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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Bisexual'
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1
Hemmings, Clare Virgina. "In search of the bisexual experience : mapping contemporary bisexual spaces." Thesis, University of York, 1998. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/14011/.
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McLean, Kirsten Elizabeth 1972. "Identifying as bisexual : life stories of Australian bisexual men and women." Monash University, School of Political and Social Inquiry, 2003. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/5755.
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Kaloski-Naylor, Ann. "Elements of a bisexual reading." Thesis, University of York, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.245962.
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Smith, Karin Elizabeth. "Towards a critical bisexual theology." Thesis, University of Winchester, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.548207.
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My thesis is an investigation into the phenomenon of bisexuality and the problems, challenges and opportunities it presents towards traditional Christian theology. I examine the de constructive challenge that bisexuality and queer theory presents to what Althaus-Reid calls 'Totalitarian Theology'. My methodology is literature based, comes from a feminist liberationist perspective and my own personal experiences as a bisexual woman, adopting the analytical tools of philosophy, psychology and sociology. Through the utilization of this method, I hope to give a better understanding of this difficult and complex subject. During the course of my investigation, I have discovered that much of the research undertaken by theologians so far within the area of human sexuality has largely centred on the phenomenon of homosexuality and heterosexuality. Other than the work of Debra R. Kalodny and Queer Theologian Marcella Althaus-Reid, very little has been written about bisexuality. In contrast to their work mine is an autobiographical self - reflective account of the difficulties faced living in a culture based on monogamous heterosexuality. The points in which Althaus-Reid's work and my own diverge is in both cultural style and context. My bi-interpretation goes beyond hers because I provide a critical analysis of heterosexuality. My work is therefore unique, as I am using bisexual identity in a sustained and self-critical way with a view toward the creation of a 'critical bisexual theology' in my particular culture. When informed by queer theory, this has the potential to highlight the performativity of gender and its underlying instability. Bisexuality provides a further disruption because it also challenges dualism and it has a disruptive influence on the hierarchical structure, which is inherent within traditional Christian theology. The analytical tools of gender theory, philosophy, psychology and sociology bring to light the implicit dualism of gender construction and the power structures underlying it, enabling me to show how bisexuality has the potential to disrupt binary divisions. My chosen area of investigation also allows me to discuss body politics, sexuality and empowerment for both women and men alike. I ask if bisexuality is normative and, if so, why has it been repressed by religion and theology? If it is seen as normative, there are implications for both homosexuals and heterosexuals. I examine the implications of bisexuality for normative dominance and submission models of patriarchal sexual constructions, looking at the dangers these models create for women as well as challenging the notions of exclusivity that have been part of the patriarchal sexual package. Given that I am challenging the patriarchal system and the property ethic that underpins it, I wish to ask what level of intimacy is appropriate between consenting adults who are in other relationships? This question arises from the notion that bisexuals may need to express both sides of their sexuality if they are to remain functioning and developing individuals. Suggesting that people can be liberated into a wider understanding of sexuality, I will evaluate pleasure as a starting point for the creation of theology. Sexual non - conformity and pleasure is vital if, women are to have sexual autonomy it could be argued then that pleasure acts as an ethical guideline. An ethic of pleasure based on a model of partnership advances that sexual relationships based on love, trust and mutual respect rather than rankings of fear and force removes the ethical dilemmas experienced by people like myself who identify as bisexual. Taking my lead from Althaus-Reid, who is critical of holding onto our images of mono-loving gods and relationships and questioning such images, I ask which bodies can image the divine. We then get a radical incarnational theology because bisexuality is not just a way of thinking but is manifest in body knowing. Utilising her imaging of God in such a way a bi-god explodes the view of God as mono or duo. This image of God/divine can then be found in relationships that empower.
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Toft, Alex. "Bisexual Christian identity : a sociological exploration of the life stories of female and male bisexual Christians." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2011. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/11925/.
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This research project is an investigation into the lives of bisexual men and women who are also Christian. It is a sociological exploration of their identity and the negotiations which they undertake against the backdrop of a religion that sees their sexuality as a choice and fails to fully grasp the complexity of bisexuality, and a society that does not understand their sexuality. Bisexual Christians are an under-researched group, yet researching such a group can speak to sociological understandings of identity, sexuality and religion. This research project has found that identity is a complex negotiation between the private, public but also the situational/the context in which it occurs. Identity is a project of reflexive choice but within these confines and always with regard to the context in which they are being negotiated and done. Such negotiations take place around a ‘core’ identity which helps the respondents to feel grounded throughout. Bisexuality itself is misunderstood both within the secular and religious spheres. The research calls for bisexuality to be understood in terms of ‘dimensions’ of sexuality which carry different weightings for individuals, rather than producing a universal definition. Bisexuality challenges both monosexism and heterosexism that exists within secular and religious society. In terms of their religious lives the research has found that religious individualism and the ‘Turn to Life’ (Heelas and Woodhead 2005, Woodhead 2001) is more heightened within the lives of bisexual Christians because of the points highlighted above. Without any guidance and both a society and a religion which does not understand bisexuality, the respondents are left to creatively understand and give life and meaning to both their religious faith and their sexuality.
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Berenson, Carol Ann. "Interrogating choice, bisexual identity and politics." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ38524.pdf.
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Parham, Jennifer Rae. "AGGRESSION IN LESBIAN AND BISEXUAL RELATIONSHIPS." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2004. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/4385.
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For years, researchers, clinicians, and those working with victims/survivors of domestic abuse have overlooked the issue of same-sex partner aggression among lesbians and bisexual women. Through in-depth interviews with 19 women who identify themselves as either lesbian or bisexual, information was documented in this study demonstrating the severity of issues of power and control among some same-sex partners, as well as some if the dynamics that are unique to same-sex abusive relationships. Patterns of abuse within same-sex relationships often mirror those that are so commonly associated with partner aggression among heterosexual couples, and therefore demonstrate not only the need for further research on the topic of same-sex partner abuse, but also the urgency to provide more assistance to the victims/survivors of domestic violence.M.A.
