Journal articles on the topic 'Bismuth ores'
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1
Nikolaeva, Anastasia N., and Alexey K. Mazurov. "Tellurum-bismuth mineralization in ores of the Maleevskoe pyrite deposit (Eastern Kazakhstan)." Bulletin of the Tomsk Polytechnic University Geo Assets Engineering 335, no. 5 (May 29, 2024): 233–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.18799/24131830/2024/5/4636.
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As it is known, Rudny Altai is a classic province of sulfide deposits, most of which were formed in paleo-island-arc geodynamic settings. Pyrite ores have a complex and diverse chemical composition, including a wide range of impurity elements, among which the metalloid tellurium and the metal bismuth still remain poorly studied. Based on the above, we investigated tellurium-bismuth mineralization in the sulfide ores of the Maleevskoe deposit, confined to the Zyryanovsky cluster of Rudny Altai. Relevance of research is caused by the lack of information about the nature of the distribution and forms of occurrence of this type of rare minerals in the ores of pyrite deposits of Rudny Altai. The data obtained from this study will allow for more comprehensive processing and use of mineral resources. Aim of the study is to characterize the material composition of ores; identify the features of the development of tellurium-bismuth mineralization and determine the conditions for its formation; assess the prospects for associated mining and extraction of tellurium with bismuth from the ores of sulfide deposits of Rudny Altai. Object. Tellurium-bismuth mineralization of sulfide ores of the deposit. Methods. Petrographic, mineragraphic and mineralogical analyses, scanning electron microscopy in combination with X-ray microanalysis and Raman spectroscopy. Results. The ores revealed a variety of tellurium-bismuth mineralization, which is recorded as independent minerals, represented by sulfosalts, tellurides, oxides, and native forms of isolation. For the first time, such minerals as plumbotellurite PbTeO3, cervelleite Ag4TeS, xilingoite Pb3Bi2S6 and an unidentified mineral with the general formula PbAg2Te were discovered for these ores. Minerals of tellurium-bismuth composition in relation to the main ore minerals are characterized by later crystallization into the Ag-Te-Bi-sulfide association of the ore stage at a temperature of 280...150°С. Based on the data obtained, the authors predicted the prospects for tellurium and bismuth extraction from ores of deposits similar in material composition to the Maleevskoe deposit and confined to the ore cluster of the same name.
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Kazachenko, V. T., and E. V. Perevoznikova. "BISMUTH MINERALIZATION OF THE BELOGORSKY MAGNETITE DEPOSIT (SIKHOTE-ALIN)." Tikhookeanskaya Geologiya 41, no. 1 (2022): 90–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.30911/0207-4028-2022-41-1-90-109.
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Various bismuth minerals are found in the Belogorsky deposit. Many of them are rare natural minerals and mineral varieties. These are native bismuth, bismutite, cosalite, gladite(?), jonasonite, galenobismutite enriched with Ag and Cu, zavaritskite, a large group of unnamed compounds and other. A feature of the endogenous bismuth mineralization of the deposit is its localization in the products of low-medium-temperature hydrothermal transformation of early associations, especially in large carbonate (with fluorite) pockets in blocks of essentially magnetite ores, where it is closely associated with Au-Ag-Pd-Pt and Mo-W mineralization. The significant amount of Ag in the form of common Ag-Bi minerals is also associated with the bismuth mineralization of the Belogorsky deposit. A close geochemical relationship of Bi, Au, and PGEs in the processes of mineral formation at the Belogorsky deposit is also evident in the presence of common minerals of these elements, such as jonasonite and the unnamed compound Ru(Pb,Ag)2Bi4. The association of Bi and Mo-W mineralization is a characteristic feature of ores of some skarn-tungsten and skarn-molybdenum deposits containing scheelite, molybdenum and bismuthin as the main minerals. The presence of bismuth and noble-metal mineralization is most characteristic of gold and complex gold-bearing ores of hydrothermal deposits of various types. However, at the Belogorsky deposit, in contrast to the deposits of the above-mentioned types, such metals as W, Mo and Bi, as well as Au, Ag, Pd, and Pt do not have an independent practical value, being the accompanying useful components in relation to iron ores. Rocks and ores of the Belogorsky deposit are Triassic metal-bearing sediments metamorphosed and partially regenerated in the Late Cretaceous, which were accumulated in the lagoons of the islands as a result of erosion of the laterite weathering crust of ancient gabbroids. Related to this is the enrichment of ores in different metals, including Fe and Mn, and the presence of gold-silver-palladium-platinum, nickel-cobalt, and bismuth mineralization (Bi compounds with Au and PGE included), which is characteristic of some ultramafic massifs.
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Askarova, Gulzhan, Mels Shautenov, and Kulzhamal Nogaeva. "Flotation enrichment of resistant gold ores." E3S Web of Conferences 168 (2020): 00005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202016800005.
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Ores of the Vasilkovsky deposit include arsenopyrite, pyrite, pyrrhotite, marcasite, gold, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, galena, faded ore (tennantite)S, bismuthine, native bismuth, lellingite, molybdenite, cubanite, bornite, antimonite, relict minerals, magnetite, apatite and apatite chromite, sericite, chlorite, potassium feldspar, tourmaline), quartz, carbonates (siderite, ankerite, calcite), fluorite, barite. Arsenopyrite is the main ore mineral. It contains the bulk of gold, as well as impurities - copper, cobalt, nickel, bismuth, zirconium, titanium, lead, zinc, antimony, silver, molybdenum. Bismuth and its minerals are widespread, they are constantly associated with arsenopyrite, forming intergrowths with native gold, less often with chalcopyrite and faded ore. Native gold is distributed very unevenly, forms the finest precipitates ranging in size from tenths of a micron to 0.063 mm, grows together with quartz, arsenopyrite, pyrite and bismuth minerals. Rich ores were formed by combining bismuthcontaining associations with arsenopyrite. The role of gold in arsenopyrite increases with depth. Ores are of the gold-quartz-sulfide type. Quartz in ore up to 90 %, sulfides from 3 to 5 %. The content of harmful impurities (arsenic) reaches 2 % or more. Ores are refractory, require special technology for the beneficiation and extraction of gold.
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Kemkina, Raisa A., and Igor' V. Kemkin. "Mineral composition of Albazinskoe deposit ores as an indicator of its belonging to the gold-rare metallic ore-formational type." Earth Sciences Research Journal 26, no. 3 (November 29, 2022): 263–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/esrj.v26n3.71479.
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The paper presents new data on mineral composition and geochemical peculiarities of ores from the Albazinskoe gold-bearing deposit (Khabarovsk region, Far East of Russia). Excepting earlier known ore minerals represented by sulfides of iron, arsenic, lead, zinc, and copper, authors have established about two tens of ore minerals, new for this deposit. Among them are sulfides of antimony, bismuth and molybdenum, native bismuth, copper, nickel, silver, tellurides of bismuth, cobalt sulphoarsenite, nickel sulphoantimonite, silver sulphobismuthites, lead-antimony-bismuth sulphosalts, oxides of tin, titanium, tungsten and some others. The revealed specificity of the ores' material composition indicates this deposit belongs to the gold-rare metallic ore-formational type. The sets of geological and structural data show that gold-bearing deposits of this ore-formational type are spatially and genetically associated with the granitoid magmatism, which is exhibited within transform continental margin and related to the geodynamic mode of sliding of the continental and oceanic lithospheric plates.
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Umarov, Akromiddin, Anvar Shukurov, Alisher Djurabayev, Mansur Ruziev, Ilkhom Ruziev, and Satbay Nurjanov. "Minerals of bismuth and antimony in original deposits of zarmitan gold zone, located in granitoid intrusion (Uzbekistan)." E3S Web of Conferences 401 (2023): 01002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202340101002.
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Modern methods of nanomineralogy (electron microscopy, electron probe microanalysis) were used to study the ores of one of the largest industrial facilities of Uzbekistan - the Zarmitan gold zone, which includes the Zarmitan, Urtalik, Guzhumsay deposits, which are located in the Koshrabadgranosyenite massif. The development of / Au-W / Au-Bi-Te / Au-As / Au-Ag-Te / Au-Ag-Se / Au-Sb-Ag / Au-Hg / types of ores. Productive mineral-geochemical types of ores are Au-Bi-Te gold-bismuth-telluride, represented by maldonite, tellurides, and sulfosalts of bismuth: hedleyite, joseite, tsumite, tetradymite, matildite, treasure, and also Au-Sb-Ag gold-silver-sulfoantimonide type represented by aurostibite, sulfoantimonidesPb, Fe, Ag: plagionite, jamsonite, boulangerite, goodmundite, ovichiite and gold-pyrite-arsenopyrite with nanogold, lellingite, gersdorfite. The main industrial resource of gold is provided by Au-Bi-Te, Au-Sb-Ag, and partially Au-As types. The objects of the Zarmitan zone belong to the orogenic gold deposits associated with the intrusion. The established mineral and geochemical features of ores are direct signs of prospecting, typification, and assessment of hidden gold mineralization of orogenic belts.
