Academic literature on the topic 'Bismuth ores'
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Journal articles on the topic "Bismuth ores"
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Nikolaeva, Anastasia N., and Alexey K. Mazurov. "Tellurum-bismuth mineralization in ores of the Maleevskoe pyrite deposit (Eastern Kazakhstan)." Bulletin of the Tomsk Polytechnic University Geo Assets Engineering 335, no. 5 (May 29, 2024): 233–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.18799/24131830/2024/5/4636.
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As it is known, Rudny Altai is a classic province of sulfide deposits, most of which were formed in paleo-island-arc geodynamic settings. Pyrite ores have a complex and diverse chemical composition, including a wide range of impurity elements, among which the metalloid tellurium and the metal bismuth still remain poorly studied. Based on the above, we investigated tellurium-bismuth mineralization in the sulfide ores of the Maleevskoe deposit, confined to the Zyryanovsky cluster of Rudny Altai. Relevance of research is caused by the lack of information about the nature of the distribution and forms of occurrence of this type of rare minerals in the ores of pyrite deposits of Rudny Altai. The data obtained from this study will allow for more comprehensive processing and use of mineral resources. Aim of the study is to characterize the material composition of ores; identify the features of the development of tellurium-bismuth mineralization and determine the conditions for its formation; assess the prospects for associated mining and extraction of tellurium with bismuth from the ores of sulfide deposits of Rudny Altai. Object. Tellurium-bismuth mineralization of sulfide ores of the deposit. Methods. Petrographic, mineragraphic and mineralogical analyses, scanning electron microscopy in combination with X-ray microanalysis and Raman spectroscopy. Results. The ores revealed a variety of tellurium-bismuth mineralization, which is recorded as independent minerals, represented by sulfosalts, tellurides, oxides, and native forms of isolation. For the first time, such minerals as plumbotellurite PbTeO3, cervelleite Ag4TeS, xilingoite Pb3Bi2S6 and an unidentified mineral with the general formula PbAg2Te were discovered for these ores. Minerals of tellurium-bismuth composition in relation to the main ore minerals are characterized by later crystallization into the Ag-Te-Bi-sulfide association of the ore stage at a temperature of 280...150°С. Based on the data obtained, the authors predicted the prospects for tellurium and bismuth extraction from ores of deposits similar in material composition to the Maleevskoe deposit and confined to the ore cluster of the same name.
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Kazachenko, V. T., and E. V. Perevoznikova. "BISMUTH MINERALIZATION OF THE BELOGORSKY MAGNETITE DEPOSIT (SIKHOTE-ALIN)." Tikhookeanskaya Geologiya 41, no. 1 (2022): 90–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.30911/0207-4028-2022-41-1-90-109.
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Various bismuth minerals are found in the Belogorsky deposit. Many of them are rare natural minerals and mineral varieties. These are native bismuth, bismutite, cosalite, gladite(?), jonasonite, galenobismutite enriched with Ag and Cu, zavaritskite, a large group of unnamed compounds and other. A feature of the endogenous bismuth mineralization of the deposit is its localization in the products of low-medium-temperature hydrothermal transformation of early associations, especially in large carbonate (with fluorite) pockets in blocks of essentially magnetite ores, where it is closely associated with Au-Ag-Pd-Pt and Mo-W mineralization. The significant amount of Ag in the form of common Ag-Bi minerals is also associated with the bismuth mineralization of the Belogorsky deposit. A close geochemical relationship of Bi, Au, and PGEs in the processes of mineral formation at the Belogorsky deposit is also evident in the presence of common minerals of these elements, such as jonasonite and the unnamed compound Ru(Pb,Ag)2Bi4. The association of Bi and Mo-W mineralization is a characteristic feature of ores of some skarn-tungsten and skarn-molybdenum deposits containing scheelite, molybdenum and bismuthin as the main minerals. The presence of bismuth and noble-metal mineralization is most characteristic of gold and complex gold-bearing ores of hydrothermal deposits of various types. However, at the Belogorsky deposit, in contrast to the deposits of the above-mentioned types, such metals as W, Mo and Bi, as well as Au, Ag, Pd, and Pt do not have an independent practical value, being the accompanying useful components in relation to iron ores. Rocks and ores of the Belogorsky deposit are Triassic metal-bearing sediments metamorphosed and partially regenerated in the Late Cretaceous, which were accumulated in the lagoons of the islands as a result of erosion of the laterite weathering crust of ancient gabbroids. Related to this is the enrichment of ores in different metals, including Fe and Mn, and the presence of gold-silver-palladium-platinum, nickel-cobalt, and bismuth mineralization (Bi compounds with Au and PGE included), which is characteristic of some ultramafic massifs.