Department of Sociology and Anthropology
Arts and Sciences
Sociology and Anthropology
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Prieto, Godoy Kaitlin Ann. "Bisexual College Students' Identity Negotiation Narratives." The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1586948071736854.
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Pascale-Hague, David. "EXPLORING BISEXUAL-IDENTIFIED PERSONS EXPERIENCES OF BELONGING." UKnowledge, 2015. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/edp_etds/36.
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Belonging is a basic and fundamental human need (Baumeister, & Leary, 1995) that is associated with psychosocial health (Cohen, 2004). Unfortunately, community belonging is a challenge for those with a bisexual identity. Binegativity, minority stress, and the invisibility of bisexual-identities may interfere with attempts to develop a sense of community belonging (Bradford, 2004). Little systematic research has examined bisexual-identified people’s perceptions and experiences of belonging to a community. This project addressed the question, “What are bisexual individuals’ experiences of community belonging/social exclusion?” Semi-structured interviews were conducted with a sample of 12 bisexual-identified persons. Interview transcripts were analyzed using a constructivist grounded theory methodology (Charmaz, 2006). Findings indicated that bisexual-identified persons encountered stigma and at times concealed their sexuality in order to create community belonging. However, risking authenticity, rather than concealing identity, seemed to help participants deal with stigma and develop more meaningful community belonging. Bisexual-identified persons who risk disclosing their identity and develop a sense of authenticity may increase their opportunities for community belonging. These findings are discussed in relation to their implications for counseling bisexual-identified persons and educating the communities in which they live.
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Mitchell, Ryan A. "Bisexual Identity Development| A Social Cognitive Process." Thesis, Southern Illinois University at Edwardsville, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1600585.
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This study explored how bisexual individuals used media and other frames of reference to understand their own sexuality. It also sought to understand how bisexual individuals felt about the representation in the media and if they had a preferred image in mind. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with six individuals recruited from universities and LGBT-oriented groups and their answers were analyzed through social cognitive theory and sexual identity development models. The study found that, for the participants interviewed, media examples of bisexuality and bisexual individuals were not completely accepted and other representations were preferred. For this sample, an educational setting played an important role in acquiring the language used to describe their sexuality. Also, the participants mostly agreed that the media did not often portray bisexuality in ways that resonated with them.
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Fuks, Oleksandr. "Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender immigrant acculturation experience." Thesis, McGill University, 2014. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=123207.
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The goal of the current study was to understand the process of acculturation of LGBT immigrants to Canada. I used the grounded theory approach to obtain an in-depth interpretive understanding of the subjective experience and perceptions related to the acculturation process of LGBT immigrants. The emerged grounded theory revealed that the acculturation experience of LGBT immigrants is formed by two consistent parallel subprocesses: cultural identity development and sexual identity development. Data analysis demonstrated that queerphobia in the culture of origin was a central phenomenon of the grounded theory, and played the most dominant role in the development of cultural and sexual parts of the LGBT immigrants' identity. Furthermore, the culture of LGBT immigrants' country of origin, as well as Canadian culture, strongly influenced their sexual identity development before and after immigration, and vice versa – their sexual identity development influenced the way LGBT immigrants relate to their culture of origin and to the Canadian culture before and after immigration. Moreover, the emerged grounded theory suggested that in the case of LGBT immigrants, the acculturation process often begins long before the beginning of the actual immigration process, as LGBT immigrants often assume a Western orientation as a response to queerphobia in their culture of origin. In addition, this study identified the perceived challenges and advantages that LGBT immigrants experience during the acculturation process, as well as presented variables responsible for the variety of acculturation outcomes. Finally, the study provided clinical implications and recommendations for mental health practitioners regarding the design and implementation of micro and macro level interventions that address multiple challenges LGBT immigrants face in their acculturation process.L'objectif de la présente étude était de comprendre le processus d'acculturation des immigrants LGBT au Canada. J'ai utilisé l'approche de théorisation ancrée pour obtenir une compréhension interpretative en profondeur de l'expérience subjective et des perceptions liées au processus d'acculturation des immigrants LGBT. La theorie ancrée générée a révélé que l'expérience de l'acculturation des immigrants LGBT est formée de deux sous-processus parallèles cohérents: le développement de l'identité culturelle et de développement de l'identité sexuelle. L'analyse des données a montré que la queerphobie dans la culture d'origine est un phénomène central de la théorie ancrée, et a joué un rôle des plus prépondérant dans le développement des parties : culturelle et sexuelle de l'identité des immigrants LGBT. En outre, la culture du pays d'origine des immigrants LGBT, ainsi que la culture canadienne, a fortement influencé le développement de leur identité sexuelle avant et après leur immigration, et vice versa - le développement de leur identité sexuelle a influencé la façon dont les immigrants LGBT se rapportent à leur culture d'origine et à la culture canadienne. D'autre part, la théorie ancrée générée a suggéré que, dans le cas des immigrants LGBT, le processus d'acculturation commence souvent bien avant le début du processus d'immigration en lui même, les immigrants LGBT mettent en avant leur orientation vers l'occident comme opposition à la « queerphobie » dans leur culture d'origine. De surcroît, cette étude a identifié les défis et les avantages perçus que les immigrants LGBT vivent durant le processus d'acculturation, ainsi que les facteurs présentés dans l'étude responsables de la variété des résultats d'acculturation. Enfin, l'étude a fourni des implications et des recommandations cliniques pour les professionnels de la santé mentale concernant la conception et la mise en œuvre des interventions au niveau micro et macro qui répondent à de multiples défis. Défis auquels les immigrants LGBT font face dans leur processus d'acculturation.
