Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Bisphosphines'

The success of homogeneous asymmetric catalysis has been attributed to the structure and stereochemistry of the coordinated ligand(s). The most effective ligands are C₂-symmetrical bisphosphines containing either a rigid chiral backbone linking two PPh₂ units or a bisphosphine, DIPAMP containing two chiral phosphine units linked by an achiral backbone. The synthesis of P-chiral ligands of this type has been severely hindered by the lack of a general synthetic route allowing the incorporation of phosphorus chirality without the need for separation of diastereomeric precursors or resolution of intermediate enantiomers. The objective of this work was to develop a general synthetic route to homochiral bulky arylphosphines with substantial flexibility in the groups at phosphorus and extend the approach to new P-chiral bisphosphines. In one approach, diastereomerically pure (2R, 4S, 5R)-2,5-diphenyl-3,4-dimethyl-1,3,2-oxazaphospholidine was prepared directly from PhPCl₂ using l-ephedrine as a chiral auxiliary. Stereospecific oxidation using Bu^tOOH gave the corresponding P-oxide which was shown to have R-stereochemistry at phosphorus by single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies. The compound reacted regiospecifically with ortho-anisylmagnesium bromide to afford the product formed by P-O bond cleavage with >96% d.e. and with retention of configuration at phosphorus as demonstrated by single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies. The l-ephedrine residue was replaced by O-methyl under acid-catalysis with inversion of configuration and with >95% e.e., the reaction was monitored by ¹H n.m.r. spectroscopy which gave t_1/2 of ca. 30 min. Attempts to incorporate para-fluorophenol using similar conditions led to the isolation of the pyrophosphinate in low yield. The OMe residue in the methyl (ortho-anisyl)phenylphosphinate was readily displaced by aliphatic Grignard reagents giving the corresponding phosphine oxides with inversion of configuration and with >95% e.e. Displacement of methoxy using aryl magnesium bromides showed similar enantioselectivity but in lower chemical yield, however the corresponding arylmagnesium chlorides were more efficient. In a second approach, diastereomerically pure (2R, 4S, 5R)-2-chloro-3,4-dimethyl-5-phenyl-1,3,2-oxazaphospholidine was prepared from PCl₃ and l-ephedrine. The compound underwent diastereoselective P-C1 cleavage with aryl Grignard and aryllithium reagents with net retention of configuration at phosphorus and with 90% d.e. Oxidation of the ortho-anisyl derivative afforded (2R, 4S, 5R)-2-(ortho-anisyl)-3,4-dimethyl-5-phenyl-1,3,2-oxazaphospholidine-2-oxide which was subsequently reacted with a range of bulky aryl Grignard reagents to afford the corresponding biarylphosphinamides with retention of configuration at phosphorus. Subsequent acid-catalysed methanolysis and displacement of the methoxy residue with PhMgCl afforded a range of bulky arylphosphine oxides with defined configuration at phosphorus with >95% e.e. as determined by ¹H n.m.r. methods. (S)-ortho-anisyl (meta-anisyl)phenylphosphine oxide underwent regiospecific ortho-lithiation on the meta-anisyl ring which on quenching with D₂O afforded the corresponding 2-deuteride in 80% yield. The 2-iodo analogue was also prepared although in low chemical purity and is a key precursor to new axially dissymmetric bisphosphines containing chiral phosphorus centres. Other approaches to P-chiral ferrocenyl ligands and biaryl ligands are also described and modifications for further development are implicated. An X-ray crystallographic study of six aryl-oxazaphospholidines is also presented and demonstrates the influence of the substituents at phosphorus in determining the conformation of the 1,3,2-oxazaphospholidine ring. A comparison with solution ¹H n.m.r. data showed, in some cases, good correlation between the P-O-C-H dihedral angle and the corresponding solid state torsion angle.