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Askarova, Gulzhan, Mels Shautenov, and Kulzhamal Nogaeva. "Flotation enrichment of resistant gold ores." E3S Web of Conferences 168 (2020): 00005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202016800005.
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Ores of the Vasilkovsky deposit include arsenopyrite, pyrite, pyrrhotite, marcasite, gold, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, galena, faded ore (tennantite)S, bismuthine, native bismuth, lellingite, molybdenite, cubanite, bornite, antimonite, relict minerals, magnetite, apatite and apatite chromite, sericite, chlorite, potassium feldspar, tourmaline), quartz, carbonates (siderite, ankerite, calcite), fluorite, barite. Arsenopyrite is the main ore mineral. It contains the bulk of gold, as well as impurities - copper, cobalt, nickel, bismuth, zirconium, titanium, lead, zinc, antimony, silver, molybdenum. Bismuth and its minerals are widespread, they are constantly associated with arsenopyrite, forming intergrowths with native gold, less often with chalcopyrite and faded ore. Native gold is distributed very unevenly, forms the finest precipitates ranging in size from tenths of a micron to 0.063 mm, grows together with quartz, arsenopyrite, pyrite and bismuth minerals. Rich ores were formed by combining bismuthcontaining associations with arsenopyrite. The role of gold in arsenopyrite increases with depth. Ores are of the gold-quartz-sulfide type. Quartz in ore up to 90 %, sulfides from 3 to 5 %. The content of harmful impurities (arsenic) reaches 2 % or more. Ores are refractory, require special technology for the beneficiation and extraction of gold.
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Kemkina, Raisa A., and Igor' V. Kemkin. "Mineral composition of Albazinskoe deposit ores as an indicator of its belonging to the gold-rare metallic ore-formational type." Earth Sciences Research Journal 26, no. 3 (November 29, 2022): 263–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/esrj.v26n3.71479.
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The paper presents new data on mineral composition and geochemical peculiarities of ores from the Albazinskoe gold-bearing deposit (Khabarovsk region, Far East of Russia). Excepting earlier known ore minerals represented by sulfides of iron, arsenic, lead, zinc, and copper, authors have established about two tens of ore minerals, new for this deposit. Among them are sulfides of antimony, bismuth and molybdenum, native bismuth, copper, nickel, silver, tellurides of bismuth, cobalt sulphoarsenite, nickel sulphoantimonite, silver sulphobismuthites, lead-antimony-bismuth sulphosalts, oxides of tin, titanium, tungsten and some others. The revealed specificity of the ores' material composition indicates this deposit belongs to the gold-rare metallic ore-formational type. The sets of geological and structural data show that gold-bearing deposits of this ore-formational type are spatially and genetically associated with the granitoid magmatism, which is exhibited within transform continental margin and related to the geodynamic mode of sliding of the continental and oceanic lithospheric plates.
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Umarov, Akromiddin, Anvar Shukurov, Alisher Djurabayev, Mansur Ruziev, Ilkhom Ruziev, and Satbay Nurjanov. "Minerals of bismuth and antimony in original deposits of zarmitan gold zone, located in granitoid intrusion (Uzbekistan)." E3S Web of Conferences 401 (2023): 01002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202340101002.
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Modern methods of nanomineralogy (electron microscopy, electron probe microanalysis) were used to study the ores of one of the largest industrial facilities of Uzbekistan - the Zarmitan gold zone, which includes the Zarmitan, Urtalik, Guzhumsay deposits, which are located in the Koshrabadgranosyenite massif. The development of / Au-W / Au-Bi-Te / Au-As / Au-Ag-Te / Au-Ag-Se / Au-Sb-Ag / Au-Hg / types of ores. Productive mineral-geochemical types of ores are Au-Bi-Te gold-bismuth-telluride, represented by maldonite, tellurides, and sulfosalts of bismuth: hedleyite, joseite, tsumite, tetradymite, matildite, treasure, and also Au-Sb-Ag gold-silver-sulfoantimonide type represented by aurostibite, sulfoantimonidesPb, Fe, Ag: plagionite, jamsonite, boulangerite, goodmundite, ovichiite and gold-pyrite-arsenopyrite with nanogold, lellingite, gersdorfite. The main industrial resource of gold is provided by Au-Bi-Te, Au-Sb-Ag, and partially Au-As types. The objects of the Zarmitan zone belong to the orogenic gold deposits associated with the intrusion. The established mineral and geochemical features of ores are direct signs of prospecting, typification, and assessment of hidden gold mineralization of orogenic belts.
