Relevant bibliographies by topics / Birth months

Academic literature on the topic 'Birth months'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Birth months"

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Nisha, Monjura Khatun, Ashraful Alam, Mohammad Tajul Islam, Tanvir Huda, and Camille Raynes-Greenow. "Risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes associated with short and long birth intervals in Bangladesh: evidence from six Bangladesh Demographic and Health Surveys, 1996–2014." BMJ Open 9, no. 2 (February 2019): e024392. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024392.

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ObjectiveTo examine the effect of short (<36 months) and long (≥60 months) birth intervals on adverse pregnancy outcomes in Bangladesh.Design, setting and participantsWe analysed data from six Bangladesh Demographic and Health Surveys (1996–1997, 1999–2000, 2004, 2007, 2011 and 2014). We included all singleton non-first live births, most recently born to mothers within 5 years preceding each survey (n=21 382). We defined birth interval according to previous research which suggests that a birth interval between 36 and 59 months is the most ideal interval. Bivariate and multivariable analyses were conducted to obtain the crude and adjusted ORs (aOR) respectively to assess the odds of first-day neonatal death, early neonatal death and small birth size for both short (<36 months) and long (≥60 months) spacing between births.Main outcome measuresFirst-day neonatal death, early neonatal death and small birth size.ResultsIn the multivariable analysis, compared with births spaced 36–59 months, infants with a birth interval of <36 months had increased odds of first-day neonatal death (aOR: 2.11, 95% CI: 1.17 to 3.78) and early neonatal death (aOR: 1.58, 95% CI: 1.13 to 2.22). Compared with births spaced 36–59 months, infants with a birth interval of ≥60 months had increased odds of first-day neonatal death (aOR: 2.02, 95% CI: 1.10 to 3.73) and small birth size (aOR: 1.17, 95% CI: 1.02 to 1.34). When there was a history of any previous pregnancy loss, there was an increase in the odds of first-day and early neonatal death for both short and long birth intervals, although it was not significant.ConclusionsBirth intervals shorter than 36 months and longer than 59 months are associated with increased odds of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Care-providers, programme managers and policymakers could focus on promoting an optimal birth interval between 36 and 59 months in postpartum family planning.
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Lemay, Keith, Cheryl Parker, and Todd Blumberg. "Hip Dysplasia – Birth to 6 Months." Physician Assistant Clinics 5, no. 4 (October 2020): 487–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cpha.2020.06.009.

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Khazan, S. Yu. "Urgent abdominal pregnancy after traumatic rupture of the uterus at 4 months. Laporotomy. Recovery." Journal of obstetrics and women's diseases 11, no. 9 (December 22, 2020): 1091–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/jowd1191091-1092.

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This is almost the only observation of its kind concerning a 42-year-old XII who gave birth, in whom the first 8 births, as well as the birth periods, were completely normal, the last three ended in manual separation of the placenta and severe postpartum diseases.
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Kamal, SM Mostafa, and Md Moniruzzaman. "Birth Interval and its Association with adverse Childhood Nutritional outcomes among under-Five Children in Bangladesh: A Longitudinal Study." Journal of Nepal Paediatric Society 41, no. 3 (December 31, 2021): 327–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnps.v41i3.33562.

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Introduction: Short birth spacing is reported to have health consequences for both mother and child. This study aims is to examine the effect of short birth interval on nutritional outcomes of under-five children in Bangladesh. Methods:We used data from the latest five rounds of Bangladesh Demographic and Health Surveys conducted from 2004 to 2017-18. The short birth interval is defined as birth spacing of <24 months and 24-35 months between two subsequent births. The outcomes of interest are stunting and underweight. Both bivariate and multivariate statistical analyses were employed. Results of the multivariate analysis are shown by odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Data were analyzed by Stata 15/IC. Results: A total of 16,100 under-five children of second and higher-order births were included for analysis. Of the children, 12% were born at a space of <24 months, and 19% were born with a space of 24-35 months. The proportion of children with short birth interval was found decreasing. Results of the logistic regression analysis show thatcompared to the birth interval of 36-59 months children born to women with birth interval <24 months were significantly (P<0.001) at higher risk of being stunted (OR = 1.44, 95% CI: 1.27, 1.57) and underweight (OR = 1.42, 95% CI: 1.27, 1.58). A similar result was obtained for the birth interval of 24-35 months. Conclusion: Short birth interval remains a problem of childhood nutrition in Bangladesh. Research to explore causal pathways and programs to lengthen space between inter-pregnancy should be intensified. Keywords: Birth interval, childhood nutrition, stunting, underweight, logistic regression
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Arshad, Andleeb, Misbah Kausar Javaid, and Abida Rehman. "Comparison of Perinatal Outcome (Low Birth Weight, Preterm Delivery) in Women with <6 Month Versus 12-17 Months of IBI." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 15, no. 10 (October 30, 2021): 2742–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs2115102742.

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Objectives: To compare the perinatal outcome (low birth weight, preterm delivery) in women with <6 month versus 12-17 months of interpregnancy birth interval. Material and methods: This Cohort study was conducted at Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Lahore General Hospital Lahore from March 2020 to September 2020. Total 420 patients with age range 18-40 years, singleton pregnancy, women with previous live birth, parity 1-4 and Gestational age > 28 weeks assessed on LMP were selected for this study. Patients were divided into two groups (A & B) according to their inter-pregnancy interval i.e. <6 months group labelled as A group and 12-17 months group labelled as B group. All patients in both groups will be followed till delivery and the perinatal outcome i.e. preterm delivery (birth occurred before completion of 37 weeks of gestation) and low birth weight (those babies whose weight less than 2.5 Kg at the time of birth) were noted. Results: The mean age of women in group A was 26.73 ± 6.56 years and in group B was 26.73 ± 6.56 years. The perinatal outcome was preterm delivery in 189 (90.0%) and low birth weight babies in 143 (68.10%) women of <6 months while in 12-17 months interpregnancy interval, it was noted in 111 (52.86%) and 102 (48.57%) women respectively Conclusion: Our study concluded that appropriate inter pregnancy interval could reduce the rate of preterm delivery and low birth weight babies and optimal interval associated with the lowest risk of adverse perinatal outcome was 12-17 months. Keywords: Birth spacing, short interval, preterm delivery, low birth weight.
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Gonzalez-Nahm, Sarah, Cathrine Hoyo, Truls Østbye, Brian Neelon, Carter Allen, and Sara E. Benjamin-Neelon. "Associations of maternal diet with infant adiposity at birth, 6 months and 12 months." BMJ Open 9, no. 9 (September 2019): e030186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030186.

