Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Bishopric'

This project involves the study of bastard feudalism on the estates of the bishopric of Winchester in the period 1280-1530. Among the many theses and books on late medieval noble families and on county communities none has been so well-documented as the bishopric of Winchester. No county that was dominated by the Church has yet been studied. To date, work on ecclesiastical estates has not concerned itself with their political significance. Yet Winchester was the greatest and best recorded episcopal estate, with many parallels, and there were other counties such as Cambridgeshire, Hertfordshire, and Kent, also dominated by the Church. The thesis builds on modem work on the nobility and bastard feudalism. The ecclesiastical patronage of the bishops has been analysed for the whole of the period covered by this study. The main part of the study, however, is based on the bishops' piperolls and account books, which survive almost without interruption from 1208 and form a resource of unparalleled richness and bulk. The changing nature of the estate administration has been discussed at length. The study has concerned itself with the identity and remuneration of officers, with leaseholders and with annuitants. It suggests that the bishops clearly were bastard feudal lords, even if their use of retaining practices was not quite the same as the lay nobility. This material has been compared with evidence oflocal office-holding in order to build up a picture of the bishops' power in central southern England. The bishops retained many local officers. The records of the central courts have been sampled to establish how frequently the bishop sued offending tenants and officers. The thesis thus contributes to regional history, to the understanding of bastard feudalism itself, and to the role of ecclesiastical landowners. Finally, it tests the hypothesis that bishops evolved during the middle ages, from being major magnates akin to the lay nobility into the renders oflands that were exploited for financial and political gain by the local aristocracy who appropriated the patronage, manpower, and resources for themselves. Such developments are clearly observable on the Winchester estate before the Reformation, and presaged the major changes that were to come during the second half of the sixteenth century.

The northern Iberian Bishopric of Calahorra was re-founded in 1045 by Garcia 111 of Navarre. Between that date and the death of its eighth post-restoration bishop in 1190 all or part of its diocesan territory changed hands seven times between the Kingdoms of Navarre, Leon-Castile/Castile, and Aragon, as they competed over the riojan frontier- zone on which it was located. The position of the diocese on such a volatile secular frontier had consistently profound, but also steadily changing, effects on its political and institutional development. In the initial phase of Calahorra's restoration, its bishop was enormously empowered by his central role in the consolidation of Navarre's southern and western frontiers, but was held back from establishing a centralized diocesan administration by the insecurities inherent in the borderland condition of his see. Following a change of political regime in the Rioja in 1076, the bishopric suffered the severe consequences of its total identification with a defeated secular power when its embryonic diocesan structures were comprehensively dismantled and its bishops subjected to a dominant and hostile crown that effectively undermined their diocesan authority. The debilitation of royal authority in the Rioja and the region's political marginalization between 1109 and 1134 provided the context for the emergence of the see's independent political stance and its notably autonomous and rapid development of a strong cathedral. When Leonese-Castilian regional dominance was forcefully reasserted between 1134 and 1157, the Bishops of Calahorra were able to put the forceful currents of canonical reform that emanated from an increasingly comprehensive and emphatically territorial secular ecclesiastical hierarchy to use in combining their centrality to the north-eastern border politics of the Crown of Leon-Castile with the independent pursuit of a specifically diocesan agenda. When Castile ceased serving Calahorra's territorial interests towards the end of the twelfth century, the see used the political leverage it gained by its inclusion in the Aragonese Metropolitanate of Tarragona to distance itself from Castilian politics, thus revealing its maturity as a frontier power in its own right.

The purpose of this thesis is to explore the nuances and implications of the negative portrayals of bishops and the bishopric in late antique and medieval Catholic hagiography. I will consider how and why members of the episcopacy were painted so negatively, and how hagiographers got away with drawing such negative connotations around the office itself. In doing this, I will consider how these texts address real social anxieties surrounding the bishopric, and argue that they work apologetically for the episcopacy by establishing the corruptibility of the office's human aspect as an expected norm, and highlighting in contrast the extreme difficulty and laudability of living up to the office's divine aspect.

The pipe rolls of the bishopric of Winchester not only impart in-depth detail about England's wealthiest see in the Middle Ages, but also provide an account of the demographic, economic and social conditions on the estate. This thesis examines evidence from the pipe roll of 1348-9 for the impact of the plague on seventeen Hampshire units of account of the bishopric of Winchester. The work has involved both interpretation and analysis of the pipe roll: its physical appearance, palaeography and subject matter within the text, the findings of which can be found in chapters one and two. By using other pipe rolls of the bishopric of Winchester both before and after 1348-9 the work also compares and contrasts. This analysis focuses specifically upon information relating to the plague of 1348-9, and assesses the immediate impact of the Black Death on Hampshire. The work begins by exploring the pipe roll as a historical document, combined with a review of previous historical writings on the Black Death. This review is followed by an investigation of the physical aspects of the pipe roll as well as the financial and administrative structure of the account. Chapter three assesses the number of heriots received and debates their value for measuring mortality. Chapter four addresses the Black Death's influence on wages as well as other forms of remuneration, while chapter five considers the impact of the Black Death upon both marriage and entry fines. Chapter six addresses the fair of St Giles and the influence of the Black Death upon the bishop's income received from the fair. The Conclusion establishes that the pipe roll supports the hypothesis that the bishopric of Winchester was profoundly affected by the arrival of the Black Death in 1348 and that this has implications for the broader analysis of the impact of the plague in the fourteenth century. Study of the pipe roll of 1348-9 has therefore enabled this work to assess, for the first time, the effects of the Black Death upon seventeen units of account on the Hampshire estate.

