoides aitkeni, C. glabellus and C. ocumarensis. The most abundant species were C. hylas (81 individuals), and C. foxi (27). The Culicoides fauna in Tefé is diverse, and proven vectors such as C. paraensis and C. insignis were found.

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Zídková, Lenka, Ivan Cepicka, Jan Votýpka, and Milena Svobodová. "Herpetomonas trimorpha sp. nov. (Trypanosomatidae, Kinetoplastida), a parasite of the biting midge Culicoides truncorum (Ceratopogonidae, Diptera)." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 60, no. 9 (September 1, 2010): 2236–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.014555-0.

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Monoxenous trypanosomatid Herpetomonas trimorpha sp. nov. was isolated from the digestive tract of the biting midge Culicoides truncorum (Ceratopogonidae, Diptera). This species forms three distinct morphotypes in culture: the microflagellate promastigote, the small promastigote and the long promastigote. The last form is unique for the newly described species. Phylogenetic analyses of SSU rRNA and glycosomal glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase genes showed that H. trimorpha sp. nov. is the closest relative of Herpetomonas ztiplika, another monoxenous trypanosomatid isolated from biting midges. However, morphological and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA analyses confirmed that H. trimorpha sp. nov. is distinct from H. ztiplika.

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Sontag, Elżbieta, and Ryszard Szadziewski. "Biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in Eocene Baltic amber from the Rovno region (Ukraine)." Polish Journal of Entomology / Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne 80, no. 4 (December 1, 2011): 779–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10200-011-0058-4.

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Biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in Eocene Baltic amber from the Rovno region (Ukraine) The paper presents the results of an examination of 714 biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) preserved in Baltic amber from the Rovno deposits in Ukraine. A new species - Leptoconops rovnensis sp. n. - is described and illustrated. 29 of the fossil species reported here have already been described from other deposits of Baltic amber: 26 of these were also found in amber from the Gulf of Gdańsk and 18 in amber from Bitterfeld (Saxony). The most common genera of biting midges in Ukrainian amber are also found in amber from Bitterfeld and the Gulf of Gdańsk, and with very much the same frequencies. The results indicate that the faunas of Ceratopogonidae enclosed in amber from Rovno, Bitterfeld and the Baltic are very similar, showing that they inhabited similar palaeoenvironments in the same palaeogeographic region.

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SZADZIEWSKI, RYSZARD, and MARTA GWIZDALSKA-KENTZER. "New records of biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) from the United Arab Emirates, with a description of a new species." Zootaxa 4894, no. 4 (December 11, 2020): 594–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4894.4.6.

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Biting midges (Ceratopogonidae) are a relatively well-studied family of nematocerous flies (Borkent & Dominiak 2020), but the ceratopogonid fauna of the Middle East is not well known. To date, only 264 species from this family have been recorded in this entire region (Alwin et al. 2016a, b) and just 53 in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) (Szadziewski et al. 2011, Alwin et al. 2016a, b). Here, we report on three species of biting midges new to the fauna of the UAE.

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Chagas, Carolina Romeiro Fernandes, Carolina Hernández-Lara, Mélanie Duc, Kristina Valavičiūtė-Pocienė, and Rasa Bernotienė. "What Can Haemosporidian Lineages Found in Culicoides Biting Midges Tell Us about Their Feeding Preferences?" Diversity 14, no. 11 (November 8, 2022): 957. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d14110957.

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Haemoproteus (Parahaemoproteus) parasites are transmitted by Culicoides biting midges. However, the natural vectors of only six of the almost 180 recognized Haemoproteus species have been identified. The aim of this study was to investigate wild biting midges naturally infected with Haemoproteus and to understand the interaction network between Culicoides and Haemoproteus in Europe. Culicoides were collected with UV light traps from different sites in Lithuania. Parous females were morphologically identified based on their wings and heads. PCR-based methods were used to detect the Haemoproteus DNA, and salivary gland preparations were analyzed for the presence of sporozoites. Of the 580 Culicoides analyzed, 5.9% were positive for Haemoproteus DNA, and sporozoites were found in two of 11 sampled biting midge species: Culicoides kibunensis and Culicoides segnis. The interaction network revealed that C. kibunensis and C. segnis are frequently associated with several Haemoproteus lineages. On the other hand, some Haemoproteus lineages were found to interact with only one Culicoides species. This was the first report of C. segnis being a competent vector for H. minutus TURDUS2, H. asymmetricus TUPHI01, H. majoris PHSIB1, and H. fringillae CCF3; and of C. kibunensis being a competent vector for H. belopolskyi HIICT1. Culicoides segnis and C. kibunensis are both important vectors of Haemoproteus parasites.