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ObjectivesTo assess associations between maternal prenatal diet quality and infant adiposity.DesignThe design was a prospective birth cohort.SettingWe used data from the Nurture study, a cohort of women and their infants residing in the southeastern USA.Participants and exposure assessmentBetween 2013 and 2015, we enrolled 860 women between 20 and 36 weeks’ gestation. After reconsenting at delivery and excluding women with implausible calorie intakes, we measured dietary intake using the Block food frequency questionnaire, and assessed diet quality using a modified Alternate Healthy Eating Index 2010 (AHEI-2010), which assessed intake of 10 food categories, including fruits, vegetables, whole grains, nuts/legumes, fats, meats, beverages and sodium (excluding alcohol).OutcomesWe assessed birth weight for gestational age z-score, small and large for gestational age, low birth weight and macrosomia. Outcomes at 6 and 12 months were weight-for-length z-score, sum of subscapular and triceps skinfold thickness (SS+TR) and subscapular-to-triceps skinfold ratio (SS:TR).ResultsAmong mothers, 70.2% were black and 20.9% were white; less than half (45.2%) reported having a high school diploma or less. Among infants, 8.7% were low birth weight and 8.6% were small for gestational age. Unadjusted estimates showed that a higher AHEI-2010 score, was associated with a higher birth weight for gestational z-score (β=0.01; 95% CI 0.002 to 0.02; p=0.02) and a greater likelihood of macrosomia (OR=1.04; 95% CI 1.004 to 1.09; p=0.03). After adjustment, maternal diet quality was not associated with infant adiposity at birth, 6 or 12 months.ConclusionsAlthough poor maternal diet quality during pregnancy was not associated with infant adiposity in our study, maternal diet during pregnancy may still be an important and modifiable factor of public health importance.
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Ohtani, Toshiyuki, Tsukasa Sasaki, Izumi Kadomoto, Nobumasa Kato, and Chieko Yoshinaga. "Birth months and vulnerability to juvenile delinquency." Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 32, no. 1 (January 2008): 49–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2007.07.003.

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Frauenfelder, Odile, Ingrid M. van Beynum, Irwin K. M. Reiss, and Sinno H. P. Simons. "Ibuprofen for Ductus Arteriosus Months after Birth." Case Reports in Pediatrics 2016 (2016): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/2659389.

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Ibuprofen is a well-known agent used to treat patent ductus arteriosus in preterm neonates in the first days of life. In the current case report we illustrate the potential use of ibuprofen in two preterm neonates 60 and 88 days after birth, respectively. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the effects of ibuprofen on patent ductus arteriosus in preterm newborns after months of life. These cases suggest that the ductus arteriosus does not become refractory for ibuprofen after the first days of life. Late closure of the duct with ibuprofen might still improve the cardiorespiratory condition and prevent infants from surgical closure. Controlled trials are necessary to further study these findings.
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Nausheen, Sidrah, Maria Bhura, Kristy Hackett, Imtiaz Hussain, Zainab Shaikh, Arjumand Rizvi, Uzair Ansari, David Canning, Iqbal Shah, and Sajid Soofi. "Determinants of short birth intervals among married women: a cross-sectional study in Karachi, Pakistan." BMJ Open 11, no. 4 (April 2021): e043786. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-043786.

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IntroductionBirth spacing is a critical pathway to improving reproductive health. WHO recommends a minimum of 33-month interval between two consecutive births to reduce maternal, perinatal, infant morbidity and mortality. Our study evaluated factors associated with short birth intervals (SBIs) of less than 33 months between two consecutive births, in Karachi, Pakistan.MethodsWe used data from a cross-sectional study among married women of reproductive age (MWRA) who had at least one live birth in the 6 years preceding the survey (N=2394). Information regarding their sociodemographic characteristics, reproductive history, fertility preferences, family planning history and a 6-year reproductive calendar were collected. To identify factors associated with SBIs, we fitted simple and multiple Cox proportional hazards models and computed HRs with their 95% CIs.ResultsThe median birth interval was 25 months (IQR: 14–39 months), with 22.9% (833) of births occurring within 33 months of the index birth. Women’s increasing age (25–30 years (aHR 0.63 (0.53 to 0.75), 30+ years (aHR 0.29, 95% CI 0.22 to 0.39) compared with 20-24 years; secondary education (aHR 0.75, 95% CI 0.63 to 0.88), intermediate education (aHR 0.62, 95% CI 0.48 to 0.80), higher education (aHR 0.69, 95% CI 0.51 to 0.92) compared with no education, and a male child of the index birth (aHR 0.81, 95% CI 0.70 to 0.94) reduced the likelihood of SBIs. Women’s younger age <20 years (aHR 1.24, 95% CI 1.05 to 1.24) compared with 20–24 years, and those who did not use contraception within 9 months of the index birth had a higher likelihood for SBIs for succeeding birth compared with those who used contraception (aHR 2.23, 95% CI 1.93 to 2.58).ConclusionStudy shows that birth intervals in the study population are lower than the national average. To optimise birth intervals, programmes should target child spacing strategies and counsel MWRA on the benefits of optimal birth spacing, family planning services and contraceptive utilisation.
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Aleni, M., S. N. Mbalinda, and R. Muhindo. "Birth Intervals and Associated Factors among Women Attending Young Child Clinic in Yumbe Hospital, Uganda." International Journal of Reproductive Medicine 2020 (January 4, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/1326596.