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Grebennikova, A. A., K. N. Dobroshevsky, A. S. Vakh, N. A. Goryachev, and V. B. Khubanov. "GEOLOGICAL POSITION AND GOLD-BISMUTH MINERALIZATION OF THE NAMOVSKOYE DEPOSIT (SOUTHERN SIKHOTE-ALIN)." Tikhookeanskaya Geologiya 42, no. 6 (2023): 96–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.30911/0207-4028-2023-42-6-96-117.
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Based on the results of a comprehensive geological and mineralogical-geochemical study of the ores of the Namovskoye deposit, new data have been obtained that reflect the specifics of mineralization. The ores of the deposit were formed in close connection with the manifestation of Early Cretaceous monzonitoid magmatism against the background of active left-hand movements along the Central Sikhote-Alin fault. U-Pb dating of the ore-bearing dike yielded an age of 103 Ma. The ores of the deposit, in addition to native gold, contain high concentrations of Ag, Bi, and Cu. A variety of bismuth minerals were found in the ores: sulfide (bismuthinite), telluride (hedleyite), sulfotellurides (tetradymite, joseite-А and joseite-В), Ag sulfobismuthite (matildite), Pb-Bi sulfosalts (aschamalmite, cannizzarite, cosalite, lillianite, nuffieldite, galenobismuthite), an intermetallic compound of gold (maldonite), and native bismuth. Silver minerals were also found: chloride (cerargyrite), sulfide (acanthite), and telluride (hessite). The typomorphic features of ore minerals and the geological structure of the Namovskoye deposit assign it to the gold deposits formed in a transform continental margin setting. A mantle source of ore mineralization is suggested.
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Spiridonov, E. M., N. N. Krivitskaya, I. A. Brysgalov, K. N. Kochetova, and N. N. Korotaeva. "Bismuthite from Au–Bi and Post-Gold Sb Mineralizations within the Darasun Deposit, Eastern Transbaikalya." Zapiski RMO (Proceedings of the Russian Mineralogical Society) CLII, no. 2 (March 1, 2023): 22–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0869605523020089.
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The Late Jurassic late-orogenic volcanogenic-plutonogenic Darasun deposit of the gold-sulphide-quartz formation holds Au–Bi and post-gold Sb mineralizations. Carbonate-quartz-sulfide veins in Western part of the deposit are surrounded by listvenite rims. Their golden ores were formed under conditions of low activity of S2, they contain pyrrhotine, arsenopyrite, chalcopyrite, pyrite, bismuthate I (Bi1.89–1.98Sb0.11–0.02)2S3, galenobismuthite, nests of bismuth and ikunolite Bi4S3. There is observed exsolution of ikunolite mainly into the native bismuth (Bi0.98–1Sb0.02–0) and bismuthite-II; the composition of bismuthite-II in center of aggregates with the bismuth is (Bi1.96–1.97Sb0.04–0.03)2S3, whereas the composition on their periphery is an more antimonian one is (Bi1.91–1.92Sb0.09–0.08)2S3. While the high fineness gold (970–935 ‰) arose there by the action of gold-bearing hydrothermal solutions, the native bismuth has been partly replaced with maldonite. Jonassonite and Pb–Bi sulphosaults (mainly, cosalite Pb2Bi2S5) were formed later in these ores. The overlaying Sb mineralization has given formation not of antimonite (stibnite), but of Pb–Sb sulphosaults (moeloite Pb6Sb6S15, etc.), pseudomorphs of chalcostibite after chalcopyrite, as well as aurostibite AuSb2 after minerals of gold. The replacement of maldonite by aurostibite was resulted in appearance of bismuthate III. The probable replacement reaction is: 2Au2Bi + 6Sb solv. + + 3Sb2S3 solv. → 4AuSb2 + Bi2S3. Bismuthite III (Bi1.72–1.96Sb0.29–0.94)2(S2.98–3Se0–0.02)3, containing 1–7 wt % of Sb, is a product of the maldonite replacement by aurostibite. Moeloite and stibian bismuthate III arose by the Sb mineralization overlaying ores with cosalite. The probable replacement reaction is: 3Pb2Bi2S5 + 3Sb2S3 solv. → Pb6Sb6S15 + 3Bi2S3. Stibian bismuthite-III contains 4–17 wt % of Sb in its composition (Bi1.36–1.71Sb0.64–0.29)2S3. Appearance of bismuthite with the Sb mineralization where it was developed over ores with native bismuth, maldonite and Pb–Bi sulphosaults is the evidence of key role of the mass action law in mineral-forming processes.
