Journal articles on the topic 'Birth interval length'
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1
Miller, Jane E. "Birth order, interpregnancy interval and birth outcomes among Filipino infants." Journal of Biosocial Science 26, no. 2 (April 1994): 243–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932000021271.
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SummaryThis study examines the effects of birth order and interpregnancy interval on birthweight, gestational age, weight-for-gestational age, infant length, and weight-for-length in a sample of 2063 births from a longitudinal study in the Philippines. First births are the most disadvantaged of any birth order/spacing group. The risks associated with short intervals (<6 months) and high birth order (fifth or higher) are confined to infants who have both attributes; there is no excess risk associated with short previous intervals among lower-order infants, nor for high birth order infants conceived after longer intervals. This pattern is observed for all five birth outcomes and neonatal mortality, and persists in models that control for mother's age, education, smoking, family health history and nutritional status. Since fewer than 2% of births are both short interval and high birth order, the potential reduction in the incidence of low birthweight or neonatal mortality from avoiding this category of high-risk births is quite small (1–2%).
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Waynforth, David. "Reduced birth intervals following the birth of children with long-term illness: evidence supporting a conditional evolved response." Biology Letters 11, no. 10 (October 2015): 20150728. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2015.0728.
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Human birth interval length is indicative of the level of parental investment that a child will receive: a short interval following birth means that parental resources must be split with a younger sibling during a period when the older sibling remains highly dependent on their parents. From a life-history theoretical perspective, it is likely that there are evolved mechanisms that serve to maximize fitness depending on context. One context that would be expected to result in short birth intervals, and lowered parental investment, is after a child with low expected fitness is born. Here, data drawn from a longitudinal British birth cohort study were used to test whether birth intervals were shorter following the birth of a child with a long-term health problem. Data on the timing of 4543 births were analysed using discrete-time event history analysis. The results were consistent with the hypothesis: birth intervals were shorter following the birth of a child diagnosed by a medical professional with a severe but non-fatal medical condition. Covariates in the analysis were also significantly associated with birth interval length: births of twins or multiple births, and relationship break-up were associated with significantly longer birth intervals.
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Saaka, Mahama, and Benjamin Aggrey. "Effect of Birth Interval on Foetal and Postnatal Child Growth." Scientifica 2021 (August 20, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6624184.
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Background. Although available evidence suggests short birth intervals are associated with adverse perinatal outcomes, little is known about the extent to which birth spacing affects postnatal child growth. The present study assessed the independent association of birth interval with birth weight and subsequent postnatal growth indices. Methods. This retrospective cohort study carried out in the rural areas of Kassena-Nankana district of Ghana compared postnatal growth across different categories of birth intervals. Birth intervals were calculated as month difference between consecutive births of a woman. The study population comprised 530 postpartum women who had delivered a live baby in the past 24 months prior to the study. Results. Using the analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) that adjusted for age of the child, gender of the child, weight-for-length z-score (WLZ), birth weight, adequacy of antenatal care (ANC) attendance, and dietary diversity of the child, the mean length-for-age z-score (LAZ) among children of short preceding birth interval (<24 months) was significantly higher than among children of long birth interval (that is, at least 24 months) ((0.51 versus −0.04) (95% CI: 0.24–0.87), p = 0.001). The adjusted mean birth weight of children born to mothers of longer birth interval was 74.0 g more than children born to mothers of shorter birth interval (CI: 5.89–142.0, p < 0.03). Conclusions. The results suggest that a short birth interval is associated positively with an increased risk of low birth weight (an indicator of foetal growth), but birth spacing is associated negatively with the LAZ (an indicator of postnatal growth).
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Miller, Jane E. "Determinants of intrauterine growth retardation: evidence against maternal depletion." Journal of Biosocial Science 21, no. 2 (April 1989): 235–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932000017922.
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SummaryThis analysis examines the relationship between length of preceding birth interval and risk of intrauterine growth retardation using data on Swedish infants from the 1973 World Health Organization study of perinatal mortality. Results of a multivariate logit analysis demonstrate that the lower than average mean birth weight of infants born after short birth intervals cannot be completely attributed to their shorter mean gestation length. Infants born after birth intervals of 12 months or less are 30% more likely to be small for gestational age (SGA) than infants born 18–59 months after the previous birth, even when the effects of maternal age and parity are controlled. The results obtained here do not support maternal depletion as an explanation for the association between short birth intervals and elevated risk of SGA, since there is no evidence of an attenuation of the risk of SGA with increasing length of interval in the under 18 month birth interval range.
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Rosner, Audrey E., and Susan K. Schulman. "Birth Interval Among Breast-Feeding Women Not Using Contraceptives." Pediatrics 86, no. 5 (November 1, 1990): 747–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.86.5.747.
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One hundred twelve Orthodox Jewish mothers were surveyed by means of questionnaire about birth interval in relationship to formula-feeding (n = 30) and breast-feeding (n = 236) experiences in the absence of birth control. Analyses indicate that mothers who breast-fed have longer birth intervals than those who did not. Moreover, data obtained from the same mothers show that birth intervals preceded by breast-feeding were longer than those preceded by formula-feeding of the previous infant. For those mothers who breast-fed, there was significant positive correlation between duration of breast-feeding and the length of lactational amenorrhea and total birth interval. The age at which night feeding was terminated had corresponding but less strong associations with lactational amenorrhea and total birth interval.
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FOTSO, JEAN CHRISTOPHE, JOHN CLELAND, BLESSING MBERU, MICHAEL MUTUA, and PATRICIA ELUNGATA. "BIRTH SPACING AND CHILD MORTALITY: AN ANALYSIS OF PROSPECTIVE DATA FROM THE NAIROBI URBAN HEALTH AND DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM." Journal of Biosocial Science 45, no. 6 (September 10, 2012): 779–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932012000570.