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Introduction. Evidence suggests that both short and long birth intervals are associated with poor maternal and child health outcomes. However, current studies suggest that a number of births still occur at short intervals. The aim of this study was to document birth intervals and associated factors among women of reproductive age in rural Uganda. Materials and Methods. This was a cross-sectional study conducted among 296 women aged 15-49 years attending young child clinic at Yumbe Hospital who had at least two successive live births. Data was collected using interviewer-administered questionnaire. Birth interval was categorized according to the WHO-recommended birth interval of ≥24 months and <24 months. Results. Of the 296 participants, 86.6% desired a birth interval≥24 months with a desired median birth interval of 36 months. The actual median birth interval was 22 months. Slightly more than half of the women (52.4%) had short birth intervals. Factors which were likely to be associated with short birth intervals included being younger (15-24 years) (AOR=4.39, 95%CI=1.49‐12.93, P=0.007), not planning to have another pregnancy (AOR=0.33, 95%CI=0.18‐0.58, P=0.001), not deciding together with husband when to have the next child (AOR=3.10, 95%CI=1.53‐6.28, P=0.002), not always using contraceptives before the next pregnancy (AOR=0.28, 95%CI=0.12‐0.64, P=0.003), and lack of influence of husband on when to have the next child (AOR=2.59, 95%CI=1.44–4.64, P=0.001). Conclusion. Prevalence of short birth intervals is still high in rural Uganda (52.4%), although majority (86.6%) of the women desire optimal birth intervals. Factors which were likely to be associated with short birth intervals included young maternal age, not using contraceptives, and lack of male involvement in child spacing activities. Therefore, to optimize birth intervals, focused child spacing strategies targeting young women and men are needed.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Birth months"

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Gibbins, Christopher. "Factors affecting the development of externalizing behaviour problems from birth to 48 months." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/NQ56080.pdf.

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Rose, D. H. "The development of visual recognition memory in infants from birth to six months." Thesis, University of Exeter, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.356241.

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Kaley, Fiona Maria. "Investigating factors affecting infant cry and sleep routines from birth to twelve months." Thesis, Durham University, 2013. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/6941/.

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The studies in this thesis explore both the individual differences and developmental trajectories in infant routines and bridge the disciplines of paediatric and developmental psychology. The different methodological approaches serve to highlight similarities in findings across the studies and clarify those methods which are best suited to this period of rapid development. This collection of studies first addresses predictors of infant cry, feed and sleep routines generally, examining both the intrinsic and extrinsic factors in the first few weeks of life (Chapter 1). It highlights specifically the effects of maternal parity on infant sleep pattern and the possible differential responding of primiparous and multiparous mothers. As maternal mental health has typically been found to affect infant routines, maternal parity as a potential moderating factor in this relation is then investigated (Chapter 2). To examine the stability and change in routines infants are followed up in the only microgenetic study of its kind (Chapter 3). An online study detailed in Chapter 4 examines the effect of parity on maternal responses to infant crying and the final study (Chapter5) examines the effectiveness of a unique sling specifically designed to aid settling and soothing of distressed infants. The studies highlight the potential variety of factors influencing infant routines and consequently the need for research in this field to control for confounding factors. It is becomes clear that research into infant routines ought to adopt longitudinal approaches to fully explore developmental changes during the first year postpartum.
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Beukes, Ronel A. (Ronel Annamarie). "The longitudinal growth and feeding practices of infants from birth to twelve months." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/49799.

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Thesis (Mnutr)--Stellenbosch University, 2003.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: INTRODUCTION: Malnutrition is a silent emergency. WHO estimates that 55% of all child deaths in developing countries are associated with malnutrition. Inadequate dietary intake and disease are the two immediate causes of malnutrition. The underlying causes are household food insecurity, inadequate maternal and child-care and poor water/ sanitation and inadequate health services. Stunting is a major problem in pre-school children in South Africa. This indicates a long term inadequate dietary intake. Furthermore, the initiation of breastfeeding in South Africa is about 90%, and the duration thereof tends to be less than 3 months after birth. A great majority of children in this country consume a diet deficient in energy and of poor nutrient density to meet their micronutrient requirements. The aim of this study was to identify feeding practices of infants that could contribute to the development of malnutrition. METHOD: This was a cohort study with a prospective experimental design. Forty-four of the original 73 mother-infant pairs that were recruited, were interviewed monthly on feeding practices of the infants. Anthropometric measurements (weight and height of the infants) were measured monthly. RESULTS: Weight-for-age Z-scores dropped significantly with age from around 4 months, when weaning had started. Inadequate dietary intake, more specifically weaning practices and breastfeeding practices, were identified as the immediate cause that could contribute to the development of malnutrition in this community. Except for the positive relationship between the level of education of the father and an increase in HAZ over time, growth was not affected by socio-economic and demographic factors in this community. This is probably because of the fact that there were very small differences in socio-economic and demographic factors. CONCLUSION: Weaning and breastfeeding practices should be addressed in all nutrition education programmes.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: INLEIDING: Wanvoeding is 'n stil gevaar. Die WGO skat dat daar 'n verband is tussen wanvoeding en ongeveer 55% van alle kindersterftes in ontwikkelende lande. 'n Onvoldoende dieetinname en siekte is die twee onmiddellike oorsake van wanvoeding. Onvoldoende huishoudelike voedselsekuriteit, onvoldoende moeder- en kindsorg en swak sanitasie en watervoorsiening asook onvoldoende gesondheidsorg is die onderliggende oorsake. Dwerggroei is 'n groot probleem in Suid-Afrika onder voorskoolse kinders. Dit dui op 'n langdurige onvoldoende dieetinname. Bydraend hiertoe, is die aanvang van borsvoeding in Suid-Afrika ongeveer 90%, maar die duurte van borsvoeding is minder as 3 maande na geboorte. Die meerderheid van alle kinders in Suid-Afrika se dieet het 'n tekort aan energie en die nutriëntdigtheid van hulle diëte voldoen nie aan hulle daaglikse behoeftes ten opsigte van mikronutriënte nie. Die doel van hierdie studie was om voedingspraktyke te identifiseer wat kan bydra tot die ontwikkeling van wanvoeding. METODE: Dit was 'n kohortstudie met 'n prospektiewe eksperimentele ontwerp. Vier-en-veertig van die oorspronklike aanvanklike moeder-babapare wat gewerf is, is maandeliks ondervra met betrekking tot die voedingspraktyke van die baba en antropometriese metimgs (gewig en lengte van die baba) is maandeliks geneem. RESULTATE: Z waardes van gewig vir ouderdom het beduidend gedaal namate die kinders ouer geword het, veral vanaf 4 maande, toe spening begin het. 'n Onvoldoende dieetinname, meer spesifiek spenings- en borsvoedingspraktyke, is geïdentifiseer as die onmiddellike oorsake wat tot die ontwikkeleing van wanvoeding kan bydra in hierdie gemeenskap. Daar was 'n positiewe verband tussen lengtegroei (Z waardes van lengte vir ouderdom) en die vlak van opvoeding van die vader. Groei is nie deur die ander sosio-ekonomiese en demografiese faktore beïnvloed nie, moontlik as gevolg van die klein verskille in sosio-ekonomiese en demografiese eienskappe van die studie populasie. GEVOLGTREKKING: Spenings- en borsvoedingpraktyke behoort aandag te geniet in alle voedingsvoorligtings-programme.
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Thomas, Anna Mair. "Cultural variations in mother-infant interactions during feeding : a prospective study from birth to six months." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.392394.