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Fredrick, Emma G. "Development and Validation of the Bisexual Microaggressions Scale." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2017. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3289.
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Sexual minorities face stigmatizing experiences which can lead to disparities in physical and mental health, as well as social and economic resources. Additionally, research suggests that microaggressions, or small actions and comments that speak to a person’s prejudices, act as stigmatizing experiences and contribute to negative outcomes for the stigmatized. However, most studies of sexual minority health do not explore bisexual experiences uniquely, despite evidence that bisexuals have unique experiences of stigma and microaggressions. Those studies that do explore bisexual experiences find worse outcomes for bisexuals than their lesbian or gay counterparts. Thus, the current study developed a quantitative scale for assessing experiences of microaggressions specific to bisexuals. A 35-item scale formulated around previously identified microaggression types was validated using data from a sample of 232 bisexuals. Results indicated that bisexual microaggressions were distinct from homonegative microaggressions and that bisexual microaggressions were related to worse physical, psychological, and environmental quality of life. This scale is an additional tool that researchers may use in understanding how stigma experiences lead to negative outcomes, as well as to identify opportunities for alleviating disparities.
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Brooks, Kelly D. "Sexual identity construction among lesbian, bisexual, and unlabeled women /." View online ; access limited to URI, 2006. http://0-wwwlib.umi.com.helin.uri.edu/dissertations/dlnow/3225313.
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Murphy, Heather Elise. "Suicide risk among gay, lesbian, and bisexual college youth /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/7522.
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Johnston, Michelle Leigh. "Predictors of loneliness in gay, lesbian, and bisexual youth." [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2008.
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Hayfield, Nikki Jane. "Bisexual women's visual identities : a feminist mixed-methods exploration." Thesis, University of the West of England, Bristol, 2011. http://eprints.uwe.ac.uk/25762/.
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The majority of research on bisexuality does not take into account the importance of bisexual visual identities. Appearance has often been trivialised, despite it being an integral part of forming and expressing our identities. A small body of literature on lesbians and gay men’s visual identities has found that appearance norms can serve a number of positive functions, including identity formation and maintenance, ‘coming out’ (signalling sexuality to others), recognition, attracting a partner, resisting heteronormativity, forming communities, and safe-guarding such spaces from voyeuristic or homophobic others. However, very little is understood about bisexual people’s visual identities. The feminist research reported in this thesis provides a mixed methods exploration (using semi-structured face-to-face interviews and photomethodology with 20 self-identified bisexual women, a quantitative questionnaire completed by a total of 494 bisexual, lesbian and heterosexual women, and a qualitative survey completed by 176 predominantly heterosexual university students) of bisexual women’s visual identities. The findings highlight that binary constructions of sexuality remain dominant within psychology and the wider culture. These dichotomous understandings are problematic for bisexual people because they continually position heterosexuality and homosexuality as the only viable identity options. This has resulted in the dismissal and marginalisation of bisexual women and their identity. This research fills a gap in knowledge around bisexual women’s appearance practices and (lack of) visual identities. A key finding was that bisexual women experience their identity in ways which are distinct from either lesbians or heterosexual women. Bisexual and heterosexual participants were able to describe visual images associated with lesbian, gay, and heterosexual identities, but in stark contrast they were unable to recognise any equivalent bisexual appearance norms or a bisexual visual identity. This raises a number of issues around the implications of bisexual women’s lack of validation and visibility, and highlights the necessity for psychologists to recognise the existence of bisexuality in order to address the continued overlooking and marginalisation of bisexual women and their identities.
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Nova, Elizabeth Ann. "Couple and Family Therapy Students' Attitudes Toward Bisexual Clients." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2012. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/26762.
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Few studies have focused on student therapists' beliefs about bisexual clients and the impact of affirmative training on these beliefs. The current study explored 1) the level of experience couple and family therapy (CFT) students have with gay, lesbian and bisexual clients; 2) whether CFT students' levels of biphobia and homophobia differ; and 3) whether LGB affirmative training had an impact on self-reported levels of biphobia. Secondary data were used from data collected through electronic and paper surveys. The results revealed that CFT students have similar levels of experience working with bisexual and lesbian clients, but report significantly lower levels of experience with gay male clients. Furthermore, CFT students reported nearly identical levels of biphobia and homophobia. Finally, the results of this study suggest that more LGB affirmative training was associated with lower levels of self-reported biphobia. The findings of this study support CFT training programs implementing LGB affirmative training.
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Sokolovic-Cizmek, Klarisa. "Homosocial, homoerotic, bisexual, and androgynous bonds in Shakespeare's comedies." [Tampa, Fla.] : University of South Florida, 2003. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/SFE0000372.
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Morse, Connie 1952. "Exploring the bisexual alternative: A view from another closet." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/291629.
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Research on bisexuality has been relatively nonexistent. In the recent past bisexuality has been viewed as pathological or as a means of denying either homosexuality or heterosexuality. Sexuality is looked at and studied as a dichotomy, polarizing the sexual experience as either "gay" or "straight". Where is the gray area accounted for in this continuum? In this study, 16 female respondents completed questions pertaining to sexual behavior, fantasy and emotional experience. They were also given the Bem Sex Role Inventory to ascertain the relationship between gender identity and sexual orientation. Other issues addressed concerned demographics, AIDS, counseling, and self-esteem.
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Wilde, Jenee. "Speculative Fictions, Bisexual Lives: Changing Frameworks of Sexual Desire." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/19279.
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While studies of lesbian, gay, and transgender communities and cultural production have dramatically increased, research on bisexuality remains highly undervalued in humanities and social science disciplines. To challenge this lack of scholarship, this doctoral dissertation applies both textual and ethnographic methods to examine bisexual representation in non-realistic or “speculative” narratives and to explore the insider perspectives of bisexual people who are also science fiction fans.