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Grebennikova, A. A., K. N. Dobroshevsky, A. S. Vakh, N. A. Goryachev, and V. B. Khubanov. "GEOLOGICAL POSITION AND GOLD-BISMUTH MINERALIZATION OF THE NAMOVSKOYE DEPOSIT (SOUTHERN SIKHOTE-ALIN)." Tikhookeanskaya Geologiya 42, no. 6 (2023): 96–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.30911/0207-4028-2023-42-6-96-117.
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Based on the results of a comprehensive geological and mineralogical-geochemical study of the ores of the Namovskoye deposit, new data have been obtained that reflect the specifics of mineralization. The ores of the deposit were formed in close connection with the manifestation of Early Cretaceous monzonitoid magmatism against the background of active left-hand movements along the Central Sikhote-Alin fault. U-Pb dating of the ore-bearing dike yielded an age of 103 Ma. The ores of the deposit, in addition to native gold, contain high concentrations of Ag, Bi, and Cu. A variety of bismuth minerals were found in the ores: sulfide (bismuthinite), telluride (hedleyite), sulfotellurides (tetradymite, joseite-А and joseite-В), Ag sulfobismuthite (matildite), Pb-Bi sulfosalts (aschamalmite, cannizzarite, cosalite, lillianite, nuffieldite, galenobismuthite), an intermetallic compound of gold (maldonite), and native bismuth. Silver minerals were also found: chloride (cerargyrite), sulfide (acanthite), and telluride (hessite). The typomorphic features of ore minerals and the geological structure of the Namovskoye deposit assign it to the gold deposits formed in a transform continental margin setting. A mantle source of ore mineralization is suggested.
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Spiridonov, E. M., N. N. Krivitskaya, I. A. Brysgalov, K. N. Kochetova, and N. N. Korotaeva. "Bismuthite from Au–Bi and Post-Gold Sb Mineralizations within the Darasun Deposit, Eastern Transbaikalya." Zapiski RMO (Proceedings of the Russian Mineralogical Society) CLII, no. 2 (March 1, 2023): 22–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0869605523020089.
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The Late Jurassic late-orogenic volcanogenic-plutonogenic Darasun deposit of the gold-sulphide-quartz formation holds Au–Bi and post-gold Sb mineralizations. Carbonate-quartz-sulfide veins in Western part of the deposit are surrounded by listvenite rims. Their golden ores were formed under conditions of low activity of S2, they contain pyrrhotine, arsenopyrite, chalcopyrite, pyrite, bismuthate I (Bi1.89–1.98Sb0.11–0.02)2S3, galenobismuthite, nests of bismuth and ikunolite Bi4S3. There is observed exsolution of ikunolite mainly into the native bismuth (Bi0.98–1Sb0.02–0) and bismuthite-II; the composition of bismuthite-II in center of aggregates with the bismuth is (Bi1.96–1.97Sb0.04–0.03)2S3, whereas the composition on their periphery is an more antimonian one is (Bi1.91–1.92Sb0.09–0.08)2S3. While the high fineness gold (970–935 ‰) arose there by the action of gold-bearing hydrothermal solutions, the native bismuth has been partly replaced with maldonite. Jonassonite and Pb–Bi sulphosaults (mainly, cosalite Pb2Bi2S5) were formed later in these ores. The overlaying Sb mineralization has given formation not of antimonite (stibnite), but of Pb–Sb sulphosaults (moeloite Pb6Sb6S15, etc.), pseudomorphs of chalcostibite after chalcopyrite, as well as aurostibite AuSb2 after minerals of gold. The replacement of maldonite by aurostibite was resulted in appearance of bismuthate III. The probable replacement reaction is: 2Au2Bi + 6Sb solv. + + 3Sb2S3 solv. → 4AuSb2 + Bi2S3. Bismuthite III (Bi1.72–1.96Sb0.29–0.94)2(S2.98–3Se0–0.02)3, containing 1–7 wt % of Sb, is a product of the maldonite replacement by aurostibite. Moeloite and stibian bismuthate III arose by the Sb mineralization overlaying ores with cosalite. The probable replacement reaction is: 3Pb2Bi2S5 + 3Sb2S3 solv. → Pb6Sb6S15 + 3Bi2S3. Stibian bismuthite-III contains 4–17 wt % of Sb in its composition (Bi1.36–1.71Sb0.64–0.29)2S3. Appearance of bismuthite with the Sb mineralization where it was developed over ores with native bismuth, maldonite and Pb–Bi sulphosaults is the evidence of key role of the mass action law in mineral-forming processes.
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Ashirov, Makhsud, Ibragimov Rustam Kholikulovich, and Jasur Rakhmatullaev. "Koytash Deposit As A Prospective Object Of Uzbekistan For Expanding Resources Of Wollastonite, Precious Metals And Other Associated Elements." American Journal of Applied sciences 03, no. 01 (January 22, 2021): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajas/volume03issue01-06.
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The article discusses complex and conjugated formation of wollostonite, sulfide-rare metal and silver-base polymetallic ores of Koytash deposit. Forms recommended for co-extraction, mineral composition and elements-impurities of them have been revealed. These data on rare-metal sulfide and sulfide-polymetallic ores of Koytash skarn-rare metal deposit proves its prospects in extraction of both rare metal and noble metals, bismuth and wollastonite.
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Kolpakova, N. A., and T. S. Glyzina. "Stripping voltammetric determination of bismuth in raw gold ores." Journal of Analytical Chemistry 64, no. 12 (December 2009): 1259–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1061934809120107.
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Zhou, Cheng Ying, Wei Qu, Wen Juan Li, and Liu Lu Cai. "Simultaneous Determination of Arsenic, Antimony and Bismuth in Chemical Materials by Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry." Key Engineering Materials 723 (December 2016): 579–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.723.579.
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Arsenic, antimony and bismuth in gold ores were simultaneously determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) with spectral lines of 188.980, 206.834 and 223.061nm as analytical line respectively, under preset instrumental parameters. The linear range of the method for arsenic, antimony and bismuth was 0~80ug/mL and the correlation coefficient was greater than 0.99995. The detection limit for arsenic, antimony and bismuth was 2.87, 1.63 and 0.84ug/g respectively. The results of this method are consistent with the national standard method, and the relative error is less than 1.5%. The relative standard deviation (RSD) of this method is better than 5.0% (n=11) with good accuracy and precision. ICP-OES can be used for simultaneous determination of multiple elements and is suitable to the analysis of large quantities of samples.
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Krenev, V. A., N. F. Drobot, and S. V. Fomichev. "Processes for the recovery of bismuth from ores and concentrates." Theoretical Foundations of Chemical Engineering 49, no. 4 (July 2015): 540–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0040579515040132.
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Yue, Qiuyu, Degao Zhai, Gang Zhao, Qingqing Zhao, and Jiajun Liu. "The Occurrence and Chemical Composition of Bismuth-Bearing Minerals in the Niuxingba-Liumukeng Ag-Pb-Zn Deposit, Jiangxi Province, South China." Minerals 14, no. 1 (December 30, 2023): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min14010053.
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The Niuxingba-Liumukeng deposit, located in the Yinkeng ore field (Jiangxi province, South China), is a typical Ag-Pb-Zn deposit hosted in the Yudu-Ganxian metallogenic belt. Based on the field investigation and mineralogical studies, the mineralization of this deposit can be divided into three stages: quartz-pyrite-arsenopyrite stage (I), quartz-galena-sphalerite-sulfosalt stage (II), and quartz-carbonate stage (III), with stage II being the main Ag mineralization stage. In this contribution, we reported the occurrence of bismuth-bearing minerals in this hydrothermal deposit and its implications for ore formation. Based on the results of electron microprobe analyses, we infer that the dominant occurrence of bismuth at Niuxingba-Liumukeng is primarily marked by solid solutions within the crystal lattice of galena and as visible independent bismuth-bearing minerals. The independent bismuth minerals consist of berryite [Pb3(Ag,Cu)5Bi7S16], emplectite (CuBiS2), and aikinite (PbCuBiS3). Most bismuth minerals replace chalcopyrite or fill in the cracks of pyrite and chalcopyrite. Meanwhile, we found a large number of Bi-bearing minerals closely coexisting with Ag-bearing minerals, indicating that bismuth may have played a crucial role in silver deposition from hydrothermal fluids. We considered that the existence of bismuth-rich melts associated with the ore-forming hydrothermal systems could help to promote the enrichment and precipitation of silver to form economic ores.
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Kondratieva, Larisa A., Galina S. Anisimova, and Veronika N. Kardashevskaia. "Ore Mineralogy and Typomorphism of Native Gold of the Spokoininsky Cluster of the Aldan–Stanovoy Gold Province." Minerals 13, no. 4 (April 12, 2023): 543. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min13040543.