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Smart, Sharon J. "The relationship between early feeding and communication development in preterm and term infants : birth to 12 months." Thesis, Curtin University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/1858.

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The relationship between feeding development and early speech production has received increasing interest over the past 30 years. If a relationship between the motor control systems for feeding and communication is present, it could have implications for the early identification of communication deficits in children. Theoretical support exists for a relationship between the feeding and speech motor systems based on evolutionary theory (Blanchard, 1963), and anatomical similarities in oral motor function (Morris, 1985, 1990, 1991, 1998). However, the existence of a causal relationship between early feeding and communication development remains uncertain due to a lack of empirical research. A model proposed by Carpendale and Lewis (2004) encompasses the triadic interaction between the environment, maternal factors, and infant factors, which can influence both feeding and communication development. Clinical feeding assessments typically employed by clinicians and researchers are most often carried out with observational checklists. Data reflecting the theoretical foundation, validity, and reliability for these tools are limited. Observation tools assess specific aspects of feeding and oral motor control from a modular perspective, without regard for the infant’s total feeding system. Rogers and Arvedson (2005) highlighted the need for a single standardised assessment tool to assess infant feeding descriptively and objectively. The primary aim of the project was to determine whether the same motor control mechanisms are utilised for oral feeding and communication. The first stage of the study involved the development of a theoretically informed assessment protocols to document systematically the development of feeding skills from birth, the Feeding Assessment Observation (FAO) and the Feeding Assessment Questionnaire (FAQ).The assessment protocol was piloted on 10 term and 10 preterm infants at 1 to 2 weeks, 4, 8 and 12 months corrected age (CA) for preterm infants and chronological age for term infants. The second stage of the project examined the progression of feeding and communication development in a group of term and preterm infants over a 12 month period. The progression of 8 preterm and 7 term infants was observed at 1-2 weeks, 4, 8 and 12 months CA and chronological age for term infants. The mean gestational age for preterm infants was 30 weeks, 6 days (SD = 6.8 days), and term infants was 39 weeks, 5 days (SD = 9.4 days). Assessment of the infants’ feeding and communication skills, environmental and maternal influences was conducted using the initial questionnaire, Feeding Assessment Observation (FAO), Feeding Assessment Questionnaire (FAQ), Home Screening Questionnaire (HSQ), Receptive Expressive Emergent Language Scale, second edition (REEL-2), and the infant-toddler checklist of the Communication and Symbolic Behavior Scales Developmental Profile (CSBS-DP), to determine the nature and impact of environmental and social factors on feeding and/or communication development. Preliminary reliability testing of the FAO was conducted. Sixty seven percent (10/15) of observation items achieved greater than 90% inter-observer agreement. There was no significant difference in feeding and communication development between term and preterm infants. The negative linear trend for the development of feeding efficiency on liquids for infants was opposed to the positive linear trend for communication development. Infant feeding efficiency on solids showed parallel positive linear developmental trends with communication development.Comprehensive data were collected on influencing factors from infant, maternal and environmental domains during the initial assessment, and the 4, 8 and 12 month CA developmental reviews. The data revealed significant differences between the term and preterm groups for infant and environmental factors, but no significant differences were found for maternal influences. The study provided some support for the hypothesis of integrative motor control and co-development of feeding and communication. The prediction that infant, maternal, and environmental factors would significantly influence feeding and communication development was not supported. In addition, there was no difference in the impact of influencing factors for the term and preterm groups. The feeding and communication skills of preterm infants developed at corrected age levels, and were not significantly slower than term infants. Furthermore, predicted delays in feeding development were not associated with concomitant delays in communication development for term and preterm infants. Further investigation of the subsequent communication development of infants with definitive feeding difficulties and with a larger sample is suggested.
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Smart, Sharon J. "The relationship between early feeding and communication development in preterm and term infants : birth to 12 months." Curtin University of Technology, School of Psychology, Human Communication Science, 2008. http://espace.library.curtin.edu.au:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=21530.

