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1
Krosch, Matthew Neil. "Evolutionary biology of Gondwanan non-biting midges (Diptera: Chironomidae)." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2010. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/41749/1/Matthew_Krosch_Thesis.pdf.
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The potential restriction to effective dispersal and gene flow caused by habitat fragmentation can apply to multiple levels of evolutionary scale; from the fragmentation of ancient supercontinents driving diversification and speciation on disjunct landmasses, to the isolation of proximate populations as a result of their inability to cross intervening unsuitable habitat. Investigating the role of habitat fragmentation in driving diversity within and among taxa can thus include inferences of phylogenetic relationships among taxa, assessments of intraspecific phylogeographic structure and analyses of gene flow among neighbouring populations. The proposed Gondwanan clade within the chironomid (non-biting midge) subfamily Orthocladiinae (Diptera: Chironomidae) represents a model system for investigating the role that population fragmentation and isolation has played at different evolutionary scales. A pilot study by Krosch et al (2009) indentified several highly divergent lineages restricted to ancient rainforest refugia and limited gene flow among proximate sites within a refuge for one member of this clade, Echinocladius martini Cranston. This study provided a framework for investigating the evolutionary history of this taxon and its relatives more thoroughly. Populations of E. martini were sampled in the Paluma bioregion of northeast Queensland to investigate patterns of fine-scale within- and among-stream dispersal and gene flow within a refuge more rigorously. Data was incorporated from Krosch et al (2009) and additional sites were sampled up- and downstream of the original sites. Analyses of genetic structure revealed strong natal site fidelity and high genetic structure among geographically proximate streams. Little evidence was found for regular headwater exchange among upstream sites, but there was distinct evidence for rare adult flight among sites on separate stream reaches. Overall, however, the distribution of shared haplotypes implied that both larval and adult dispersal was largely limited to the natal stream channel. Patterns of regional phylogeographic structure were examined in two related austral orthoclad taxa – Naonella forsythi Boothroyd from New Zealand and Ferringtonia patagonica Sæther and Andersen from southern South America – to provide a comparison with patterns revealed in their close relative E. martini. Both taxa inhabit tectonically active areas of the southern hemisphere that have also experienced several glaciation events throughout the Plio-Pleistocene that are thought to have affected population structure dramatically in many taxa. Four highly divergent lineages estimated to have diverged since the late Miocene were revealed in each taxon, mirroring patterns in E. martini; however, there was no evidence for local geographical endemism, implying substantial range expansion post-diversification. The differences in pattern evident among the three related taxa were suggested to have been influenced by variation in the responses of closed forest habitat to climatic fluctuations during interglacial periods across the three landmasses. Phylogeographic structure in E. martini was resolved at a continental scale by expanding upon the sampling design of Krosch et al (2009) to encompass populations in southeast Queensland, New South Wales and Victoria. Patterns of phylogeographic structure were consistent with expectations and several previously unrecognised lineages were revealed from central- and southern Australia that were geographically endemic to closed forest refugia. Estimated divergence times were congruent with the timing of Plio-Pleistocene rainforest contractions across the east coast of Australia. This suggested that dispersal and gene flow of E. martini among isolated refugia was highly restricted and that this taxon was susceptible to the impacts of habitat change. Broader phylogenetic relationships among taxa considered to be members of this Gondwanan orthoclad group were resolved in order to test expected patterns of evolutionary affinities across the austral continents. The inferred phylogeny and estimated divergence times did not accord with expected patterns based on the geological sequence of break-up of the Gondwanan supercontinent and implied instead several transoceanic dispersal events post-vicariance. Difficulties in appropriate taxonomic sampling and accurate calibration of molecular phylogenies notwithstanding, the sampling regime implemented in the current study has been the most intensive yet performed for austral members of the Orthocladiinae and unsurprisingly has revealed both novel taxa and phylogenetic relationships within and among described genera. Several novel associations between life stages are made here for both described and previously unknown taxa. Investigating evolutionary relationships within and among members of this clade of proposed Gondwanan orthoclad taxa has demonstrated that a complex interaction between historical population fragmentation and dispersal at several levels of evolutionary scale has been important in driving diversification in this group. While interruptions to migration, colonisation and gene flow driven by population fragmentation have clearly contributed to the development and maintenance of much of the diversity present in this group, long-distance dispersal has also played a role in influencing diversification of continental biotas and facilitating gene flow among disjunct populations.
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Wittmann, Emma Jane. "Temperature and the transmission of arboviruses by Culicoides biting midges." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1983/8e2879e9-8ad4-439e-9f6d-4e36a6a8afea.
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Marsh, Peter Michael. "Ecological studies on Culicoides impunctatus (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) with reference to its control in the Highlands of Scotland." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/15275.
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Fu, Haiyan. "Mechanisms controlling the infection of Culicoides biting midges with bluetongue virus." Thesis, University of Hertfordshire, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/2299/14153.
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The mechanisms controlling the transmission of bluetongue virus (DTV) by vector Culicoides species were studied using immunohistochemistry, virus titration assays, in vitro transmission tests, viral binding protein analyses and transmission electron microscopy. After infection with BTV by intrathoracic (IT) inoculation, 100% of C. variipennis individuals from a susceptible colony developed a fully disseminated infection and transmitted the virus through their saliva. However only 35.4% of midges were . persistently infected after ingestion of an infectious blood meal, while only 12.1 % of persistently infected midges transmitted the virus through their saliva. The titres of BTV were about 10,·oTCIDsJmidge [Standard error of means (SEM) of log-transformed data=0.15, n=1400] in IT inoculated midges and varied from 0.32 to lQs.oTCIDsJmidge in orally infected individuals. Only those midges containing ~1 03.oTCIDso of BTV could transmit the virus through their saliva. The following patterns were observed in orally (persistently) infected individuals: 1) virus was restricted to the anterior and posterior midgut, and the foregut-midgut junction; 2) virus replicated in the gut cells, disseminated into the haemocoel but could only be detected in a few sporadic fat body cells beyond the gut; 3) virus escaped from the gut cells into the haemocoel and replicated in some secondary organs/tissues but at low levels; 4) a fully disseminated infection was observed and virus replicated in the haemocoel and secondary organs/tissues, including the salivary glands, at high levels. The infection of the gut can be divided into two main types: 1) virus replication in gut cells ranging from very low to higher levels but with virus spread throughout the cytoplasm of the infected cells; 2) virus positive reaction restricted to endosome-like structures in the cytoplasm of some gut cells. BTV was detected in the anterior and posterior midgut, foregut-midgut junction, fat body, ganglia, salivary glands and ommatidia of the compound eyes of some infected midges. No virus was ever found in the hindgut cells, muscles, Malpighian tubes and oocytes/nurse cells of the ovaries. BTV infection of the salivary glands of C. l'ariipcnnis was shown to follow a typical pattern. Virus entered the acinar cells from the haemococl passing through the basement membrane, then localised and replicated in virus inclusion bodies (VIBs) in the cytoplasm of acinar cells. Mature progeny virus particles were released into acini, then transported through intermediate ducts and accumulated in crystalline arrays in the lumen of the major secretory ducts. No virus was released back into the haemocoel through the basement membrane; nor was virus released back into acinar cells from the acini. Nervous tissue of C. l'ariipennis is one of the most susceptible tissues to BTV. Ultrastructural observation showed characteristics ofBTV replication, including formation of VIBs, large amounts of progeny virus particles and tubules, in infected thoracic ganglia. A 60-kD viral protein adhered to both BHK-21 (mammalian) cells and a Culicoides cell line, KC cells. A 44-kD BTV viral protein, co-migrating with non structural protein NS2, adsorbed to BHK-21 cells but not to KC cells, while a 39.6 kD viral protein, co-migrating with major inner capsid protein VP7, adhered only to KC cells but not to BHK-21 cells.