A set of mild conditions for the pentafluorophenylation of carbonyl compounds employing copper-bisphosphine catalysis have been developed. The optimised conditions allow access to a wide range of pentafluorophenyl benzyl alcohols in high yields. The reaction of aliphatic aldehydes and particularly electrophilic ketones to give products in moderate yields is also disclosed. An investigation into the reactivity of β-fluoroalkyl-α ,β -unsaturated carbonyl compounds was conducted. Asymmetric copper hydride reduction of β -fluoroalkyl-α , β-unsaturated ketones was found to preferentially give the allylic alcohol product resulting from 1,2 attack in up to 62% ee. Reaction of β-fluoroalkyl-α , β-unsaturated esters under similar conditions gave the product of conjugate reduction in higher enantiomeric excess; up to 99% was observed. Rhodium-catalysed arylation of β -fluoroalkyl-α , β-unsaturated ketones was also found to give the product of direct carbonyl attack. Conditions for the racemic reaction are described along with those for the enantioselective reaction of methyl ketones in up to 74% ee. Ruthenium catalysed arylation of β-fluoroalkyl-α ,β -unsaturated aldehydes employing Me-Bipam as ligand gave the desired secondary allylic alcohols in good yields and good to excellent enantiomeric excesses (14 examples, 76-87% ee).

De nos jours, une des stratégies majeures dans la modulation de la pharmacocinétique des composés bioactifs est leur vectorisation et l’obtention de formes prodrogues. Ce travail est centré sur la vectorisation d’antitumoraux phosphorés à l’aide de peptides favorisant le passage membranaire. Nous avons alors réalisé la conjugaison d’aminoalkyl-bisphosphonates avec des séquences peptidiques afin de modifier leur temps de rétention dans l’organisme et d’augmenter leur internalisation cellulaire. Différents espaceurs possédant un motif carbonylé insaturé ont été évalués dans le couplage par la réaction d’addition aza- et thiaMichael afin d’aboutir à l’obtention d’un conjugué peptide-alendronate. Une approche prodrogue a également été réalisée avec la synthèse de dérivés de type bisphosphinates et l’obtention d’un analogue de l’alendronate
Nowadays, one of the main strategies for pharmacokinetic modifications of bioactive compounds is their vectorization and the synthesis of prodrug derivatives. This work is focused on the vectorization of phosphorus antitumor agents with cell-penetrating peptides. We have then conjugated aminoalkyl-bisphosphonates with peptidic sequence to modify their retention time and increase their cellular internalization. Several linkers bearing an insaturated carbonyl moiety have been evaluated in conjugation by aza- and thia-Michael addition reaction to obtain a conjugated peptide-alendronate compounds. A prodrug approach has been conducted with the synthesis of bisphosphinate derivatives and an analog of alendronate has been obtained

This thesis describes the synthesis and characterisation of a series of cationic rhodium bis-phosphine complexes. The reactivity of these new complexes in the solid-state and in solution is reported. In Chapter 2 the synthesis of a series of rhodium bis-phosphine diene complexes is presented and the reactions of these complexes with hydrogen in the solid-state are investigated. Several examples of zwitterionic complexes coordinating the [BAr^F4]^─ anion are produced by hydrogenation. A rare example of a sigma-alkane complex, [Rh(ⁱBu₂PCH₂CH₂PⁱBu₂)(eta²-_CH-eta²-_CH-NBA][BAr^F4]^─iBu₂PCH₂CH₂PⁱBu₂)(eta²-_CH-eta²-_CH-NBE][BAr^F4] may form as a short lived intermediate prior to the formation of the sigma-alkane complex. The temporal evolution of the solid-state hydrogenation reactions is monitored by powder X-ray diffraction methods. In Chapter 3 the C−X activation of various aryl halides using the [Rh(ⁱBu₂PCH₂CH₂PⁱBu₂)]⁺ fragment is reported. The 'ligand innocence' of the phosphine with respect to intramolecular C−H activation is also discussed. A rare example of C−X activation in the solid-state is presented, which shows the formation of an isomer that is not observed by analogous solution routes. Chapter 4 investigates solid-state ligand exchange reactions using ethene, butadiene, CO and NH3 gases. A solid-state transfer dehydrogenation reaction is reported within single crystals of [Rh(ⁱBu₂PCH₂CH₂PⁱBu₂)(C₂H₄)₂][BAr^F4]. H/D exchange of NH3 can also occur in the solid state in the bis-ammonia complex [Rh(ⁱBu₂PCH₂CH₂PⁱBu₂)(NH₃)₂][BAr^F4]. A variety of rhodium complexes are tested as heterogeneous catalysts for the hydrogenation of ethene and the isomerisation of butene. In Chapter 5 the binding affinity of a variety of fluorinated arenes to rhodium bis-phosphine fragments is presented using ESI-MS methods. The dependence upon the arene substituents, phosphine substituents and phosphine bite angle are discussed.