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The relationship between feeding development and early speech production has received increasing interest over the past 30 years. If a relationship between the motor control systems for feeding and communication is present, it could have implications for the early identification of communication deficits in children. Theoretical support exists for a relationship between the feeding and speech motor systems based on evolutionary theory (Blanchard, 1963), and anatomical similarities in oral motor function (Morris, 1985, 1990, 1991, 1998). However, the existence of a causal relationship between early feeding and communication development remains uncertain due to a lack of empirical research. A model proposed by Carpendale and Lewis (2004) encompasses the triadic interaction between the environment, maternal factors, and infant factors, which can influence both feeding and communication development. Clinical feeding assessments typically employed by clinicians and researchers are most often carried out with observational checklists. Data reflecting the theoretical foundation, validity, and reliability for these tools are limited. Observation tools assess specific aspects of feeding and oral motor control from a modular perspective, without regard for the infant’s total feeding system. Rogers and Arvedson (2005) highlighted the need for a single standardised assessment tool to assess infant feeding descriptively and objectively. The primary aim of the project was to determine whether the same motor control mechanisms are utilised for oral feeding and communication. The first stage of the study involved the development of a theoretically informed assessment protocols to document systematically the development of feeding skills from birth, the Feeding Assessment Observation (FAO) and the Feeding Assessment Questionnaire (FAQ).
The assessment protocol was piloted on 10 term and 10 preterm infants at 1 to 2 weeks, 4, 8 and 12 months corrected age (CA) for preterm infants and chronological age for term infants. The second stage of the project examined the progression of feeding and communication development in a group of term and preterm infants over a 12 month period. The progression of 8 preterm and 7 term infants was observed at 1-2 weeks, 4, 8 and 12 months CA and chronological age for term infants. The mean gestational age for preterm infants was 30 weeks, 6 days (SD = 6.8 days), and term infants was 39 weeks, 5 days (SD = 9.4 days). Assessment of the infants’ feeding and communication skills, environmental and maternal influences was conducted using the initial questionnaire, Feeding Assessment Observation (FAO), Feeding Assessment Questionnaire (FAQ), Home Screening Questionnaire (HSQ), Receptive Expressive Emergent Language Scale, second edition (REEL-2), and the infant-toddler checklist of the Communication and Symbolic Behavior Scales Developmental Profile (CSBS-DP), to determine the nature and impact of environmental and social factors on feeding and/or communication development. Preliminary reliability testing of the FAO was conducted. Sixty seven percent (10/15) of observation items achieved greater than 90% inter-observer agreement. There was no significant difference in feeding and communication development between term and preterm infants. The negative linear trend for the development of feeding efficiency on liquids for infants was opposed to the positive linear trend for communication development. Infant feeding efficiency on solids showed parallel positive linear developmental trends with communication development.
Comprehensive data were collected on influencing factors from infant, maternal and environmental domains during the initial assessment, and the 4, 8 and 12 month CA developmental reviews. The data revealed significant differences between the term and preterm groups for infant and environmental factors, but no significant differences were found for maternal influences. The study provided some support for the hypothesis of integrative motor control and co-development of feeding and communication. The prediction that infant, maternal, and environmental factors would significantly influence feeding and communication development was not supported. In addition, there was no difference in the impact of influencing factors for the term and preterm groups. The feeding and communication skills of preterm infants developed at corrected age levels, and were not significantly slower than term infants. Furthermore, predicted delays in feeding development were not associated with concomitant delays in communication development for term and preterm infants. Further investigation of the subsequent communication development of infants with definitive feeding difficulties and with a larger sample is suggested.
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Cai, Anika. "Longitudinal investigation of middle ear function using multi-frequency, multi-component tympanometry from birth to six months of age." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/19329.

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Objectives: The specific goals of this study were: 1) To understand the mechano-acoustical properties of the normal ear canal and middle ear and its maturation as a function of age using conventional and high frequency tympanometry 2) to establish tympanometric guidelines and normative data of the normal ear canal and middle ear in infants birth to 6 months of age. Design: Thirty-one normal hearing newborns were tested longitudinally in 1-month intervals up to 6 months of age for a total of 6 visits. Tympanograms were recorded and the distributions of patterns were analyzed using the Vanhuyse model at 226 Hz, 678 Hz, and 1000 Hz. Additionally, tympanometric recordings of admittance (Ya), susceptance (Ba), and conductance (Ga) were analyzed at 226 Hz and 1000 Hz probe tones. Lastly, the variation of compensated susceptance and conductance were recorded at extended frequencies from 250-2000 Hz in 50 Hz intervals for 16 infants. Results: Results showed that 1000 Hz tympanograms were the simplest to quantify as most recordings were single-peaked. 226 Hz and 678 Hz recordings were often multi-peaked. Both positive and negative admittance and susceptance tail values increased with age for 226 Hz and 1000 Hz. However, tail values at 1000 Hz increased faster than for 226 Hz. Negative tail values were smaller compared to positive tail values which resulted in smaller compensated admittance values for the positive tails compared to negative tails across all 6 visits. Admittance magnitude decreased with age at 226 Hz as susceptance increased and conductance decreased. However, at 1000 Hz, admittance magnitude increased as susceptance remained relatively constant and conductance increase. Conclusion: Results suggest that the infant middle ear and ear canal develop towards compliance with age although is not yet a purely acoustically compliant system by 6 months of age, particularly at high frequencies. An increase in volume in the middle ear cavity, reduction of middle ear debris, and overall decrease in resistive elements may be contributing to these changes. Significant differences were observed between each visit and warrant the use of age-specific norms when applying tympanometric data to infants below 6 months of age.
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Habibian, Mina. "Dietary habits, feeding behaviours and dental health in infants : a prospective study from birth to 18 months of age." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.395969.

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Gallagher, Dunla. "The Healthy Eating and Lifestyle in Pregnancy cluster randomised controlled trial : a 24 months postpartum follow-up study : an evaluation of the effect of a weight management intervention for maternal obesity, on maternal and child outcomes at 24 months following birth." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2018. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/119679/.