This thesis examines the impact of war on the Prince-Bishopric of Liege in the only period when Liege was finally obliged to abandon its long-standing Medieval principle of neutrality by raising a standing army. The study starts with a discussion of the geographic and political context of the Prince Bishopric, a territory ruled by the Bishop, who had to be elected by an ecclesiastical Chapter. The neighbouring European rulers desired to gain influence in this country because of the significance of the Meuse valley. Even when this neutral status was lost during the Nine Years' War there remained a constant interplay between the foreign relations and the internal factors. In 1689 the Chapter elected the native Jean Louis d'Elderen as their new prince ruler against possible foreign influences. Despite this new sovereign had to cooperate with his Canons, he accepted to participate in the conflict against Louis XIV and recruited a newly formed army of circa 6,000 men. After his death in 1694 the canons composed a capitulation before accepting Joseph Clemens of Wittelsbach as their sovereign. He even had to consent to the establishment of a Council of War. As we shall discuss, the passing, foraging and quartering of troops had particular effects on the Liegeois society. Despite this constant threat most inhabitants refused to abandon their farms due to their sense of community and a confidence in their personal and economic future. Thanks to this believe, as well as the material resources and industries of the realm, the debts of the state were diminished to a greater extent than those of France and the other smaller European polities. That is why this small second rate country could keep an old style government with different power institutions, which enabled the locals to behave as genuine Europeans avant-la-lettre.

The bishopric of Brechin has long been viewed as something of an anomaly among the dioceses of medieval Scotland. Its bishops exercised authority over churches and lands in Angus and the Mearns, yet this territory was shared with the much larger diocese of St Andrews, and to a much lesser extent those of Dunkeld and Aberdeen. This complex pattern of landholding and lordship persisted right up until the Reformation and it is a situation unparalleled elsewhere in medieval Scotland. However, although its oddness has been noted by many, scholarly engagement with this area has been limited, focussing mainly on the Céli Dé community and hereditary abbatial family associated with the church at Brechin in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. This thesis examines the bishopric of Brechin in the context of wider church organisation in Angus and the Mearns in the central Middle Ages, seeking to find explanations for its seemingly unique development. The problem is approached from a number of different perspectives: by considering the context of secular lordship in Angus and the Mearns; by examining the parishes and churches which made up the bishopric of Brechin; by exploring saintly commemorations and church dedications, not only in the diocese of Brechin, but throughout Angus and the Mearns; and finally by carrying out a case-study of one of Brechin’s most important churches, that of the burgh of Montrose. This multi-faceted approach demonstrates that the bishopric of Brechin had strong links with the secular lordship of Brechin, the wider holdings of Earl David of Huntingdon in Angus and the Mearns, and indeed with kings of Scots. It also highlights connections between diocesan organisation and a particular devotion to the Virgin Mary, a veneration present in Brechin from the early Middle Ages. In addition to this, a picture emerges of the nearby church of Montrose having been an important ecclesiastical focus to rival Brechin.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas
João de São José Queiróz (1711-1763) presenció eventos significativos del contexto colonial, mientras ellos: la expulsión de los jesuítas de los dominios portugueses, la implantación del Diretorio de los Indios y lo redimensionamento de lo papiel de la Iglesia Catolica. En nesa conjuntura fue nombrado bispo de la Capitania del Pará. Entretanto, poco tiempo después, fue forzaço a dejar el cargo por orden real. Suponemos que las contradiciones mientras la educacion ilustrada de Queirós en Portugal, el ejercício de la tarea para cual fuera nombrado y las limitaciones del cargo revelen no solamente los motivos de su expulsión, pero también la compreensión de la nueva dinâmica que se establecia. Seguir la trajetória de ese bispo, dicutindo su formación, la relacione con los índios en la Amazonia Portuguesa y investigar las causas que llevaran a su expulsión, son cuestiones centrales para la presente pesquisa.
João de São José Queirós (1711-1763) presenciou eventos significativos do contexto colonial, entre eles: a expulsão dos jesuítas dos domínios portugueses, a implantação do Diretório dos Índios e o redimensionamento do papel da Igreja Católica. Nessa conjuntura foi nomeado bispo da Capitania do Pará. Porém, pouco tempo depois, foi obrigado a deixar o cargo por ordem real. Supomos que as contradições entre a educação ilustrada de Queirós em Portugal, o exercício da tarefa para a qual foi nomeado e as limitações impostas ao cargo, revelem não somente os motivos da sua expulsão, mas também a compreensão da nova dinâmica que se estabelecia. Acompanhar a trajetória desse bispo, discutindo sua formação, a relação com os índios na Amazônia Portuguesa e investigar as causas que redundariam em sua expulsão, são questões centrais para a presente pesquisa.