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Labuschagne, K., LJ Gerber, I. Espie, and S. Carpenter. "Culicoides biting midges at the National Zoological Gardens of South Africa." Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, 2007. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1001257.
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Abstract
Culicoides biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) are responsible for the transmission of a large
number of pathogens to livestock and wild animals. In this study the presence of the genus, using light
traps based at four different sites within the National Zoological Gardens of South Africa, was investigated
during 2002-2004. In total, 37species were recorded, including large numbers of Culicoides
irnicola Kieffer, 1913, which is responsible for the transmission of economically important arboviruses
in South Africa, Europe, Middle and Far East. These results are discussed with reference to the wider
Culicoides fauna in the Onderstepoort area of South Africa, their vector competence as well as biosecurity
at the National Zoological Gardens.
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O'Connell, Lelia. "Entomological aspects of the transmission of arboviral diseases by Culidoides biting midges." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.247899.
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Strandberg, Jonas. "Taking a Bite out of Diversity - Taxonomy and systematics of biting midges." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Zoologiska institutionen, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-127144.
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The biting midges (family Ceratopogonidae) is one of the most species rich amongst the biting flies (Diptera) and has been recorded from most parts of the world. The species are mostly known for their capability to act as vectors for several important diseases, which have helped in shaping the focus to one of its genera, Culicoides Latreille, 1809. This thesis gives an overview of the knowledge of the Swedish diversity, in the first paper (paper I) with a closer look at the species of Dasyhelea Kieffer, 1911 where all twenty species found in Sweden are presented with their associated localities, and two new species are described. In the second paper (paper II) the biting midge diversity of Sweden is presented based on specimens collected from several localities. All these individuals were barcoded using the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene (COI). The analysis included 773 specimens that were assigned into 214 barcoding clusters (BINs) and sorted into 164 groups based on their morphology. The third paper (paper III) broadens the scale were the evolutionary relationships within the family are investigated by applying five protein coding genes (COI, CAD, TPI, AATS and PGD) and specimens from different parts of the World. The analysis recovers Ceratopogonini, Forcipomyia Meigen, 1818 and Bezzia Kieffer, 1899 as paraphyletic and Palpomyia Meigen, 1818 polyphyletic. In the last and fourth paper (paper IV) the family is used as a model organism together with Hymenoptera for an alternative analysis method for reducing the impact of saturation and long-branch attraction using non-synonymous coding (e.g. Degen1) on only parts of a dataset. The effectiveness of the method is compared to the removal of the faster evolving third codon position. The result yields a higher number of supported nodes as well as a higher median of support for the method as well as an ability to reduce long-branch attraction artifacts.At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: Manuscript. Paper 3: Manuscript. Paper 4: Manuscript.
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Page, Patrick Collin. "Investigation of methods for protection of horses in jet stalls against Culicoides biting midges." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/53307.
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Culicoides biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae), specifically Culicoides (Avaritia) imicola Kieffer and Culicoides (Avaritia) bolitinos Meiswinkel have been implicated as vectors of African horse sickness virus (AHSV) and equine encephalosis virus (EEV) in southern Africa. Intercontinental trade is a potential mechanism whereby midge-borne viruses, such as AHSV, may be introduced into immunologically naive horse populations. Horses in containerised air transport systems (jet stalls) may be at risk of exposure to Culicoides midges during international export from South Africa. The World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) has recently recommended that during export from, and transit through, African horse sickness (AHS) endemic countries or zones, measures of a physical and chemical nature are applied to protect horses from Culicoides midge attack. To contribute to information on effective measures of protection and to generate data on the effect of these on welfare of horses in jet stalls, the efficacy and safety of alphacypermethrin-treated high density polyethylene (HDPE) mesh applied to jet stalls as a method for protection of horses against Culicoides midges was investigated at the Faculty of Veterinary Science, Onderstepoort.
Firstly, the repellent and insecticidal efficacy of alphacypermethrin-treated HDPE mesh against Culicoides midges was determined using Onderstepoort 220V downdraught black light traps and a contact bioassay. Three traps were operated overnight in four replicates of a 3 x 3 randomised Latin square design near horses. Both an untreated and alphacypermethrin-treated HDPE mesh significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the numbers of Culicoides midges, predominantly C. imicola, collected in the light traps by 4.2 and 7.2 times, respectively. A repellent effect of the alphacypermethrin-treated mesh was not confirmed because the number of midges collected in the light traps with untreated and alphacypermethrin-treated HDPE mesh were not significantly different (P = 0.656). Bioassay of the insecticidal contact efficacy indicated median C. imicola mortality of 100% from 30 and 10 min following exposure to the alphacypermethrin-treated HDPE mesh for 1 or 3 min, respectively. In the bioassay, mortality was significantly higher (P = 0.016) at 5 min post exposure in the midges exposed to the alphacypermethrin-treated mesh for 3 min (74.8%) compared to the 1 min exposure group (59.5%).
Secondly, the efficacy of alphacypermethrin-treated HDPE mesh applied to jet stalls against Culicoides midges was determined by mechanical aspiration of midges from horses and using light traps in four blocks of a 3 x 2 randomised design. The alphacypermethrin-treated HDPE mesh applied to the stall significantly (P = 0.008) reduced the number of Culicoides midges, predominantly C. imicola, mechanically aspirated from horses housed in the stall. The mesh reduced the Culicoides midge attack rate in the treated stall compared to the untreated stall and a sentinel horse by 6 times and 14 times, respectively. The number of Culicoides midges and C. imicola collected in light traps from the untreated and alphacypermethrin HDPE mesh-treated stalls did not differ significantly (P = 0.82).
Finally, the effect of alphacypermethrin insecticide-treated HDPE mesh on ventilation and welfare of horses housed in jet stalls was determined under temperate, climatic conditions. Jet stall microclimate, clinical variables and faecal glucocorticoid metabolites (FGM) of 12 horses were monitored during overnight housing in either a treated or untreated jet stall in two blocks of a 2 x 3 randomized crossover design. Temperature difference between the treated stall and outside differed significantly from the difference between the untreatedThesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2015.
tm2016
Companion Animal Clinical Studies
PhD
9
Lamb, Cho. "The influence of temperature and metaphyton on non-biting midges (Diptera: Chironomidae) at Lake Joondalup." Thesis, Lamb, Cho (2001) The influence of temperature and metaphyton on non-biting midges (Diptera: Chironomidae) at Lake Joondalup. Honours thesis, Murdoch University, 2001. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/40787/.
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Problems of nuisance midge (Diptera: Chironomidae) swarms are common at enriched Perth Wetlands. This project sought to investigate the following hypotheses: Environmental parameters are not limiting to larval chironomid density; larval chironomid density is related to environmental temperature; metaphyton provides both a food source and habitat for larval chironomids.
The following variables were measured at three sites over the period April to September, 2001: conductivity, pH, gilvin, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, chlorophyll a, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, ambient temperature and temperature of the sediment, water column and metaphyton. The three sampling sites provided contrasting habitats and potential food resources for chironomid larvae: bare sediment with dense stands of the algae Chara sp. and sediment covered by a layer of metaphyton.
Larval densities reached 6817 larvae m-2 during the sampling period, however no nuisance swarms were recorded. Of the environmental variables measured, only conductivity, dissolved oxygen and temperature appeared to limit larval chironomid density. Comparison of the ambient temperature for 2000 (when a nuisance swarm occurred) and 2001, suggests that temperature was important for triggering the emergence rates of pupa required for nuisance swarm densities.
Food resources were found to be non-limiting to the development of chironomid larvae. Furthermore, the diet of larvae reflected the composition of food resources found at each of the three micro habitats.
A mathematical model was constructed to examine the interaction between water column phytoplankton, phosphorus concentrations, temperature and larval chironomid densities. The results obtained suggested that temperature had the greatest influence on larval chironomid densities. Further modifications might include factors such as metaphyton and detritus as food sources.
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Riegler, Lutz. "Variation in African horse sickness virus and its effect on the vector competence of culicoides biting midges." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2002. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/843/.