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SummaryThe majority of studies of the birth spacing–child survival relationship rely on retrospective data, which are vulnerable to errors that might bias results. The relationship is re-assessed using prospective data on 13,502 children born in two Nairobi slums between 2003 and 2009. Nearly 48% were first births. Among the remainder, short preceding intervals are common: 20% of second and higher order births were delivered within 24 months of an elder sibling, including 9% with a very short preceding interval of less than 18 months. After adjustment for potential confounders, the length of the preceding birth interval is a major determinant of infant and early childhood mortality. In infancy, a preceding birth interval of less than 18 months is associated with a two-fold increase in mortality risks (compared with lengthened intervals of 36 months or longer), while an interval of 18–23 months is associated with an increase of 18%. During the early childhood period, children born within 18 months of an elder sibling are more than twice as likely to die as those born after an interval of 36 months or more. Only 592 children experienced the birth of a younger sibling within 20 months; their second-year mortality was about twice as high as that of other children. These results support the findings based on retrospective data.
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Majumder, Abul Kashem. "Maternal factors and infant and child mortality in Bangladesh." Journal of Biosocial Science 20, no. 1 (January 1988): 89–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932000017284.
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SummaryMultivariate analysis of the effects of maternal age at birth, birth order and the preceding birth interval on mortality risks in early childhood, using data from the Bangladesh Fertility Survey, 1975–76, confirms that the length of the preceding birth interval is the most influential single factor. But the lower mortality risks among infants and children of educated mothers are due neither to the age at which childbearing was initiated nor to the spacing between births.
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Allison, Adrienne, and Eloho E. Basikoro. "Why World Vision supports healthy timing and spacing of pregnancies to improve maternal and child health: a faith-based perspective." Christian Journal for Global Health 4, no. 2 (July 12, 2017): 75–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.15566/cjgh.v4i2.169.
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World Vision, A Christian humanitarian organization, began to support Birth Spacing in 2007. After new data were published in 2008 that measured the impact of the length of the preceding birth-to-pregnancy (birth to conception) interval on maternal, infant and child mortality and child stunting, World Vision adopted the term “Healthy Timing and Spacing of Pregnancy” as their approach to family planning. This term refocused family planning to emphasized the health benefits for mothers, children, families and communities, of using contraception to time and space births. The data are explained and the consequences of shorter and longer birth intervals are outlined.
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MACE, RUTH, and REBECCA SEAR. "BIRTH INTERVAL AND THE SEX OF CHILDREN IN A TRADITIONAL AFRICAN POPULATION: AN EVOLUTIONARY ANALYSIS." Journal of Biosocial Science 29, no. 4 (October 1997): 499–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932097004999.
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Birth interval is a major determinant of rates of fertility, and is also a measure of parental investment in a child. In this paper the length of the birth interval in a traditional African population is analysed by sex of children. Birth intervals after the birth of a boy were significantly longer than after the birth of a girl, indicating higher parental investment in boys. However, in women of high parity, this differential disappeared. Birth intervals for women with no son were shorter than for those with at least one son. All these results are compatible with an evolutionary analysis of reproductive decision-making. First born sons have particularly high reproductive success, daughters have average reproductive success and late born sons have low reproductive success. The birth interval follows a similar trend, suggesting that longer birth intervals represent higher maternal investment in children of high reproductive potential.
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Nath, Dilip C., and Kenneth C. Land. "Sex preference and third birth intervals in a traditional Indian society." Journal of Biosocial Science 26, no. 3 (July 1994): 377–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932000021453.
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SummaryThe traditional preference for sons may be the main hindrance to India's current population policy of two children per family. In this study, the effects of various sociodemographic covariates, particularly sex preference, on the length of the third birth interval are examined for the scheduled caste population in Assam, India. Life table and hazards regression techniques are applied to retrospective sample data. The analysis shows that couples having two surviving sons are less likely to have a third child than those without a surviving son and those with only one surviving son. Age at first marriage, length of preceding birth intervals, age of mother, and household income have strong effects on the length of the third birth interval.
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Ningrum, Ratih Ardiati, Indah Fahmiyah, Aretha Levi, and Muhammad Axel Syahputra. "Short birth intervals classification for Indonesia’s women." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 11, no. 3 (June 1, 2022): 1535–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/eei.v11i3.3432.
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Birth interval is closely related to maternal and infant health. According to world health organization (WHO), the birth interval between two births is at least 33 months. This study is the first to discuss the short birth interval (SBI) in Indonesia and used data from the Indonesian Demographic and Health Surveys 2017 with a total of 34,200 respondents. Birth interval means the length of time between the birth of the first child and the second child. Categorized as SBI if the distance between births is less than 33 months. The variables used include mother's age, mother's age at first giving birth, father's age, household wealth, succeeding birth interval, breastfeeding status, child sex, residence, mother's education, health insurance, mother's working status, contraception used, child alive, total children, number of living children, and household members. Machine learning algorithms including logistic regression, Naïve Bayes, lazy locally weighted learning (LWL), and sequential minimal optimization (SMO) are applied to classify SBI. Based on the values of accuracy, precision, recall, F-score, matthews correlation coefficient (MCC), receiver operator characteristic (ROC) area, precision-recall curve (PRC) area, the Naïve Bayes is the best algorithm with scores obtained 0.891, 0.889, 0.891, 0.885, 0.687, 0.972, and 0.960 respectively. Additionally, 18.25% of mothers were classified as still giving birth within a short interval.
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Stewart, JD, JW Durban, H. Europe, H. Fearnbach, PK Hamilton, AR Knowlton, MS Lynn, et al. "Larger females have more calves: influence of maternal body length on fecundity in North Atlantic right whales." Marine Ecology Progress Series 689 (May 12, 2022): 179–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps14040.