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Ashirov, Makhsud, Ibragimov Rustam Kholikulovich, and Jasur Rakhmatullaev. "Koytash Deposit As A Prospective Object Of Uzbekistan For Expanding Resources Of Wollastonite, Precious Metals And Other Associated Elements." American Journal of Applied sciences 03, no. 01 (January 22, 2021): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajas/volume03issue01-06.
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The article discusses complex and conjugated formation of wollostonite, sulfide-rare metal and silver-base polymetallic ores of Koytash deposit. Forms recommended for co-extraction, mineral composition and elements-impurities of them have been revealed. These data on rare-metal sulfide and sulfide-polymetallic ores of Koytash skarn-rare metal deposit proves its prospects in extraction of both rare metal and noble metals, bismuth and wollastonite.
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Kolpakova, N. A., and T. S. Glyzina. "Stripping voltammetric determination of bismuth in raw gold ores." Journal of Analytical Chemistry 64, no. 12 (December 2009): 1259–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1061934809120107.
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Zhou, Cheng Ying, Wei Qu, Wen Juan Li, and Liu Lu Cai. "Simultaneous Determination of Arsenic, Antimony and Bismuth in Chemical Materials by Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry." Key Engineering Materials 723 (December 2016): 579–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.723.579.
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Arsenic, antimony and bismuth in gold ores were simultaneously determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) with spectral lines of 188.980, 206.834 and 223.061nm as analytical line respectively, under preset instrumental parameters. The linear range of the method for arsenic, antimony and bismuth was 0~80ug/mL and the correlation coefficient was greater than 0.99995. The detection limit for arsenic, antimony and bismuth was 2.87, 1.63 and 0.84ug/g respectively. The results of this method are consistent with the national standard method, and the relative error is less than 1.5%. The relative standard deviation (RSD) of this method is better than 5.0% (n=11) with good accuracy and precision. ICP-OES can be used for simultaneous determination of multiple elements and is suitable to the analysis of large quantities of samples.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Bismuth ores"
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Vermaak, Matthys Karel Gerhardus. "Fundamentals of the flotation behaviour of palladium bismuth tellirudes." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2005. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-10132005-105623.
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Clissold, Meagan E., University of Western Sydney, College of Health and Science, and School of Natural Sciences. "Aspects of the supergene geochemistry of copper, nickel and bismuth." 2007. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/11433.
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The solution geochemical conditions associated with the development of supergene copper mineralisation in the E22, E26 and E27 deposits at Northparkes, New South Wales, have been explored. Determination of a stability constant for sampleite [NaCaCu5(PO4)4Cl·5H2O], a conspicuous species in the upper oxidised zone of E26, has led to an understanding of the differences between the three deposits in terms of the influence of groundwater geochemistry on their mineralogical diversity. Modelling of copper dispersion from the three deposits using current ground water compositions as proxies for past solution conditions has shown that the elevated chloride concentrations associated with E26 have negligible influence on total dissolved copper concentrations over a wide pH range. The results are discussed with respect to applications in exploration geochemistry for the discovery of new ore deposits in the region. Determination of a stability constant for lavendulan [NaCaCu5(AsO4)4Cl·5H2O], the arsenate isomorph of sampleite, suggests that solid solution between lavendulan and sampleite is likely to be extensive and this has been established by reference to mineral compositions from a number of deposits. Activity-activity phase diagrams have been developed to explain the common mineral associates of lavendulan and differences between the analogous phosphate and arsenate systems. With respect to the occurrence of lavendulan in the oxidised zone of the Widgiemooltha 132 N ore body, Western Australia, its crystal chemistry explains why Ni does not substitute for Cu in the lattice. This is despite Ni being abundantly available in the deposit and substituting freely into other copper-based minerals. The substitution of Ni for Cu was explored in a study of supposedly Ni-rich paratacamite, Cu2Cl(OH)3, from the deposit. It transpires that much of this is a new mineral, gillardite, Cu3NiCl(OH)6, the isomorph of herbertsmithite, Cu3ZnCl(OH)6. The nature of gillardite was thoroughly investigated and the mineral was approved as a new species by the International Mineralogical Association. A high resolution single-crystal X-ray structure of gillardite has been completed. In addition, the substitution of Ni in simple carbonate lattices has been explored as gaspéite, NiCO3, Ni-rich magnesite, MgCO3, and calcite, CaCO3, are all common species in the oxidised zone of the Widgiemooltha 132 N deposit. Attention was subsequently focussed on the geochemistry of the element Bi, with special reference to deposits of the Kingsgate region, New South Wales. This study has led to a modern assessment of the Mo-Bi deposits in the area and new Bi sulfosalts from the Wolfram pipe at Kingsgate are described. A survey of secondary Bi minerals from a host of deposits has led to the development of a model for the dispersion of Bi in the supergene environment, which will have widespread applications in exploration geochemistry where Bi is used as a pathfinder element. Calculations of aqueous Bi species in equilibrium with bismite, Bi2O3, bismoclite, BiOCl, and bismutite, Bi2O2CO3, over a wide pH range show that the element is very insoluble under ambient oxidising conditions. It is noted that the results of previous geochemical exploration campaigns in the region will have to be reassessed.Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
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Clissold, Meagan E. "Aspects of the supergene geochemistry of copper, nickel and bismuth." Thesis, 2007. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/11433.