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Maria-Herzog, M., M. L. Felippe-Bauer, R. Malaguti, and T. C. Carvalho Leite. "A contribution to the study of simulium and Culicoides of Rio de Janeiro: monthly incidence and biting activity." Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 83, no. 1 (March 1988): 95–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0074-02761988000100013.

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During March 1984 to February 1985, we captured simuliids and biting midges in the National Park of Tijuca, Rio de Janeiro. A study on monthly incidence and biting activity and their correlation to air temperature, relative humidity, and rainfall was made.

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Cohn, Bruce A. "Biting midges - those marauding "no-see-ums"." International Journal of Dermatology 42, no. 6 (June 2003): 459–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-4362.2003.01850.x.

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Sanders, C. J., R. Selby, S. Carpenter, and D. R. Reynolds. "High-altitude flight of Culicoides biting midges." Veterinary Record 169, no. 8 (July 20, 2011): 208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.d4245.

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Glick, Jayson I. "Culicoides Biting Midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) of Kenya." Journal of Medical Entomology 27, no. 2 (March 1, 1990): 85–195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/27.2.85.

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SNYDER, D., N. CERNICCHIARO, S. A. ALLAN, and L. W. COHNSTAEDT. "Insecticidal sugar baits for adult biting midges." Medical and Veterinary Entomology 30, no. 2 (January 20, 2016): 209–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/mve.12158.

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Edwards, F. W. "ON THE BRITISH BITING MIDGES (DIPTERA, CERATOPOGONIDAE)." Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 74, no. 2 (April 24, 2009): 389–426. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2311.1926.tb02249.x.

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Schaffner, Francis, C. Kaufmann, H. Schwermer, and A. Mathis. "Surveillance des moucherons piqueurs : détermination des périodes sans vecteurs en Suisse de 2007 à 2009." Revue d’élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux 62, no. 2-4 (February 1, 2009): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/remvt.10055.

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Since the introduction of bluetongue virus serotype 8 (BTV-8) in Northern Europe, a surveillance of the disease has been implemented in Switzerland, based on a collaborative network including the Swiss Federal Veterinary Office, the Institute of Virology and Immunoprophylaxis and the Institute of Parasitology (IPZ). In accordance with European regulations, the surveillance aims at determining zones which are seasonally free of bluetongue by showing lack of evidence of disease transmission or of activity of competent vectors. The results of two years (2007–2009) of surveillance of the winter activity of biting midges are presented. BT zones were identified for Switzerland and Liechtenstein based on (i) the 45x45 km grid, (ii) a spatial risk analysis on the occurrence of biting midges and susceptible livestock, and (iii) the limits of the Swiss administrative units (cantons). Thus, 16 BT zones were defined, comparable in area size (as ‘risk’ areas) and in populations of cattle, sheep and goats. Insects were caught with Onderstepoort ultraviolet-light traps once weekly at 19 stations, outdoors, from dusk to dawn, and from October to May. Trapping was maintained at six stations during the midge activity season. Trappings were implemented by volunteer farmers or local veterinary offices, and samples were sent to the Swiss reference laboratory for vector entomology (IPZ) where midge activity was classified from ‘no activity’ to ‘very high activity’. Midges were caught at all stations, but in very different numbers. From mid-November 2007 until end of March 2008 there was a period of very low Culicoides activity (catches without midges or below the threshold of 10 midges/trap/night). Then, the activity increased gradually, and the vector-free period was defined as ending on April 15th. All sites showed activity during the whole summer, globally with a decrease from July to September. The highest activity was recorded in Northern Switzerland (Basel), with an average of 3268 midges/trap/night. Surprisingly, the highest activity was not observed in Southern Switzerland where the mild climate is influenced by the Mediterranean Sea, but north of the Alps characterized by an Atlantic climate. During October to mid-November 2008, midge activity decreased, and less than 10 midges or 5 parous midges/trap/night were caught at all sites after mid-November. The vector-free period was thus determined as starting on December 15, 2008. Then, a very low activity was observed in Basel during early January, and no activity was observed in the cantons until the first week of March 2009. Very few midges were trapped until beginning of April, and first parous and blood-fed females were caught after mid- April. Thus, the vector-free period was declared to end on April 20, 2009. Vector-free periods could be defined for the whole of Switzerland during the two years of winter surveillance. A third year of surveillance is ongoing, and three-years’ data will be analysed for a possible extrapolation of an annual vector-free period.