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Background: Obesity in pregnancy, and excessive gestational weight gain, are associated with short and long-term adverse health outcomes for mothers and their offspring, including childhood obesity. The Healthy Eating and Lifestyle in Pregnancy (HELP) cluster randomised controlled trial compared the effectiveness of a group-based weight management intervention, delivered during pregnancy and postpartum, with National Health Service routine maternity care. In total, 598 pregnant women, aged 18 years and over, with a BMI of ≥30 kg/m2, and between 12 and 20 weeks gestation, were recruited across 20 study centres in England and Wales, United Kingdom. The aim of the HELP trial was to improve health outcomes in these women with obesity. The present study followed up these women and their children at 24 months postpartum and aimed to assess longer-term maternal and child outcomes. It also aimed to explore the experiences of these women. Methods: A sequential mixed methods approach was used. The first, quantitative phase, examined the effectiveness of the HELP intervention on primary outcomes, maternal BMI and child BMI-for-age z-scores, and secondary outcomes, including weight, diet, and physical activity behaviours of mothers and children. Outcomes were analysed using multilevel linear, logistic and ordinal regression models. The second, qualitative phase, used telephone interviews to explore women's experiences. Thematic analysis was used to organise and interpret the interview data. Findings from the two approaches were triangulated for discussion. Results: The 24 months postpartum follow-up included 241 women and children, across 19 clusters. The analyses found no evidence of between groups differences in the primary outcomes, maternal BMI at 24 months postpartum (adjusted percentage difference: -0.01, 95% CI -0.04 to 0.02; ICC < 0.001; p= 0.664) and child BMI-for-age z-scores (adjusted difference in means: 0.24, 95% CI -0.17 to 0.64; ICC < 0.001; p=0.250), or the secondary outcomes. Subsequently, 18 of these women completed a telephone interview. Maternal attitudes towards their own and their child's weight and health behaviours, before, during and after pregnancy, were described in three themes: 1) pregnancy specific attitudes and behaviours; 2) wider weight control attitudes and experiences; and, 3) maternal perceptions and influences on children's weight, diet and activity. Discussion: The HELP intervention did not improve outcomes for women and their children at 24 months postpartum. Women have a strong desire to be healthy for their unborn babies during pregnancy. Non-judgmental support may help them adopt healthier behaviours to achieve short-term goals. However, more support would be needed to help women achieve better long-term outcomes. Women's lived experiences of obesity are complex, and it is important to incorporate their beliefs and motivations into interventions. Rather than viewing pregnancy as a short window of opportunity for initiating behaviour change, it should be used as a unique motivator which could give women a purpose for change over a longer term. Exploring options for intervening in the preconception period to address attitudes and weight loss before pregnancy, supporting women during pregnancy to be healthy for their babies, and building on this postpartum to help women shift their goals to weight loss, self-regulation of weight management, being a positive role model for their children and health-promoting feeding practices; may be more effective for improving maternal and child outcomes.
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Books on the topic "Birth months"

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Sparling, Joseph. Learningames: Birth to 24 months. Denver, Colo: Colorado Bright Beginnings, 1995.

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Lee, Kerry. Nine months: Pregnancy and birth. Rushcutters Bay: Gore & Osment, 1992.

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Snow, Robbie. Year of birth: A month-by-month companion to pregnancy, birth, and the first three months of infancy. Minneapolis: Crystal Press, 1990.

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Stewart, Nancy. Your baby: From birth to 18 months. Tucson, Az: Fisher Books, 1995.

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Games babies play: From birth to twelve months. Deephaven, MN: Book Peddlers, 1993.

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Sparling, Joseph. LearningGames: Birth to 12 months : the Abecedarian curriculum. [Chapel Hill, N.C.]: MindNurture, Inc., 2005.

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Holland, Katy. Johnson's Your baby from birth to 6 months. New York: DK Pub., 2002.

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Sparling, Joseph. LearningGames: Birth to 12 months : the Abecedarian curriculum. [Chapel Hill, N.C.]: MindNurture, Inc., 2005.

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Maddigan, Judi. Soft toys for babies: Birth to 18 months. Menlo Park, CA: Open Chain Pub., 1991.

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Dewey, Kathryn, and Meghan Harrison, eds. Feeding Infants and Children from Birth to 24 Months. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.17226/25747.

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Book chapters on the topic "Birth months"

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Carr, Mary Ann. "Birth Months." In The Great Chocolate Caper, 49. New York: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003238805-38.

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Šimić, Lena, and Emily Underwood-Lee. "Birth (4 Months)." In Maternal Performance, 83–106. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80226-4_4.

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Jewson, Becky Poulter, and Rebecca Skinner. "Birth to 18 Months." In Speech and Language in the Early Years, 31–47. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003139829-4.

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Sharma, Ajay, Helen Cockerill, and Lucy Sanctuary. "Age 18 months." In Mary Sheridan's From Birth to Five Years, 42–47. 5th ed. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003057154-8.

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Sharma, Ajay, Helen Cockerill, and Lucy Sanctuary. "Age 9 months." In Mary Sheridan's From Birth to Five Years, 23–29. 5th ed. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003057154-5.

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Sharma, Ajay, Helen Cockerill, and Lucy Sanctuary. "Age 6 months." In Mary Sheridan's From Birth to Five Years, 16–22. 5th ed. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003057154-4.

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Sharma, Ajay, Helen Cockerill, and Lucy Sanctuary. "Age 15 months." In Mary Sheridan's From Birth to Five Years, 38–41. 5th ed. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003057154-7.

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Sharma, Ajay, Helen Cockerill, and Lucy Sanctuary. "Age 12 months." In Mary Sheridan's From Birth to Five Years, 30–37. 5th ed. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003057154-6.

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Torr, Jane. "Shared Reading from Birth to Eighteen Months." In Reading Picture Books with Infants and Toddlers, 53–67. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003168812-4.