Full textAbstract:
The solution geochemical conditions associated with the development of supergene copper mineralisation in the E22, E26 and E27 deposits at Northparkes, New South Wales, have been explored. Determination of a stability constant for sampleite [NaCaCu5(PO4)4Cl·5H2O], a conspicuous species in the upper oxidised zone of E26, has led to an understanding of the differences between the three deposits in terms of the influence of groundwater geochemistry on their mineralogical diversity. Modelling of copper dispersion from the three deposits using current ground water compositions as proxies for past solution conditions has shown that the elevated chloride concentrations associated with E26 have negligible influence on total dissolved copper concentrations over a wide pH range. The results are discussed with respect to applications in exploration geochemistry for the discovery of new ore deposits in the region. Determination of a stability constant for lavendulan [NaCaCu5(AsO4)4Cl·5H2O], the arsenate isomorph of sampleite, suggests that solid solution between lavendulan and sampleite is likely to be extensive and this has been established by reference to mineral compositions from a number of deposits. Activity-activity phase diagrams have been developed to explain the common mineral associates of lavendulan and differences between the analogous phosphate and arsenate systems. With respect to the occurrence of lavendulan in the oxidised zone of the Widgiemooltha 132 N ore body, Western Australia, its crystal chemistry explains why Ni does not substitute for Cu in the lattice. This is despite Ni being abundantly available in the deposit and substituting freely into other copper-based minerals. The substitution of Ni for Cu was explored in a study of supposedly Ni-rich paratacamite, Cu2Cl(OH)3, from the deposit. It transpires that much of this is a new mineral, gillardite, Cu3NiCl(OH)6, the isomorph of herbertsmithite, Cu3ZnCl(OH)6. The nature of gillardite was thoroughly investigated and the mineral was approved as a new species by the International Mineralogical Association. A high resolution single-crystal X-ray structure of gillardite has been completed. In addition, the substitution of Ni in simple carbonate lattices has been explored as gaspéite, NiCO3, Ni-rich magnesite, MgCO3, and calcite, CaCO3, are all common species in the oxidised zone of the Widgiemooltha 132 N deposit. Attention was subsequently focussed on the geochemistry of the element Bi, with special reference to deposits of the Kingsgate region, New South Wales. This study has led to a modern assessment of the Mo-Bi deposits in the area and new Bi sulfosalts from the Wolfram pipe at Kingsgate are described. A survey of secondary Bi minerals from a host of deposits has led to the development of a model for the dispersion of Bi in the supergene environment, which will have widespread applications in exploration geochemistry where Bi is used as a pathfinder element. Calculations of aqueous Bi species in equilibrium with bismite, Bi2O3, bismoclite, BiOCl, and bismutite, Bi2O2CO3, over a wide pH range show that the element is very insoluble under ambient oxidising conditions. It is noted that the results of previous geochemical exploration campaigns in the region will have to be reassessed.
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Murphy, Timothy D. "Bismuth in the supergene environment." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.7/uws:36426.