Since carachterization of French migration during 16th and 17th centuries in the Bishopric of Girona, I obtained huge data pointing out the strong presence of treballador label, mainly among French immigrants, increasing in proportion as 17th century goes on. Thanks to the work developed by the Centre de Recerca en Història Rural (University of Girona), I focused my aim to the profound changes suffered by the bulk of social relations in Catalan countryside. Which are real state accumulation process, peasant differentiation and the emergence of new social groups, amongst them, those of treballadors which I expect to have been able to clarify the causes and main characteristics through social composition, marriage patterns and involvement in labour, credit and land markets
A partir de la caracterització de la immigració francesa durant els segles XVI i XVII pel que fa al Bisbat de Girona, les dades obtingudes destaquen una fortíssima presència de l’etiqueta de treballador, principalment entre els immigrants d’origen francès, però en proporcions cada cop més creixents pel conjunt de la població conforme ens introduïm al segle XVII. A partir dels extensos treballs que porta desenvolupant el Centre de Recerca en Història Rural de la Universitat de Girona, hem enfocat les nostres preguntes vers els profunds canvis que va patir el conjunt de relacions socials en el camp català; on hi destaquen processos d’acumulació patrimonial, diferenciació pagesa i sorgiment de nous grups socials, entre ells, el dels treballadors. Un grup la formació del qual esperem haver-ne esclarit les causes i les seves característiques a partir d’estudiar-ne la seva composició, pautes matrimonials i relació amb els mercats de treball, crèdit i de la terra

The Reticulated Flatwoods Salamander, Ambystoma bishopi, is an inhabitant of longleaf pine forests in the southeastern United States. Historically distributed across southern Alabama, Georgia, and the Florida panhandle west of the Apalachicola-Flint Rivers, the range of this species has been drastically reduced. It is currently listed as federally endangered under the Endangered Species Act (ESA). Population viability analyses (PVAs) represent a key component of many recovery plans for threatened and endangered species. Here we use 10 years of mark recapture data collected from two breeding populations of A. bishopi to construct a demographic model that can be used to evaluate future extinction risk. In chapter one, we quantify population sizes through time, and estimate the impact of annual variability in numbers on genetic viability. This species exists in small (< 500) breeding populations and exhibit annual fluctuations in abundance characteristic of pond-breeding amphibians. In chapter 2, we adopt a modified version of the von Bertalanffy equation to construct size-at-age curves for A. bishopi that include the metamorphic transition. Individuals exhibit rapid growth in the larval stage such that they emerge as metamorphs at 60% of their final body size. In chapter 3, we employ a Cormack-Jolly-Seber model, modified to include continuous covariates, to generate size-dependent survival curves. Survival of A bishopi exhibits dramatic annual and seasonal variability, but is always positively correlated with body size. Lastly, in chapter 4, we combine the elements of all previous chapters to construct an Integral Projection Model (IPM). Given the prevalence of complete recruitment failure in these populations, and their relatively small size, extinction probabilities under a business-as-usual model were high. Increasing the frequency of successful recruitment drastically reduces extinction risk; however, adult survival exerts the greatest influence on long-term population growth. To assure the recovery of A. bishopi, management must consider all elements of the life-history when allocating resources and effort. More generally, both aquatic and terrestrial habitats must be protected for amphibian conservation to be effective, making them ideal candidates for 'umbrella species' status. Amphibian conservation would also benefit from an increase in systematic, long-term data collection.
Doctor of Philosophy
The southeastern United States is the global salamander hotspot, representing a crucible for diversity. Longleaf pine forests, the predominant ecosystem in the southeast, have been reduced to 3% of their former range, with dire consequences for the animals that inhabit them. The Reticulated Flatwoods Salamander, Ambystoma bishopi, is endemic to the region, and currently listed as federally endangered owing to recent population declines. A recovery plan for the species therefore, is required by law, under the Endangered Species Act (ESA). A salient component of modern recovery plans are population forecasts that evaluate future extinction risk. Such forecasts can then be used to assess alternative management strategies proposed to improve the species' long-term prospects. By studying two of the last remaining populations of A. bishopi from 2010-2019, we were able to collect the data required to construct a demographic model that can be used to run population projections. In some regards, A. bishopi is a typical amphibian, in that their populations show dramatic fluctuations in numbers through time, and they exhibit rapid growth in the aquatic larval stage, achieving 60% of their maximum body size in the first three months of life. Flatwoods salamanders breed in ephemeral wetlands, that often dry before successful metamorphosis can occur. The frequency of pond-drying results in a high probability of extinction for a single population, but survival of breeding individuals was equally important when considering long-term persistence. To assure the recovery of A. bishopi, management must consider all elements of the life-history when allocating resources and effort. More generally, both aquatic and terrestrial habitats must be protected for amphibian conservation to be effective, making them ideal candidates for 'umbrella species' status.