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North Atlantic right whales (NARW) are critically endangered and have been declining in abundance since 2011. In the past decade, human-caused mortalities from vessel strikes and entanglements have been increasing, while birth rates in the population are at a 40 yr low. In addition to declining abundance, recent studies have shown that NARW length-at-age is decreasing due to the energetic impacts of sub-lethal entanglements, and that the body condition of the population is poorer than closely related southern right whales. We examined whether shorter body lengths are associated with reduced fecundity in female NARW. We compared age-corrected, modeled metrics of body length with 3 metrics of fecundity: age at first reproduction, average inter-birth interval, and the number of calves produced per potential reproductive year. We found that body length is significantly related to birth interval and calves produced per reproductive year, but not age at first reproduction. Larger whales had shorter inter-birth intervals and produced more calves per potential reproductive year. Larger whales also had higher lifetime calf production, but this was a result of larger whales having longer potential reproductive spans, as body lengths have generally been declining over the past 40 yr. Declining body sizes are a potential contributor to low birth rates over the past decade. Efforts to reduce entanglements and vessel strikes could help maintain population viability by increasing fecundity and improving resiliency of the population to other anthropogenic and climate impacts.
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Khokan, Mahfuzur Rahman. "The Effects of Birth Spacing on Nutritional Status in the form of Stunting of Under Five Children in Bangladesh: Evidence Based on BDHS, 2014 Data." Dhaka University Journal of Science 67, no. 2 (July 30, 2019): 139–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/dujs.v67i2.54587.
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In this paper, it has been examined the effect of preceding birth interval on nutritional status in the form of Stunting of the children aged under 5 years of age in Bangladesh.For the purpose of the analysis, Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS), 2014 data has been used. The study cases are the children under 5 years aged born during last delivery of their mother. The response variable is Nutritional Status of under 5 year children in the form of stunting. The key independent variables is the length of the preceding birth interval, measured as the number of months between the births of the child under study.Bivariate analysis along with a Chi-square test has been performed to examine the association between preceding birth interval and stunting of the children. To determine the effect of preceding birth interval, three different logistic regression models (Model-I: considering only the preceding birth intervals, Model-II: covariate of model-I along with demographic and socioeconomic factors and Model-III: covariates of model-II along with health related factors) were considered. The occurrence of stunting has been found to be inversely related with the preceding birth interval for the children aged under 5 years in Bangladesh. This inverse association has been found statistically significant for three models.After adjusting the demographic, socio-economic and health-related factors, the OR (odds ratio) shows that the percentage of being stunted is 73% higher for the children whose preceding birth interval is less than 24 (<24) while it is 37% higher for the children whose preceding birth interval is between months compared to whose birth interval is more than 60 (60>) months with 99% confidence interval (1.27, 2.36)***and (1.07, 1.45)***respectively.
Dhaka Univ. J. Sci. 67(2): 139-144, 2019 (July)
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박상화 and 임달오. "Length of First Birth Interval and Incidence of Twin Birth in Korea; 2010~2015." JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH 21, no. 2 (May 2017): 112–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21896/jksmch.2017.21.2.112.
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Yudi, A. Atabany, and B. P. Purwanto. "Pengaruh Tipe Kelahiran terhadap Produksi Susu, Lama Laktasi, Masa Kering, Masa Kosong, dan Selang Beranak Kambing Saanen." Jurnal Ilmu Produksi dan Teknologi Hasil Peternakan 9, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 102–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jipthp.9.2.102-109.
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The purpose of this research was to determine the effect of Saanen doe goats’ birth types on milk yields,lactation length, dry period, days open and kidding interval at PT Fajar Taurus. This research employeda case study method using secondary data of production and reproduction of Saanen doe goats. Datawas analysed using Microsoft Excel program and Kruskal Wallis test. The results showed percentages ofSaanen doe goats with single, twinning and triplets birth are 47.94%, 39.73% and 12.33% respectively.Milk yields for single birth was 1,14±0,43 litres/goat/day, lactation length of 286.43±119.73 days, dryperiod of 68.89±18.57 days, days open of 205.31±117.67 days, and kidding interval of 355.31±117.67days. Milk yields for twinning birth was 1.32±0.49 litres/goat/day, lactation length of 270±219.43 days,dry period of 69.10±17.52 days, days open of 189.10±227.22 days, and kidding interval of 339.10±227.22days. Meanwhile, milk yields for triplets birth was 0.93±0.40 litres/goat/day, lactation length of360±228.97 days, dry period of 66.67±23.78 days, days open of 276.67±240.38 days, and kidding intervalof 426.67±240.38 days. There is nonsignificant effect of birth types on milk yields, lactation length, daysopen and kidding interval in Saanen doe goats (P>0.05). However, birth types were found to have asignificant effect on dry period (P<0.05).
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Park, Sang Hwa, Sung Woo Kim, Hoon Kim, and Dar Oh Lim. "Effect of First Birth Interval Length on Preterm of Singleton Birth in Korea; 2010-2013." Perinatology 27, no. 4 (2016): 222. http://dx.doi.org/10.14734/pn.2016.27.4.222.
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Silverberg, Sarah, Joy Shi, Abdullah Al Mahmud, and Daniel Roth. "DO MODIFIABLE HOUSEHOLD BEHAVIORS AND EARLY INFANT FEEDING PRACTICES CONTRIBUTE TO VARIATIONS IN INFANT LINEAR GROWTH? EVIDENCE FROM A BIRTH COHORT IN DHAKA, BANGLADESH." Paediatrics & Child Health 23, suppl_1 (May 18, 2018): e47-e47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pch/pxy054.120.