The overall trajectory of chapters follows a progression from grounded research and analysis to theory and application. First, I explore bisexual worldviews through ethnographic research in overlapping sexual and fan communities and through textual analysis of a 1980s bisexual fanzine. Next, I establish theoretical and methodological foundations for a new sexual paradigm, called dimensional sexuality, and work to intervene in interpretive methods that may restrict readings of sexuality in cinematic narratives. And finally, I test dimensional sexuality as an interpretive mode by offering dimensional readings of science fiction television and novels.
From one direction, the project seeks to understand bisexuality as a position from which to theorize sexual knowledge. A major claim is that bisexual epistemology offers an alternative to dominant monosexual frameworks. Specifically, the multivalent logic of bisexuality refutes the “either-or” structure of heterosexuality and homosexuality. By embracing the logic of “both-and,” bisexuality as a category of knowledge enables the reorganization of sexuality within a non-binary, non-gender based multidimensional framework.
From another direction, the project demonstrates the productive textual and social spaces offered by speculative narratives for questioning what we “know” about gender, sex, sexuality, and other intersections of social identities. Science fiction bears a deep structural affinity with the dialectical thinking found in critical theory. By asking “what if” questions that challenge our assumptions about “what is,” non-realistic narratives estrange us from the “known” world, interrogate our assumptions about the world, and make visible ideas and experiences outside of the norms we use to interpret what is “real” in a particular social and historical moment. As such, speculative narratives enable us to imagine sexual and gender possibilities beyond the episteme of the moment.
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Sokolovic-Cizmek, Klarisa. "Homosocial, Homoerotic, Bisexual, and Androgynous Bonds in Shakespeare’s Comedies." Scholar Commons, 2003. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/1483.
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In the thesis I inquire into the nature of the same-sex bonds in Shakespeare’s comedies. I discuss seven pairs of characters and demonstrate how in his comedies, Shakespeare first created homosocial relationships, later homoerotic relationships, then bisexual relationships, and, finally, a couple that may be described as androgynous. I demonstrate that in the early comedies the relationships are primarily homosocial and serve the purpose of self-realization. The self-realization includes reaching of a balance between a “feminine,” and a “masculine” self, with the goal of becoming a mature, androgynous human being. Although there are some homoerotic undercurrents in both the male and female relationships created during this period, I do not believe that these relationships are intended to represent a permanent sexual orientation. I see them as a part of the pattern that occurs in most of the plays, which possibly reflects Shakespeare’s concept of the process of maturing into an adult who is ready to accept the bonds of marriage.
All of Shakespeare’s comedies contain homosocial relationships, sometimes with homoerotic undercurrents. The primary purpose of these relationships is the realization of the self. A young person enters into a relationship with another young person, a coeval, who resembles him/herself in numerous ways. They spend a lot of time together, involved in activities that are of interest to both of them. They see themselves in their friend. They identify not only with the persona, but also with the physique of the friend. Therefore, the (homo)erotic undercurrents that are present in some of the relationships are in fact the realization of the characters’ own eroticism and sexuality and are therefore not directed at the other character with the aim of gratification of sexual desire. The relationships with (homo)erotic undercurrents are merely a stage in the development of the self, and do not constitute a permanent sexual orientation. The final stage in the above pattern is marriage. Once the character has realized him/herself, (s)he is ready to marry.
The homoerotic undercurrents begin to emerge in 1598, and in 1599 Shakespeare creates Antonio and Sebastian as his first homoerotic couple. In the same play appear the first three bisexual characters: Olivia, Orsino, and Sebastian. Again, since the three characters reach self-realization and marry at the play’s end, the issue of bisexuality can be interpreted either as a lifestyle, or as a stepping stone in one’s development toward adulthood and marriage. Another possibility is that the occurrence of bisexuality and the androgynous twins Viola and Sebastian serve to open up space for an inward marriage. In other words, the twins represent the climax of the pattern of self-realization through friends and lover, and add the notion that the better we know ourselves, the more we are aware of our androgyny.
In the pattern that I trace through the four comedies, I demonstrate how Shakespeare uses homosocial, homoerotic, and bisexual relationships as means of learning about the true self, the self which reaches beyond the boundaries of gender, into—androgyny.
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Agosto, David. "Improving Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Health Care Outcomes." ScholarWorks, 2019. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/6158.
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Many lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) individuals report experiencing discrimination in their health care that leads to avoidance of regular appointments with providers. Lack of regular primary care can delay diagnoses of preventable conditions and increase patient risks for chronic disease complications. A systematic review of the literature was conducted to understand LGBT cultural competencies for nursing and other health care providers. The Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews and Melnyk's levels of evidence framed this systematic literature review. Articles for inclusion were limited to those published in English between 2008 and 2018. Keywords used in the literature search included LGBT health disparity, LGBT cultural competency orientation, and nursing LGBT education. The search yielded 70 article results, which were further reduced to 12 articles by critically analyzing the applicability of the literature to the practice-related questions and removing duplicate articles. Five articles met the criteria for Levels III-IV (case-control or cohort), 6 met the criteria for Level II (randomized control trials), and 1 was Level 1 (systematic review). The analysis of evidence demonstrated the importance of providing education to nurses and other health care providers regarding LGBT cultural competency. Recommendations are offered for best practice strategies regarding the inclusion of LGBT cultural competencies in nursing orientation modules. Application of the findings may lead to positive social change if knowledgeable health care providers engage the LGBT population in primary care leading to improved health care outcomes.
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Gray, Emily Margaret. "'Miss, are you bisexual?' : the (re)production of heteronormativity within schools and the negotiation of lesbian, gay and bisexual teachers' private and professional worlds." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.551670.