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Bismuth minerals associated with Mo, W, and Sn, are often found amongst the highly acidic deposits of the eastern ranges of Australia (Plimer, 1975; Weber et al., 1978). It is important to gain an understanding of the mobility and dispersion of Bi in the supergene zone and make an assessment of these areas, as they have been the focus for geochemical exploration to develop prospects and mining operations. A review of the literature on bismuth as a pathfinder element, with respect to its ground water and regolith concentrations, uncovered significant documentation including scientific, industrial and government reports, the use of various sampling methods, and the use of assumptions in previous studies due to the information and techniques available at the time (MacDuff, 1971; 1971a; 1971b; 1972; Siegal, 1974; Roes et al., 1979; Levinson, 1980; Plant et al., 1989; Plant et al., 1991; Fiella; 2010). Furthermore, information on the Gibbs free energy of formation values was limited to 3 out of the 65 known bismuth secondary minerals (Clissold, 2007). A study on a range of secondary bismuth minerals in the supergene zone, (Rankin et al., 2001, 2002; Sharpe and Williams, 2004) showed that even though bismuth minerals are considered to be rare, localised areas of Bi concentration are in fact quite common. Examples of this can be found in certain deposits in eastern Australia such as the New England Orogen. Therefore, the geochemical modelling carried out in this thesis has focused on eastern Australia and examines potential impacts on geochemical exploration where Bi has been used as a pathfinder element. Furthermore this work can be been applied to exploration sites around the world where Bi is employed as a pathfinder element. To do this, a rigorous investigation including Bi mineral synthesis, solubility and stabilities was undertaken thus yielding an assessment of the suitability of bismuth as a pathfinder for future geochemical surveys.
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Vermaak, M. K. G. (Matthys Karel Gerhardus). "Fundamentals of the flotation behaviour of palladium bismuth tellurides." Thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/28676.
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Previous mineralogical investigations (QemSCAN) performed on all effluent flotation streams of Mimosa mine (Zimbabwe) indicated the presence of appreciable amounts of platinum group minerals (PGMs), which are not recovered. Most, generally in excess of 70%, of the liberated PGMs in these streams belonged to the Pt-Pd-Bi-Te class in all the samples investigated. In the first part of this work, electrochemical investigations, electrochemically-controlled contact angle measurements and Raman spectroscopy have been employed to investigate the interaction of ethyl xanthate with Pd-Bi-Te and PtAs2. Impedance measurements showed lower capacitance values in solutions containing KEX indicating the formation of a continuous surface layer. Anodic and cathodic polarization diagrams show the mixed potential to be higher than the reversible potential of the xanthate-dixanthogen equilibrium reaction, hence the formation of dixanthogen on the surface is possible. Electrochemically controlled in situ Raman spectroscopy has confirmed the co-presence of xanthate with dixanthogen indicating that xanthate retains its molecular integrity when it adsorbs on the surface of the Pd-Bi-Te. The result of this investigation has shown dixanthogen to be present on both the minerals (PtAs2 and Pd-Bi-Te) when the surfaces are anodically polarized. Chemisorbed xanthate could be identified within 120 seconds yielding a hydrophobic surface as indicated by electrochemically-controlled contact angle measurements. Maximum contact angles of 63o were measured in the case Pd-Bi-Te. As a result the mineral surface is expected to be hydrophobic and a lack of collector interaction with the mineral is not the reason for low PGM recoveries experienced. Secondly, the flotation recovery of synthetically prepared Pd-Bi-Te was compared with that of chalcopyrite (a typical fast-floating mineral) and pyrrhotite (a typical slow-floating mineral), with microflotation tests. These indicated Pd-Bi-Te to be a fast-floater with flotation rates exceeding that of chalcopyrite. Predicted flotation rate constants (from the Ralston model) were significantly lower for small particles (with diameters similar to those lost to the effluent streams) compared with those of particle with intermediate sizes. This supports the suggestion that losses to effluent streams are caused by particle size effects.Thesis (PhD (Metallurgical Engineering))--University of Pretoria, 2006.
Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering
unrestricted
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Skirrow, Roger. "The genesis of gold-copper-bismuth deposits, Tennant Creek, Northern Territory." Phd thesis, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/7562.
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The Au-Cu-Bi- deposits of the Proterozoic Tennant Creek Inlier share geological and geochemical characteristics that indicate strong links in their genesis, yet the diversity in alteration assemblages, metal ratios and zonation patterns reflect variations in ore forming processes that previously have not been explained in detail.