S´ha estudiat el disseny i la síntesi de lligands supramoleculars enantiopurs de tipus bisfosfit, juntament amb les propietats de coordinació d’aquests lligands amb precursors de rodi i pal•ladi. Els complexes de rodi i pal•ladi derivats d’aquests lligands supramoleculars s’han aplicat com catalitzadors en hidroformilacions i substitucions al•líliques asimètriques. Els lligands dissenyats contenen una cadena polioxietilènica, que és la responsable de la regulació a través d'interaccions supramoleculars amb els agents de regulació, i a més contenen dos grups fosfit derivats de diols enantiomèricament purs que es coordinen amb el centre metàl•lic i constitueixen el centre catalític. L’estratègia supramolecular que s’ha emprat en la present Tesi Doctoral es basa en la interacció entre diversos agents de regulació (sals de metalls alcalins, alcalinoterris o lantànids) amb la cadena polioxietilènica del lligand, que serveix per a modificar la geometria i flexibilitat del centre catalític (efecte adaptatiu del catalitzador asimètric). L'ús d'aquesta estratègia de regulació supramolecular ha permès obtenir enantioselectivitats elevades en reaccions d´hidroformilació d’olefines heterocícliques. A més a més, s’ha pogut regular per alguns alquens heterocíclics la regioselectivitat de la reacció i s’ha pogut eliminar la formació de productes secundaris associats amb la reacció d’hidroformilació. Lligands supramoleculars regulables de tipus bisfosfit s’han aplicat també en substitucions al•líliques asimètriques. Els efectes de regulació que s’han obtingut en aquesta transformació han estat notables, tot i què les enantioselectivitats obtingudes han estat moderades.
Se ha estudiado el diseño y la síntesis de ligandos supramoleculares enantiopuros de tipo bisfosfito, juntamente con las propiedades de coordinación de estos ligandos con precursores de rodio y paladio. Los complejos de rodio y paladio derivados de estos ligandos supramoleculares se han aplicado como catalizadores en hidroformilaciones y substituciones alílicas asimétricas. Los ligandos diseñados contienen una cadena polioxietilénica, que es la responsable de la regulación a través de interacciones supramoleculares con los agentes de regulación, y que además contienen dos grupos fosfito derivados de dioles enantioméricamente puros que se coordinan al centro metálico y constituyen el centro catalítico. La estrategia supramolecular que se ha empleado en la presente Tesis Doctoral se basa en la interacción entre agentes de regulación diversos (sales de metales alcalinos, alcalinotérreos o lantánidos) con la cadena polioxietilénica del ligando, que sirve para modificar la geometría y flexibilidad del centro catalítico (efecto adaptativo del catalizador asimétrico). El uso de esta estrategia de regulación supramolecular ha permitido obtener enantioselectividades elevadas en reacciones de hidroformilación de olefinas heterocíclicas. Además, se ha podido regular para algunos alquenos heterocíclicos la regioselectividad de la reacción y se ha podido eliminar la formación de productos de isomerización asociados con la reacción de hidroformilación. Ligandos supramoleculares de tipo bisfosfito se han aplicado también en sustituciones alílicas asimétricas. Los efectos de regulación que se han obtenido en esta transformación han sido notables, aunque las enantioselectividades obtenidas han sido moderadas.
The design and synthesis of enantiopure supramolecular bisphosphite ligands, together with their coordination properties with rhodium and palladium precursors, have been studied. Rhodium and palladium complexes derived from these supramolecular ligands have been applied as catalysts in asymmetric hydroformylations and allylic substitutions. The designed ligands contain a polyoxyethylene motif, which is the responsible for regulation through supramolecular interactions with the regulation agents, and two phosphite groups derived from enantiomerically pure diol derivatives that bind the metal center and constitute the catalytic site. The supramolecular strategy that has been followed within the present Doctoral Thesis relies on the interaction between a number of regulation agents (alkali metal, alkaline earth metal or lanthanide salts) and the polyoxyethylene motif of the ligand, which serves for the fine modification of the geometry and flexibility of the catalytic center (adaptive effect of the asymmetric catalyst). This supramolecular regulation strategy has led to high enantioselectivities in hydroformylation reactions of heterocyclic olefins and has allowed the regulation of the regioselectivity in the hydroformylation of several cyclic olefins. Furthermore, the formation of byproducts associated with the hydroformylation process has also been suppressed with the use of the above mentioned regulation agents. Supramolecularly regulated bisphosphite ligands have also been applied to asymmetric allylic substitution reactions. Noteworthy regulation effects have been achieved in this transformation, though the enantioselectivies in the allylic substitutions remained moderate.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Chemistry, 2004.