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The ore mineralogy of a new promising target of the Aldan–Stanovoy gold province—the Spokoininsky cluster—is considered. Gold mineralization is represented by a volumetric, nonlinear type, unconventional for the region; it is related to elements of fold structures and reverse fault in the enclosing metamorphic basement rocks. Vein-disseminated sulfide–(pyrite)–quartz ores build up deposit-like bodies in beresites from gneisses and granite gneisses and are associated with Mesozoic igneous rocks of subalkaline formations. Mineralization is characterized by polysulfide (Fe-Cu-Pb); gold–bismuth (Au-Bi) and gold–silver–telluride (Au-Ag-Te) mineral types. Different mineral types have their own typomorphic minerals and typochemistry (fineness and impurities) of native gold. The widespread distribution of telluride mineralization and its great importance in the formation of gold mineralization on the Aldan shield is confirmed. The distribution area of bismuth (including tellurium–bismuth) mineralization in the southern part of the Aldan shield, in the zone of influence of the Stanovoy deep fault, has been identified.
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Chebotarev, A. N., V. P. Dubovyiy, and D. V. Snigur. "Adsorption-Spectrophotometric Determination of Bismuth(III) in Ores and Ore Сoncentrates." Moscow University Chemistry Bulletin 73, no. 3 (May 2018): 116–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s0027131418030021.
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Novakov, Roman, Valentina Kungurova, and Svetlana Moskaleva. "Formation conditions of noble metal mineralization in sulfide cobalt-copper-nickel ores of Kamchatka (on the example of Annabergitovaya Schel ore occurrence)." Journal of Mining Institute 248 (May 25, 2021): 209–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.31897/pmi.2021.2.5.
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The authors present research results, the purpose of which is to study the specifics of noble metal mineralization and its genesis in sulfide cobalt-copper-nickel ores of the Kamchatka nickel-bearing province. The paper is dedicated to one of its many ore occurrences called Annabergitovaya Schel (Annabergite Gap). The material composition of platinoid, silver, gold, bismuth and tellurium minerals, as well as sulfarsenides in the ores of this occurrence was investigated. Based on the data of mineral formation sequence and the use of geosensors, conclusions were drawn regarding the genesis of noble metal mineralization.
Formation of platinoid minerals, silver and gold at the Annabergitovaya Schel ore occurrence is mainly associated with the epigenetic effect of post-ore granitoids on ore-bearing intrusion rocks of the Dukuk complex of the cortlandite-norite formation and on syngenetic ores. An early association of noble metal minerals is represented by sperrylite, irarsite, and rare unnamed phases of Pt + Ir + Te. Irarsite and Pt + Ir + Te phases were formed at the contact-metasomatic stage. Sperrylite can be assumed to be of magmatic origin. Silver sulfides and tellurides, silver and palladium bismuth tellurides, and native gold were formed at the late, hydrothermal-metasomatic, stage. The occurrence conditions of mineral parageneses, associated with noble metal mineralization, correspond to the formation of shallow-depth metasomatic rocks (5 km). Sub-developed quartz-feldspar metasomatites, associated with the formation of early platinoid arsenides and sulfarsenides, are in equilibrium with circumneutral solutions (pH of 4.5-6.5) at temperatures of 350-600 °C. Late hydrothermal association with Pd, Ag and Au minerals is close to propylites and was formed at pH values of 4.5-6.5 and temperature of 150-350 °C.
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Lin, Shangyong, Runqing Liu, Wei Sun, Yuehua Hu, and Haisheng Han. "Effect of H2O2 on the Separation of Mo-Bi-Containing Ore by Flotation." Minerals 8, no. 9 (September 13, 2018): 402. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min8090402.
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Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a strong oxidizer that causes non-selective oxidation of sulfide minerals, and its influence on bismuth sulfide ores is not well-documented. In this study, H2O2 was proposed as an alternative bismuthinite depressant, and its effect on a Mo-Bi-containing ore was intensively investigated by batch flotation tests. Results showed that the addition of H2O2 significantly destabilized the froth phase, thus decreasing the solids and water recovery. The recovery of bismuth in molybdenum concentrate was dramatically decreased to 4.64% by H2O2 compared with that in the absence of H2O2 (i.e., 50.14%). The modified first-order kinetic model demonstrated that the flotation rate of molybdenite slightly declined after H2O2 addition, whereas that of bismuthinite was drastically reduced from 0.30 min−1 to 0.08 min−1 under the same condition. Simulation revealed that H2O2 affected the floatability of both molybdenite and bismuthinite but resulted in more detrimental effect to bismuthinite. Hence, H2O2 has the potential to act as an effective depressant in bismuth sulfide ore flotation.
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Ashirov, M., K. Khoshjanova, J. Rakhmatullaev, and M. Juliev. "Identification of mineral associations in skarn-rare-metallic deposits in Western Uzbekistan." E3S Web of Conferences 386 (2023): 01011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202338601011.
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This article solves the applied scientific problem of identifying mineral carriers and mineral associations of platinum mineralization in the skarn-gold-rare metal Koytash and Lyangar deposits. One of the applied research tasks was to identify the forms of mineral carriers and mineral associations of platinum-metal mineralization for these deposits. We carried out geological fieldwork of the Koytash and Lyangar deposits, which included a sampling of sulphide-rare metal and silver-polymetallic ores, and conducted laboratory studies by using mass spectrometry, atomic absorption, electron microprobe, and other modern methods. This article addresses the complex formation of sulphide-rare-metal and silver-polymetallic ores of the above-mentioned deposits. The formation of mineral associations bearing rare-metal (W-Mo) mineralization that formed in the early alkaline stage, in almost all sites, is completed by sulphide-rare metal and silver-polymetallic mineralization that often carry industrial-grade concentrations of noble and other metals. We have identified a recommended location for the concomitant extraction of useful components, the mineral composition, and the impure elements in them. These data show the prospects of sulphide-rare metals and sulphidepoly-metallic ores in the Koytash deposit for precious metals, bismuth, etc.
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Eremin, O. V., and G. A. Yurgenson. "Mineralogy and geochemistry of tellurium in the some mining sites of Transbaikalia." E3S Web of Conferences 462 (2023): 03038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202346203038.
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The first results of the study of the occurrence and mineral forms of tellurium in hypogenic and hypergenic conditions on the example of some deposits in Transbaikalia are presented in the article. Their paragenesis and the variations of tellurium content in ores and the hypergenesis zone are considered. Experiments on water leaching of tellurium, bismuth, lead, uranium and silver were carried out. The physicochemical model of mineral associations with the participation of these elements in conditions of the hypergenesis zone was calculated.
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Аskarova, G. Е., А. B. Begalinov, М. R. Shautenov, and K. Аmantaiuly. "The main characteristics of the development of ores of the gold-bearing Vasilkovskoye deposit." Engineering Journal of Satbayev University 145, no. 3 (2023): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.51301/ejsu.2023.i3.03.
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In the article, the continuous growth in the development of the gold mining industry in our country, the growth in the consumption of metals and other minerals justify the search for and development of new minerals, the development of new efficient technological schemes for mining. processing of minerals, development of new types of raw materials from difficult-to-enrich ores. Research is aimed not only at the preparation and development of new deposits, the determination of the enrichment of gold-bearing ores, but also at the theoretical development of methods for separating the components of mineral raw materials. There are more than 2.000 gold deposits in the Republic of Kazakhstan. Over the past two decades, studies of the structure of gold-bearing raw materials show an increasing trend in the extraction of ores. The continuous growth in the rate of development of the gold mining industry, the increase in the consumption of metals and other minerals justify the search for and development of new minerals, the development of new efficient technological schemes for the processing of minerals, the development of new types of raw materials from hard-to-enrich ores. Research is aimed not only at the preparation and development of new deposits, the determination of the enrichment of gold-bearing ores, but also at the theoretical development of methods for separating the components of mineral raw materials. In the last two or three decades, the proportion of gold obtained from technologically simple gold ores has been steadily declining. In nature, gold occurs mainly in the form of a native metal, intermetallic compounds and minerals containing gold, silver, copper, iron, mercury, bismuth, platinum, palladium, iridium, rhodium and gold gelluride minerals. In addition, gold occurs in the form of compounds with organic acids.
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Daribaev, Zh, M. Suleimenova, V. Shevko, and N. Daribaeva. "Thermodynamic Simulation of Simultaneous Extraction of Metals During Waste Processing Industry." Eurasian Chemico-Technological Journal 20, no. 2 (June 30, 2018): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.18321/ectj689.