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Calvo, J. H., B. Berzal, C. Calvete, M. A. Miranda, R. Estrada, and J. Lucientes. "Host feeding patterns of Culicoides species (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) within the Picos de Europa National Park in northern Spain." Bulletin of Entomological Research 102, no. 6 (May 31, 2012): 692–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485312000284.

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AbstractBlood meal identification can provide information about the natural host-feeding patterns or preferences of Culicoides species. Such information could indirectly provide data indicating which reservoirs are significant in associated vector-borne diseases.We positively identified the host species through DNA sequencing of the cytochrome b gene in 144 of the 170 (84.7%) blood meal specimens tested. In the remaining samples, identification of the blood-meal source was unsuccessful, possibly due to the post-ingestion time prior to sampling or the availability of the species-specific cytochrome b gene sequences in the database. The majority of identified blood meals were derived from mammalian blood (95.8%), and only six contained chicken blood. We identified five species as mammalian hosts for Culicoides spp.: sheep (87.7%), human (6.5%), cattle (3.7%) and Savi's Pine Vole (Micrototus savii) (2.1%). The results suggested that large mammals, specifically ruminants, were most frequently fed upon by biting midges (Culicoides spp.), but evidence of opportunistic feeding behaviour was also found. Host feeding behaviour of Culicoides species may also be influenced by the relative abundance of a particular host species in the area being studied. In this sense, Savi's Pine Vole, a wild species, was found to be a locally relevant host and a putative reservoir for viruses transmitted by species of biting midges belonging to the Culicoides genus.Finally, feeding on multiple potential host species was observed. One midge acquired blood meals from human and chicken hosts, while four other midges fed on two different sheep.

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Probst, Christophe, Helge Kampen, D. Werner, Jörn M. Gethmann, Franz J. Conraths, and Martin Beer. "Comparaison de l'efficacité de quatre modèles de pièges lumineux pour la collecte de Culicoides piqueurs en Allemagne." Revue d’élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux 62, no. 2-4 (February 1, 2009): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/remvt.10049.

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Biting midges of the genus Culicoides are vectors of bluetongue disease, an OIE-listed animal disease which has recently led to severe economic losses in susceptible livestock species in Europe. Therefore, several affected countries conduct monitoring programmes for Culicoides spp. To compare the number and species composition of Culicoides obtained, the efficacy of various traps used to collect biting midges needs to be assessed. Four aspiration black light traps were thus compared: the Onderstepoort, John W. Hock, Riebt, and Biogents. One of the traps was operated from the 1st of April 2009 to determine the onset of increased Culicoides activity and thus the best time to start the study. The comparison was carried out from May 16th until September 26th. The traps were set up at four different sites on pastures of the Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut where cattle, sheep and goats were present. The comparison was carried out according to the Medreonet protocol in a 4×4 randomized Latin square design with one night of activity for each trap at each site. The highest number of Culicoides specimens was captured by the Onderstepoort (1245), followed by the Biogents (365), the Hock (30) and the Riebt (4) traps. The majority of midges caught was classified as belonging to the Obsoletus complex (1399), including C. obsoletus s.s., C. scoticus and C. chiopterus. Other encountered species were C. punctatus s.s. (87), C. albicans (78) and C. riethi (50). Most biting midges were collected in May (594) and June (575). In September only one Culicoides specimen was caught. The results show that the trap model has a great impact on the number of Culicoides caught. Culicoides monitoring programmes should be harmonised by using the same type of trap everywhere or by adjusting the numbers of collected biting midges using a trap factor. The trap model should be taken into consideration in the decision to declare the seasonally-determined vector-free periods.

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Liu, Suling, Chenghsin Hu, and Kuntsung Lu. "Manufacture of Mikania micrantha vinegar and investigation of its repellent activity for Forcipomyia taiwana." BioResources 16, no. 4 (August 26, 2021): 6831–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.16.4.6831-6849.