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Chitra, Eric, and n/a. "Bionomics of Culicoides molestus (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae): a pest biting midge in Gold Coast canal estates." Griffith University. School of Environmental and Applied Science, 2004. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20041119.101151.
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Culicoides molestus (Skuse) is the major species of biting midge that plagues human comfort in the estuarine Gold Coast region of southeast Queensland. Local authorities have initiated a search for an effective, non-chemical means of control, that would minimize human-midge interaction. The effectiveness of a program to control an organism, such as a biting midge, is dependent upon knowledge of the biology of the particular organism of interest. This project revolved examines the lifecycle of C. molestus in detail. It addresses questions regarding the location, seasonal distribution, and dispersal of its juvenile stages in the sand of infested beaches, and their response to chemical treatment, the monthly and annual cycles of the adult midge, and the possibilities of achieving laboratory oviposition, as a first step to laboratory colonisation. The distribution of eggs, larvae and pupae of C. molestus was found to be mostly concentrated around, but below, mean tide level. They also occurred well below the mean tide level. Eggs and larvae have been recovered from as deep as 10 cm in the sand. A seasonal study of the juveniles of this species indicated that they were more strongly influenced by tides than seasons. After a routine pest-control larviciding treatment, a beach recolonisation study revealed that beaches become suitable for oviposition approximately two months after treatment. Large larvae invaded the sprayed areas within days of treatment, which suggests the existence of a refuge outside of the reach of the insecticide. Larvae found in clean (egg- and larva-free), isolated sand containers, placed on the study beach, indicated that larvae could swim in or on the water as a way of moving around the beach. Extended bite-rate studies highlighted the existence of four peaks in adult midge biting activity during the course of a year, around the mid seasons. The strongest peaks of activity were found to be in autumn and spring, but the data suggest that the species undergoes four generations in a year. Through a series of trial-and-error experiments, oviposition under laboratory conditions was achieved. Although the time from blood-feeding to egg maturation is not yet well determined, it occurs within an eight day mean survival period. Blood quality appears critical for adult blood-fed midge survival. Midges fed on the blood of a volunteer who was frequently exposed to midge bites do not live long enough to mature its eggs. The partial ovarial development of one unfed adult female, reared in the laboratory, indicates that C. molestus is facultatively anautogenous.
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Chitra, Eric. "Bionomics of Culicoides molestus (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae): a pest biting midge in Gold Coast canal estates." Thesis, Griffith University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/367178.
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Culicoides molestus (Skuse) is the major species of biting midge that plagues human comfort in the estuarine Gold Coast region of southeast Queensland. Local authorities have initiated a search for an effective, non-chemical means of control, that would minimize human-midge interaction. The effectiveness of a program to control an organism, such as a biting midge, is dependent upon knowledge of the biology of the particular organism of interest. This project revolved examines the lifecycle of C. molestus in detail. It addresses questions regarding the location, seasonal distribution, and dispersal of its juvenile stages in the sand of infested beaches, and their response to chemical treatment, the monthly and annual cycles of the adult midge, and the possibilities of achieving laboratory oviposition, as a first step to laboratory colonisation. The distribution of eggs, larvae and pupae of C. molestus was found to be mostly concentrated around, but below, mean tide level. They also occurred well below the mean tide level. Eggs and larvae have been recovered from as deep as 10 cm in the sand. A seasonal study of the juveniles of this species indicated that they were more strongly influenced by tides than seasons. After a routine pest-control larviciding treatment, a beach recolonisation study revealed that beaches become suitable for oviposition approximately two months after treatment. Large larvae invaded the sprayed areas within days of treatment, which suggests the existence of a refuge outside of the reach of the insecticide. Larvae found in clean (egg- and larva-free), isolated sand containers, placed on the study beach, indicated that larvae could swim in or on the water as a way of moving around the beach. Extended bite-rate studies highlighted the existence of four peaks in adult midge biting activity during the course of a year, around the mid seasons. The strongest peaks of activity were found to be in autumn and spring, but the data suggest that the species undergoes four generations in a year. Through a series of trial-and-error experiments, oviposition under laboratory conditions was achieved. Although the time from blood-feeding to egg maturation is not yet well determined, it occurs within an eight day mean survival period. Blood quality appears critical for adult blood-fed midge survival. Midges fed on the blood of a volunteer who was frequently exposed to midge bites do not live long enough to mature its eggs. The partial ovarial development of one unfed adult female, reared in the laboratory, indicates that C. molestus is facultatively anautogenous.Thesis (Masters)
Master of Philosophy (MPhil)
School of Environmental and Applied Science
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Breidenbaugh, Mark. "Testing Effects of Aerial Spray Technologies on Biting Flies and Nontarget Insects at the Parris Island Marine Corps Recruit Depot, South Carolina, USA." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1228223589.
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Temmam, Sarah. "Caractérisation des communautés virales de vecteurs & réservoirs de zoonoses : exemples des culicoïdes et de la viande de brousse." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM5004/document.
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Les zoonoses constituent plus des deux tiers des pathologies virales qui concernent l’homme. Le développement et la démocratisation des outils de métagénomique en font de bons outils d’inventaire et de surveillance de virus potentiellement émergents.Dans un premier temps j’ai développé et validé un protocole expérimental de purification des viromes à ARN qui permettait le maintien de l’infectivité des particules virales. Ce protocole a ensuite été appliqué pour caractériser les communautés virales d’arthropodes hématophages et de prélèvements de faune sauvage. J’ai par la suite réalisé l’inventaire des communautés virales de viande de singe fumée illégalement importée en France et confisquée par les douanes, qui a révélé la présence de nombreux bactériophages, dont certains pourraient infecter des bactéries potentiellement pathogènes pour l’homme.Enfin j’ai caractérisé les communautés virales de culicoïdes collectés au Sénégal, ce qui a permis de mettre en évidence la présence de nombreux virus géants à ADN infectant les amibes. Le séquençage des viromes à ARN a quant à lui révélé la présence d'un certain nombre d'arbovirus qui pourraient constituer un risque d’émergence pour la santé humaine. Du fait de nombreux facteurs intrinsèques et extérieurs à l’agent infectieux, la prédiction des futures émergences de virus zoonotiques est très compliquée voire utopique, mais elle reste un challenge crucial et d’actualité. La stratégie de réalisation d’inventaires des communautés virales présentes dans les différents acteurs des cycles de transmission zoonotique est un premier pas indispensable dans la connaissance des risques potentiels d’émergence en population humaineZoonoses are responsible of more than two thirds of human viral infections. The development of high-throughput sequencing tools and their application in metagenomics allow inventorying the viral communities of various reservoirs in order to detect the emergence of viruses before their infection to humans. In this context, I characterized the viral communities of simian bushmeat illegally imported into France and of Culicoides biting midges, recognized vectors of several viruses of human and veterinary medicine importance. I have first developed a protocol for the purification of RNA viromes which allowed maintaining the infectivity of viral particles. This protocol was subsequently applied to characterize viral communities of bloodsucking arthropods and wildlife samples. In a second part I realized the inventory of viral communities of smoked simian bushmeat illegally imported into France and confiscated by the French customs. This study revealed the presence of a wide diversity of bacteriophages, in which some of them could infect bacteria potentially pathogenic for humans.Finally I characterized the viral communities of Culicoides biting midges collected in Senegal, which revealed the presence of sequences related to several giant DNA viruses infecting amoeba. Sequencing of the RNA virome revealed the presence of several arboviruses that could constitute a risk of emergence of zoonoses for humans.The prediction of future emerging zoonotic viruses is very difficult, if not impossible. However the characterization of viral communities present in the different actors of zoonotic transmission cycle is a first step to evaluate potential risks of transmission to humans
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Carpenter, Simon. "Colonisation and dispersal studies of the Scottish biting midge, Culicoides impunctatus Goetghebuer." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2001. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=237733.