Includes bibliographical references.
In Part I the development of a new method for the construction of oxindoles and benzofuranones bearing quaternary stereocenters is discussed. A planar-chiral PPY derivative catalyzes the O-to-C acyl group migration (Black rearrangement) in a highly efficient and enantioselective manner. The utility of this method is further demonstrated by the formal total synthesis of the natural product aplysin. In Part II reactivity of bisphosphine palladium-complexes is discussed. It is shown that the oxidative addition of bisphosphine palladium-complexes bearing P(t-Bu₂)Me occurs through an SN2-type mechanism. This discovery allows us rationalize the difference in catalytic activity between Pd(P(t-Bu₂)Me)₂ and Pd(P(t-Bu₂)Et)₂ for the cross-coupling of alkyl electrophiles. The reductive elimination of H-X from bisphosphine palladium-hydride complexes is also discussed. The discovery that (P(t-Bu)₃)₂PdHCl undergoes facile reductive elimination in the presence of Cy₂NMe, while (PCy₃)₂PdHCl does not, is explained using X-ray crystal structures. These reactivity patterns may help to explain why Pd(P(t-Bu)₃)₂ is a much better catalyst than Pd(PCy₃)₂ for the Heck coupling of aryl chlorides. Finally, Part III describes preliminary work on a palladium-hydride catalyzed isomerization of allylic alcohols as well as initial attempts to study the mechanism of nickel-catalyzed cross-couplings of secondary alkyl-electrophiles.
by Ivory Derrick Hills.
Ph.D.

En la present Tesi Doctoral s’han dissenyat i sintetitzat una família de lligands supramoleculars de tipus bis(fosfina) i una de tipus bis(fosfit) que combinen un lloc de coordinació de metalls de transició per a catàlisi i un altre de regulació, tipus cadena polioxietilènica, per a interaccions no covalents. El concepte de regulació ha estat provat en els catalitzadors de rodi derivats d’aquests lligands en hidroformilació i hidrogenació asimètrica de diferents alquens. Paràmetres com l’activitat catalítica i l’enantioselectivitat (i la regioselectivitaten el cas de la hidroformilació) han estat millorats amb l’adició d’espècies catiòniques. Aquests estudis han estan complementats amb estudis de coordinació i d’afinitat. En el marc d’aquesta Tesi Doctoral també es va desenvolupar un dels pocs exemples de receptors amb regulació distal per a àcids dicarboxílics.
In the present PhD Thesis, two families of supramolecular bis(phosphite) and bis(phosphine) ligands have been designed and synthesized. These ligands combine a catalytic site for enantioselective organometallic catalysis and a regulation site based on a polyoxyethylene chain for ion-dipole non-covalent interactions. The concept of regulation has been proven inrhodium-mediated asymmetric hydroformylation and hydrogenation reactions of different alkenes using catalysts derived from the ligands that incorporate a distal regulation site. Parameters such as catalyst activity and enantioselectivity (and regioselectivity for hydroformylation) were improved by thesimple addition of cationic species as regulating agents. Within this thesis,one of the few known examples of receptors with distal regulation for dicarboxylic acids has also been developed.

Chiral bisphosphinites are well-documented alternatives for chiral bisphosphines as ligands that can be exploited in various asymmpetric syntheses. Particularly, vicinal biarylphophinite ligands give a seven membered chelate ring similar to the successful DIOP on coordination to the metal. RajanBabu and coworkers have described asymmetric bisphosphinites obtained by functionalization of sugars and have shown their utility in enantioselective hydrogenation, hydrovinylation and hydrocynation reactions. Despite the interesting reactions demonstrated by bisphosphinites, not much attention has been paid to their synthesis and catalysis. This is probably due to the known moisture and oxygen sensitivity that makes their use limited. In the present thesis, a series of C1 an C2 symmetric bisphosphinite complexes of Pd(II) and Pt(II) have been synthesized directly from various naturally occurring chiral alcohols using a modified template method. A number of asymmetric catalytic reactions have been developed such as allylation of imines, allylation of aldehydes, allylic allylation, allylic alkylation, hydrosilylation of alkenes and regioselective allylation of oxiranes. Allylation of imines was carried out in essentially neutral conditions using Pd(II) catalysts and water was shown to accelerate the reaction. Interestingly acetic acid was required as a promoter in asymmetric allylation of cinnamaldehyde in the Pt(II) catalyzed reaction whereas water was a deterrent. Hydrosilylation reaction was carried out in solvent free conditions with high turnover numbers (.1000). Ascorbic acid based complexes produced the highest enantioselectivity for the asymmetric allylic alkylation reaction (97 % ee) and hydrosilylation of styrene (98% ee). These enantioselectivity results are the best obtained using ligands directly prepared from natural products.