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Abstract BACKGROUND Numerous postnatal risk factors have been associated with child length/height in cross-sectional studies in low- and middle-income countries. However, there have been few longitudinal studies of the effects of modifiable risk factors on postnatal linear growth during discrete developmental windows of infancy. OBJECTIVES We aimed to assess associations between modifiable household behaviours and conditional growth from birth to 1 year of life. DESIGN/METHODS We conducted a longitudinal cohort study using data from women and their infants (n=1162 pairs) in the Maternal Vitamin D and Infant Growth trial in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Infant length was measured tri-monthly from birth to 12 months, and infant feeding patterns were ascertained at weekly visits from 0 to 6 months of age. Confounder-adjusted associations of selected modifiable household factors (i.e., household air quality, sanitation/hygiene) or early infant feeding with change in length-for-age z-score (LAZ) were estimated in five intervals: birth to 3 months, 3 to 6 months, birth to 6 months, 6 to 12 months and birth to 12 months. In primary analyses, the outcome was conditional growth in LAZ (cLAZ) in each interval, derived as model residuals from regression of end-interval LAZ on initial LAZ. Effect estimates were expressed as mean difference in cLAZ (95% confidence interval) between the exposed versus referent group. RESULTS LAZ was symmetrically distributed, with mean (± standard deviation) LAZ of -0.95 (± 1.02) at birth and -1.00 (± 1.04) at 12 months. In multivariable-adjusted linear regression models, indicators of household air quality and sanitation/hygiene were not significantly associated with cLAZ in any interval. No breastfeeding and partial breastfeeding (versus exclusive breastfeeding), and any infant formula use (versus no formula use) were associated with slower growth in the 0–3 month interval: -0.11 (95% CI: -0.20, -0.02), -0.30 (95% CI: -0.52, -0.08), and -0.13 (95% CI: -0.22, -0.05), respectively, but not in later intervals. Several non-modifiable factors (maternal height, paternal education, and household wealth) were associated with cLAZ and LAZ in multivariable models. CONCLUSION Compared to international standards, the length distribution of infants in Dhaka, Bangladesh was harmonically shifted down at birth and throughout the first year of life, suggesting that observed infant length deficits relative to international norms were primarily caused by ubiquitous factors. Infant feeding practices explained some between-child variation in linear growth in the early postnatal period (0–3 months). Behaviors related to cooking or sanitation/hygiene were not related to infant linear growth trajectories.
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Beebe, Susan A., John R. Britton, Helen L. Britton, Pelly Fan, and Bryan Jepson. "Neonatal Mortality and Length of Newborn Hospital Stay." Pediatrics 98, no. 2 (August 1, 1996): 231–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.98.2.231.
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Objective. To investigate the effect of hospital discharge time on neonatal mortality of term newborns. Design. Infants who were discharged home at 5 days of age or younger and who subsequently died were compared with control infants using a retrospective casecontrol design. Descriptive information was collected from records of infants who were not discharged home from the hospital of birth (because of death or transfer to a tertiary care hospital) to determine the age at which their illnesses presented. Methods. We reviewed death certificates for all infacts with birth weights of 2500 g or greater born at 37 weeks' gestational age or greater who died in the first 28 days of life and who were born in one of four Utah counties (1985 through 1989). Of the 109 256 eligible births, 115 infants were found who had died in the neonatal period. Eighty-four infants had not been discharged home from the hospital of birth, 5 infants had had hospital stays of more than 5 days, 9 records could not be located, 17 presumed healthy infants were discharged from the hospital at 5 days of age or younger. These 17 infants were each matched with 3 control infants. Newborn nursery charts were reviewed to determine hospital discharge times for case and control infants. Descriptive information regarding the time of presentation of illness was collected for the other 89 infants. Results. The mean age of hospital discharge was 43 ± 21 hours for the 17 case infants and 47 ± 25 hours for the 51 control infants. The odds ratio for neonatal mortality for discharge at less than 24 hours was 1.65 (95% confidence interval, 0.42 to 3.34) and for discharge at less than 48 hours was 1.16 (95% confidence interval, 0.4 to 3.34). Of the 84 infants who were not discharged home from the hospital of birth, 93% had been symptomatic by 12 hours of age, and 99% were symptomatic by 18 hours. Conclusions. Most full-term infants who die in the neonatal period are symptomatic within the first 18 hours after birth. We could not demonstrate an association between early hospital discharge and neonatal mortality in those infants who died after discharge home.
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Jones, S. A., and A. J. S. Summerlee. "Effects of porcine relaxin on the length of gestation and duration of parturition in the rat." Journal of Endocrinology 109, no. 1 (April 1986): 85–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1090085.
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ABSTRACT Experiments were carried out to investigate the effects of porcine relaxin on the course of gestation and delivery in the rat. Plasma relaxin was maintained at approximately 600 nmol/l from day 19 to day 23 of gestation by i.v. infusion from chronically implanted minipumps. Relaxin significantly (P<0·001) prolonged the length of gestation in 17 rats compared with controls, without causing dystocia or affecting the number of live births. Six rats gave birth during relaxin infusion. In these animals there was a significant (P<0·001) increase in the interval between successive deliveries compared with control animals, resulting in prolonged labour. The remaining 11 rats gave birth after the infusion was completed, when the interval between successive deliveries was significantly (P< 0·025) shorter than controls. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that relaxin has a central action suppressing the release of oxytocin as well as a peripheral action on the myometrium and cervix. J. Endocr. (1986) 109, 85–88
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MOZUMDER, A. B. M. KHORSHED ALAM, BARKAT-E. KHUDA, THOMAS T. KANE, ANN LEVIN, and SHAMEEM AHMED. "THE EFFECT OF BIRTH INTERVAL ON MALNUTRITION IN BANGLADESHI INFANTS AND YOUNG CHILDREN." Journal of Biosocial Science 32, no. 3 (July 2000): 289–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932000002893.
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This study was undertaken to investigate the independent effect of the length of birth interval on malnutrition in infants, and children aged 6–39 months. Data for this study were drawn from a post-flood survey conducted during October–December 1988 at Sirajganj of the Sirajgani district and at Gopalpur of the Tangail district in Bangladesh. The survey recorded the individual weights of 1887 children. Cross-tabulations and logistic regression procedures were applied to analyse the data. The proportion of children whose weight-for-age was below 70% (moderate-to-severely malnourished) and 60% (severely malnourished) of the NCHS median was tabulated against various durations of previous and subsequent birth intervals. The odds of being moderately or severely malnourished were computed for various birth intervals, controlling for: the number of older surviving siblings; maternal education and age; housing area (a proxy for wealth); age and sex of the index child; and the prevalence of diarrhoea in the previous 2 weeks for the index child.About one-third of infants and young children were moderately malnourished and 15% were severely malnourished. The proportion of children who were under 60% weight-for-age decreased with the increase in the length of the subsequent birth interval, maternal education and housing area. The proportion of malnourished children increased with the number of older surviving children. Children were at higher risk of malnutrition if they were female, their mothers were less educated, they had several siblings, and either previous or subsequent siblings were born within 24 months. This study indicates the potential importance of longer birth intervals in reducing malnutrition in children.