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This study investigates aspects of the biology of C. impunctatus with a view to producing an optimised laboratory culture of this species. Artificial membrane feeding of C. impunctatus is shown to be enhanced by the addition of blood vestiges to the outer surface of the feeding apparatus. The effects of holding temperature, environment and conspecific density upon oogenesis in blood fed female midges are assessed through mortality, digestion of the blood meal and development of the eggbatch over time. Oviposition in C. impunctatus is investigated through choice and nochoice bioassays which show Sphagnum spp. Mosses to be highly effective in this regard. Juncus articulatuslacutiflorus infusions also significantly increase the number of eggs laid by females in comparison to oviposition substrates used in colonisation of other midge species. Preliminary studies are also carried out to provide a suitable larval medium for colonisation purposes. The possibility of future colonisation is discussed with reference both to those experiments carried out, and to those areas not yet addressed in the C. impunctatus lifecycle. Dispersal of C. impunctatus is also examined, both on a local scale and in terms of gene flow between UK populations. Capture, mark, recapture studies showed the marked population of C. impunctatus remained relatively close to the release site in the habitat used for the study. The effect of prevailing winds, however, was found to be highly important in terms of passive directional movements of individuals. Daily survival rates of parous females were calculated as very low in relation to other species of midge making this species an unlikely candidate for pathogen transfer in Scotland. Polymorphism in the molecular markers used to examine gene flow in C. impunctatus across the UK was minimal and precluded phylogenetic analysis. This result is interpreted in terms of both possible long-distance dispersal and the effects of rapid post-glacial popUlation expansion into the UK.
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Mills, Mary Katherine. "Vector-pathogen interactions within the vector, Culicoides sonorensis." Diss., Kansas State University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/38154.
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Doctor of PhilosophyDivision of Biology
Kristin Michel
The biting midge, Culicoides sonorensis, vectors orbiviruses of economic importance, such as epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV). Due to the limitations in available molecular tools, critical Culicoides-orbivirus interactions underlying vector competence remain unclear. To provide a foundation for the study of midge-EHDV interactions, RNA interference (RNAi) was developed as a reverse genetic tool, and EHDV-2 infection dynamics were determined within C. sonorensis. To develop RNAi, exogenous double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) was injected into C. sonorensis adults specific to the C. sonorensis inhibitor of apoptosis protein 1 (CsIAP1) ortholog (dsCsIAP1). A significant decrease in CsIAP1 transcripts was observed in whole midges, with highest reduction in the midgut. In addition, dsCsIAP1-injected midges had increased mortality, a loss of midgut tissue integrity, and increased caspase activity. The longevity and midgut phenotypes were partially reversed by the co-injection of dsRNA specific to the C. sonorensis initiator caspase Dronc ortholog and CsIAP1. These results demonstrated that RNAi can be achieved in the midge midgut through injection of target dsRNAs into the hemolymph. Furthermore, the time course of EHDV-2 infection within C. sonorensis was characterized. EHDV-2 infection was observed in the midgut and secondary tissues, including the salivary glands, by 5 days post-feeding (dpf). These data are consistent with dissemination of EHDV-2 to secondary susceptible tissues throughout the midge via the hemolymph and indicate that virus transmission by C. sonorensis may occur as early as 5 dpf. This work provides a foundation for the future study of Culicoides-orbivirus interactions, including the antiviral role of RNAi at the midgut barrier.
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Dinwiddie, April. "The structure and function of a unique wing organ in an extinct biting midge, Eohelea (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) /." Connect to online version, 2008. http://ada.mtholyoke.edu/setr/websrc/pdfs/www/2008/.pdf.
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Rigot, Thibaud. "The space-time distribution of Palearctic Culicoides spp. vectors of Bluetongue disease in Europe." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209835.
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Abstract :Bluetongue (BT) is a vector-borne infectious disease primarily transmitted to even- toed ungulates by the bite of several Culicoides species. The global distribution of BT can be attributed to the ubiquity of its vectors and its rapid spread, likely to the enhancement of human activities (intensification of animal production, trans- port, changing habitat). During the last decades, BT established in Southern Europe and more recently emerged in Northern Europe, causing the death of millions of domestic ruminants. On the same time, a Belgian research project has been set up to develop remote-sensing tools to study the EPidemiology and Space-TIme dynamicS of infectious diseases (EPISTIS). In that general framework, this thesis aimed to study the space-time distribution of the main Culicoides vectors occurring in Italy and Belgium, at two different scales. Firstly, we aimed to clarify the role of several eco-climatic factors on the regional-scale distribution of C. imicola in time, based on weekly samplings achieved throughout Italy from 2001 to 2006 and to develop an easy-to-use and reproducible tool, which could be widely validated on the basis of former vector sampling and freely accessible remote-sensing data. Secondly, we aimed to investigate how Culicoides species were distributed in the fine-scale habitat encountered throughout the agro-ecological landscapes of Belgium, while recent studies have suggested that the landscapes configuration could explain the spatial distribution of BT. In the first part, we showed that an autoregressive model where the observed monthly growth rate is predicted by monthly temperature, allowed predicting >70% of the seasonal variability in C. imicola trap catches. The model predicted the seasonality, the altitudinal gradient, and the low populations’ activity taking place during the winter. Incorporating eco-climatic indices such as the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index into the model did not enhance its predictive power. In the second part, we quantified how Culicoides populations are spatially structured in the neighbourhood of farms, and demonstrated the unexpectedly high level of population found in forest. We also showed how four classes of land use could influence the relative abundances of Culicoides species in the agro-ecological landscapes of Belgium. Although in summer, BT vectors were abundant in each of the four classes investigated, their relative abundances varied strongly as a function of sex, species and environmental conditions, and we quantified these variations. Finally, we also presented a new method to quantify the interference between Onderstepoort light traps, and used it to measure their range of attraction for several of the most common BT vectors species in Northern Europe. The model developed on C. imicola in Italy provided enthusiastic perspectives regarding the regional-scale analyses of its distribution in time, although further improvements are nevertheless required in order to assess the broad scale ecology of BT vectors throughout Europe. Mapping the abundances of C. imicola in Sardinia high- lighted an important lack of reliability attributable to the many land use classes that are currently not sampled in the vector surveillance achieved across Europe. Together with the novelties presented in the second part and the recent findings establishing that BT could circulate among wild hosts in both epidemiological systems (i.e. in Southern and Northern Europe), we call for increasing epidemiological and entomo- logical studies at the interface between farms and the surrounding natural habitats. Last, depicting in time the landscape-scale findings for Northern Europe highlighted how dramatic could be the role played by intensive farming practices to maintain BT within the agro-ecological landscapes studied and to facilitate its circulation between them. Quantifying the amplitude of the risk of disease transmission linked to these practices would require a further complex modeling approach accounting simultaneously for the diel activity of hosts, mainly resulting from the farming activities, the diel activities of different vector species and the landscapes configuration found in contrasted agro-ecological systems.Résumé :La fièvre catarrhale ovine (FCO), encore appelée maladie de la langue bleue, est une maladie infectieuse des ruminants transmise par la piqûre d’un vecteur de type moucheron appartenant au genre Culicoides (Diptera :Ceratopogonidae). L’ubiquité de ses vecteurs peut expliquer son succès d’installation à l’échelle globale. Par ailleurs, sa rapide expansion a été grandement facilitée par l’importante activité anthropique (élevage, transport, modification de l’habitat) et peut-être même par les changements climatiques globaux. La FCO a été récemment qualifiée de maladie infectieuse émergente en Europe du fait de (i) son récent établissement dans la région, bien au delà de son aire de répartition traditionnelle, (ii) de sa forte capacité de dispersion affectant chaque jour un nombre plus important d’hôtes et enfin (iii) de sa forte virulence. Après avoir détaillé les caractéristiques