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The depletion of ores, a rise in the cost of their extraction, enrichment and processing led in the last 10‒15 years to a sharp rise in prices for tungsten products. Therefore, the processing began to involve technogenic waste ‒ dumps of enrichment factories and metallurgical industries, which previously did not represent the commercial interest on this case, we present the information on the results of the thermodynamic modeling of tungsten and bismuth chloride distillation in the processing of industrial waste using NaCl as a chlorinating agent. To calculate thermodynamic models for the associated extraction of tungsten and bismuth from industrial wastes, the ASTRA-4 software complex was used which created on basis of the maximum entropy of all possible reactions occurring during the retrieval of refractory metals from waste. Thus, the calculations carried out and experimental studies of the main provisions of thermodynamic calculation have shown the possibility of using NaCl salts for bismuth chlorination. At the same time, the maximum degree of sublimation of bismuth not be lower than 98% and can be achieved even at a temperature of 1200 K and a pressure of 0.01–0.1 MPa. At the same time, NaCl is not an effective chlorinating agent for retrieving of tungsten during high-temperature processing of industrial wastes.
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Leontev, Vasilii Ivanovich, and Yackov Yur’evich Bushuev. "Ore Mineralization in Adular-Fluorite Metasomatites: Evidence of the Podgolechnoe Alkalic-Type Epithermal Gold Deposit (Central Aldan Ore District, Russia)." Key Engineering Materials 743 (July 2017): 417–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.743.417.
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The Podgolechnoe deposit, which belongs to the alkalic-type (A-type) epithermal gold-ore deposits, lies in the Central Aldan ore district (Russia). Gold-ore mineralization is associated with a volcano-plutonic complex made of rocks of the monzonite-syenite formation (J3–K1). The ore bodies are localized in the crushing zones developed after crystalline schists, gneisses, and granites of the crystalline basement complexes (Ar–Pr). Metasomatic alterations in host rocks have potassic specialization. Vein ore minerals are adular, fluorite, roscoelite, sericite, and carbonate. Ore minerals are pyrite, galena, sphalerite, cinnabar, brannerite, monazite, bismuth telluride, stutzite, hessite, petzite, montbraite, and native gold. The deposit has been explored as a gold-ore deposit, however, due to complex composition of ores there is a need to reveal the possibilities of the integrated development of this deposit. This could provide for a reserve increment and an increase in the gross recoverable value of ores due to the extraction of associated components.
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Murzin, V. V., G. A. Palyanova, E. V. Anikina, and V. P. Moloshag. "Mineralogy of noble metals (Au, Ag, Pd, Pt) in Volkovskoe Cu-Fe-Ti-V deposit (Middle Urals, Russia)." LITHOSPHERE (Russia) 21, no. 5 (October 31, 2021): 653–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.24930/1681-9004-2021-21-5-643-659.
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Research subject. The mineral compositions of titanomagnetitic (apatite, titanomagnetite) and copper-titanomagnetitic (bornite, chalcopyrite, apatite, titanomagnetite) ores of the Volkovskoe Cu-Fe-Ti-V deposit (Middle Urals, Russia).Methods. The research was carried out using a Jeol JSM-6390LV scanning electron microscope and X-ray spectral microanalyzers JXA-5 (Jeol) at the Geoanalitik Collective Use Center of the IGG UB RAS. Results and conclusions.Native gold (with ≤ 0.3 wt % Pd, 0.2–0.4 wt % Cu; fneness 800–914 ‰), tellurides of Pd, Au and Ag (merenskyite, keithconnite, sylvanite, hessite) and Pt arsenide (sperrylite) were found in the copper-titanomagnetitic ores. For the frst time, two generations of native gold (fneness 1000 and 850–860 ‰) and palladium telluride (keithconnite Pd3-xTe) were detected in titanomagnetitic ores. The sequence of ore mineral formation and the features of their genesis were revealed. Native gold (fneness 1000‰) in the form of microinclusions in titanomagnetite was attributed to the magmatic stage. Noble metal minerals, intergrown with copper sulfdes (bornite, chalcopyrite, digenite) and associated with late hydroxyl-bearing minerals (amphibole, epidote, chlorite), are superimposed in relation to the magmatic minerals (pyroxene, plagioclase, hornblende, apatite, titanomagnetite, ilmenite, etc.) of these ores. Merenskyite, sperrylite, high fneness gold (800–914 ‰), as well as carrolite, cobaltite, copper-cobalt telluride and bismuth tellurium-selenide kawazulite Вi2Te2Se are syngenetic with copper sulfdes. The Au-Ag tellurides were deposited later than these minerals. It is shown that the high fugacity of tellurium, which binds Pd, Au, and Ag into tellurides, prevents the occurrence of native gold containing high concentrations of palladium and silver.
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Chu, Tu Minh, Ha Xuan Dinh, and Phuong Nguyen. "Some new research outcomes of wolframite-tin-polymetallic metallization in the Huoi Chun area, Huaphanh province, Lao people’s democratic republic (LPDR)." Journal of Mining and Earth Sciences 61, no. 2 (April 29, 2020): 22–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.46326/jmes.2020.61(2).03.
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The paper focuses on clarifying the characteristics of tungsten, tin - polymetallic ore mineralization in the Huoi Chun area based on applying traditional geological methods, collecting documents, methods of studying ore material composition, and legal statistic. The findings are as follows: Mineral ores were generated mainly by material deposition, crystallization of hydrothermal solution, and filling fracture systems. The main minerals occurred in the study area are tungsten, tin, copper, zinc, bismuth. Tungsten, tin-polymetallic metallization was generated in 3 hydrothermal episodes. The symbiotic wolframite - bismuth mineral symbiosis is a discovery of the authors' collective during the implementation of the National project under Protocol code NDT.35.LA / 17. Sn, Cu, Pb, Zn, As, and Cd - bearing minerals are characterized for the middle episode of metallogeny; whereas W, Co, and Bi- bearing minerals were formed during the third episode of hydrothermal metallogeny. The tungsten, tin - polymetallic mineralization could be related to Mesozoic - Cenozoic intrusive magmatism.
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Ivashchenko, Vasily I. "Rare-Metal (In, Bi, Te, Se, Be) Mineralization of Skarn Ores in the Pitkäranta Mining District, Ladoga Karelia, Russia." Minerals 11, no. 2 (January 27, 2021): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11020124.
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The results of the study of rare-metal (Bi, Te, Se. Be, In) mineralization of skarn deposits (Sn, Zn) in the Pitkäranta Mining District, genetically related to the Salmi anorthosite-rapakivi granite batholiths of Early Riphean age are reported. Minerals and their chemical composition were identified on the base of optical microscopy as well as electron microanalysis. The diversity of rare-metal ore mineralization (native metals, oxides, and hydroxides, carbonates, tellurides, selenides, sulfides, sulphosalts, borates, and silicates) in Pitkäranta Mining District ores is indicative of considerable variations in the physicochemical conditions of their formation controlled by the discrete-pulse-like supply of fluids. Bismuth, wittichenite, and matildite are the most common rare-metal minerals. Sulfosalts of the bismuthinite-aikinite series are represented only by its end-members. The absence of solid solution exsolution structures in sulfobismuthides suggests that they crystallized from hydrothermal solutions at low temperatures. Be (>10 minerals) and In (roquesite) minerals occur mainly in aposkarn greisens. Roquesite in Pitkäranta Mining District ores formed upon greisen alteration of skarns with In released upon the alteration of In-bearing solid sphalerite (Cu1+ In3+) ↔ (Zn2+, Fe2+) and chalcopyrite In3+ ↔ Fe3+ and 2Fe3+ ↔ (Fe2+, Zn2+) Sn4+ solutions. Sphalerite with an average In concentration of 2001 ppm, is a major In-bearing mineral in the ores.
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Yurgenson, Georgi, and Elena Mironova. "Ullmannite and Heyrovskyite veins of the Genevskaya Darasunskoye gold deposit in Eastern Transbaikalia (Russia)." E3S Web of Conferences 462 (2023): 03023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202346203023.
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The first data on the mineral composition of the vein of the Geneva Darasunskoye gold deposit in Transbaikalia are given. Particular attention is paid to the rare mineral ulmannite NiSbS, which has not been described before, and Heyrovskyite, which is previously unknown in the ores of this deposit, which belongs to rare minerals of the lead-bismuth sulfosal salt group. Both mineral species are found in propylites containing a gold-bearing vein. Among the ulmannites, arsenic and non-arsenic varieties were found. The arsenic content is in the range of 4.9 – 7.37 wt.%. Two of the analyzed samples contained copper contents of 0.83–0.87 wt. %. All measured individuals contain iron ranging from 0.57 to 1.75 wt.% and there is a sulfur deficiency. For the first time, a lead-silver-bismuth sulfosalt belonging to heyrovskite was identified in the near-salband part of the Geneva gold-bearing vein of the Darasun gold deposit. Its composition is not constant. Kheyrovskite of the Darasun deposit differs in chemical composition from its other known occurrences in its relatively high antimony content up to 2.12%, as well as a high bismuth content and sulfur deficiency. Both minerals belong to the early stage of the formation of the Geneva gold vein.
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Wagner, T., and J. Lorenz. "Mineralogy of complex Co-Ni-Bi vein mineralization, Bieber deposit, Spessart, Germany." Mineralogical Magazine 66, no. 3 (June 2002): 385–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/0026461026630036.