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Tesema, Getayeneh Antehunegn, Misganaw Gebrie Worku, and Achamyeleh Birhanu Teshale. "Duration of birth interval and its predictors among reproductive-age women in Ethiopia: Gompertz gamma shared frailty modeling." PLOS ONE 16, no. 2 (February 19, 2021): e0247091. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247091.
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Background The World Health Organization recommended a minimum of 33 months between consecutive live births to reduce the incidence of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Poorly spaced pregnancies are associated with poor maternal and child health outcomes such as low birth weight, stillbirth, uterine rupture, neonatal mortality, maternal mortality, child malnutrition, and maternal hemorrhage. However, there was limited evidence on the duration of birth interval and its predictors among reproductive-age women in Ethiopia. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the duration of birth interval and its predictors among reproductive-age women in Ethiopia. Methods A secondary data analysis was conducted based on the 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey data. A total weighted sample of 11022 reproductive-age women who gave birth within five years preceding the survey was included for analysis. To identify the predictors, the Gompertz gamma shared frailty model was fitted. The theta value, Akakie Information Criteria (AIC), Bayesian Information Criteria (BIC), and deviance was used for model selection. Variables with a p-value of less than 0.2 in the bi-variable analysis were considered for the multivariable analysis. In the multivariable Gompertz gamma shared frailty analysis, the Adjusted Hazard Ratio (AHR) with a 95% Confidence Interval (CI) was reported to show the strength and statistical significance of the association. Results The median inter-birth interval in Ethiopia was 38 months (95% CI: 37.58, 38.42). Being living in Addis Ababa (AHR = 0.15, 95% CI: 0.03, 0.70), being rural resident (AHR = 1.13, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.23), being Muslim religious follower (AHR = 6.53, 95% CI: 2.35, 18.18), having three birth (AHR = 0.51, 95% CI: 0.10, 0.83), having four birth (AHR = 0.30, 95% CI: 0.09, 0.74), five and above births (AHR = 0.10, 95% CI: 0.02, 0.41), and using contraceptive (AHR = 2.35, 95% CI: 1.16, 4.77) were found significant predictors of duration of birth interval. Conclusion The length of the inter-birth interval was consistent with the World Health Organization recommendation. Therefore, health care interventions that enhance modern contraceptive utilization among women in rural areas and Muslim religious followers would be helpful to optimize birth interval.
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BECKER, STAN, SHEA RUTSTEIN, and MIRIAM H. LABBOK. "ESTIMATION OF BIRTHS AVERTED DUE TO BREAST-FEEDING AND INCREASES IN LEVELS OF CONTRACEPTION NEEDED TO SUBSTITUTE FOR BREAST-FEEDING." Journal of Biosocial Science 35, no. 4 (October 2003): 559–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932003005996.
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After contraceptive use, breast-feeding duration is the major determinant of the birth interval length. Three methods of estimating births averted by breast-feeding, and the increase in contraceptive use needed to substitute for breast-feeding, are presented. Method 1 simply utilizes Bongaarts’ Ci, and the other two are based on mean birth intervals with and without breast-feeding. Estimates for each method are derived for six countries with DHS surveys from the mid-1990s: Burkina Faso, Uganda, India, Indonesia, Brazil and Peru. The estimated percentage of additional births that would occur if there were no breast-feeding ranged from 1–4% in Brazil to about 50% in Burkina Faso and Uganda, reflecting very low breast-feeding in Brazil and very high levels in the sub-Saharan African nations. Strengths and limitations of the three methods are considered.
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CLEGG, E. "STARTING, SPACING AND STOPPING IN THE REPRODUCTIVE HISTORIES OF OUTER HEBRIDEAN FAMILIES." Journal of Biosocial Science 33, no. 3 (July 2001): 405–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932001004059.
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Maternal ages at the first maternity (starting), at the last maternity (stopping) and the lengths of intervals between maternities (spacing) have been studied in the Outer Hebridean islands of Harris and Barra for births between the years of 1855 and 1990, a period during which a considerable ‘fertility transition’ occurred. There was a tendency in each island for increases with time in the ages at starting among less-fecund women (although after 1936 starting ages declined), and highly significant heterogeneity of covariance: adjusted means dependent on the total numbers of maternities experienced. The same result was seen for the ages at stopping. Lengths of reproductive life (the difference between ages at starting and stopping) rose to 1876–1895, and then fell, apart from a short-lived rise in Barra during 1956–1975, possibly due to the papal encyclical Humanae Vitae. Intervals between marriage and first maternity and between successive maternities were studied by hazard function survival analysis. The marriage–first birth interval remained very constant, unaffected by total maternities. The father’s occupation and the mother’s age at first maternity showed no significant relationships. In Barra there was a weak negative relationship with the date of the marriage. For intervals between maternities in both islands, total maternities and the death of a previous infant were associated with shorter, and birth order with longer intervals. In Harris, there were tendencies for intervals to be consistently long or short in families, and for the age of the mother and date at first maternity to be negatively related to the length of the interval. In Barra, a previous multiple birth was followed by a longer interval. The date of the previous maternity, father’s occupation, maternal age at the previous maternity, the sex of the previous child, and the duration of the marriage appeared to have no influence on maternity intervals. Evidence for an effect of economic deprivation during the 19th century on the variables considered was equivocal. During the 20th century, it is suggested that economic depression during the inter-war years, the spread of contraception, and improvements in health care may have acted ‘synergistically’ toproduce the lower ages of childbearing and the shortening of maternity intervals and reproductive lives.
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Shachar, Bat zion, Jonathan Mayo, Deirdre Lyell, David Stevenson, and Gary Shaw. "760: Interpregnancy interval length and risk of preterm birth, a large US study." American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 210, no. 1 (January 2014): S373. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2013.10.793.
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Gray, Sandra J. "Comparison of effects of breast-feeding practices on birth-spacing in three societies: nomadic Turkana, Gainj, and Quechua." Journal of Biosocial Science 26, no. 1 (January 1994): 69–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932000021076.