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This research offers an analysis of the experiences of twenty people who identify as lesbian, gay or bisexual (LGB) and who are teachers within_their professional lives. It aims to illustrate the ways in which the continuing (re)production of heteronormative discursive practices impacts upon their lives both within the private and the professional realm. The research deploys a two-tier methodological framework in order to gain insights into the lives of LGB teachers, an often invisible social group. The research is underpinned by a theoretical framework which draws upon poststructuralist feminist/queer theories but which also is data, rather than theory, driven. School is the major site of analysis within this thesis and participants' reflections upon their own school days are put under the lens as well as the way in which they experience schools as teachers. As this research is concerned with the intersections between participants' private and professional lives it also offers an analysis of the process of becoming (Phelan, 1993), of the notion that one does not possess an inherent LGB identity, rather this is something one achieves through the recognition and adoption of certain social, cultural and aesthetic cues. The way in which LGB identities constitute an 'invisible presence' within schools is also explored throughout the thesis. The thesis addresses a gap in the literature on the experiences of LGB teachers and sheds new light on the ways in which location, community and subjectivity can impact upon the experiences of this social group.
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Bos, Ryan A. "Resident assistants' attitudes toward gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgendered individuals." Virtual Press, 1998. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1210535.
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This study examined the attitudes and perceptions of resident assistants towardgay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgendered (GLBT) students. Attitudes and perceptions of floor environments, hall environments, and the campus community were looked at. The original intent of this study was to find a relationship between resident assistants' attitudes and perceptions toward GLBT individuals and its relationship to the environment created on the RA's floor. The sample of GLBT students was too small to make reference to it in this study.A significant difference was found between hall staffs' attitudes. The study suggests that their hall environment can influence RAs' attitudes and perceptions. Consistent with past research, male resident assistants (RAs) had more negative views toward gay men and lesbians than female RAs. Inconsistent responses were found to individual questions, which suggests a lack of education on GLBT issues. The majority of RAs believed there should not be more GLBT material integrated in the classroom, however they felt they didn't have adequate training on GLBT issues. RAs felt that GLBT students experience less harassment and discrimination in the residence halls then on campus and in society.Department of Secondary, Higher, and Foundations of Education
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Cronin, Ann. "Identities and communities : the stories of lesbian and bisexual women." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1999. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/870/.
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Klesse, Christian. "Gay male and bisexual non-monogamies : resistance, power and normalisation." Thesis, University of Essex, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.397696.
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McParland, James C. "The experiences of lesbian, gay and bisexual people with dementia." Thesis, Canterbury Christ Church University, 2015. http://create.canterbury.ac.uk/13818/.
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The subjective experience of dementia for lesbian, gay and bisexual individuals is largely absent from the extant literature. This study aimed to explore what it means to experience dementia in this context given the documented psychosocial influences facing this population. A second aim was to develop understanding of these experiences within dyadic relationships. Ten semi-structured interviews were conducted with lesbian, gay and bisexual individuals with dementia and people with whom they had a significant relationship. Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis of transcripts identified three superordinate themes reflecting characteristics of participants’ experience: Duality in managing dementia; Giving yourself away vs. holding onto yourself; and Relationships as sheltered harbours. Ten subthemes indicate processes these individuals adopt to adjust and make sense of their experience of dementia. This included decisions around concealment, ensuring safety and the promotion of personhood and couplehood. In line with findings for heterosexual couples, partners had an important role in maintaining the identity of the person with dementia. Results suggest additional and distinct challenges, including experienced and perceived discrimination and heterosexism. In response to these conditions, interviewees worked to resist a ‘double stigma’ of dementia and sexuality. Findings indicated areas of improvement for dementia services, including training in inclusive practice.
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Grossman, Rachel. "Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Adults’ Experiences with Supportive Religious Groups." Antioch University / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=antioch1614716918607381.
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Farmer, Laura Boyd. "Counselors' self-perceived competency with lesbian, gay, and bisexual clients." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/29553.
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The American Counseling Association recently adopted standards of competency for counselors working with lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) clients (Logan & Barret, 2005). Concurrently, the Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs (CACREP) revised standards to require social and cultural diversity competencies, including LGB counseling competency, to be interwoven throughout counselor education curriculum (CACREP, 2009). Yet the ways that counselor educators are including these initiatives are unknown. Additionally, the factors that improve counselor competency with LGB clients are also unknown. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to examine counselorsâ self-perceived competency when counseling lesbian, gay, and bisexual clients and identify variables that are related to and predictive of LGB counseling competence. The quantitative study included 479 members of a southeastern stateâ s professional counseling association including school counselors, community-based counselors, counselor educators, and counseling students. The assessment included an Information Questionnaire to collect data regarding personal and professional background, a Religiosity Index (Lippman et al., 2005; Statistics Canada, 2006), Spiritual Transcendence Index â Modified (adapted from Seidlitz et al., 2002), the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale - Short Form C (Reynolds, 1982), and the Sexual Orientation Counselor Competency Scale (Bidell, 2005). Among results, counselors felt least competent in their skills with LGB clients, compared to knowledge and attitudes subscales. An ANOVA revealed that counselor educators perceived themselves as significantly more LGB-competent than counselors in other practice settings did. School counselors also reported significantly lower levels of LGB counseling competence than community counselors. Multiple regression analysis revealed that religiosity inversely predicted LGB competence whereas spirituality had a positive predictive relationship with LGB competence. Finally, there was a marked deficit in training experiences involving LGB issues for counselors in the sample.
Implications of the findings suggest a need to increase experiential components of counselor training to strengthen counselorsâ skills with LGB clients, as well as improve the self-efficacy of school counselors in their work with LGB students. A unique finding to the study involved counselor spirituality as a positive predictor of LGB competence, perhaps indicating higher levels of compassion and connectedness to others despite differences; future studies should investigate this relationship further.Ph. D.
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Kemper, Christina Nicole, and Natalie Jazmin Reynaga. "SOCIAL WORKERS' ATTITUDES TOWARDS LESBIAN, GAY, BISEXUAL AND TRANSGENDER ADOPTIONS." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2015. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd/149.