majeures des deux principaux foyers de FCO rencontrés en Europe depuis 1998, la présente thèse s’est plus particulièrement intéressée à l’étude de la distribution spatio-temporelle de ses principaux vecteurs dans le sud (partie 1) puis dans le nord (partie 2) de l’Europe, à différentes échelles. Dans la première partie, un modèle discret, spatialement et temporellement explicite, a été développé afin de mesurer l’influence de différents facteurs éco-climatiques sur la distribution de Culicoides imicola, principal vecteur de la FCO dans le Bassin Méditerranéen. Les profils mensuels de distribution rencontrés en Sardaigne durant 6 années consécutives ont ainsi pu être reconstitués, principalement sur base de la température. Une cartographie de l’abondance de C. imicola sur le territoire a permis de mettre à jour le manque d’information sur sa distribution en dehors des exploitations agricoles. Dans la deuxième partie du travail, nous nous sommes penchés sur la distribution spatiale des Culicoides tels qu’on peut les rencontrer au sein de différents paysages agro-écologiques de Belgique. Nous avons ainsi pu décrire la structure adoptée par les populations de Culicoides au voisinage des fermes ainsi que quantifier l’importante population présente dans les forêts avoisinantes. Nous avons par ailleurs montré l’influence de différentes catégories d’utilisation du sol sur l’abondance et la composition en espèces. Enfin, nous avons présenté une méthode permettant de quantifier l’interférence entre des pièges lumineux utilisés dans un même paysage pour échantillonner les populations, et l’avons utilisé afin de mesurer leur rayon d’attractivité sur les espèces vectrices les plus communément rencontrées dans le nord de l’Europe. En guise de conclusion générale et conjointement aux récentes découvertes de cas de FCO au sein de la faune sauvage européenne, nous appelons à réaliser un plus grand nombre d’études éco-épidémiologiques à l’interface entre exploitations agricoles et zones (semi-) naturelles avoisinantes. En outres, les résultats présentés dans la seconde partie ont été mis en relation avec le mode de fonctionnement journalier de nos exploitations agricoles. Nous avons ainsi pu déduire le rôle dramatique joué par les pratiques agricoles intensives dans le maintien du virus de la FCO au sein de nos paysages agro-écologiques, ainsi que dans sa circulation d’un paysage à l’autre. Un cadre de modélisation complexe permettant une analyse simultanée de l’activité nycthémérale des hôtes de la FCO et de ses vecteurs Culicoides en fonction de la configuration des paysages agro-écologiques est néanmoins requis afin de quantifier l’amplitude du risque de transmission de la FCO lié aux pratiques agricoles intensives.
Doctorat en Sciences agronomiques et ingénierie biologique
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Logan, James G. "Differential responses of the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti, and the Scottish biting midge, Culicoides impunctatus to human host odours." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.430401.
Full textAbstract:
Behavioural studies using a Y-tube olfactometer confirmed the differential attractiveness of human volunteers to the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti. Volatile chemicals were collected from all volunteers by air entrainment. The extracts were analysed behaviourally with Ae. aegypti and the Scottish biting midge, Culicoides impunctatus in a Y-tube olfactometer. The behavioural responses were similar to those previously observed to the hands of the volunteers. Electrophysiological responses of Ae. aegypti and C. impunctatus, to volatiles from the air entrainment extracts, were recorded using coupled gas chromatography-electroantennography (GC-EAG). EAG-active compounds were tentatively identified using GC-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and were confirmed by peak enhancement. A quantitative and qualitative analysis of compounds within the extracts revealed significant differences in chemical profiles. The mean absolute amounts of benzaldehyde, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, octanal, nonanal, naphthalene, decanal and geranylacetone were significantly greater in the unattractive group than the attractive group. Similarly, the mean relative amounts of 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, octanal and decanal in the unattractive group were significantly greater than the attractive group. Five compounds caused significant reductions in behavioural responses of Ae. aegypti when presented alongside a human hand in the Y-tube olfactometer, thus accounting for the lack of attraction towards the volunteers’ hands in the unattractive group. The identification of such behaviourally active compounds could lead to improved control technologies, whereby such compounds could potentially be incorporated into new, safe and natural repellents against biting insects.
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McKinnell, Stephen Arthur. "The use of non-biting midge species Chironomus riparius Meigen (Diptera: Chironomidae) as a toxicity test species with particular reference to surfactants." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.261342.
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Tuffnail, William. "A 1H NMR metabolomic study of the metabolic effects of pesticides on the non-target invertebrates the blue mussel Mytilus edulis and the non-biting midge larvae Chironomus riparius." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 2010. https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/a-1h-nmr-metabolomic-study-of-the-metabolic-effects-of-pesticides-on-the-nontarget-invertebrates-the-blue-mussel-mytilus-edulis-and-the-nonbiting-midge-larvae-chironomus-riparius(d1a98b08-2fc6-4302-95a4-0f616556441d).html.
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Metabolomics is a technique that can be used to investigate the metabolic profiles of an organism by measuring a large number of the low molecular weight metabolites in the metabolic pool. 1H NMR spectroscopy is an analytical tool that is unbiased, and a non-destructive way of investigating metabolic perturbations in organisms exposed to environmental stress. In this study two model organisms, Mytilus edulis and Chironomus riparius were used to investigate the effects of several pesticides: lindane and atrazine in the mussels, and fenitrothion, methiocarb and permethrin in the midge larvae. The impact of hypoxia and starvation were also investigated alongside the exposure to atrazine in the mussel. The pesticides used in the mussel study have different modes of action, but produce similar changes to behaviour and can cause starvation and mild hypoxia. Acetonitrile/2H2O (60/40 % v/v) extracts of foot muscle of mussels subjected to hypoxia, or starvation, or to low or high doses of pesticide were analysed using 1H NMR spectroscopy to produce metabolic profiles associated with these treatments. Discriminant analysis showed significant differences between treated and control animals and gave a clear separation between all treatment groups. Atrazine profiles were clearly separated from the starved and hypoxic animals and the animals exposed to high and low doses were also separated. Lindane treatment was separated from control animals in a dose-dependent way. This was associated with an increase in alanine concentrations and a decrease in all other identified metabolites. The study of midge larvae used the same approach, but using extracts of pooled whole body homogenates (10 animals per sample) instead of tissue from individuals. The animals were subjected to low, environmentally relevant dose levels of three pesticides; fenitrothion, methiocarb and permethrin. The first two of these have a similar mode of action, inhibition of acetylcholine esterase, whilst the latter is an axonal poison acting on cation channels. The metabolic profiles associated with these treatments showed a clear separation between all treatment groups and between treated and control animals. Fenitrothion treatment was associated with an increase in alanine (on average of 93.3 M relative to controls) and lactate concentrations compared with controls and other treatments. Methiocarb caused a reduction in arginine, leucine and lysine concentrations to half of the control level. Permethrin produced a reduction in tyrosine and phenylalanine concentrations to half that of the control group. In both these experiments the use of 1H NMR metabolomics enabled the separation the effects of all of the treatments and stressors from each other and from the controls. It demonstrates the potential of the metabolomic approach to provide separation of the effects of poisoning from those of environmental stress, and to distinguish between toxicants with similar modes of action.
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Teng, Hsuan Sheng, and 鄧勝軒. "The Study of Biting Midges,Forcipomyia taiwana on Slopeland Community." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/74766543459445874565.
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碩士國立中興大學
水土保持學系
93
The life stage of Forcipomyia taiwana concerned was the period of biting and bloodsucking of human body due to it o.k. the time for Forcipomyia taiwana interfered with human activities. The coincidence between habitat conditions and community circumstances was seeked. Once this coincidence was existed, any reformation on the circumstance means the ruin of the habitat. In this paper, washing the leaves and barks of trees and grasses removed the food resources of habitats of Forcipomyia taiwana. The adults Forcipomyia taiwana had significantly escaped from the interfered habitats.
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Rádrová, Jana. "Mosquitoes and biting midges as vectors in the Czech Republic." Doctoral thesis, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-350053.