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Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos
Cerrado is one of the brazilian biomes with the highest concentration of species and endemism, and is considered a hotspot of global biodiversity. Only 20% of its original area remains intact in the country and has been permanently transformed by human actions, which makes this biome a priority area for conservation. Due to the great loss of habitat and biodiversity, it is necessary to increase knowledge of basic characteristics of the existing species. Conservation genetics makes use of the genetic variation to infer the taxonomic status and life history of a species, making possible the study of characteristics such as the pattern of social structure and dispersion. Thus, basic data from species to which we have difficult assess can be accessed and better conservation strategies can be adopted. Mitochondrial and nuclear markers are important tools for studies of genetic and social structure in animals. In this study we assessed the taxonomic status of Clyomys bishopi, a colonial and semi-fossorial rodent inhabiting the Cerrado of São Paulo, and also the social and spatial genetic structure of individuals collected in the Estação Ecológica de Itirapina- SP. To evaluate C. bishopi taxonomic status we analyzed the cytochrome b gene of 21 individuals belonging to the genus and from various localities of its distribution. Phylogenetic methods based on Bayesian Inference, Maximum Parsimony and Neighbor-Joining showed high values of branch support separating individuals from São Paulo with respect to the rest of the samples, and genetic distance of about 4% between these groups, suggesting a significant genetic separation between them. For population analysis, ten microsatellite loci were isolated and characterized within C. bishopi. Through the analysis of 40 individuals sampled at three areas within EE de Itirapina, we verified high levels of genetic diversity (NA = 10, average HO = 0,76 and averaged HE = 0,90). Nine microsatellite loci and the control region of the mitochondrial DNA were used to assess the spatial and social genetic structure of the EE de Itirapina population. The Bayesian clustering analysis indicated no genetic structure, suggesting the occurrence of gene flow between sampled areas. Relatedness analyses indicated, in general, low relatedness indices between analyzed individuals (0.05), with slightly larger values when only individuals in a small geographic scale are considered. The average relatedness by sex indicated no significant differences, suggesting similar dispersion between males and females. Results suggest that colonies of Clyomys bishopi are composed largely by unrelated individuals, and present genetic structure compatible to that showed by species with solitary habits.
O Cerrado é um dos biomas brasileiros com maior concentração de espécies e endemismo, sendo considerado um hotspot de biodiversidade mundial. Apenas 20% da sua área original continua intacta no país e tem sido continuamente transformada pelas ações humanas, o que faz deste bioma uma área prioritária para conservação. Devido à grande perda de habitat e biodiversidade, faz-se necessário a ampliação do conhecimento de características básicas das espécies existentes. A genética da conservação faz uso da variação genética para inferir sobre o status taxonômico e a história de vida de uma espécie, tornando possível a investigação de características como o padrão de estruturação social e de dispersão. Assim, dados básicos de espécies de difícil avaliação direta podem ser acessados e melhores estratégias de conservação podem ser adotadas. Os marcadores moleculares dos tipos mitocondriais e nucleares são importantes ferramentas para estudos de estrutura genética populacional e social em animais. Neste estudo, avaliamos o status taxonômico de Clyomys bishopi, um roedor colonial e semi-fossorial que habita fisionomias do Cerrado do estado de São Paulo, e ainda a estrutura genética espacial e social de indivíduos coletados na Estação Ecológica de Itirapina-SP. Para a avaliação do status taxonômico, analisamos o gene citocromo b de 21 indivíduos do gênero provenientes de várias localidades distribuídas por quase toda a sua área de ocorrência. Métodos filogenéticos baseados em Inferência Bayesiana, Máxima Parcimônia e Neighbor-Joining mostraram altos valores de suporte de ramos na separação dos indivíduos de São Paulo em relação ao restante das amostras, e uma distância genética de aproximadamente 4% entre esses grupos, indicando separação genética significativa entre eles. Para a realização das análises populacionais, dez locos microssatélites foram isolados e caracterizados para Clyomys bishopi. Analisando-se 40 indivíduos coletados em três áreas no interior da EE de Itirapina, verificamos elevados índices de diversidade genética (NA = 10, HO média = 0,76 e HE média = 0,90). Nove desses locos, mais a região controle do DNA mitocondrial, foram utilizados para avaliar a estrutura genética espacial e a estrutura social na população analisada. A análise bayesiana de agrupamento não indicou estruturação genética espacial, sugerindo a ocorrência de fluxo gênico entre as áreas analisadas. As avaliações de parentesco indicaram, em geral, baixos coeficientes de parentesco entre os indivíduos analisados (0,05), com valores levemente maiores quando se considera indivíduos amostrados em uma pequena escala geográfica. O parentesco médio por sexo não indicou diferenças significativas, o que sugere a existência de dispersão similar entre machos e fêmeas. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que as colônias de Clyomys bishopi são formadas por indivíduos em sua maioria não aparentados, apresentando estrutura genética compatível com a de espécies que apresentam hábitos solitários.