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AbstractPost-Variscan vein-type Co-Ni-Bi ores of the Bieber deposit, Spessart mountains, Germany, which are related to the Permian Kupferschiefer, have been investigated by ore microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction and electron-probe microanalysis. The samples contain a variety of ore minerals, notably skutterudite, native bismuth, cobaltite, alloclasite, niccolite, maucherite, gersdorffite, rammelsbergite/pararammelsbergite, safflorite, loellingite and emplectite. The ores display structures indicative of multiple brecciation and complex zoned arsenide assemblages. Three sequential stages of deposition are identified, which are (1) the Cu stage, (2) the main Co-Ni-Bi stage, and (3) the late stage. The arsenide minerals, notably skutterudite, diarsenides and sulpharsenides, show a large range of compositional variation in Co-Ni-Fe space. A relatively limited number of skutterudite and diarsenide compositions lie outside the compositional fields established in the literature. Skutterudite and diarsenides are characterized by a significant substitution of As by S up to 0.44 a.p.f.u. and 0.31 a.p.f.u., respectively, which is larger than the range previously reported for these minerals. Sulpharsenide compositions can be grouped into three populations, which conform to cobaltian arsenopyrite, cobaltite and gersdorffite. They display highly variable As/S ratios between 0.95:1.00 and 1.29:0.73, consistent with experimental data. Estimates of the formation temperatures, based on the presence of dendritic native bismuth and emplectite, are in the range 100–300°C, similar to different post-Variscan mineralization styles widespread in Central Europe. Comparison of the Co-Ni-Bi vein assemblage with the framework of available paragenetic information and radiometric age data for regional mineralization events indicates an age of mineralization of ~150–160 Ma for the Bieber deposit.
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Galyamov, A. L., A. V. Volkov, K. Yu Murashov, N. V. Sidorova, and T. P. Kuznetsova. "Prospects for identifying the Mississippi Valley type deposits in the North-East of Russia." LITHOSPHERE (Russia) 20, no. 2 (April 25, 2020): 254–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.24930/1681-9004-2020-20-2-254-270.
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Research subject. The Mississippi Valley type deposits make up about a third of the global balance of lead and zinc reserves, resources and production. Additionally, silver, antimony, arsenic, barium, bismuth, cadmium, cobalt, gallium, indium, mercury, molybdenum, nickel and thallium can be present in the ores of these deposits. In the North-East of Russia, the Mississippi Valley type of deposits is poorly represented. In this work, we investigate the deposits of the Sardana ore cluster of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) and individual deposits of the Magadan region. Materials and methods. The article discusses the results of previous scientific research and new data on the geochemical features, isotopic composition of ores and geological and structural conditions for the formation of the Sardana cluster deposit. In addition, the potential for identifying stratiform lead-zinc deposits is associated with favourable geodynamic conditions in the region, as well as with the refinement and adaptation of the forecast-search model of MVT deposits for the North-East of Russia. Results. The mineralogical and geochemical features of the rocks and ores of the Sardana cluster deposits, the morphology of ore bodies, their zoning elements, as well as isotopic ratios indicate that the ores are likely to be of the Mississippi Valley type with the onset of ore deposition at early diagenetic and catagenetic stages. The distribution of rare elements indicates a significant role of superimposed metamorphism of the host carbonate-terrigenous strata in the deposition of the ores of producing stages. Conclusion. The potential possibility of increasing the mineral and raw material base of lead and zinc is associated with the identification of sedimentary basins with a stagnant anoxic regime of carbonate accumulation in the immediate vicinity of the development areas of rift complexes, as well as with the presence of other critically important forecast-search signs. In addition to the well-known Killakh metallogenic zone, Tuora-Sis and Orulgan metallogenic taxa located in the north of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) with known stratiform manifestations of lead and zinc belong to such areas.
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Colomban, Philippe, Burcu Kırmızı, and Gulsu Simsek Franci. "Cobalt and Associated Impurities in Blue (and Green) Glass, Glaze and Enamel: Relationships between Raw Materials, Processing, Composition, Phases and International Trade." Minerals 11, no. 6 (June 15, 2021): 633. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11060633.
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Minerals able to colour in blue (and green in combination with yellow pigments) are limited in number and geologically. After presenting a short history of the use of cobalt as a colouring agent of glass, glaze and enamel in the Western/Mediterranean, Islamic and Asian worlds since Antiquity, we will present the different forms (dissolved ions, natural and synthetic crystalline phases/pigments) of cobalt and associated elements regarding primary (transition metals) and secondary geological deposits (transition metals and/or arsenic, bismuth, silver). Attempts to identify the origin of cobalt have been made by many authors considering the associated elements but without considering the important modifications due to different processing of the raw materials (extraction/purification/formulation). We review the information available in the ancient reports and present literature on the use of cobalt, its extraction and production from the ores, the different geological sources and their relationship with associated elements (transition metals, bismuth, arsenic, and silver) and with technological/aesthetic requirements. (Partial) substitution of cobalt with lapis lazuli is also addressed. The relative application of non-invasive mobile Raman and pXRF analytical instruments, to detect mineral phases and elements associated with/replacing cobalt is addressed, with emphasis on Mamluk, Ottoman, Chinese, Vietnamese and Japanese productions. The efficiency of Ni-Zn-As diagram proposed by Gratuze et al. as a classification tool is confirmed but additionally, CoO-Fe2O3−MnO and CoO-NiO-Cr2O3 diagrams are also found as very efficient tools in this research. The relationship between the compositional data obtained from the artefacts and historical questions on the origin and date of their production are discussed in order to obtain a global historical view. The need of a better knowledge of (ancient) deposits of cobalt ores and the evolution of cobalt ore processing with time and place is obvious.
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Imamverdiyev, N. A., and N. A. Sattar-zade. "Geochemical peculiarities of accompanying elements Filizchai pyrite-polymetallic deposit (southern slope of the Greater Caucasus)." Scientific Petroleum, no. 1 (June 30, 2023): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.53404/sci.petro.20230100035.
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The article considers the distribution of accompanying elements (cadmium, indium, selenium, tellurium, bismuth, etc.) in pyrite-polymetallic ores of the Filizchay deposit. It was found that there is a high correlation between the concentrations of cadmium, zinc and lead (r=+0.790 and r=+0.616). The relationship between the contents of cadmium and copper is negative (r=-0.414). Indium - correlated with zinc and cadmium. In the Filizchaya ore deposit, a relatively high amount of indium is present in the upper depth horizons and the western flank of the deposit. The mineralconcentrator of the element is zinc sulfide. A high correlation was established between antimony and arsenic (r=+0.663). There is a significant correlation coefficient of these elements with zinc, lead, silver, bismuth and cadmium. In connection with the regular arrangement of natural types of ores in the composition of a single ore deposit of the deposit, a regular change in the concentrations of these elements is established. In general, there is a vertical and horizontal zonality in the distribution of harmful impurities in the ore deposit. It has been established that the content of antimony and arsenic gradually decreases from the upper to deep horizons. The concentration of antimony and arsenic decreases from the western flank to the east, and the content of mercury from the western flank to the central part increases slightly, and on the eastern flank its concentration decreases to a minimum, selenium is more concentrated from the central part of the ore deposit of the deposit. It was revealed that the formation of the Filizchay deposit was accompanied by a zonal distribution of chemical elements, consistent with the general scheme of mineralogical zoning. Keywords: Accompanying elements; Correlation; Zonality; Distribution of chemical elements.
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Litvinenko, I. S., and L. A. Shilina. "Золотое оруденение Нижне-Мякитского рудно-россыпного узла (Северо-Восток России)." Bulletin of the North-East Science Center, no. 2 (June 28, 2022): 26–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.34078/1814-0998-2022-2-26-44.
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A comprehensive study of native gold and ore mineral parageneses of the Berental intrusive-dome structure in the southeastern part of the Yano-Kolyma gold-bearing belt has been carried out. The zonality of mineralization is shown: from the central part (in the Berental stock endocontacts) with the Au-Bi-Te mineralization "style" to - As-Au (in the exocontacts of the stock) and, further, to Ag-Pb-Zn on the periphery. In the same direction changes the fineness of native gold in ores, from high and medium to low fineness. Antimony mineralization was noted at the final stage of ore formation. Vertical zoning is expressed in the silver-polysulfide type of mineralization changing with depth to sulfide-sulfoarsenide and, lower, bismuth-sulfotelluride. A rare mineral, maldonite (Au2Bi), is relatively widespread. The end-to-end ore minerals are pyrrhotite, native bismuth, and its tellurides. The obtained facts permitted to attribute the hydrothermal system of the Berental stock to the RIRGD type, i. e. to gold deposits associated with restored intrusives, which can contribute to the improvement of the methodology for prospecting and evaluation works at deposits of this type and to the discovery of large occurrences in terms of reserves.