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Insect is the largest and the most diverse class of animals and many species have significant impact to people and his activities, whether positive or negative. Since the late 19th century it is known, that bloodsucking insects can serve as vectors of pathogens, causative agents of many infection diseases. As climate change, the distribution and abundance of arthropods including bloodsucking insects can be affected. Emergence of new vector-borne diseases in Europe is likely to be among the most important effects of global changes. In recent years, several vector-borne diseases affecting humans and domestic animals have (re)emerged and spread in Europe with major health, ecological and socio-economical consequences. For example mosquito-borne West Nile virus affects human and animal health, as well. On the other hand, two newly emerged zoonosis, caused by Bluetongue and Schmallenberg viruses and transmitted by biting midges, affect mainly small domestic ruminants. In the frame of broader projects, two epidemiological and entomological surveys focused on mosquitoes and biting midges as possible vectors of West Nile virus, Bluetongue or Schmallenberg virus were carried out in the Czech Republic. New mosquito and biting midges species were recorded for the Czech Republic, the presence of West Nile...
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Chiu, Teng-I., and 邱騰逸. "Occurrence of the biting midges, Culicoides spp. (Diptera: Ceratopogoidae) in animal farms." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/57054496358341476417.
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碩士國立中興大學
昆蟲學系所
98
Culiciodes spp. are the major vectors of bovine ephemeral fever. These investigations showed that the population density of Culicoides spp. was low in Winter, and increased in Spring, then the highest population density were found in Summer and Autumn. The results of Culicoides circadian rhythm showed that both Culicoides oxytoma and Culicoides nipponensis occurred in dairy. These investigations showed Culicoides spp. active in all day, and the low population of Culicoides spp. was active at noon, and then the highest population was active at dusk and dawn. By using the correlation analysis, the relative humidity were most correlative with activity of Culicoides population, whereae the temperature was not correlative with it. The numbers of outdoor and indoor were significantly different. However Culicoides were occurred mostly indoor. The numbers of females and males were significantly different. Female was more easily caught by light trap than male. The numbers of bloodfed and non-bloodfed midges were significantly different. The non-bloodfed midges were more than the bloodfed ones. In view of Culicoides control, the light trap could catch non-bloodfed female and do not turn off the trap could get most effective in control. The survey of Culicoides spp. in different animal farms showed that Culicoides oxytoma were the major species in many animal farms, while Culicoides arakawae was the major one in poultry farms. We found that find Culicides spp. was mainly active inside dairy, and the in numbers declined greatly at a distance 30m away from farm houses. Six different insecticides of pyrethroids exhibited that cyphenothrin was the most effective pyrethoid against female adults of Culicoides among three pyrethroids tested, and that cyphenothrin in combination with tetramethrin was more effective than without combination. Pyrethroide are lower toxic in mammal, so it can use in emergency control.
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Gadawski, Piotr. "Species diversity and origin of non-biting midges (Chironomidae) from a geologically young lake and its old spring system." Phd diss., 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11089/32135.
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In the present thesis, using midges (Diptera Chironomidae) as flagship taxa of freshwater ecology, I am focusing on the interesting research model represented by the Skadar Lake system. It is a well-known hot-spot of freshwater biodiversity consisting of the geologically young lake Skadar (originated ca. 1200 years BP) and by its ancient system of springs (originated in the Pliocene). The main aim of my thesis was to reveal and compare the morphological and molecular species diversity of non-biting midges (Diptera, Chironomidae) inhabiting Skadar Lake and its spring system. Using a taxonomy-based approach for adult males and pupal exuviae, I identified 164 Chironomidae taxa providing the first insight into species diversity of the Skadar Lake basin. Results presented in my thesis extending the existing checklist with 152 taxa newly found in the Skadar Lake basin. DNA barcoding of larvae and mature males revealed a total of 168 Operational Taxonomic Units which is a higher result than the number of morphotypes obtained during morphological identification. Pursuing this goal, I additionally compared the level of species diversity with other central and southern European lakes. A comparison of species checklists from 13 other well-studied European lakes resulted that Lake Constance (Switzerland/Germany/ Austria) is the richest in species number, followed by the Skadar Lake.
The second aim was to investigate the influence of physical-chemical conditions on composition and distribution of chironomid assemblages in Skadar Lake basin. The obtained results suggest that shallow, coastal parts of the lake covered with macrophytes are inhabited by a higher number of species.
As a third aim, I developed and evaluated the first reference barcode library for Chironomidae from Skadar Lake basin. Moreover, using an expanded reference library and records deposited in Barcode of Life Database (BOLD), I estimated DNA barcoding efficiency for the European Chironomidae. My study provides COI barcodes for 770 Chironomidae individuals assigned, based on morphology, to 75 species collected in the Skadar Lake basin (all records from this area are new for online repositories) and confirms the usefulness of DNA barcoding for the identification of non-biting midges.
My fourth aim was to explore chironomid species distribution patterns in Europe using universal Barcode Index Number (BIN) with a discussion of problematic species groups, both for traditional taxonomy and DNA barcoding. The results of my PhD thesis provide the first insight into the factual chironomid species diversity of the Lake Skadar basin, in comparison with chironomid fauna at the European scale. The results fill a significant gap in knowledge of biodiversity in the Balkan region. Based on the results of Chironomidae fauna investigation, I can conclude that the Skadar Lake basin is now well sampled and such a high representation of species from various sampling sites provides reliable estimation of the local chironomid fauna. Based on obtained results it is hard to predict the origin of the chironomids inhabiting the Skadar Lake basin based on the sequences uploaded so far to BOLD and on their known geographic distribution. The still insufficient number of sequences is distributed between the well-studied European regions and Skadar Lake basin. Additionally, the Skadar Lake basin could be recognized as a hot-spot of freshwater biodiversity but without species-level endemism.
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Huang, Shing-Ying, and 黃杏英. "1.The Morphological Study Of The Biting Midge, Forcipomyia (Lasiohelea) Taiwana (Shiraki) 2.Serological Epidemiology Of The Biting Midge, Forcipomyia (Lasiohelea) Taiwana (Shiraki)." Thesis, 2000. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/03405759495746518223.
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碩士中山醫學院
生物化學研究所
88
Part I Forcipomyia (Lesiohelea) taiwana (Shiraki) was discovered and designated in 1913. This species is also called by many other names. The distribution of Shiraki was restricited, however, in recent years it was spread out rapidly and covered almost the whole Taiwan. In this local area (Taichung), this mosquito has been found and become an annoyance to local people. The Environment Protection Authority (EPA) and related departments have conducted the studies about larva breeding, ecology, and control of Forcipomyia (Lesiohelea) taiwana (Shiraki). The result showed that the efficacy of chemical control to larva is not as good as that to the mature mosquito. Since the classification of Forcipomyia spp based on the morphology of mature mosquito is difficult, the study on the morphology of other stages would be of great help in the classification. Therefore, the analysis for morphological characters in all stages are also important to the classification of a bloodsucking midge, Forcipomyia (Lasiohelea) taiwana (Shiraki). The materials in this study are collected from Ta-Ken area in Taichung by human baitting method. The ultra-structure of the midge was studied by means of scanning electron microscopy and analyzed for all stages. The data from this study will be helpful in the classification and chemical control for Forcipomia taiwana. Part II Abstract The major pourpose of the study is to analyze the relationship between the specific IgE of the Forcipomyia taiwana bited voluteers to mosquito allergen and serological epidemiology study. Based on this study, we hope to conduct the studies about Forcipomyia taiwana mosquito allergen locally and provide informations for the futural study. In this study, Western blot and ELISA technique were used to analyze the IgE antibody specific to the whole body extract components of Forcipomyia taiwana from 32 volunteers with common reactions belonging to stage 2 to 5. The result showed that the IgE level is higher in subjects with distinct skin reaction than that with faint skin reaction (P<0.05). Furthermore, it was noticed that the serum IgE level of people lived in Forcipomyia taiwana distributed area is lower than that in non-distributed area. A closed relationship between specific IgE and the skin reaction after exposured to mosquito bite has been observed in this study and so does the frequency of biting. These results revealed the importance of mosquito specific IgE antibodies in pathogenesis of mosquito-bite wheal. This finding is important in potential application for clinical diagnosis.