The false codling moth, Thaumatotibia leucotreta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), is one of the major pests of citrus in South Africa, the others being mealybug, Mediterranean fruit fly, bollworm and some mites. Due to problems such as the expense of pesticides, insects evolving pesticide resistance (Hogsette 1999), chemical residue on the skin of export fruit and the negative impact of pesticides on the environment, it became necessary to find alternative methods for pest control (Viggiani 2000). Agathis bishopi (Nixon) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a larval parasitoid of false codling moth known only from the Sundays River Valley area (Sishuba 2003), offers a means of control for the pest. A total of 11 389 navel oranges were collected from various orchards in the Addo/Kirkwood area, and false codling moth larvae infested 36.09% of the fruit. A single parasitoid species, A. bishopi, was reared from these larvae. In 2006 the highest parasitism rate, 11.43%, was recorded in May and in 2007, the highest parasitism rate, 13.27%, was in April. Agathis bishopi parasitizes larvae in instars 2 and 3, possibly due to the accessibility of these younger instars to the female parasitoid and possibly due to the length of the life cycle of this koinobiont. Second instar hosts yielded the highest number of parasitoids, and there was no emergence of parasitoids from fifth instar larvae. Females of A. bishopi live for 18.5 days (n = 20; S.E. = 3.1) and males for 8.25 days (n = 20; S.E. = 1.23). Females produce an average of 23 offspring in a lifetime, while female false codling moths produce about 800 eggs each. A high number of parasitoids will be required per hectare to reduce the population of false codling moth. Captive rearing of A. bishopi proved difficult due to viral and fungal contamination. Agathis bishopi has potential for use in an integrated pest management programme once the hurdle of mass-rearing has been overcome.

Thaumatotibia leucotreta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) is one of the major citrus pests of economic importance for South Africa’s citrus industry. It is endemic to Africa, and therefore a phytosanitary pest with zero tolerance by most export markets. The cryptic nature of T. leucotreta makes visual inspection an inefficient method for detecting neonate larvae in fruit in the packhouse. Therefore, a more accurate method for sorting infested fruit at the packhouse, particularly for newly infested fruit could ensure market access. A recent study showed that fruit infested by T. leucotreta emit a chemical profile different from that of a healthy fruit. Several studies provide evidence that parasitoids locate their hosts feeding on fruit by exploiting the novel chemical profiles produced due to host herbivory. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of using the naturally occurring behaviour of a larval parasitoid Agathis bishopi (Nixon) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) for detection of T. leucotreta infested fruit, by determining which compound in infested fruit is attractive to parasitoids. Ytube olfactometer and flight-tunnel bioassays with healthy and T. leucotreta infested fruit showed a significantly stronger response of A. bishopi female parasitoids to infested fruit. Among the volatile compounds associated with T. leucotreta infested fruit, D-limonene elicited the strongest attraction to A. bishopi female parasitoids. Attraction of mated A. bishopi female parasitoids to T. leucotreta infested fruit and D-limonene significantly increased after oviposition experience. Behavioural responses of A. bishopi female parasitoids that were associated with T. leucotreta infested fruit were investigated to determine which behaviours are distinct and interpretable. Probing and oviposition behaviours were the most noticeable and were only elicited on infested fruit when parasitoids contacted T. leucotreta frass, indicating that chemical compounds in frass are short-range cues used for final host location. Since production of D-limonene by fruit is elevated due to herbivory by different pests including mechanical injury on fruit, response of A. bishopi female parasitoids to compounds in frass offers a more specific and potentially useful mechanism for development of a detection system for T. leucotreta infested fruit. Chemical analysis of T. leucotreta frass and conditioning A. bishopi parasitoids to respond behaviourally to compounds in frass is proposed.

La present tesi vol explicar la implantació de la Reforma Catòlica en una sèrie de parròquies rurals dels bisbats de Girona (valls de Ridaura, Bas, Hostoles i Amer) i Vic (El Collsacabra i les valls de Susqueda i Sau), entre 1587 i 1800, des dels bisbes posttrentins Jaume Caçador i Pedro Jaime als il·lustrats Tomàs de Lorenzana i Francisco de Veyan. La documentació principal són les sèries de les visites pastorals conservades a l'Arxiu Diocesà de Girona i l'Arxiu Episcopal de Vic; paral·lelament, s'ha reforçat amb documentació parroquial (llibres sagramentals, consuetes, llibres d'obra i confraries), protocols notarials (notaries de Rupit, Sant Feliu de Pallerols, El Mallol i Amer) i impresos episcopals. Els manaments de les visites pastorals s'han contrastat, amb semblances i diferències, amb els decrets del concili de Trento, de les constitucions provincials tarraconenses i les sinodals gironines i vigatanes, i amb les evidències artístiques, arquitectòniques i arqueològiques. Tots ells han servit per demostrar la lentitud en la implantació del programa tridentí, que s'assoleix, de fet, amb força retard (ben entrat el segle XVIII).
The present thesis tries to explain the implantation of the Catholic Reform in a few rural parish churches in the bishoprics of Girona (Valleys of Ridaura, Bas, Hostoles and Amer) and Vic (El Collsacabra and Valleys of Susqueda and Sau), from 1587 to 1800, from the post-Trent bishops Jaume Caçador and Pedro Jaime to Illustrated Tomàs de Lorenzana and Francisco de Veyan. The main sources of information are the pastoral bishop visits. These series are well preserved in the Arxiu Diocesà de Girona and the Arxiu Episcopal de Vic. We also have added some other documents: parish registers, notary books (from Rupit, Sant Feliu de Pallerols, El Mallol i Amer) and bishop printed material. We have contrasted the orders from the bishops visits with the decrees from the Council of Trent, the Constitutions of the Tarraconense Province and the Synodal Constitutions of Girona and Vic, and the artistic, architectural and archaeological evidences. All of them have shown the slow pace and the delay of the enterprise.