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Levochskaya, Daria, TAMARA Yakich, DMITRY Lesnyak, Maxim Rudmin, Aleksey Ruban, Aleksey Erofeev, and Aleksey Mazurov. "The main stages of ore formation of the Svetloe epithermal gold deposit (Khabarovsk Region) based on the study of the mineral composition of metasomatic rocks and ores." Ores and metals, no. 3 (October 9, 2023): 61–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.47765/0869-5997-2023-10013.
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The study of the spatiotemporal relationships of metasomatites and ores of various zones of the epithermal Au-Ag deposit Svetloe (Khabarovsk Region) using a traditional mineralogical and petrographic approach made it possible to establish several stages of ore formation confined to two paleovolcanic structures of the central type. The early stage corresponds to the moderately acidic (IS) type of mineralization, the second stage of ore formation corresponds to the acidic sulfate (HS) type.Gold mineralization associated with the early stage of ore formation is represented by two main types: Au-Ag-Te and Au-Ag. The late stage of mineralization is characterized by the predominance of redeposited high-grade gold, as well as the presence of other native elements: tellurium, selenium, sulfur, and bismuth.
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Gvozdev, V. I. "Bismuth mineralization in ores of the Skrytoe scheelite deposit (Primorye) and problems of its genesis." Russian Journal of Pacific Geology 3, no. 1 (February 2009): 69–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1819714009010072.
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Adsul, J. "Use of Chelex 100 in determination of bismuth in sulphide ores, concentrates, metals and alloys." Talanta 34, no. 5 (May 1987): 503–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0039-9140(87)80169-8.
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Vikent’eva, O. V., and N. S. Bortnikov. "EVIDENCES OF MINERAL MELTING IN THE ORES OF THE SVETLINSK GOLD DEPOSIT, SOUTH URALS, RUSSIA." Доклады Российской академии наук. Науки о Земле 513, no. 2 (December 1, 2023): 206–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s2686739723602016.
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For the large Svetlinsk gold deposit (South Urals) evidences of partial melting of minerals and possible participation of polymetallic melts in the concentration and redistribution of gold and other metals are given. Finding of bismuth and antimony minerals in ores, among which there are gold minerals new to the deposit (pampaloite, montbrayite and aurostibite), specific mineral intergrowths (polymineral Sb–Bi–Pb–Te–Ag–Au drop inclusions), enrichment of early sulphides with Low-Melting-point Chalcophile Elements (LMCE), high formation temperatures for ore assemblages (up to 400°C), as well as the occurring metamorphism of amphibolite facies indicate the possibility of the formation of such melts. Polymetallic melts at the deposit could be formed both by partial melting of early sulphides and directly from hydrothermal fluids. The signs of melting also include simplectites of calaverite and native gold in the marginal parts of the large montbrayite grain.
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Kulankadir, А. Sh, S. S. Dosmagambetova, and K. S. Tosmaganbetova. "Development of methods for analytical determination and extraction of cobalt(II) ions from aqueous solutions by melting organic reagents." BULLETIN of the L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. Chemistry. Geography. Ecology Series 130, no. 1 (2020): 48–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/2616-6771-2020-130-1-49-54.
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Cobalt is a relatively rare metal, and its rich deposits are now almost exhausted. The main sources of industrial production of metallic cobalt are copper-nickel ores containing cobalt as an impurity. The processing of these ores is very complex and involves pyro- and hydrometallurgical methods depending on the composition of the ore. The result is a solution of cobalt and nickel chlorides containing impurities of copper(II), lead(II), bismuth(III) ions. Extraction is increasingly used to purify cobalt from associated impurities. Extraction methods are widely used in hydrometallurgy, the nuclear materials industry, the technology of rare metals and the production of highly pure substances, as well as in analytical chemistry. However, despite this they have a number of drawbacks the main one is the use of fire hazardous and toxic organic solvents; therefore, the principles of eliminating toxic components from the process are becoming more common. The physicochemical basis of the extraction of cobalt (II) ions was studied by a stearic acid melt.The possibilities of practical application are considered of research results. Solid extracts of cobalt(II) were obtained with low-melting organic extractants. They meet all the requirements of standard samples: they differ in homogeneity of distribution, in similarity of composition with the analyzed samples and they can be used for several years.
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Efanova, Ludmila, Natalia Kovalchuk, and Tatyana Mayorova. "Microimpurities in pyrite of gold ore occurrences of the Manitanyrd ridge (the Polar Urals)." Ores and metals, no. 2 (July 8, 2024): 28–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.47765/0869-5997-2024-10007.
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The microelement composition was studied of pyrite, the main concentrator of gold in sulfidization zones in ore occurrences of the Manitanyrd Ridge. The ore mineralization is assigned to the gold-sulfide-quartz vein and gold-sulfide types. We determined a wide range of ore-forming elements, associated with gold in pyrite. These elements correspond to geochemical features of the late galena-chalcopyrite-sphalerite mineral assemblage of the ore process, as well as to its final stage expressed in the appearance of elements reflecting the mineralogy of gray ores and bismuth sulfosalts. Pyrites from the vein and mineralized zones, from the ores of the deposit and from the secondary lithochemical anomalies, were found to contain the same set of the gold satellite elements: Ag, Cu, Zn, Pb, As. In pyrite of the gold-sulfide-quartz veins, Au has close correlations with the main elements of the ore association. In pyrite of the mineralized zones, all the correlations between Au and the ore-forming elements are absent. The pair-wise correlation between the ore-forming elements in these zones also changes completely. It is demonstrated that the identified differences in correlations between Au and the ore-forming elements in pyrite are a criterion for assessment of the lithochemical anomalies and allow one to propose a strategy of prospecting for new ore objects in the Manitanyrd region.
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Korolev, Alexey A. "Electrolytic Processing of Pb-Bi Alloy." Journal of Siberian Federal University. Engineering & Technologies 14, no. 8 (December 2021): 930–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.17516/1999-494x-0362.
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Metal bismuth is mainly produced as a by-product in the production of lead, tungsten, copper, silver, gold, tin and zinc. Approximately 90 % of all extracted bismuth is obtained from lead, copper and other concentrates. The main source of bismuth is lead concentrates obtained during the processing of lead, as well as lead-zinc and other polymetallic ores. During the processing of these concentrates, bismuth almost completely enters the rough lead, from which it is removed during its refining. The most common technologies for the recovery of bismuth from lead ingots are the Kroll-Betterton process and the Betts electrolytic process. During the electrolysis of the Bi-Pb alloy, the separation of three products has been established, they are anode and cathode alloys, as well as salt melt. The complexity of pyroelectrometallurgical processing of a bismuth-poor alloy with the production of rough bismuth in one stage is confirmed, which necessitates the use of two stages of electrolysis. At the first stage of electrolysis, the anode product‑1 (17.3–48.5 % of the initial Pb-Bi alloy) of the composition has been isolated,%: 16.6–48.4 Bi; 51.4–83.2 Pb; operational extraction,%: 92.2–96.6 Bi; 9.8–44.4 Pb; main phases Bi0,3Pb0,7 and Bi0,95Pb0,05. A six-fold bismuth enrichment is achieved in the anode product. At the second stage of electrolysis of the previously isolated anode product of the composition,%: 26.7 Bi; 73.1 Pb; 0.13 Cu; 0.08 Zn, the anode product‑2 (28.1 % of the enriched Pb-Bi alloy) of the composition has been separated,%: 93.6 Bi; 4.1 Pb; 0.086 Ag; 0.0066 As; 0.006 Sb; 0.0013 Cu; 0.001 Sn; 0.0014 Zn; stage extraction,%: 98.6 Bi; 1.6 Pb; main phase Bi0,95Pb0,05. As a result of pyroelectrometallurgical processing of a Pb-Bi alloy (~10 % Bi) with anode polarization in two stages, an anode product (8.7 % of the initial alloy) of the composition has been isolated,%: ≥ 93.6 Bi; 4.1 Pb; extraction from the initial alloy,%: 93.0 Bi; 0.4 Pb has been obtained. The following modes are recommended for pyroelectrometallurgical processing in two stages of Pb-Bi alloy: process temperature 550–600 °C; anode current density: 0.5 A/cm2 at the first stage; 0.2–0.3 A/cm2 at the second stage; cathode current density: 1.5 A/cm2 at the first stage; 1.0 A/cm2 at the second stage; operating voltage on the tub: at the first stage 8–12 V; at the second stage 5–8 V; the composition of the electrolyte at both stages,%: 7 NaCl; 35 KCl; 18 PbCl2; 40 ZnCl2; the amount of electrolyte output for processing: at the first stage – 10 % of the mass of the Pb-Bi alloy after alkaline treatment; at the second stage – 10 % of the mass of the anode product of the first stage
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Damdinov, B. B. "Mineral types of gold deposits and regularities of their distribution in south-eastern part of the East Sayan." Геология рудных месторождений 61, no. 2 (May 8, 2019): 23–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0016-777061223-38.