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This study explores the attitudes of social workers in relation to lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) adoptions. Race, gender, generation, position and prior LGBT training are factors that can positively or negatively impact social workers’ biases towards LGBT adoptions. Researchers contacted adoption agencies whom agreed to partake in the 26-question survey, including eight demographic questions and an 18 item scale. The current study used an adapted version of the Attitude Toward Gay Men and Lesbians as Adoptive Parent Scale (APS) (α = .95). There were 28 survey respondents, however two surveys were discontinued due to incomplete informed consents. A series of Mann-Whitney U tests were conducted to find if two independent, yet similar groups of people answered questions significantly different. Results show that men answered two questions significantly different than women participants who answered the same questions, and that administrative workers answered four questions differently than front-line service providers answered the same four questions. Limitations of this study include time; sample size; and an overrepresentation of women, heterosexuals and Caucasians. Further research should be done on this population, because they may directly impact the progression of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender adoptions.
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Black, Amy N. "Objectification or liberation? : bisexual and lesbian women's experiences with physical appearance /." View online ; access limited to URI, 2006. http://0-wwwlib.umi.com.helin.uri.edu/dissertations/fullcit/3239900.
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Duder, Karen. "Spreading depths: lesbian and bisexual women in English Canada, 1910-1965." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/3218.
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Most women who desired women in the period 1910-1965 did not have the identity categories “lesbian” and “bisexual” available to them. Even in this linguistic vacuum, however, many were able to explore same-sex relationships, to engage in physical sexual activity with women, and even to form community on the basis of same-sex desire and behaviour. How were they able to understand themselves in relation to the homophobic world in which they lived?
This dissertation examines the lives of lesbians and bisexual women in English Canada between 1910 and 1965, focusing particularly on the formation of subjectivity in relation to same-sex desires, relationships with partners and families of origin, sexual practices, and community. An analysis of oral testimonies, of journals, and of love letters shows that particular life events—the first awareness of same-sex attraction, physical exploration of that attraction, the finding of a language with which to describe same-sex desires and relationships, the first important same-sex relationship, and the finding of community—served as turning points in the formation of subjectivity. The story of that journey was later expressed as a linear and essentialist “coming out” narrative in which the individual triumphed over homophobia and ignorance and discovered her true self. That narrative structure is both understandable in the context of essentialist definitions of sexual orientation and a politically necessary one, given the need for a single identity category under which to campaign for legal and social recognition.
The two dominant formulations of same-sex relationships between women before 1965—the “romantic friendship” and the “butch-femme relationship”— have obscured and made culturally unintelligible the lives of lower middle-class lesbians and bisexual women who were neither politically active nor fighting publicly for urban lesbian space. This dissertation analyses the lives of this neglected group of women and argues that their subjectivities were constructed not only in relation to sexual attraction, but also in relation to class. Middle-class ideas of respectability and an antagonism to bar culture resulted in the formation of class-specific lesbian subjectivities.
This dissertation also suggests that women in same-sex relationships before the allegedly more liberal decades of the late twentieth century may actually have had slightly better relationships with families of origin than would later be the case. Greater adherence to notions of duty and obligation, fewer economic opportunities enabling women to live independently of family, the lack of a publicly available discourse of pathology with which families could define and reject their wayward daughters, and the lack of later notions of “alternative” lesbian families and community meant that many remained rather closer to their families than would lesbians after 1965.
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Laxton, Kerry Lesley. "Trainee teachers and lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender issues in education." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2014. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10021597/.
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This research explores the attitudes of a group of Postgraduate Certificate in Education citizenship student teachers in London in 2012 towards lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) issues in education; their own perceptions of their abilities to deal with LGBT education within schools; the training they have received from their teacher training institutions in this area; and how this training may be improved in the future. The research was carried out using a written response questionnaire and five vignette scenarios to which the trainees had to respond. The findings are discussed under themes including the awareness of LGBT legislation in education; preparedness for, confidence in and the importance of LGBT education; and teacher training in this area. References to legislation from 1967 to 2013, including the Equality Act 2010, are made, and Banks‟s (2004) Dimensions of Multicultural Education model is drawn upon to suggest possible developments in teacher training in this area. The research finds that the trainee teachers have a strong sense of commitment and genuine determination towards addressing issues of homophobia and they express the importance of equality within schools on this issue. However, many also feel unprepared in regard to their knowledge and the strategies they can use when approaching some LGBT issues, expressing anxieties in certain situations, especially those which cannot be easily planned for, such as delivering the topic within lessons. The research therefore argues for improvements in LGBT training for postgraduate students as they prepare to enter the profession.
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Ernould, Melanie L. "Addressing Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Bullying: A Mindfulness-based Intervention Manual." Antioch University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=antioch1355765206.
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Raeburn, Nicole C. "The rise of lesbian, gay, and bisexual rights in the workplace." The Ohio State University, 2000. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1391508575.
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Peters, Sarah. "Barriers to group psychotherapy for lesbian, gay, and bisexual college students." Wright State University Professional Psychology Program / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wsupsych1434388016.
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Raeburn, Nicole C. "The rise of lesbian, gay, and bisexual rights in the workplace /." The Ohio State University, 1999. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1488196234908866.
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Roberts, Rachael. "Graduate Student Competencies in Working with Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Youth." Antioch University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=antioch1552341774701615.
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Byrd, Rebekah J. "Helping Students Who are Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender & Questioning (LGBTQ)." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2013. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/874.