Globally, amphibian species have been in decline and a wide range of factors have been purported to be driving the decline. The Gulf Coastal Plain of Florida has a high degree of endemism and rarity and the biodiversity in the region includes a diverse suite of amphibian species. Degradation of habitat has been considered by many to be a major part of amphibian declines, however amphibian declines are complex and in many cases multiple factors are occurring in concert. My dissertation research examined aspects of habitat ecology and occupancy for two rare amphibians, Florida Bog Frog (Rana okaloosae) (Chapter 1, 2, and 3) and Reticulated Flatwoods Salamander (Ambystoma bishopi) (Chapter 5), that are both restricted to the Northern Gulf Coastal Plain. Further, for R. okaloosae I examined the influence of a sympatric congener, Bronze Frog (R. clamitans clamitans), on microhabitat selection (Chapter 1) and growth of tadpoles (Chapter 4). My overall goal was to be able to elucidate factors that limit the geographic range of R. okaloosae and A. bishopi and to identify habitat characteristics that managers could maintain or create to conserve or increase populations of these species. My first chapter examined the microhabitat relationships between R. okaloosae and R. c. clamitans. Rana okaloosae is endemic to northwestern Florida and is sympatric with R. c. clamitans, a more common and widely distributed congener. Further, the two species appeared to be syntopic, have overlapping breeding seasons, and are known to hybridize. The objectives of this chapter were to assess the microhabitat selection of both species and to assess differences in microhabitat use of males of both species during the breeding season. My modeling of habitat selection and comparison of variables used by each species suggests that males of these species select different resources when calling. Therefore, these sympatric ranids select for different resources at a fine scale, however there does appear to be some overlap among some selected habitat characteristics. In Chapter 2, I assessed the habitat use of R. okaloosae at multiple spatial scales. I surveyed for R. okaloosae and evaluated habitat characteristics at used sites and sites where I had no detections to develop among- and within-stream habitat models for R. okaloosae. Rana okaloosae used habitats with high amounts of emergent vegetation at both the among-stream scale and the within-stream scale. Emergent vegetation appears frequently in models of anuran habitat selection, particularly those that occur in fire-dominated landscapes. Further understanding the habitat requirements of R. okaloosae will allow land managers to use appropriate management activities (e.g., prescribed fire) that will increase emergent vegetation and potentially restore habitat that may help increase populations of R. okaloosae. In Chapter 3, I conducted aural surveys for R. okaloosae at two different spatial scales: range-wide and stream-level scales to understand how occupancy and colonization of R. okaloosae may be influenced by scale. My results suggest that at both spatial scales occupancy of R. okaloosae was best described by the presence of mixed forest wetlands at survey sites. At the range-wide scale, colonization and detection were constant across years, however, at the stream-level scale, colonization was predicted by the number of years since last fire and detection was best predicted by the additive combination of relative humidity and temperature. Occupancy of R. okaloosae was patchy at the range-wide and at the stream-level scales and colonization was low at both scales, while derived estimates of local extinction were moderately high. While R. okaloosae still occur in 3 watersheds where they were initially observed in the 1980â s, one of the three watersheds appears to be very isolated and detections there are becoming very infrequent. In Chapter 4, I experimentally evaluated the effects of R. c. clamitans tadpoles on R. okaloosae tadpoles. My results suggest that there was limited influence of R. c. clamitans on R. okaloosae. Conversely, it appeared that Rana c. clamitans was more susceptible to intraspecific competition than interspecific competition. The lack of a strong competitive effect of Rana c. clamitans on Rana okaloosae suggests that competitive interactions among tadpoles may have a limited effect at the densities I examined. In Chapter 5, our objectives were to evaluate a suite of within-pool factors (i.e., vegetation structure, water level, and an index to presence of fish) that could influence occupancy of breeding wetlands by larval flatwoods salamanders on Eglin Air Force Base in Florida, USA. Site occupancy over a 4 year period was best described by a model that incorporated high herbaceous vegetation cover and open canopy cover. Detection probability was assessed, but it varied among years and was not included in the model. Our study suggests that managing the breeding habitat of flatwoods salamander for open canopies and dense herbaceous vegetation may contribute to this speciesâ recovery. In conclusion, Chapters 1-3 of my dissertation contribute to a growing understanding about the habitat ecology of R. okaloosae. I have evaluated habitat use of R. okaloosae at multiple spatial scales. At the finest spatial scale R. okaloosae selected for sites that had an abundance of cover probably decreasing their risk of predation (Chapter 1). Similarly, in Chapter 2 at two spatial scales, among and within-streams, R. okaloosae selected for emergent vegetation. Finally, at the broadest spatial scale, range-wide, R. okaloosae were found to be associated with mixed forest wetlands (Chapter 3). I did not find strong support for competition between R. okaloosae and R. c. clamitans tadpoles, although there was some evidence of asymmetric competition (Chapter 4). Further, adult males of each species did not select the same habitat characteristics for calling sites, so there appeared to be some resource partitioning (Chapter 1). Finally, the presence of A. bishopi larvae was found to be associated with herbaceous vegetation and moderate amounts of canopy cover (Chapter 5). Results from Chapter 2 and 5 suggest that both R. okaloosae and A. bishopi are associated with habitat conditions that are likely a result of fire penetrating wetland areas.
Ph. D.