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Based on the mineral composition, gold deposits of the south-eastern part of the East Sayan were typed. The most informative classification criterion for typing is the composition of the gold producing ore mineral associations which are specific to each of the selected types. Whereas using other criteria different structural, composition or genetic characteristics of deposits will necessarily overlap. Eight mineral types of deposits, characterizing the main gold-bearing ore mineral associations were identified: gold-polysulfide, gold-quartz, gold-telluride, gold-tetradymite, gold-stibnite, gold-bismuth-sulfosalt, gold-pyrrhotite and gold-fahlore types. Regional metallogenic divisions such as structural metallogenic zones, differ somewhat in the characteristics of mineralization. Thus, within the Bokson-Garganskaya metallogenic zone, gold-quartz, gold-polysulfide and gold-pyrrhotite types dominate, although gold-telluride and gold-bismuth-sulfosalt types are common in the western part of this zone. In the Ilchir zone, gold-fahlore type deposits are developed. Khamsarinskaya zone is characterized by gold-tetradimite and gold-antimonite deposits existence. It has been established that the mineral types of deposits formation depend on the enclosing rock complexes composition. Thus, gold-quartz, gold-polysulfide and gold-pyrrhotite types are formed in association with the ophiolites and rocks of the Archean crystalline basement. At the deposits associated with granitoid massifs, minerals of metalloids, such as bismuth-bearing sulfosalts, stibnite, tetradimite and tellurides, take a leading role in ores. In the carbonate strata, a gold-fahlore type is formed. The proposed classification allows typing all known gold deposits in the south-eastern part of the East Sayan and can be applied to adjacent regions.
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Nikanyuk, T. S. "Ore composition and native gold characteristics of an ore occurrence in Eastern Transbaikalia." Earth sciences and subsoil use 46, no. 1 (April 7, 2023): 36–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.21285/2686-9993-2023-46-1-36-50.
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The article deals with the characteristics of the ores of an ore occurrence of the Munginsky cluster located on the western flank of one of the commercial fields of Eastern Transbaikalia. The ores of this promising ore occurrence are underexplored, especially in the technological aspect, which served the basis for studying their composition and characterizing native gold as their main commercial component. The composition of ores and altered rocks was studied by the following methods: atomic emission spectral quantitative analysis, X-ray fluorescence, as well as phase atomic absorption and atomic emission analysis with inductively coupled plasma ICP-AES. The mass fraction of total and organic carbon was determined in the Central Fire Assay Laboratory of JSC Pokrovsky Rudnik, Blagoveshchensk. The proportion of carbonate carbon dioxide was determined by the method of titrimetric determination of carbon dioxide. The content of gold was given according to the data of assay melting, the content of silver – according to the data of atomic absorption analysis. Petrographic and mineragraphic studies were carried out using an optical microscope Olympus BX-51. The mineral composition of the ore sample was also estimated based on the results of X-ray diffraction analysis. The quantitative mineral composition was studied on the crushed material of the original ore with a particle size of -2 mm using the microscopic study data of transparent and polished thin sections on a microscope Nikon Eclipse LV 100 POL. The content of iron hydroxides was determined from the weight difference after the sample was treated with a 10 % oxalic acid solution in a water bath. Comparison of the results obtained on the ore occurrence with the materials on the ore composition of the closest deposit located in 30 km demonstrates that on the one hand they are similar and uniform, and on the other hand they feature some differences. Their common parameters include a rather high degree of sulfide content of ores and similar chemical and mineral composition with the predominance of arsenopyrite, an increased role of bismuth as well as the predominance of fine gold and its similar morphological characteristics. This fact allows to consider the ore occurrence under investigation as an integral part of a single ore system of the closest deposit.
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Sukach, V., L. Riazantseva, V. Somka, and S. Bondarenko. "Molybdenum mineralization of Serhiivka Au-Mo deposit (Middle Dnipro, Ukrainian Shield)." Мінеральні ресурси України, no. 1 (June 3, 2020): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.31996/mru.2020.1.3-11.
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The article is devoted to molybdenum mineralization of the Eastern flank of Au-Mo Serhiivka deposit, located in the Middle Dnipro megablock of the Ukrainian Shield (USh). The generalized description of mineralization is performed on such important questions: discovery and exploration history, structure and composition of the host rocks, metamorphic and metasomatic alteration of rocks, structural position and localization conditions of molybdenum mineralization, ore composition, description of major ore minerals, morphology of mineralization and the most widespread views about its genesis. Molybdenum ores were discovered and named East-Serhiivka occurrence for the first time in 1974, before the discovery of gold mineralization, which occurred in 1985.
Serhiivka deposit consists of two Mesoarchaean volcanic-plutonic associations (VPA) of different composition: the early mafic and the late felsic. The Eastern flank of the deposit, where the molybdenum mineralization is concentrated, is a structural knot similar to the lying letter “T”. It is formed by complex joint of the sub-latitudinal Serhiivka and sub-meridional Solone subvolcanic bodies and the East-Serhiivka massif of plagiogranitoids of the late VPA, which intrude basic rocks of early VPA. Molybdenum mineralization is localized in linearly elongated zones with a chaotic network of thin quartz, carbonate-quartz veinlets and poor (2–5 %) sulfide impregnation, including molybdenite. About 20 vein-impregnated ore zones have been recovered with up to 100–150 m thickness and 0,01 to 0,3 %, sometimes more than 1 % average molybdenum grade. The ores are subdivided into two major mineral types: 1) quartz-molybdenite; 2) quartz-sulfide-gold-molybdenite. The main components of ores molybdenite and native gold are associated with pyrite, chalcopyrite, magnetite, occasionally – pyrrhotite, arsenopyrite, scheelite, bismuth telluride, silver and others. Typical non-metallic minerals are quartz, carbonate, feldspar, chlorite, amphibole, biotite, sericite. It is supposed hydrothermal-metamorphogenic genesis of molybdenum (and gold) ores. Molybdenite and gold are rarely detected in the same intersections, which indicates separate genesis of these minerals. According to the accepted classification molybdenum mineralization is systemized as linear stockwork.
Molybdenum ores of Serhiivka deposit are mostly considered as independent, separate from gold mineralization, potentially workable mine. It is the most prospective one in the Middle Dnipro region, USh and Ukraine in general. We suggest a comprehensive approach to studying, resource and reserves evaluation of Serhiivka deposit, taking into account the potential of both molybdenum and gold mineralization, as well as concentrations of rhenium and osmium in molybdenite. Geological exploration on the base of this approach will increase investment prospects of Serhiivka gold-molybdenum deposit.
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Tămaș, Călin Gabriel, and Mădălina-Paula Andrii. "Mineralogy of Skarn Ores from Băița-Bihor, Northern Apuseni Mountains, Romania: A Case Study of Cu-, Bi-, and Sn-minerals." Minerals 10, no. 5 (May 13, 2020): 436. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10050436.
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The Antoniu, Antoniu North, and Blidar Contact orebodies from the Băița-Bihor skarn deposit, Romania have been investigated using optical and electron microscopy. Electron probe microanalyses were acquired on samples from the Blidar Contact orebody. Bornite is the most abundant Cu-sulfide and hosts native bismuth, joséite-B, emplectite, and wittichenite. Kësterite and ferrokësterite were identified for the first time in the Băița-Bihor deposit; the occurrence of stannite was also confirmed. Temperatures of ore deposition in the Blidar Contact orebody are constrained from the compositions of sphalerite-kësterite and sphalerite-ferrokësterite pairs at 287 ± 25 °C to 310 ± 35 °C, and 447 ± 17 °C to 503 ± 68 °C, respectively.
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Mikulski, Stanisław Z. "The Occurrence of Tellurium and Bismuth in the Gold-Bearing Polymetallic Sulfide Ores in the Sudetes (Sw Poland)." Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi 30, no. 2 (June 1, 2014): 15–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/gospo-2014-0019.