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Guo, Ping-Hui, and 郭蘋慧. "Distribution and Risk Analysis of the Biting Midge, Forcipomyia taiwana." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/gz47kp.
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碩士國立中興大學
應用經濟學系所
99
Forcipomyia taiwana, often mistaken for mosquitoes, is a tiny human-biting midge. Now it has endemically become a major nuisance pest in Taiwan. The nuisance due to biting and skin irritation threatens people''s quality of life and leisure activities. This study analyzes the effect of weather-related factors and local tourist numbers on the density of F. taiwana. We use regression methods to analyze the monthly collected data of F. taiwana in seven counties of Taiwan during the period of July 2008 to October 2010. The regression results show that temperature, relative humidity, rainy days, and number of tourists are positively correlated with midge density, while wind velocity and sunshine hours present negative correlation. Moreover, the population in spring and summer is much higher than in winter. Thus, pest control of the biting midge should start from winter before the outbreak in spring and summer. In addition, this study analyzes the global spatial autocorrelation and the local spatial autocorrelation to understand the spatial distribution of F. taiwana at the township level in Taiwan. The results demonstrate that the distribution of F. taiwana exhibits certain degree of spatial clustering and the spatially correlated hotspots are located in Taichung County, Taichung City, Nantou County, Tainan County, and Hualien County. Furthermore, we use the buffer analysis and overlay analysis of geographic information system to calculate how many residents and tourists are under the nuisance risk of F. taiwana for the high density midge areas. This preliminary risk analysis could provide the government with information for the pest management of F. taiwana.
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Chen, Chi-Rong, and 陳祈融. "The study of non-chemical managements on biting midge, Forcipomyia taiwana." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/55574553414434278003.
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碩士臺灣大學
昆蟲學研究所
98
Biting midge, Forcipomyia taiwana, is one of the most annoying blood-sucking pest in Taiwan. This study aimed on the non-chemical control strategy. There are three strategies proposed: 1. to inhibit the growth of blue green algae, 2. to investigate the repellent of the biting midge and 3. to investigate the oviposition attractant substrate for the biting midge. 1. Previous study suggested that the blue green algae were the best diet to larvae, therefore, inhibiting the algae growth represented the strategy for F. taiwana control. Current studies showed that three kinds of plant ash refined from corn stalk, rice stalk and herbage stalk dose-dependently inhibited the growth of Chlorella sp. The growth of Chlorella was inhibited up to 90% in the presence of 0.04 % ash, indicating that plant ashes are potential agents for Chlorella algae control. 2. The extract of djulis (Chenopodium formosanum) and two human-derived odors (geranylacetone (GA), 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one (6MHO) ) were investigated for their repellent effect on F. taiwana. The results showed that methanol extract of djulis leaf and seed, GA and GA+6MHO exhibit 100% repellency to F. taiwana at 1% concentration. The repellency of GA and GA+6MHO could even reach 80% at the lowest concentration 0.0016%. The repellent effect could last around 2.5 hr and 3 hr. at the concentration of 1% djulis extract and GA + 6MHO, respectively. 3. To assess the ovipositional attractants, the vapor odors of blue-green algae were identified by using solid phase microextraction (SPME) and gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results showed that methylnathlene which was identified from Oscillatoria sp. was the most effective attractants for F. taiwana oviposition (attraction rate 64.0%).
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Chang, po-hsi, and 張伯熙. "Studies on the insecticides screen and attraction of biting midge, Forcipomyia taiwana." Thesis, 1997. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/95203647010254470228.
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碩士國立中興大學
昆蟲學系
85
Various chemicals were adopted for chemical control of eggs, larvae and pupae of the Forcipomyia taiwana in laboratory including Organophosphate (Chlorpyrifos, Fenitrothion, Malathion, Primiphos-methyl), Pyrethrin (permethrin) and IGR (Pyriproxyfen and Diflubenzuron). Their LC50 to the eggs was 0.04874, 0.00076, 0.21142, 0.01733, 0.22468, 0.08719 and 0.06333 (% concentration=mg A.I./ml); The LC50 to the larvae was 0.00369, 0.03411, 0.01019, 0.01479, 0.02624, 0.16725 and 0.00636; the LC50 to the pupae was 0.00379, 0.01708, 0.01599, 0.00023, 0.11486, 1.23957 and 0.47191 respectively. Furthermore, the LC50 of Propoxur to the larvae was 0.03644, and that of the Esbiothrin of Pyrethrin was 0.07315. The LC50 to the female adults of the various chemicals related to pyrethrin including α-Cypermethrin, Bioallethrin, Cypermethrin, Cyphenothrin, d-Allethrin,δ-Tetramethrin, Deltamethrin, Esbiothrin, Dadethrin, Permethrin, Phenothrin and S- Bioallethrinf was 0.00024, 0.00006, 0.00179, 0.00339, 0.02384, 0.00060, 0.00367, 0.00185, 0.03158, 0.00018, 0.00028 and 0.00013, respectively. The results showed that the tested chemicals were very effective in controlling eggs, larvae and pupae at laboratory.By making use of the preference of F. taiwana, they could be trapped by physical control with a artificial blood membrane added by human blood and lactic acid, black flannelette spread by human perspiration all of which were placed 100 cm above the ground at 39 ℃ water bath . The midge would also approach to CO2 mixed with human breath and dry ice. Based on these observations, an auto trap for F. taiwana was invented. When comparing the effectiveness of different sources of CO2 that the trap adopted, CO2 discharged from a steel tube was better than that from other resources. Heater did not influence the trapping effect of CO2. As for colors of background of the sucker, black, yellow, blue and green were more effective in attracting the midge than brown, red, dark red and white. Regarding the proper distance of the trap from the ground, it could attracted more adults at 40-70 cm above the ground but not at all beyond 230 cm. The best CO2 discharged rate was 200 and 500 ml/min especially when the discharge exit was placed at 15-20 cm from the fan blades. When the wind blowing rate was higher than 2.2 m/s, no midge could be caught. However, when it was under 0.5 m/s, the numbers greatly increased. When three sets of traps were placed in areas with high density of the midge for a long time, the mean numbers of the midge they caught were 346.7, 422.7 and 327. The investigation of the density of daily population presence by the trap found that the peak appeared from 16:00 to 17:00, the result being similar to that of the study by the human body.
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Yi-Hsing, Chen MD, and 陳怡行. "Clinical characterization, immune mechanisms, allergen cloning and identification of Forcipomyia taiwana (biting midge) allergy." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/20205915067839350762.