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Wilkinson, John A. "CDH at Birth and in the First Ten Months of Life: Its Diagnosis and Management." In Congenital Displacement of the Hip Joint, 59–86. London: Springer London, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-1369-0_5.

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Conference papers on the topic "Birth months"

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Raherison-Semjen, Chantal, Chloe De Sanzberro, Jacques de Blic, Christophe Marguet, Emeline Scherer, Gabriel Reboux, Marie-Christine Delmas, et al. "Respiratory and allergic phenotypes at two months of birth: The ELFE cohort." In ERS International Congress 2016 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2016.pa4582.

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Putri, Tyas Aisyah, Yuni Kusmiyati, and Ana Kurniati. "Risk Factors of Stunting in Children Aged 25-59 Months in Kotagede I Health Center, Yogyakarta." In The 7th International Conference on Public Health 2020. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.03.112.

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ABSTRACT Background: Stunting is a cyclical process because women who were themselves stunted in childhood tend to have stunted offspring, creating an intergenerational cycle of poverty and reduced human capital that is difficult to break This study aimed to investigate the risk factors of stunting in children aged 25-59 months. Subjects and Method: A case control study was conducted at Kotagede I health center, Yogyakarta. A sample of 78 children aged 25-59 months was selected by simple random sampling. The dependent variable was stunting. The independent variables were birth weight, exclusive breastfeeding, maternal height, and maternal education. The data were obtained from questionnaire and analyzed by a multiple logistic regression. Results: The risk of stunting increased with low birth weight (aOR= 4.24; 95% CI= 1.70 to 10.60; p= 0.001), non-exclusive breastfeeding (aOR= 2.43; 95% CI= 1.28 to 4.62; p= 0.010), short maternal height (aOR= 2.13; 95% CI= 1.79 to 2.53; p= 0.002), and low maternal education (aOR= 2.30; 95% CI= 1.12 to 4.69; p= 0.033). Conclusion: The risk of stunting increases with low birth weight, non-exclusive breastfeeding, short maternal height, and low maternal education. Keywords: stunting, low birth weight, exclusive breastfeeding, maternal height Correspondence: Tyas Aisyah Putri. Study Program in Midwifery, Health Polytechnics Ministry of Health, Yogyakarta. Jl. Tatabumi 3 Banyuraden, Gamping, Sleman, Yogyakarta. Email: taisyah1996@gmail.com. Mobile: +6285725003949. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.03.112
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Ivone, July, Stella Hasianna, Victor S., and Vilia W. "Relationship between Low Birth Weight (LBW), Birth Length, and Basic Immunization History with Stunting in Children Age 9 - 60 Months in Kabupaten Purwakarta." In International Conference on Emerging Issues in Technology, Engineering, and Science. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0010748700003113.

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"The relationship between modes of delivery with ASQ development scale of children from birth to 6 months." In International Conference on Medicine, Public Health and Biological Sciences. CASRP Publishing Company, Ltd. Uk, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18869/mphbs.2016.40.

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Sari, Indah Purnama, Yustini Ardillah, and Anita Rahmiwati. "Low Birth Weight and Underweight Association in Children Aged 6–59 Months in Palembang, Indonesia: A Cross-Sectional Study." In 2nd Sriwijaya International Conference of Public Health (SICPH 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/ahsr.k.200612.044.

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Wei, Chihfu, and Pau-Chung Chen. "218 Maternal shift work during pregnancy and infant neurodevelopment parameters at eighteen months: results from taiwan birth cohort study." In 32nd Triennial Congress of the International Commission on Occupational Health (ICOH), Dublin, Ireland, 29th April to 4th May 2018. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2018-icohabstracts.409.

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Wood, RA, C. Visness, P. Gergen, GR Bloomberg, M. Kattan, M. Sandel, K. Conroy, A. Dresen, and JE Gern. "Effect of Immune Development and Clinical Predictors on Atopic Outcomes at Age 12 Months in an Urban Birth Cohort Study." In American Thoracic Society 2009 International Conference, May 15-20, 2009 • San Diego, California. American Thoracic Society, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2009.179.1_meetingabstracts.a6223.

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Lestari, Catur Retno. "Gender and Occupation on Fine Motor Skill among Infants Aged 6-11 Months." In The 7th International Conference on Public Health 2020. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.01.14.

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Background: After birth, the growth and growth of boys will tend to be faster than girls and will last until a certain moment. This is affected by testosterone, a hormone that is higher in male babies than in female babies. The employment status of mothers may affect the role and presence of mothers in stimulating children to achieve motor development according to their age. Working mothers can have a negative or positive influence on the development of children. The negative impact of working mothers is that the presence of the mother in the child’s daily life is lower than that of the mother who is not working, so that the mother can provide motivation and stimulation. This study aimed to determine the gender and occupation relationship on fine motor skill among infants aged 6-11 months. Subjects and Method: This was a cross-sectional study of 284 infants aged 6-11 months. This study was carried out in eight community health centres in Kulon Progo Regency, Yogyakarta. The dependent variable was fine motor skill. The independent variable was gender. Data on fine motoric development were based on the results of the pre-screening development questionnaire. Other data were collected from interview and questionnaire. Data were analyze using the Chi-square test. Results: There was a significant relationship between gender and fine motor development among infants aged 6-11 months. Conclusion: Gender is proven to have a significant relationship with fine motor development among infants aged 6-11 months. Keywords: gender, fine motor development, infant Correspondence: Catur Retno Lestari. Study Program of Biomedical Science, Universitas IVET Semarang. Email: caturretno.lestari@gmail.com DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.01.14
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Erhan, Dumitru, Stefan Rusu, Oleg Chihai, Maria Zamornea, Elena Gherasim, Galina Melnic, Valeriu Enciu, et al. "Gradul de infestare al bovinelor cu sarcochiști în dependență de tehnologia de întreținere în Republica Moldova." In International symposium ”Functional ecology of animals” dedicated to the 70th anniversary from the birth of academician Ion Toderas. Institute of Zoology, Republic of Moldova, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.53937/9789975315975.40.