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Crude vinegar was prepared from Mikania micrantha plants using a steel kiln. The ether-extracted vinegar and acidic, phenolic, and neutral fractions were obtained by the partition method. The fundamental properties of crude vinegar, including its fractions applied to repel biting midges (Forcipomyia taiwana), were investigated. Results indicated that the crude vinegar had a moisture content of 91%, Gardner color value of 11.2, a reddish-brown color, specific gravity of 1.0164, pH of 5.36, organic acid content of 2.50%, and soluble tar content of 0.78%. In ether-extracted vinegar of M. micrantha, the acidic component was the major ingredient, followed by the neutral, phenolic, and nitrogenous components. The main organic compounds of the acidic, phenolic, nitrogenous, and neutral components were acetic acid, phenol, 3-pyridinol, and 2-furanmethanol, respectively. The results also demonstrated that the crude vinegar, ether-extracted vinegar, and the phenolic and neutral fractions effectively repelled biting midges, with absolute repellent times of 49, 87, 83, and 99 min, respectively. The repellent activity of ether-extracted vinegar and the phenolic and neutral fractions of M. micrantha vinegar on biting midges was higher than that of a commercial repellent agent (named Dinling) with absolute repellent time of 61 min.

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KRIŽANAUSKIENĖ, ASTA, TATJANA A. IEZHOVA, RAVINDER N. M. SEHGAL, JENNY S. CARLSON, VAIDAS PALINAUSKAS, STAFFAN BENSCH, and GEDIMINAS VALKIŪNAS. "Molecular characterization of Haemoproteus sacharovi (Haemosporida, Haemoproteidae), a common parasite of columbiform birds, with remarks on classification of haemoproteids of doves and pigeons." Zootaxa 3616, no. 1 (February 18, 2013): 85–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3616.1.7.

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Haemoproteus (Haemosporida, Haemoproteidae) is the largest genus of avian haemosporidian parasites, some species of which cause lethal diseases in birds. Subgenera Parahaemoproteus and Haemoproteus are usually accepted in this genus; these parasites are transmitted by biting midges (Ceratopogonidae) and hippoboscid flies (Hippoboscidae), respectively. As of yet, species of Parahaemoproteus have not been reported to infect doves and pigeons (Columbiformes), parasites of these birds have not been reported to be transmitted by biting midges (Ceratopogonidae). Applying microscopy and PCR based methods, we identified mitochondrial cytochrome b (cyt b) sequences of Haemoproteus sacharovi, a wide-spread parasite of doves and pigeons. Phylogenetic relationships of dove haemoproteids, which traditionally have been classified in the subgenus Haemoproteus, showed that H. sacharovi and H. turtur, common parasites of doves, branch in the clade with Parahaemoproteus species, indicating that these haemoproteids may belong to this subgenus and are likely transmitted by biting midges. This study provides barcodes for H. sacharovi, clarifies the taxonomic positions of H. sa-charovi and H. turtur, and indicates directions for development of classification of avian haemoproteid species. Our anal-ysis shows that the current subgeneric classification of avian haemoproteids is generally effective, but the position of some species may need to be revised.

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Trapero-Quintana, Adrian, Yusdiel Torres-Cambas, Anais Rivas-Torres, Sónia Ferreira, and Adolfo Cordero-Rivera. "The first record of parasitism by Forcipomyia (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in Cuban odonates." Novitates Caribaea, no. 14 (July 15, 2019): 105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.33800/nc.v0i14.202.

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Several species of biting midges of the genus Forcipomyia are frequently found attached to the wings of adult odonates, acting as parasites by sucking haemolymph from the wing veins. Here we report the first finding of F. incubans on odonates in the peninsula of Zapata, Cuba. We found the midge on the wings of Erythrodiplax simplicicollis, E. umbrata, Crocothemis servilia, and in the wings and body of Perithemis domitia, all species belonging to the family Libellulidae. This is the first record of this interaction for the Antilles.

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González, Mikel, Sergio López, Gloria Rosell, Arturo Goldarazena, and Angel Guerrero. "Cuticular and Internal Chemical Composition of Biting Midges Culicoides spp. (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae), Potential Vectors of Viral Diseases." Natural Product Communications 9, no. 8 (August 2014): 1934578X1400900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1400900811.