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SummaryVariation in the duration and pattern of breast-feeding contributes significantly to inter-population differences in fertility. In this paper, measures of suckling frequency and intensity are used to compare the effects of breastfeeding practices on the duration of lactational amenorrhoea, and on the length of the birth interval in three prospective studies undertaken during the 1980s, among Quechua Indians of Peru, Turkana nomads of Kenya, and Gainj of Papua New Guinea.In all three societies, lactation is prolonged well into the second year postpartum, and frequent, on-demand breast-feeding is the norm. However, the duration of lactational amenorrhoea and the length of birth intervals vary considerably. Breast-feeding patterns among Gainj and Turkana are similar, but Turkana women resume menses some 3 months earlier than do the Gainj. The average birth interval among the Gainj exceeds that of nomadic Turkana by over 15 months. Suckling activity decreases significantly with increasing age of nurslings among both Gainj and Quechua, but not among Turkana. Earlier resumption of menses among Turkana women may be linked to the unpredictable demands of the pastoral system, which increase day-to-day variation in the number of periods of on-demand breast-feeding, although not in suckling patterns. This effect is independent of the age of infants.The short birth intervals of Turkana women, relative to those of the Gainj, may be related to early supplementation of Turkana nurslings with butterfat and animals' milk, which reduces energetic demands on lactating women at risk of negative energy balance.
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Pebley, Anne R., Albert I. Hermalin, and John Knodel. "Birth spacing and infant mortality: evidence for eighteenth and nineteenth century German villages." Journal of Biosocial Science 23, no. 4 (October 1991): 445–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932000019556.
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SummaryData from an historical population in which fertility control was minimal and modern health services were mostly unavailable are used to show that there appears to have been a strong association between previous birth interval length and infant mortality, especially when the previous child survived. Although only imperfect proxies for breast-feeding practices and other potentially confounding factors are available for this population, the results suggest that the association between previous interval length and infant mortality in this population is not solely, or primarily, a function of differences in breast-feeding behaviour or socioeconomic status. Other factors, e.g. maternal depletion or sibling competition, are more likely to explain the observed association.
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Sathar, Zeba. "Birth Spacing in Pakistan." Journal of Biosocial Science 20, no. 2 (April 1988): 175–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932000017417.
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SummaryLife table analysis is applied to data from the Pakistan Fertility Survey (1975) to examine the effects on birth spacing of a number of socioeconomic variables. Women of more modern backgrounds seem to space their families more closely, but differ little in achieved family size from the more traditional groups. Important factors are age at marriage, age at first birth, province of residence, and whether the woman had ever used contraception. Multivariate analysis taking into account interaction between variables shows that education, urban-rural residence, and province exert independent effects, and so does the cohort of the mother. But the variable with the strongest effect on length of interval, other than that from marriage to first birth, is duration of breast-feeding.
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Weres, Aneta, Joanna Baran, Ewelina Czenczek-Lewandowska, Justyna Leszczak, and Artur Mazur. "Impact of Birth Weight and Length on Primary Hypertension in Children." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 23 (November 22, 2019): 4649. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16234649.
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Background: A child’s birth parameters not only enable assessment of intrauterine growth but are also helpful in identifying children at risk of developmental defects or diseases occurring in adulthood. Studies show that children born with a body weight that is small for their gestational age (SGA) are at a greater risk of hypertension though the inverse relation between excessive birth weight and the risk of primary hypertension in children is discussed less frequently. Purpose: To assess the impact of both birth weight and length on hypertension occurring in children aged 3–15 years. Methods: A total of 1000 children attending randomly selected primary schools and kindergartens were examined. Ultimately, the analyses took into account n = 747 children aged 4–15; 52.6% boys and 47.4% girls. The children’s body height and weight were measured; their blood pressure was examined using the oscillometric method. Information on perinatal measurements was retrieved from the children’s personal health records. Results: Compared to the children with small for gestational age (SGA) birth weight, the children with appropriate for gestational age birth weight (AGA) (odds ratio (OR) 1.31; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.64–2.65) present greater risk for primary hypertension. Infants born with excessive body weight >4000 g irrespective of gestational age, compared to infants born with normal body weight, show increased risk of primary hypertension (OR 1.19; 95% CI 0.68–2.06). Higher risk of hypertension is observed in infants born with greater body length (OR 1.03; 95% CI 0.97–1.08). Conclusions: The problem of hypertension may also affect children with birth weight appropriate for gestational age. The prevalence of hypertension in children with AGA birth weight decreases with age. Birth length can be a potential risk factor for hypertension in children and adolescents.
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Al Nahedh, N. N. "The effect of sociodemographic variables on child-spacing in rural Saudi Arabia." Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 5, no. 1 (May 1, 1999): 136–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.26719/1999.5.1.136.
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Adequate child-spacing is considered a positive factor in the health of mothers and their children. A house-to-house survey of 332 women in Al-Oyaynah village, Saudi Arabia was carried out in April and May of 1995 to determine the existing practice of child-spacing and factors influencing it. The variables examined included age of the mother, age at marriage, education, income, parity, type of infant-feeding and birth order. The age of the mother, age at marriage and education were significantly associated with the length of the birth interval. The current age of mother and her parity were found to be the only significant predictor variables of birth interval
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Tenbrink, Emily, Mitchell Onslow, Avinash Patil, and Jordan Knight. "Uterocervical Angle Measurement Improves Prediction of Preterm Birth in Twin Gestation." American Journal of Perinatology 35, no. 07 (November 30, 2017): 648–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1608877.