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It was estimated the level of bovine animals infestation with sarcocystis, depending on the maintenance technology and the age of the animals. It was established that adult cattle from complexes were infected with sarcochistis in 87.3% cases, from farms - 97.6% and from the individual sector - in 86.8% cases, young cattle and bulls (23-25 months) respectively - in 82.5%; 92.5%; 94.7% and 77.4%; 78.5%; 72.4% cases. In some households, the cattles were totally affected by the invasion. Experimental cattle infected with Sarcocystis bovicanis, depending on the invasion intensity, daily lose up to 300 grams.
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Panteleev, A. A. "CAREER TRAJECTORIES OF GRADUATES OF THE SPECIALTY 36.05.01 VETERINARY, RUSSIAN STATE AGRARIAN UNIVERSITY -MOSCOW TIMIRYAZEV AGRICULTURAL ACADEMY." In DIGEST OF ARTICLES ALL-RUSSIAN (NATIONAL) SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL CONFERENCE "CURRENT ISSUES OF VETERINARY MEDICINE: EDUCATION, SCIENCE, PRACTICE", DEDICATED TO THE 190TH ANNIVERSARY FROM THE BIRTH OF A.P. Stepanova. Publishing house of RGAU - MSHA, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/978-5-9675-1853-9-2021-68.

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The article analyzes the career trajectories of graduates of the specialty 36.05.01 Veterinary, Russian State Agrarian University - Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy,, 2020 year of completion. In the course of the analysis, it was found that 60% of the surveyed graduates had a job before graduating from the Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, 30% of graduates took from 1 to 5 months to find work and employment, 10% - were looking for work for more than 6 months. Veterinary Assistant is the starting position for 65% of respondents. The starting salary of the graduate was 27.9 thousand rubles. The places of employment of most of the graduates were organizations in Moscow and the Moscow region.
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Reports on the topic "Birth months"

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Schweizer, Valerie. Women Who Gave Birth Within the Past 12 Months, 2018. National Center for Family and Marriage Research, July 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.25035/ncfmr/fp-20-17.

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Brown, Adrianne. Women Who Gave Birth Within the Past 12 Months, 2020. National Center for Family and Marriage Research, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.25035/ncfmr/fp-22-13.

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Hamilton, Brady E., Michelle Osterman, and Joyce Martin. Declines in Births by Month: United States, 2020. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.). National Center for Health Statistics (U.S.), May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.15620/cdc:106116.

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Hamilton E., Brady, Michelle Osterman J.K., and Martin Joyce A. Changes in Births, by Month: United States, 2021. National Center for Health Statistics (U.S.), July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.15620/cdc:117899.

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Hamilton, Brady, Michelle Osterman, and Joyce Martin. Changes in Births by Month: United States, January 2019–June 2021. National Center for Health Statistics ( U.S.), March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.15620/cdc:113283.

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This report presents provisional 2021 and final 2020 and 2019 data on changes in the number of U.S. births by race and Hispanic origin of mother and by month of birth and state for January through June of 2020 and 2021.
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Skirbekk, Vegard, Hans-Peter Kohler, and Alexia Fürnkranz-Prskawetz. Completing education and the timing of births and marriage: findings from a birth-month experiment in Sweden. Rostock: Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, June 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.4054/mpidr-wp-2003-017.

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Greaves, Ellen, Claire Crawford, and Lorraine Dearden. Identifying the drivers of month of birth differences in educational attainment. Institute for Fiscal Studies, May 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1920/wp.ifs.2013.1309.

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Svynarenko, Radion, Theresa L. Profant, and Lisa C. Lindley. Effectiveness of concurrent care to improve pediatric and family outcomes at the end of life: An analytic codebook. Pediatric End-of-Life (PedEOL) Care Research Group, College of Nursing, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.7290/m5fbbq.

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Implementation of the section 2302 of the 2010 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) enabled children enrolled in Medicaid/Children's Health Insurance Program with a prognosis of 6 months to live to use hospice care while continuing treatment for their terminal illness. Although concurrent hospice care became available more than a decade ago, little is known about the socio-demographic and health characteristics of children who received concurrent care; health care services they received while enrolled in concurrent care, their continuity, management, intensity, fragmentation; and the costs of care. The purpose of this study was to answer these questions using national data from the Centers of Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS), which covered the first three years of ACA – from January 1, 2011, to December 31, 2013.The database included records of 18,152 children younger than the age of 20, who were enrolled in Medicaid hospice care in the sampling time frame. Children in the database also had a total number of 42,764 hospice episodes. Observations were excluded if the date of birth or death was missing or participants were older than 21 years. To create this database CMS data were merged with three other complementary databases: the National Death Index (NDI) that provided information on death certificates of children; the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey that provided information on characteristics of communities where children resided; CMS Hospice Provider of Services files and CMS Hospice Utilization and Payment files were used for data on hospice providers, and with a database of rural areas created by the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA). In total, 130 variables were created, measuring demographics and health characteristics of children, characteristics of health providers, community characteristics, clinical characteristics, costs of care, and other variables.
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Barreca, Alan, Olivier Deschenes, and Melanie Guldi. Maybe Next Month? Temperature Shocks, Climate Change, and Dynamic Adjustments in Birth Rates. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, October 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w21681.

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Gregory, Elizabeth, Michelle Osterman, and Claudia Valenzuela. Changes in Home Births in the United States by Race and Hispanic Origin and State of Residence of the Mother, 2019–2020 and 2020–2021. National Center for Health Statistics (U.S.), November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.15620/cdc:121553.

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This report describes changes between 2020 and 2021 in the percentage of home births by month, race and Hispanic origin, and state of residence of the mother, and compares changes occurring between 2019 and 2020.
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