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The chemical profile of the cuticle and internal tissues of four species of Culicoides have been studied for the first time by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The chemical composition of females of C. obsoletus s.l. and C. lupicaris, vectors of diverse viral diseases, have been compared with that of other biting midges, such as C. kibunensis and C. fascipennis, and the non-biting midge Forcipomyia bipunctata. A total of 61 compounds belonging to 8 major chemical classes were identified in cuticular and internal tissues in n-hexane extracts. The compounds include carboxylic acids (CAs) (C6-C20), with C16:0, C16:1 and C18:1 being dominant, branched hydrocarbons (C29 to C38 mono/di/trimethylalkanes), linear hydrocarbons (C15 to C33, mainly odd chain carbons), terpenes (geranylacetone, geranylgeraniol acetate, squalene, terpenic alcohol), steroids (cholesterol), aldehydes (C9-C10 and even chain C20 to C30), and esters. The chemical profile depends on the species and whether the extracts are external (cuticle) or internal. The contents of linear and branched hydrocarbons and aldehydes was high in cuticular extracts but practically absent in internal tissues, which were, in contrast, rich in CAs, terpenes and steroids. The results are discussed and compared with other Culicoides midges and mosquito-related species.

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Rozo-Lopez, Paula, Berlin Londono-Renteria, and Barbara S. Drolet. "Venereal Transmission of Vesicular Stomatitis Virus by Culicoides sonorensis Midges." Pathogens 9, no. 4 (April 24, 2020): 316. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9040316.

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Culicoides sonorensis biting midges are well-known agricultural pests and transmission vectors of arboviruses such as vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV). The epidemiology of VSV is complex and encompasses a broad range of vertebrate hosts, multiple routes of transmission, and diverse vector species. In temperate regions, viruses can overwinter in the absence of infected animals through unknown mechanisms, to reoccur the next year. Non-conventional routes for VSV vector transmission may help explain viral maintenance in midge populations during inter-epidemic periods and times of adverse conditions for bite transmission. In this study, we examined whether VSV could be transmitted venereally between male and female midges. Our results showed that VSV-infected females could venereally transmit virus to uninfected naïve males at a rate as high as 76.3% (RT-qPCR), 31.6% (virus isolation) during the third gonotrophic cycle. Additionally, VSV-infected males could venereally transmit virus to uninfected naïve females at a rate as high as 76.6% (RT-qPCR), 49.2% (virus isolation). Immunofluorescent staining of micro-dissected reproductive organs, immunochemical staining of midge histological sections, examination of internal reproductive organ morphology, and observations of mating behaviors were used to determine relevant anatomical sites for virus location and to hypothesize the potential mechanism for VSV transmission in C. sonorensis midges through copulation.

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Spinelli, Gustavo R., María M. Ronderos, Florentina Díaz, and Pablo I. Marino. "The bloodsucking biting midges of Argentina (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)." Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 100, no. 2 (April 2005): 137–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0074-02762005000200006.

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Elbers, Armin R. W., Rudy Meiswinkel, Erik van Weezep, Marianne M. Sloet van Oldruitenborgh-Oosterbaan, and Engbert A. Kooi. "Schmallenberg Virus inCulicoidesspp. Biting Midges, the Netherlands, 2011." Emerging Infectious Diseases 19, no. 1 (January 2013): 106–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1901.121054.

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Eriksson, N. E., B. Ryden, and P. Jonsson. "Hypersensitivity to larvae of chironomids (non-biting midges).." Allergy 44, no. 5 (July 1989): 305–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.1989.tb00451.x.

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VOTÝPKA, J., P. SYNEK, and M. SVOBODOVÁ. "Endophagy of biting midges attacking cavity-nesting birds." Medical and Veterinary Entomology 23, no. 3 (September 2009): 277–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2915.2009.00800.x.

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Lucientes, J., and P. M. Alarcón-Elbal. "Culicoides biting midges in Spain: A brief overview." Small Ruminant Research 142 (September 2016): 69–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2016.01.023.

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Szadziewski, Ryszard. "Biting Midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) from Burmese amber, Myanmar." Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 2, no. 2 (January 2004): 115–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1477201904001178.

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Bernotienė, Rasa, Tatjana A. Iezhova, Dovilė Bukauskaitė, Carolina Romeiro Fernandes Chagas, Margarita Kazak, and Gediminas Valkiūnas. "Development of Trypanosoma everetti in Culicoides biting midges." Acta Tropica 210 (October 2020): 105555. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105555.

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Nelder, Mark P., Dustin A. Swanson, Peter H. Adler, and William L. Grogan. "Biting Midges of the GenusCulicoidesin South Carolina Zoos." Journal of Insect Science 10, no. 55 (June 2010): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1673/031.010.5501.

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Borkent, Art. "Proceedings of the National Conference on Biting Midges." Annals of the Entomological Society of America 85, no. 1 (January 1, 1992): 107–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aesa/85.1.107a.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Biting midges'

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