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博士東海大學
生命科學系
97
Forcipomyia taiwana is a tiny (1-1.5 mm) blood-sucking midge that is distributed island-wide in urban and suburban Taiwan as well as in southern China. Our study aimed to elucidate the clinical characteristics and immune mechanisms of F. taiwana allergy in addition to identify and clone the major F. taiwana allergens. Our study revealed that about 60% of the subjects develop hypersensitivity reactions to Forcipomyia taiwana bites. There are two types of reactions after bites: 1) immediate reaction: large local swelling develops within one hour of bites 2) delayed reaction: intense itching papules and vesicles occur 12 to 24 hours after bites and may last for weeks or even months. We found that the immediate large local reaction is IgE-mediated and the 22-, 24-, 35/36- and 64-kDa proteins are major F. taiwana allergens. However, IgE is not the major molecule mediated delayed reactions to F. taiwana bites. We found that PBMC from patients with solely delayed reactions markedly proliferated and secreted more interferon-gamma, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha than the non-allergic subjects suggested that a Th1 type inflammation may be involved in delayed reactions. Protease- activated pathway may also involve in F. taiwana allergy. We constructed a ZAPII cDNA library using F. taiwana mRNA and then screened by plaque immunoassay with pooled patients’ sera or rabbit anti-For t 2 antibody. The cDNA insert of IgE-reactive and anti-For t 2-reactive clones were sequenced and subcloned into the expression vectors, pET30 or pQE30. A 24 kDa recombinant fusion protein (rFor t 1.0101) and a 36kDa (rFor t 2.0101) nonfusion recombinant protein were obtained and purified by His-tag affinity column. The recombinant For t 1.0101 reacted with 67.8% of the patient IgE by ELISA and shows 65.3% sequence homology to serine/threonine protein kinase of Aedes aegypti (mosquito). The recombinant For t 2.0101 reacted with 75% of the patient IgE by ELISA and shows 77.9% identity to eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit of Aedes aegypti (mosquito). We cloned two major F. taiwana allergens, rFor t 1.0101 and rFor t 2.0101. The recombinant F. taiwana allergens will become a useful source for future development of standard diagnostic tool and immunotherapy vaccine for biting midge allergy.
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Wang, Huei-Peng, and 王惠鵬. "The chemical control of the Biting Midge,Forcipomyia(Lasiohelea)taiwana(Shiraki)(Diptera:ceratopoonidae at Nantou area)." Thesis, 1997. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/36268533205363579816.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立中興大學
昆蟲學系
85
The biting midge, Forcipomyia (Lasiohelea) taiwana (Shiraki), spreads all over Taiwan, except Keelung, Miauli, Pintong and Taitong, causing affliction in areas such as Taipei county, I-lan county, Taoyuan county, Hsinchu county, Changhua county, Yunlin county, Nantou county, Taichung county, Chiayi county, Tainan county, Hualien county and Koushiung county. For the chemical control of adult in the laboratory, pyrethrin was found to be more efficient than organophosphate in its knock-down effect. For the larva control, because all of the chemicals tested in the laboratory could contact the larvae so they all proved to be effective in killing. As for the egg and pupa control, the chemicals containing Chlorpyrifos or Primiphos-methyl had more lethal effect. In the winter, the administration of chemical control in field could delay the population growth of F. taiwana in the following spring and thus inhibited the outbreak of the population during June, July and August. In Nantou areas where such administration were undertaken included Chungliao community, Chungliao junior high school, Swangwen village, Shijoutzy in Chunshan country, Fuhjou alley, Leryuan in Chichi country, Ailiao community, Ailiao elementary school. However, the chemical control was less successful in Rueytian elementary school because the chemicals were not able to cover the whole intended area due to the existence of tea farms. At Shioufeng village, the outbreak of F. taiwana occurred after July because IGR was not effective in larvae control. As for the effectiveness of different administration methods of chemical control in the winter, IGR to larvae was less efficient than other organophosphate chemicals. Fog and ULV application to control adults are effective. If the breeding sites of F. taiwana could be located and sprayed with effective chemicals, a more effective control could be achieved.
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Chun, Chieh Tseng, and 曾俊傑. "The Relationship between Sites with Engineering Measures in Slopeland and the habitats of the Biting Midge, Forcipomyia taiwana." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/94686848253371366321.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立中興大學
水土保持學系
92
The habitats for Forcipomyia taiwana are abundant in Bryophytes and Anabaena. The Anabaena and Bryophytes also grow well in the faults of structure. This study, therefore, try to investigate the correlation between the structure faults and the habitats of F.taiwana. According to numbers of F.taiwana captured at three sites formed 200m distance as triangular area within 4.2 ha campus of Ai-lan Primary School. Drainage ditch of dead water under the big trees had more F.taiwana than other two sites .The latter sites were the clear ditch under retarding wall and ditch of dead water near asphalt pavement. The first comer of F.taiwana appeared after 2-3 minutes. While last comer came after 25 minutes. No F.taiwana had ever appeared for ditches without dead water located on foot of Futo San. It is believed that the quantity of F.taiwana is more in the ditch of dead water than that of the clear ditch; shade, than the sunshine; the naked ground, than the concrete or the asphalt; the concrete with Bryophytes, than the nothing.
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Chuang, Yi-yuan, and 莊益源. "The life cycle of the biting midge, Forcipomyia (Lasiohelea) taiwana (Shiraki) (Diptera:Ceratopogonidae) and their seasonal occurrence at Nontou area." Thesis, 1994. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/83672550084806395078.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立中興大學
昆蟲學系
83
The biting midge, Forcipomyia (Lasiohelea) taiwanara: Ceratopogonidae) is a blood sucking insect. At 25 C, it oviposited eggs 3.5 dayspost blood meal on the moisture surface of media, the average numbers of the oviposited eggs were 29.0 and the hatch rate 56.3%. After the eggs hatched, they were fed on seven combinations of the three different diets, namely yeast, pork liverpowder and algae. It was found that when fed in group on 4 different mixtures of algae, the developmental duration of the larva was the shortest, the pupation rate highest and the adult longevity longest. However, when fed on these diets, the larval stage lasted 12 day, the pupal stage 3.9 days and pupation rate reached 71.4%, emergence rate 82.2%. After emergence, the average longevity of the female was 38.3 days, and that of the male was 22.6 days. When F. taiwana was reared individually, the developmental duration for each stage increased as the temperature declined. The adult longevity also increased as the temperature decreased. The sources of the light and the size of thecage are two influential factors on the mating of the F. taiwana. To easult in successful matting, the cage was found to be minimally 30X30X30 cm with nature sunlight. Under this condition, the insemination rate of the female was 19.8%. The rate reached 43.7% when the cage expanded to be 60X60X60 cm. The population of F. taiwana are distributed at eleven counties in Taiwan. From 1990 to the present time, by the human body as the bait, the study of the seasonal succession has been conducted in Nantou county, including Shioufeng Village and Ailiau community. It has been discovered that the population density reached its lowest point during November to March, gradually climbed up from late March on early April, arrived at the peak during June and July, and then declined again.
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Hsieh, Po-Yueh, and 謝伯岳. "Studies on the oviposition, population dynamics and the susceptibility to insect growth regulators of biting midge, Forcipomyia taiwana （Shiraki）（Diptera: Ceratopogonidae）." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/92375188100751558223.
Full textAbstract:
碩士中興大學
昆蟲學系所
95
The gonotrophic cycle of the blood-feeding females of Forcipomyia taiwana (Shiraki) were complete at 15℃, 20℃, 25℃, 30℃, and 35℃. Egg developmental rate in the gravid female is increase with temperature rising, and the oviposition rate of gravid female is significantly high at 25℃ and 30℃. Normally, there are circadian rhythm phenomenon in the ovipositiion of gravid female under 25℃, the higher peak of eggs laid are located at 12:00 to 18:00. The oviposition of gravid female F. taiwana is effected by the temperature, light, and the food of larva, and the light factor is most important that affects the oviposition. Pyriproxyfen is the effectiveness insect growth regulator (IGR) on the susceptibility of 2nd and 4th larva of F. taiwana among the three tested IGRs, Pyriproxyfen, Flufenoxuron, and Chlorofluazuron. There are 125 village or towns in 13 counties occurs F. taiwana under the distribution investigation during August to October, 2006. A highest collected record is at the 900 meters high upper sea in Nantou area. Seasonal dynamic of the population of F. taiwana was surveyed at two countries area, Shioufeng in Lugu village and Hsiolin in Jhushan township during May, 2005 to May 2007. These investigations show the low population density of F. taiwana in winter and early Spring seasons, and the density were increasing with temperature higher, than the highest population density was located at Summer seasons, in July and August. The dynamic of F. taiwana population density were affected by climate fluctuation. By using the correlation and multiple regression analysis, the temperature, relative humidity, and raining period are the most correlation meteorological factors with population density of F. taiwana, especially two weeks before the midge collected.