The West Peko deposit is representative of Cu-rich, pyrrhotite-bearing mineralisation with intermediate gold grades, in magnetite+ hematite-rich syntectonic ‘ironstones’. By contrast, the high grade Eldorado Au deposit contains minor sulfides and very low Cu grades, similar to several of the larger gold producers in the field (e.g. Juno, White Devil, Nobles Nob), and is also hematite-rich. Au, Chalcopyrite and Bi-sulfosalts were introduced into pre-existing ironside during progressive shearing, either late in the first regional deformation event (D1) or during a second phase of deformation. The occurrence of some Au zones outside ironstones suggests the ore fluids in part followed different flow paths to hose of the ironside-forming fluids.
Three chemically and isotopically distinct fluids have been characterised. (i) Ironstone-forming fluids at West Peko and Eldorado were Ca-Na-Cl (-Fe?) brines containing 12-20 weight % total dissolved salts, and reached temperatures of 350-400°C during magnetite deposition. Oxygen and hydrogen isotope compositions of minerals formed at the ironside stage are consistent with an origin of ironstones from formation or metamorphic waters.
(ii) The inferred Au-Bi+Cu transport fluid in he Cu- and sulphide-rich West Peko deposit was of low to moderate salinity (3-10 eq. wt. % Na Cl), ~300-350°C and N2 + CH4 – rich. Newly represented phase equilibria among the Fe-silicates stilpnomelane and minnesotaite, chlorite, biotite, sulfides, oxides and carbonates as well as fluid inclusion vapour compositions indicate that the Au-Bi+Cu transport fluid was relatively reducing with near-neutral pH and total dissolved sulphur contents of 0.001m to 0.01m. In the Eldorado Deeps Au- and hematite-rich deposit the Au-transporting fluid also may have been of low-moderate salinity, with Au deposition occurring at ~300°C. The reducing Au-Bi+Cu transport fluid at West Peko resembles primary magmatic or metamorphic water in oxygen and hydrogen isotopic composition. Carbon isotope ratios of Au-sulfide stage carbonates at West Peko point to involvement f organic carbon, probably sourced outside the host Warramunga Formation.
(iii) A regionally distributed, oxidising Ca-Na-Cl brine with 20-35 weight percent total dissolved salts, was present prior to, after and probably during ore deposition. Mixing with lower salinity reducing Au-Bi+Cu transport fluid is inferred at West Peko and us suggested to have caused effervescence of N2+CH4 by ‘salting out’, relatively late in the Au depositional stage.
An hypothesis of metal transport and deposition is proposed for the Tennant Creek deposits in which gold, copper and bismuth were transported in a reducing fluid and were deposited in the Cu- and sulphide-rich deposits dominantly by oxidation, desulfidation and initial pH increase as the reducing fluid reacted with magnetite+hematite ironstone. Mass transfer modelling indicates that relatively small amounts of ironstone are required to precipitate Au + Bi-sulfides, such as Eldorado, the oxidising brine may have played a significant role in ore deposition either by mixing with a reducing Au-Cu-Bi-transporting fluid, or by producing hematite oxidant additional to any already present in the ironstones. The greater extent of oxidation of the ore fluid in such deposits may have generally prevented saturation of copper minerals, resulting in low Cu grades.
Gold is inferred to have been transported dominantly as uncharged bisulfide complexes, although biselenide complexes were potentially important. New thermodynamic data estimated for bismuth complexes are consistent with bismuth transport as uncharged S-H-O-bearing species in the Tenant Creek ore fluids. The existence of high grade Au-Bi deposits outside ironstones is predicted by chemical modelling of mixing between reducing and oxidising fluids, located where structures allowed focused flow of both fluids.
Books on the topic "Bismuth ores"
1
Bobrova, L. V. Ėkonomika geologorazvedochnykh rabot na rtutʹ, surʹmu i vismut. Moskva: "Nedra", 1990.
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2
Huston, David L. The nature and possible significance of the Batamote copper-bismuth-silver anomaly, Pima County, Arizona. Denver, CO: U.S. Geological Survey, Branch of Central Technical Reports, 1990.
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Huston, David L. The nature and possible significance of the Batamote copper-bismuth-silver anomaly, Pima County, Arizona. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1991.
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F, Mint͡s︡er Ė, Teremet͡s︡kai͡a︡ T. E, Lishnevskiĭ Ė N, Kremenet͡s︡kiĭ Aleksandr Aleksandrovich, and Institut mineralogii, geokhimii, i kristallokhimii redkikh ėlementov (Russia), eds. Metodicheskie rekomendat͡s︡ii po prognozu i ot͡s︡enke mestorozhdeniĭ medno-vismutovoĭ format͡s︡ii na osnove razrabotki ikh geologo-geneticheskoĭ modeli. Moskva: IMGRĖ, 1990.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Bismuth ores"
1
Castroviejo, Ricardo. "Bismuth (Bi)." In A Practical Guide to Ore Microscopy—Volume 1, 111–15. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-12654-3_17.