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Objective Twin pregnancies are associated with an increased risk of spontaneous preterm birth. Our objective was to compare the performance of uterocervical angle to cervical length as predictors of spontaneous preterm birth in this population. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study of twin gestations at a single center from May 2008 to 2016 who received a transvaginal ultrasound for the evaluation of the cervix between 16 0/7 and 23 0/7 weeks. The primary outcome was prediction of preterm birth <28 and <32 weeks by uterocervical angle and cervical length. Results Among 259 women with twin gestation, the mean gestational age at birth was 34.83 ± 3.48 weeks. Receiver operator characteristic curves demonstrated optimal prediction of spontaneous preterm birth prior to 32 weeks at a uterocervical angle >110° (80% sensitivity, 82% specificity) [odds ratio (OR), 15.7 (95% confidence interval (CI), 7.2–34.4)] versus cervical length <20 mm (53% sensitivity, 85% specificity; p < 0.001, OR, 6.4 [95% CI, 2.3–17.8]) and similarly, prior to 28 weeks at a uterocervical angle >114° (OR, 24.3 [95% CI, 6.7–88.5]) compared with cervical length <20 mm (OR, 11.4 [95% CI, 3.5–36.7]). Conclusion Uterocervical angles >110° performed better than cervical length for the prediction of spontaneous preterm birth in twin gestations.
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Joubert, Kálmán. "Size at birth and some sociodemographic factors in gypsies in Hungary." Journal of Biosocial Science 23, no. 1 (January 1991): 39–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932000019052.
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SummaryIn 10,108 babies born to gypsy parents, birth weight, birth length and gestational age are compared with a national reference sample, taking into account maternal education, age, and birth interval. The gypsy babies tend consistently to be smaller, and this difference is attributable to the circumstances in which the gypsies live as well as the poorer maternal education. There appears to be a vicious circle—poor hygiene and living conditions adversely affect birth size, which in turn puts the child at a disadvantage in terms of survival, health and development.
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Chiu, S. N., and C. C. Yin. "The time of completion of a linear birth-growth model." Advances in Applied Probability 32, no. 3 (September 2000): 620–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1239/aap/1013540234.
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Consider the following birth-growth model in ℝ. Seeds are born randomly according to an inhomogeneous space-time Poisson process. A newly formed point immediately initiates a bi-directional coverage by sending out a growing branch. Each frontier of a branch moves at a constant speed until it meets an opposing one. New seeds continue to form on the uncovered parts on the line. We are interested in the time until a bounded interval is completely covered. The exact and limiting distributions as the length of interval tends to infinity are obtained for this completion time by considering a related Markov process. Moreover, some strong limit results are also established.
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Chiu, S. N., and C. C. Yin. "The time of completion of a linear birth-growth model." Advances in Applied Probability 32, no. 03 (September 2000): 620–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001867800010156.
Full textAbstract:
Consider the following birth-growth model in ℝ. Seeds are born randomly according to an inhomogeneous space-time Poisson process. A newly formed point immediately initiates a bi-directional coverage by sending out a growing branch. Each frontier of a branch moves at a constant speed until it meets an opposing one. New seeds continue to form on the uncovered parts on the line. We are interested in the time until a bounded interval is completely covered. The exact and limiting distributions as the length of interval tends to infinity are obtained for this completion time by considering a related Markov process. Moreover, some strong limit results are also established.
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IJzerman, Richard G., Coen D. A. Stehouwer, Mirjam M. van Weissenbruch, Eco J. de Geus, and Dorret I. Boomsma. "Intra-uterine and Genetic Influences on the Relationship Between Size at Birth and Height in Later Life: Analysis in Twins." Twin Research 4, no. 5 (October 1, 2001): 337–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/twin.4.5.337.
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AbstractEpidemiological studies have consistently shown a positive association between size at birth (i.e. birth weight or birth length) and height in children, adolescents and adults. To examine whether this association is explained by genetic or nongenetic (intra-uterine) factors, we investigated birth weight, birth length and height in 60 dizygotic and 68 monozygotic adolescent twin pairs still living with their parents. Birth weight of the twins was obtained from their mothers. Height was measured in a standardised way. The mean age was 17±1.7 years for the dizygotic twins and 16±1.8 years for the monozygotic twins. Both dizygotic and monozygotic twins with the lowest birth weight from each pair had a height that was lower compared to their co-twins with the highest birth weight (dizygotic twins: 172.2±7.9 vs. 173.8±9.4 cm [p = 0.05]; monozygotic twins: 171.1±9.4 vs. 171.8±9.5 cm [p = 0.01]). Similarly, both dizygotic and monozygotic twins with the shortest birth length from each pair had a height that was lower compared to their co-twins with the longest birth length (dizygotic twins: 172.3±7.9 vs. 174.9±9.7 cm [p < 0.05]; monozygotic twins: 168.9±10.6 vs. 169.9±10.2 cm [p < 0.01]). In addition, intra-pair differences in birth weight and birth length were significantly associated with differences in height in both dizygotic twins (regression coefficient: 4.3 cm/kg [95% confidence interval: 1.0 to 7.5] and 0.96 cm/cm [0.17 to 1.74], respectively) and monozygotic twins (2.8 cm/kg [1.4 to 4.1] and 0.73 cm/cm [0.40 to 1.06], respectively). These associations were stronger in dizygotic than in monozygotic twins, but this difference was not statistically significant (for birth weight p = 0.4; and for birth length p = 0.6). However, genetic model fitting indicated that models incorporating a genetic source of the covariance gave a better description of the observed association of birth weight and length with height in later life than models not incorporating this genetic source. The results were similar for data on adult height after 12 years of follow-up in a subgroup of these twin pairs. These data suggest that the association between size at birth and height in later life is influenced by non-genetic intra-uterine and by genetic factors.
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Trussell, James, Linda G. Martin, Robert Feldman, James A. Palmore, Mercedes Concepcion, and Datin Noor Laily Bt Dato' Abu Bakar. "Determinants of Birth-Interval Length in the Philippines, Malaysia, and Indonesia: A Hazard-Model Analysis." Demography 22, no. 2 (May 1985): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2061175.
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Brunner Huber, Larissa R., Kenesha Smith, Wei Sha, Liang Zhao, Tara Vick, and Tasha L. Gill. "A Population-Based Study of Factors Associated with Postpartum Contraceptive Use by Birth Interval Length." Southern Medical Journal 113, no. 6 (June 2020): 285–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.14423/smj.0000000000001107.