As diferentes demandas ecológicas impostas pela vida epígea e hipógea podem favorecer a melhoria das funções cognitivas espaciais. Comparamos a aprendizagem e a memória espacial, em labirinto complexo do Trinomys iheringi denigratus (terrestre de Mata Atlântica), T.yonenagae (semi-fossorial das Dunas na Caatinga) e Clyomys bishopi (fossorial do Cerrado). O aprendizado e memória espacial foram avaliados 10 T.i.denigratus (250±34g), 18 T.yonenagae (125±7,8g) e seis Clyomys bishopi (338±34g), a partir do: tempo até a saída do labirinto (TFL) e o número de erros cometidos (NER), em indivíduos colocados em labirinto de seis caminhos cegos e uma saída (0,20x1,10x1,50m), durante cinco testes consecutivos (30min) por dia, durante três dias consecutivos (fase de aprendizagem). Os ratos foram novamente testados em única sessão realizada após 48, 120 e 504h (fase de memória). O desempenho foi testado ao longo dos testes utilizando uma ANOVA um-fator (p<0,05). As taxas de aprendizagem (TA) do TFL das duas espécies foram mensuradas a partir do b da equação da curva de aprendizagem, e comparadas usando-se ANOVA um-fator (p<0,05). As variáveis do último teste de cada dia com os do primeiro teste do dia seguinte foram usadas como indicativas de memória-de-médio-prazo (MMP) e comparadas por espécie (teste T, dados-pareados, p<0,05). As taxas de retenção da aprendizagem (TR) com relação aos intervalos dos testes de memória, foram usadas como índice de memória-de-longo-prazo (MLP) e foram comparadas pela ANOVA um-fator (p<0,05). As espécies não apresentaram diferença significativa entre si mas não entre os testes tanto para TFL (F=0,85; p = 0,705; F=8,86; P < 0,000) quanto para NER (F=0,56; p=0,979; F = 3,65; p = 0,000). A TA foi marginalmente significativa (F = 2,784; p = 0,077) entre as espécies, sendo que T. yonenagae e C. bishopi não apresentaram diferença entre eles e ambos diferiram do T. i. denigratus. Com relação à memória-de-médio-prazo, T. Yonenagae e T. i. denigratus apresentaram diferença significativa para TFL entre os testes 10-11 (t = -3,406; p = 0,003) (t=- 2,300; p=0,050), mas não entre os testes 5-6 (t=-0,779; p=0,447) (t = -1,061; p=0,320). Já o C.bishopi sofreu redução entre os testes 5-6 e os testes 10-11, mas sem diferença significativa. Para a variável NER, não foi detectada diferença significativa, tanto para T. yonenagae (entre os 5 testes 5 e 6: t = 314,000, P = 0,558; testes 10 e 11: t=325,000, P=0,812) quanto para T.i.denigratus (entre os testes 5-6, t=0,590, P=0,562; testes 10-11: t=-1,855 P=0,080), por outro lado, C. bishopi apresentou a tendência de redução dos valores de NER entre os testes 5-6 (t = 0,442; p = 0,676) e 10-11 (t = 3,558; p = 0,016) sendo esta significativa. Quanto à MLP, dentre cada espécie não houve diferença significativa. Assim o semi-fossorial T.yonenagae e o fossorial C.bishopi se destacam quanto a aprendizagem do que a terrestre T.idenigratus, entretanto apenas C.bishopi é mais eficiente com relação a memoria-de-médio-prazo. Caso o efeito da filogenia seja controlada, sugere-se que o hábito fossorial seja componente do regime seletivo para evolução da cognição espacial
The different ecological contests imposed by epigeal and hypogeal lifestyles can facilitate the improvement of cognition spatial. We compared the spatial learning and memory in complex maze of Trinomys iheringi denigratus (terrestrial Atlantic rainforest), T.yonenagae (semifossorial Dunes of Caatinga) and Clyomys bishopi (fossorial of Cerrado). The spatial learning and memory were assessed 10 T.i.denigratus (250 ± 34g), 18 T.yonenagae (125 ± 7.8 g) and six Clyomys bishopi (338 ± 34g), from: time to exit the maze (TFL) and the number of errors (NER) in individuals placed on the complex maze of paths six blind and an outlet (0,20 x1, 10x1, 50m) for five consecutive tests (30min) per day for three consecutive days (learning phase) . The rats were tested in one session held after 48, 120 and 504Hours (memory phase). The performance was analyzed over the tests using a one-way ANOVA (p <0.05). Learning rates (TA) of the TFL of both species were measured from the b of the equation of the learning curve, and compared using one-way ANOVA (p <.05). The variables for each of the last test day with the first test the following day were used as indicators of memory to medium-term (MMP) and compared by species (t-test, paired-data, p <0.05) . Retention rates of learning (TR) with respect to the intervals of memory tests, were used as an index of memory-to-long-term (MLP) and were compared by one-way ANOVA (p <0.05). The species did not differ significantly from each other but not between tests for both TFL (F = 0.85, p = 0.705 F = 8.86, P <0.000) and for NER (F = 0.56, p = 0.979 , F = 3.65, p = 0.000). The TA was marginally significant (F = 2.784, p = 0.077) between species, and T. yonenagae and C. bishopi showed no difference between them and both were different from T. i. denigratus. With respect to memory-to-medium term, T. yonenagae and T. i. denigratus showed significant difference between the tests 11 and 10 for TFL (t = -3.406, p = 0.003) (t = -2.300, p = 0.050), but not between tests 5 and 6 (t = -0.779, p = 0.447 ) (t = -1.061, p = 0.320). Already C.bishopi showed decreased between tests 5-6 and tests 10-11, but without significant difference. For variable NER, no significant differences were detected for both T. yonenagae (between tests 5 and 6: t = 314.000, P = 0.558, Tests 10 and 11: t = 325,000 P = 0.812) and for T.i.denigratus (between tests 5.6, t = 0.590, P = 0.562; Tests 10-11: 7 t = -1.855 p = 0.080), on the other hand C. bishopi showed a trend to decreased NER between tests 5-6 (t = 0.442, p = 0.676) and 10-11 (t = 3.558, p = 0.016) which is significant. As for MLP, among each species there was no significant difference. Thus the semi-fossorial T.yonenagae and fossorial C.bishopi stand out as the learning of the terrestrial T.i.denigratus, however only C.bishopi is more efficient with respect to memory-to-medium term, if the effect of phylogeny is controlled, we suggested that the fossoriality could comprising the part of selective regime for evolution of the spatial cognition