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Streszczenie W artykule szczegółowo scharakteryzowano pod względem mineralogicznym i geochemicznym występowanie telluru i bizmutu w złotonośnych siarczkowych rudach polimctalicznych z zarzu- conych złóż (Złoty Stok, Czarnów, Radzimowicc i Radomicc) oraz punktu mineralizacji (Bardo Śląskie) w Sudetach. Tellur jest zaliczany do pierwiastków krytycznych, a jego rola stale wzrasta. Na rynkach światowych popyt na tellur znacznie przewyższa jego podaż zc względu na coraz większe wykorzystanie np. w produkcji paneli słonecznych czy nośników informacji. Maksymalne kon- centracje telluru około 150 ppm stwierdzono w rudach arscnopirytowo-chalkopirytowych w Ra- dzimowicach, a najwyższe koncentracje bizmutu (ok. 0,5%) w rudach siarczkowych w Czarnowie. W pozostałych obszarach koncentracje Tc są na poziomic od kilku do kilkudziesięciu ppm, a w przy- padku Bi od kilkudziesięciu do kilkuset ppm. Zawartości tc znacznie przewyższają klarki tych metali w skorupie ziemskiej. Wśród zidentyfikowanych minerałów telluru w Radzimowicach i Czarnowie dominują tcllurki Ag (hessyt) oraz w Bardzie Śląskim tcllurki Bi (hcdlcyit i tcllurobismutyt). Tcllurki występują głównie w postaci mikro-wrostków w minerałach siarczkowych w paragcnczic z mi- nerałami Au, Ag i Bi. Minerały bizmutu rozpoznano we wszystkich zbadanych miejscach i re- prezentowane są głównie przez bizmut rodzimy i wtórny minerał bizmutu -bismutynit. Tellur i bizmut wykazują przeważnie silną korelacje (cc>0,6) z Au, Ag i Pb. Krystalizacja głównych minerałów Bi i Tc nastąpiła w zakresie temperatur średnich (300 to 200°C) w dwóch etapach. Pierwszy związany głównie z krystalizacją tcllurków Bi w strefach kontaktowo-mctasomatycznych wokół waryscyjskich intmzji granitoidowych (Czarnów i Bardo Śląskie) i drugi - związany z krystalizacją tcllurków Ag w procesach cpitcrmalnych wokół intruzji porfirowych (Radzimowicc). Bi i Tc odgrywały donośną rolę w procesie wytrącania złota z roztworów hydrotcrmalnych. Pierwiastki tc mają znaczenie mctalogcnicznc i wskaźnikowe przy poszukiwaniach złota.
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Mironova, E., G. Yurgenson, V. Limberova, and R. Filenko. "The Influence of bismuth and antimony on thermal properties of ores of gold deposits of the Transbaikal Region." Transbaikal State University Journal 23, no. 6 (2017): 20–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.21209/2227-9245-2017-23-6-20-30.
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Redin, Yu O., and V. M. Kozlova. "Gold-bismuth-telluride mineralization in ores from the Serebryanoe deposit of the Lugokan ore cluster of Eastern Transbaikalia." Russian Journal of Pacific Geology 8, no. 3 (May 2014): 187–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1819714014030087.
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Oberthür, T., and T. W. Weiser. "Gold-bismuth-telluride-sulphide assemblages at the Viceroy Mine, Harare-Bindura-Shamva greenstone belt, Zimbabwe." Mineralogical Magazine 72, no. 4 (August 2008): 953–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.2008.072.4.953.
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AbstractGold mineralization at the Viceroy Mine is hosted in extensional veins in steep shear zones that transect metabasalts of the Archaean Arcturus Formation. The gold mineralization is generally made up of banded or massive quartz carrying abundant coarse arsenopyrite. However, most striking is a distinct suite of Au-Bi-Te-S minerals, namely joseite-A (Bi4TeS2), joseite-B (Bi4Te2S), hedleyite (Bi7Te3), ikunolite (Bi4S3), ‘protojoseite’ (Bi3TeS), an unnamed mineral (Bi6Te2S), bismuthinite (Bi2S3), native Bi, native gold, maldonite (Au2Bi), and jonassonite (AuBi5S4). The majority of the Bi-Te-S phases is characterized by Bi/(Se+Te) ratios of >1. Accordingly, this assemblage formed at reduced conditions at relatively low fS2 and fTe2. Fluid-inclusion thermometry indicates depositional temperatures of the main stage of mineralization of up to 342°C, in the normal range of mesothermal, orogenic gold deposits worldwide. However, melting temperatures of Au-Bi-Te phases down to at least 235°C (assemblage (Au2Bi + Bi + Bi7Te3)) imply that the Au-Bi-Te phases have been present as liquids or melt droplets. Furthermore, the close association of native gold, native bismuth and other Bi-Te-S phases suggests that gold was scavenged from the hydrothermal fluids by Bi-Te-S liquids or melts. It is concluded that a liquid/melt-collecting mechanism was probably active at Viceroy Mine, where the distinct Au-Bi-Te-S assemblage either formed late as part of the main, arsenopyrite-dominated mineralization, or it represents a different mineralization event, related to rejuvenation of the shear system. In either case, some of the gold may have been extracted from pre-existing, gold-bearing arsenopyrite by Bi-Te-S melts, thus leading to an upgrade of the gold ores at Viceroy. The Au-Bi-Te-S assemblage represents an epithermal-style mineralization overprinted on an otherwise mesothermal (orogenic) gold mineralization.
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Damian, Gheorghe, Andrei Ionuț Apopei, Andrei Buzatu, Andreea Elena Maftei, and Floarea Damian. "New Mineral Occurrences in Massive Sulfide Deposits from Mănăilă, Eastern Carpathians, Romania." Minerals 13, no. 1 (January 10, 2023): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min13010111.
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The massive sulfide deposits (VMS) from Mănăilă are associated with the metamorphic formations of the Tulgheș Lithogroup from the Bucovinian Nappes of the Crystalline-Mesozoic Zone in the Eastern Carpathians, Romania. The following types of ore were identified: pyrite-polymetallic, pyrite copper, compact and precompact copper, and quartz-precompact copper. The polymetallic mineralization consists of pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, galena, and subordinately arsenopyrite and tennantite. The copper, especially the quartz-copper mineralizations, have a distinct mineralogical composition compared to the other metamorphosed mineralizations of the Tulgheș Lithogroup. These types of deposits from Mănăilă contain large amounts of bornite and chalcocite along with chalcopyrite. Tennantite is abundant and has up to a 3.57 wt.% of bismuth. Wittichenite was identified for the first time in the metamorphic mineralizations and mawsonite was identified as the first occurrence in Romania. An unnamed mineral with the formula: (Cu, Fe)11 (Pb, Ag)S7 was also identified, belonging to the sulfides group. The compact and precompact pyrite-rich ores, located in sericite ± quartzite schists and covered by rhyolitic metatuffs, are of hydrothermal-sedimentary type metamorphosed in the greenschist facies. The source of the quartz-copper mineralization would be the retromorphic or metasomatic hydrothermal solutions that circulated through major fractures.
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Cook, N. J., and C. L. Ciobanu. "Bismuth tellurides and sulphosalts from the Larga hydrothermal system, Metaliferi Mts , Romania: Paragenesis and genetic significance." Mineralogical Magazine 68, no. 2 (April 2004): 301–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/0026461046820188.
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AbstractIntermediate levels of the Larga-Fatţa Báii field, Metaliferi Mts., Romania, are host to epithermal vein mineralization, small skarn-like bodies and ‘geode’-like replacement ores, that together form a complex hydrothermal system rooted in the subjacent andesite stock. Silver-Pb-Bi sulphosalts, some with Sb and/or Se, are intimately associated with hessite and a range of Bi-tellurides with Bi/(Te+S+Se) ≤1 (tetradymite, tellurobismuthite, tsumoite, Pb-free rucklidgeite) within all these ore types. Lillianite homologues, both ordered 4L and 7L derivatives (lillianite, gustavite), and disordered varieties are the most abundant sulphosalts, with subordinate bismuthinite derivatives (aikinite, krupkaite, bismuthinite). An exceptionally Ag-rich lillianite homologue, intimately intergrown with tetradymite and hessite, is identified as treasureite on the basis of chemical composition. Porphyry-style mineralization from 600 m beneath the studied level contains rucklidgeite as the single stable Bi-telluride. The trace mineralogy of the system is suggestive of a hydrothermal system strongly zoned with respect to fTe2 and, to a lesser extent, also fS2. Mineralogical and textural evidence suggests that initial crystallization took place at temperatures in excess of 400°C. The association of gold with Bi-minerals is linked to the role of Bimelt as a scavenger for gold, and deposition within ‘droplets’ simultaneous with the formation of arsenopyrite from löllingite + pyrrhotite. Both Bi-tellurosulphides and sulphosalts are commonly non-stoichiometric, a fact that can be correlated with order-disorder in both series. When widely distributed, as in the Larga system, trace amounts of Bi-minerals (sulphosalts, tellurides/tellurosulphides) have considerable, untapped potential as tracers of the physical-chemical character of an evolving hydrothermal system.
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Donaldson, E. "Determination of cobalt, nickel, lead, bismuth and indium in ores, soils and related materials by atomic-absorption spectrometry after separation by xanthate extraction." Talanta 36, no. 5 (May 1989): 543–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0039-9140(89)80121-3.
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Melnikov, A., and V. Moiseyenko. "Platinum-Containing of Complex Ores Gold and Polymetallic, Gold-Bismuth, Cooper Molybdenum - Porphyritic, Cooper-Nickel, Titanium Magnetite Fields and Ore Occurrence of the Upper Priamurye." Доклады академии наук 482, no. 5 (October 2018): 562–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086956520002996-8.
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Donaldson, Elsie M., and Mohui Wang. "Determination of silver, antimony, bismuth, copper, cadmium and indium in ores, concentrates and related materials by atomic-absorption spectrophotometry after methyl isobutyl ketone extraction as iodides." Talanta 33, no. 3 (March 1986): 233–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0039-9140(86)80057-1.
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