There is considerable current interest in the design and synthesis of new phosphorus ligands and their transition metal complexes in view of their potential applications in homogeneous catalysis. The present study is concerned with the synthesis of new chiral and achiral “ diphosphazanes”, which constitute a class of versatile short-bite bidentate phosphine ligands, and studying their reactivity towards late transition metals (Ag, Pd and Ru). Symmetrical diphosphazane ligands, MeN{P(OR)2}2 (R = (1R, 2S, 5R)-menthyl) and MeN{P(SR)2}2, (R = C6H5) and unsymmetrical diphosphazane ligands, Ph2PN(Pri)PPhY, (Y =OC6H3Me2-2,6 or NMePh) have been synthesized and structurally characterized. The reactivity of these ligands towards the transition metal precursors viz., [PdCl2(COD)] and [CpRu(PPh3)2Cl] has been investigated. The reaction of [Ru(bipy)2Cl2] with the diphosphazane, PriN(PPh2)2 in the presence of AgOTf to synthesize [Ru(bipy)2{PriN(PPh2)2}2]OTf led to an unexpected entry into the Ag(I) chemistry of this ligand. By optimizing the reaction conditions, several mononuclear, dinuclear and trinuclear complexes such as [Ag(K2-PriN(PPh2)2)2]X, [Ag(µ-PriN(PPh2)2)X]2 and [Ag3(µ-(Cl)2(µ-PriN(PPh2)2)3]X (X = NO3, OTf or PF6) have been synthesized. A polymeric complex, [Ag2(µ-PriN(PPh2)2)( µ-NO3)2]n in which the ligand adopts a unique ‘Cs’ geometry has also beenstructurally characterized. This polymeric complex is used to synthesize a helical polymer,[Ag2{µ-PriN(PPh2)2}(DABCO)(NO3)2]n and π- π stacked supramolecular assemblies such as [Ag2(NO3)2(µ-Ph2PN(Pri)PPh2)(2,2'-bipy)2] and [Ag2{µ-PriN(PPh2)2}(1,10-phen)2](NO3)2]. The reaction of a sterically bulky diphosphazane ligand, EtN{P(OC6H3(Pri)2-2,6)2}2 (L) with[(η3-1-R,R’-C3H3)Pd(µ-Cl)]2 in the presence of NH4PF6 gives the cationic complex, [(η 3-1-R,R’-C3H3)Pd(L)]PF6 (R = H; R’= H or Me) as the sole product. In the absence of NH4PF6, theinitially formed cationic complex, [(η 3-C3H5)Pd(L)]PF6 is transformed into a mixture of chlorobridged complexes over a period of 96 h. An octa-palladium complex [(η3-C3H5)(2-Cl- η3-C3H4)Pd4(µ-Cl)4(µ-L)]2 is formed as a result of nucleophilic substitution by a chloride ligand at the central allyl carbon atom. The reaction of L with [(η3-C3H5)Pd(µ-Cl)]2 in the presence of K2CO3 yields a dinuclear complex, [(η3-C3H5)Pd2(µ-L)Cl] containing a coordinatively unsaturated T-shaped palladium center. This complex exhibits high catalytic activity and large“turn-over numbers” in the catalytic hydrophenylation of norbornene. Reactions of diphosphazanes with cyclometalated palladium complexes of the general formula [Pd( k2-(C,N)-Me2NCHMe(C6H4))(solvent)2]PF6 derived from a chiral amine, (S)-N,N-dimethyl-1-phenethylamine give chelate complexes of the type [Pd{ k2-(C,N)-Me2NCHMe(C6H4)}(LL)] PF6, (L-L = diphosphazane). Chiral racemic diphosphazanes give a mixture of diastereomeric(S,R and S,S) complexes which could not be separated. These cyclometalated complexes show moderate catalytic activity in C−C bond forming reactions (hydrophenylation /Suzuki coupling).