This dissertation introduces a history of the Olešnice parish based on research stemming from an accessible of sources. It focuses first of all on the parish?s creation and then on the state of the parish and how it was affected by Josef?s reforms. The dissertation questions how greatly these reforms influenced its inception and function. Its focus is on an internal organization and parish run, with its act within a state administration. The opening chapter summarizes the literature and other sources used for researching this subject and are followed with chapters about the church administration at the time of late modern period, and also the establishment of the České Budějovice bishopric and the spiritual committee Czech land Gubernia. The studies begin with the history of Olešnice. It first details the important institutions in a village (school, pastorate, authority) and the holding of properties. The next chapter is then focused on the origination and history of the Olešnice parish, with the main focus being on visitations and the churchmen. The end chapters are concerned with the sacred objects within the parish (the church, the chapel and the devotional pillar), patronage in local parish and school matters. The final chapter represent written production of parish and focus on situation of parish registry. Total summary is stated at the end.

The diploma thesis deals with a statistical study of two books of protocols in the office of the vicar episcopal in Pelhřimov. They both cover the period from 1750 to 1831. It is focused on the time when Vincenc Josef Rubricius from Nová Cerekev was in the office of the vicar episcopal. In 1790 he became a vicar episcopal and stayed in his office for three decades until the time of his death in 1821. Thanks to his diligence and precision in maintaining the official agenda and the long-term work in the office of the vicar episopal, it was possible to perceive the studied time period as a coherent unit. Such a notation in the book of protocols was an evidence about the official acts. The statistical data about the number of the notations are described in the diploma thesis in 32 chapters, each of them for a particular year. It studies the number in the particular months, weeks as well as days. Due to this, it monitors the number of the official acts, e. g. with the consistory in České Budějovice, the other parish offices belonging to the vicariate, the Regional Authority in Tábor or the deanery in Pelhřimov. Even the visitations in particular parish offices were noted down into the books of protocols. Owing to these notations, it was possible to describe into details how the visitations were carried out during a particular year.

Anotation The Bohemian kingdom lost its ruler and shortly after that the throne of St. Adalbert lost its bishop; Tobias of Benešov (bishop 1278-1296, known as Tobias of Bechyně) succeeded Jan III. in hardly enviable conditions under the regency of Ota's V. of Brandenburg. Despite that (or maybe thanks to that) he succeeded in continuing the reform of the Diocese of Prague not only in the ecclesiastical management, but also in settling the individual bishopric's districts' issues of property and economic. A set of more than 200 formularies, also known as The Formulary of Tobias of Bechyně, as well as further first-hand or indirect sources, allow us to recognize those issues. This section comprises of an economic history in a narrower sense and also the history of settlement, archaeology and other related branches. As the name suggests, I intend to view Tobias' personality mainly from three essential points of view - firstly as an administrator of the diocese who is responsible for the condition of his subordinate and entrusted clergy, secondly as a responsible administrator of a large property domain and finally as a politically active person. The position of the bishop as the head of the local church necessarily depended on his political assets - especially in the kingdom - financial security and the...