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Book Summary: Applying Techniques to Common Encounters in School Counseling: A Case-Based Approach helps counselors in training bridge the gap between theory and practice by showing them how to theoretically frame or understand the problems and issues they encounter, how to proceed, and what action steps to take when they enter the field as school counselors. It answers the questions new counselors have in real school settings, such as What is it really like to live the life of a professional school counselor? How does the theory presented in the classroom apply to the myriad of situations encountered in the real life, everyday school setting? Case studies and scenarios give readers examples of many commonly encountered presenting issues. For each scenario the case is introduced, background information is supplied, and initial processing questions are posed. The authors include a discussion of the theoretical models or frameworks used to address the issue, along with a table segmented by theoretical paradigm and grade level that includes other techniques that could be used in the presenting case. With these tools at their disposal, readers gain a firm understanding of the issues from several frames of reference, along with interventions meant to create movement toward a successful resolution.
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Fields, Cheryl B. "Predicting Breast Cancer Screening Among African American Lesbians and Bisexual Women." ScholarWorks, 2011. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/926.
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In 2009, 713,220 new cases of cancer were diagnosed for women in the United States with more than a quarter million deaths. African American women and lesbians exhibit behavioral risk factors as well as diminished access to and utilization of breast cancer screening that reduces opportunities for early detection. This secondary analysis of a national convenience-based study examined screening compliance among 647 African American lesbian and bisexual women. Barriers to accessing screening represented the theoretical framework for this study. Bivariate chi square analysis was used to assess the association between independent variables: sociodemographic characteristics; participation in wellness activities; sexual orientation/gender identity; and experience with health care providers and the three dependent breast cancer screening compliance variables: breast self-examination (BSE), clinical breast examination (CBE), and mammography screening. Statistically significant associations between dependent and independent variables at the .05 level were further analyzed with logistic regression. Results of the ten regression models found that BSE was predicted by socioeconomic characteristics and participation in wellness activities. Compliance with CBE guidelines was predicted by sociodemographic characteristics, wellness activities, sexual orientation/gender identity and provider experience. Sociodemographic variables and provider experience also predicted mammography screening. Overall compliance was predicted by sociodemographic characteristics, namely insurance status. The social change implications of this research are an improved understanding of African American lesbian and bisexual women's screening behavior and guidance toward interventions that can improve and breast cancer screening compliance with guidelines.
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Stephens, Darin Dale. "Case Study of Inclusive Environments for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender Employees." ScholarWorks, 2018. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/5532.
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Despite the positive changes occurring regarding American attitudes toward members of the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender (LGBT) community, empirical evidence indicates that LGBT individuals do not believe inclusive environments exist, as 48% of the population remains closeted at work. A gap exists in the literature relating to the formulation of practical solutions that establish and sustain inclusive environments. The purpose of this qualitative case study was to identify the possible influence of cultural lag on the workplace engagement of LGBT employees. Ogburn's cultural lag theory served as the conceptual framework. The following research questions guided the study: (a) The impact that antidiscrimination, social, legal, and organizational changes have had on LGBT employees, (b) the effect of cultural lag on the career paths of LGBT employees, and (c) best practices for implementing strategies that create and maintain inclusive environments for the advancement of LGBT employees. Purposeful snowball sampling led to the selection of individuals who were open about their sexual orientation in the workplace. Twenty-seven participants came from various industries within the Northeastern, Midwestern, Northwestern, and Western regions of the United States. Data were obtained from open-ended interviews and were coded to find themes and subthemes. The results indicated that generalizations can occur across geographical locations or work environments and identified emergent themes for recommended best practices and strategies for organizations. Implications for positive social change include a greater understanding of, and support for establishing and maintaining inclusive environments for LGBT employees.
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Comfort, Judith Ann. "Understanding the higher rates of smoking among lesbian and bisexual women." Thesis, Curtin University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/2370.
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Smoking control measures and the resulting falling prevalence of smoking are one of the public health success stories in Australia. However while approximately 17 percent of adults still smoke, prevalence data indicate that this is not evenly spread across the community. Smoking rates are much higher in marginalised groups such as Indigenous Australians, low socioeconomic status populations and those with mental health issues. Smoking rates are also higher in lesbian and bisexual women. This research attempts to answer the question why.While the majority of lesbian and bisexual women lead happy lives with good healthy lifestyle choices there is overwhelming evidence that this is not the case for all of these women. Higher rates of substance use, overweight and obesity, mental health and other health issues are reported. Smoking rates are higher than the wider Australian female population and this has been found in other Western countries as well.Using qualitative research methodology of grounded theory, in-depth interviews were undertaken with a group of women who identified as lesbian or bisexual and were either current smokers or recent ex-smokers. A comprehensive literature review was also completed and further qualitative data was obtained from one on-line lesbian social networking site. A conceptual framework of symbolic interactionism was used for the research approach, which allowed for issues of identity formation and reflection, social influence, and behaviour to be analysed.Both smoking and minority sexual identity have undergone rapid social change with the former becoming increasingly socially undesirable and the latter slowly becoming more socially accepted. This provides a backdrop for the reporting of the results of the research. In trying to explain the higher levels of smoking in this group, three core categories of dissonance, resolution and redefinition factors emerged. Knowledge, expectations, denial, identity, stigma, loss and fitting in all contribute to reported dissonance for participants in both their smoking behaviour and their sexual orientation identity. Resolution was reached through justification, identity declaration, minimising of social loss, reported positives of behaviour and ways of managing stigma. Redefinition factors were articulated as relating to changing social acceptability and life-course. The core categories are encapsulated in the core theme of self-concept.In discussing the results and providing recommendations for future action it became clear that minority membership of two groups, that of smokers and of sexual minority identity, play an important part in self-concept and to understand and address higher rates of smoking prevalence required acknowledgement of this. More inclusive mainstream smoking control interventions are required that acknowledge the unique and complex interplay of factors for this group. In addition there is scope for targeted interventions at a lesbian/bisexual women or gay community level as a clear connection to some community attributes was reported.Stigma at many levels (internalised, structural, covert and overt) and discrimination based on sexual orientation still exists in Australia and many countries. Until fundamental changes occur in the real acceptance of sexual orientation diversity at a broad community level, poor health in this minority group will result. Social change on both of these areas has been encouraging but there is still much work to be done for true equity to be reached. Smoking control has accomplished a measure of success however until low smoking prevalence is achieved in all marginalised populations there is still much to realise. Smoking is still the largest cause of preventable morbidity and mortality and therefore the public health dollar must stretch to encompass and succeed in these challenging areas before we can say that we have won the battle. This needs to be done while being cognisant of the stigma that is attached to being a smoker today.This research project adds to the literature by exploring and understanding the complexities of smoking behaviour in lesbian and bisexual women. Recommendations are made for public health interventions to address this.