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Wang, Zhijian, Chuanfu Zhang, Chu-ping Xia, Jing Zhan, and Jianhui Wu. "Research on a Novel Technology of Interactive Roast of Complex Low-grade Bismuth Sulfide Ore and Pyrolusite." In Characterization of Minerals, Metals, and Materials 2013, 415–22. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118659045.ch48.
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"bismuth ore." In Dictionary Geotechnical Engineering/Wörterbuch GeoTechnik, 128. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-41714-6_21647.
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"lead-bismuth ore." In Dictionary Geotechnical Engineering/Wörterbuch GeoTechnik, 790. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-41714-6_120872.
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Wothers, Peter. "Goblins and Demons." In Antimony, Gold, and Jupiter's Wolf. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199652723.003.0008.
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The belief that there were no more than seven metals persisted for hundreds of years, and it was not until the seventeenth century that the inconvenient, inescapable realization came that there were probably many more. I’ve already mentioned Barba’s report from 1640 about the new metal bismuth; it was one of a number of metals or metal-like species that began to be noticed in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. In his History of Metals from 1671, Webster begins Chapter 27: ‘Having now ended our Collections and Discourse of the seven Metals, vulgarly accounted so; we now come to some others, that many do also repute for Metals; and if they be not so, at least they are semi-Metals, and some of them accounted new Metals or Minerals, of that sort that were not known to the Ancients.’ In the chapter Webster speaks of antimony, arsenic, bismuth, cobalt, and zinc. While we now understand these as distinct elements, earlier on there was great confusion, with the names being used for compounds rather than the elements themselves—and, furthermore, the different compounds and elements often being mistaken for each other. This makes unravelling their history all the more complicated. We’ll start with Barba’s ‘Mettal between Tin and Lead, and yet distinct from them both’: bismuth. The first mention of bismuth predates Barba’s reference by more than one hundred years. The name appears in its variant spelling, ‘wissmad’, in what is probably the very first book on mining geology. This was published around the turn of the sixteenth century and attributed to one Ulrich Rülein von Calw, the son of a miller who entered the University of Leipzig in 1485. Ulrich mentions in passing that bismuth ore can be an aid to finding silver, since the latter is often found beneath it. Consequently, miners called bismuth ‘the roof of silver’. As Webster later put it in his History of Metals, ‘The ore from whence it is drawn . . . is also more black, and of a leaden colour, which sometimes containeth Silver in it, from whence in the places where it is digged up, they gather that Silver is underneath, and the Miners call it the Cooping, or Covering of Silver.’
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Fox, Michael H. "The Quest for Uranium." In Why We Need Nuclear Power. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199344574.003.0018.
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The name rises as a phantom from the heart of the Congo. The dawn of the nuclear age began there, though no one knew it at the time. King Leopold II of Belgium claimed the Congo as his colony during the surge of European colonization in the 1870s, promising to run the country for the benefit of the native population. Instead, he turned it into a giant slave camp as he raped the country of its riches. Leopold didn’t care much about mineral wealth, preferring the easy riches of rubber, but aft er he died in 1909, the Belgium mining company Union Minière discovered ample resources of copper, bismuth, cobalt, tin, and zinc in southern Congo. The history-changing find, though, was high-grade uranium ore at Shinkolobwe in 1915. The real interest at the time was not in uranium—it had no particular use—but in radium, the element the Curies discovered and made famous. It was being used as a miracle treatment for cancer and was the most valuable substance on earth—30,000 times the price of gold. Radium is produced from the decay of uranium aft er several intermediates (see Figure 8.3 in Chapter 8), so it is inevitable that radium and uranium will be located together. The true value of the uranium would not be apparent until the advent of the Manhattan Project to build the atomic bomb during World War II. Edgar Sangier, the director of Union Miniere, which owned the mine at Shinkolobwe, hated the Nazis and was afraid—correctly, as it turned out—that they would invade Belgium. In 1939, as Europe was sliding into war, Sangier learned that uranium could possibly be used to build a bomb. He secretly arranged to transfer 1,250 tons of the uranium ore out of the Congo to a warehouse in New York City. There it sat until 1942, when General Leslie Groves, the man whom President Roosevelt put in charge of the Manhattan Project, found out about it and arranged to purchase it.