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Salim, Selime R. "Bisexual Women’s Experiences of Stigma and Verbal Sexual Coercion: The Role of Internalized Heterosexism and Outness." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1556196352742456.
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Parkhurst, Julie. "Attitudes, Identity, and Self-Esteem: Implications for Lesbian, Bisexual, and Questioning Women." Connect to this title online, 2004. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?acc%5Fnum=muhonors1111086986.
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"A thesis submitted to the Miami University Honors Program in partial fulfillment of the requirements for University Honors."Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on May 7, 2006). Includes bibliographical references.
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Asay, Penelope April. "Counseling strategies with lesbian, gay, and bisexual clients an online analogue study /." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/3808.
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Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2006.Thesis research directed by: Psychology. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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Rivers, Christine. "Interrogating Pathology: An Explorationof Mental Distress and Lesbian, Gay and Bisexual Identities." Thesis, London South Bank University, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.487073.
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The research was designed to examine the contemporary experiences of lesbian, gay and bisexual people with experience of mental distress, and the current discourses about lesbian, gay and bisexual identities within mental health services. The study offers a critical exploration of the impact and significance ofthe classification and declassification of homosexuality as a form of mental illness. Homosexuality was formally declassified from the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual in 1973, and from the World Health Organisation's International Classification ofDiseases, in 1993. The research explores this history contextually, in relation to contemporary mental health services, lesbian, gay and heterosexual service providers, and lesbian, gay and bisexual people with experience ofmental distress. The research analyses the contemporary engagement between psychiatry, medical discourses and lesbian, gay and bisexual identities, and analyses how ideas of lesbian, gay or bisexual pathology have continued in present discourses ofmental distress. The study examines contemporary processes ofdiscrimination and exclusion, and institutional processes ofpathologisation. It is argued that discourses ofpathology relating to lesbian, gay and bisexual identities have changed in the years following the declassification of homosexuality, but their continuation is made possible through contemporary discourses of health, wellbeing and individual responsibility. The research concludes that the history ofpathological thinking has a continuing influence in the ways that mental health services currently think about, and negotiate lesbian, gay and bisexual identities, and in the ways that lesbian, gay and bisexual people who use mental health services understand their own mental distress and sexual identities. Mental health services produce a specific context, and this context both problematises and individualises the visibility of lesbian, gay and bisexual identities. The research draws from theories ofthe closet, and in particular, the work ofEve Sedgwick and Steven Seidman in understanding how the closet shifts in significance over time and is contextually specific. The research also draws from the work of Sander Gilman in understanding the medicalisation of difference, and Michel Foucault and Nikolas Rose, in drawing together an understanding ofhow medical discourses interface with aspects of the selfand with social and cultural discourses ofsexuality and identity. The thesis is organised in chapters addressing pathologisation, coming out, and exploring the interface between mental distress and lesbian, gay and bisexual identities. The thesis is a feminist-influenced study involving individual semi-structured interviews with lesbian, gay and bisexual people with experience ofmental distress (n=23), and with lesbian, gay and heterosexual mental health service providers (n=18). Service user participants were drawn from mental health drop-ins, and service provider respondents were drawn from a mental health NHS Trust. The research took place in London, UK.
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Boucher, Danielle. "Housing's insignificant others : the experience of homelessness for lesbians and bisexual women." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.514252.
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Woodell, Brandi. "The Intersecting and Integrating Identities of Rural Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Christians." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2013. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/1710.
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The majority of discussions of gay and lesbian experiences in the United States associate gay culture with urban areas. However, there is still a significant population of LGBT people living in the rural United States (Baumle et al 2009). Many of these individuals identify with rural spaces and seek to maintain “country” identities. As with rural spaces, there is an assumption that Christian identities directly conflict with those of non-heterosexual identities. This study examines the ways in which these individuals create and negotiate stereotypically conflicting identities regarding their sexuality, their rural identities and their religious identities. The goal of this project is to add to currently sparse literature on rural gay Christians and give an accurate portrayal of gay Christians in rural areas. I found that the sensationalized stereotypes of what it means to be a gay Christian in the country are often far cries from the actual experiences.
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Mosher, David Keith. "Cultural Humility, Religion, and Health in Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual (LGB) Populations." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2017. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1011765/.
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The purpose of this study was to explore the religion – health link in a sample of adults and undergraduate students (N = 555) that identified as lesbian, gay, or bisexual (LGB), and to explore how perceptions of cultural humility of religious individuals and groups toward LGB individuals affect the relationship between religion and health. First, I found religious commitment among LGB individuals was positively correlated with satisfaction in life, but it was negatively correlated with physical health. Second, I found that cultural humility moderated the relationship between religious commitment and satisfaction in life for LGB individuals involved in a religious community. The lowest levels of satisfaction with life were found for individuals with low religious commitment and perceived the cultural humility of their religious community to be low. However, cultural humility did not moderate the relationship between religious commitment and mental and physical health outcomes. Third, I found cultural humility did not moderate the relationship between religious commitment and minority stress (i.e., internalized homophobia). Fourth, I found that cultural humility was a significant positive predictor of motivations to forgive a hurt caused by a religious individual. I conclude by discussing limitations, areas for future research, and implications for counseling.
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Van, Brunt Robyn Alycia Zakalik. "An online support group intervention for Asian American lesbian and bisexual women." [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2008.
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