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NATH, DILIP C., KENNETH C. LAND, and GITI GOSWAMI. "EFFECTS OF THE STATUS OF WOMEN ON THE FIRST-BIRTH INTERVAL IN INDIAN URBAN SOCIETY." Journal of Biosocial Science 31, no. 1 (January 1999): 55–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932099000553.
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The status of women, which is relative and multidimensional, has an important bearing on any long-term reduction in fertility. In Indian society, where cohabitation and childbearing are socially sanctioned only after marriage, the length of the first-birth interval affects the completed family size by influencing the spacing and childbearing pattern of a family. This study examines the influence of certain aspects of the status of married women – education, employment, role in family decision making, and age at marriage – along with three socioeconomic variables – per capita income of the family, social position of the household, and the caste system – on the duration of the first-birth interval in an urban Hindu society of the north-east Indian state of Assam. The data were analysed by applying life table and hazard regression techniques. The results indicate that a female's age at marriage, education, current age, role in decision making, and the per capita income of the household are the main covariates that strongly influence the length of the first-birth interval of Hindu females of urban Assam. Of all the covariates studied, a female's education appears to be a key mediating factor, through its influence on her probability of employment outside the home and thereby an earned income and on her role in family decision making. Unlike other Indian communities, the effect of the caste system does not have a significant effect on first-birth timing in this urban Hindu society.
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Eide, M. G., D. Moster, L. M. Irgens, T. Reichborn-Kjennerud, C. Stoltenberg, R. Skjærven, E. Susser, and K. Abel. "Degree of fetal growth restriction associated with schizophrenia risk in a national cohort." Psychological Medicine 43, no. 10 (January 9, 2013): 2057–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003329171200267x.
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BackgroundAccumulating evidence suggests that fetal growth restriction may increase risk of later schizophrenia but this issue has not been addressed directly in previous studies. We examined whether the degree of fetal growth restriction was linearly related to risk of schizophrenia, and also whether maternal pre-eclampsia, associated with both placental dysfunction and poor fetal growth, was related to risk of schizophrenia.MethodA population-based cohort of single live births in the Medical Birth Registry of Norway (MBRN) between 1967 and 1982 was followed to adulthood (n = 873 612). The outcome was schizophrenia (n=2207) registered in the National Insurance Scheme (NIS). The degree of growth restriction was assessed by computing sex-specific z scores (standard deviation units) of ‘birth weight for gestational age’ and ‘birth length for gestational age’. Analyses were adjusted for potential confounders. Maternal pre-eclampsia was recorded in the Medical Birth Registry by midwives or obstetricians using strictly defined criteria.ResultsThe odds ratio (OR) for schizophrenia increased linearly with decreasing birth weight for gestational age z scores (p value for trend = 0.005). Compared with the reference group (z scores 0.01–1.00), the adjusted OR [95% confidence interval (CI)] for the lowest z-score category (< − 3.00) was 2.0 (95% CI 1.2–3.5). A similar pattern was observed for birth length for gestational age z scores. Forty-nine individuals with schizophrenia were identified among 15 622 births with pre-eclampsia. The adjusted OR for schizophrenia following maternal pre-eclampsia was 1.3 (95% CI 1.0–1.8).ConclusionsAssociations of schizophrenia risk with degree of fetal growth restriction and pre-eclampsia suggest future research into schizophrenia etiology focusing on mechanisms that influence fetal growth, including placental function.
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Simmonds, Jonathan C., Anju K. Patel, Nicholas R. Mildenhall, Nicholas S. Mader, and Andrew R. Scott. "Neonatal Macroglossia." Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 55, no. 8 (March 23, 2018): 1122–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1055665618760898.
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Objectives: To examine the birth prevalence of congenital macroglossia and identify demographic variables and comorbidities that may influence length of stay and cost of care. Study Design: Retrospective cross-sectional study using the Kids’ Inpatient Database 2003, 2006, 2009, and 2012. Methods: Demographics were analyzed. Linear regression modeling and multivariate analyses were performed. Results: The birth prevalence of congenital macroglossia was 4.63/100 000 births. Patients were classified as isolated (n = 349, 48.1%) or syndromic (n = 377, 51.9%). A higher incidence of isolated macroglossia was seen in females (odds ratio, OR [95% confidence interval, 95% CI]: 1.93 [1.45-2.56] and African Americans (2.02 [1.41-2.88]). Length of stay was higher for syndromic patients than for nonsyndromic patients (22.6 days [18.6-26.6] vs 7.93 days [5.95-9.90], as were inpatient costs ($3619USD [$27 628-$44 754] vs $10 168USD [$6272-$14 064]. After accounting for gender, race, location, and socioeconomic status, the presence of macroglossia alone increased length of stay by 4.07 days (0.42-7.72 days) in nonsyndromic patients and 12.02 days (3.63-20.4 days) in syndromic patients. The cost of care increased by $6207USD ($576-$11 838) among nonsyndromic newborns and $17 205USD ($374-34 035) among syndromic patients. Conclusion: The birth prevalence of congenital isolated macroglossia appears to vary by sex and race. Prolonged length of stay and increased costs are associated with both isolated macroglossia and syndromic macroglossia, even after controlling for other syndromic comorbidities.
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Habashy, Ahmed E., Tarek Tappozada, and Samir M. E. Sayed. "Comparison between static and dynamic cervical assessment in prediction of preterm birth." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 11, no. 11 (October 28, 2022): 2954. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20222783.
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Background: Preterm labor represents one of the most likely causes for prenatal hospitalization. Previously, the accuracy of cervical length measurement in predicting preterm birth was thoroughly examined. The current study aimed to compare static and dynamic cervical assessment in prediction and management of preterm labor.Methods: The present study was prospective comparative study and conducted on (75) pregnant female patients recruited from the antenatal clinic of El-Shatby Maternity University hospital in the period from October 2021 till August 2022. The patients included in the study were divided into three groups; the first group included (25) patients and all were subjected to static cervical assessment, the second group included (25) patients and all were subjected to dynamic cervical assessment and the last group included (25) patients and all were subjected to interval dynamic cervical assessment. All groups are almost matched in their general characteristics. All groups received tocolysis in the form of nifedipine slow-release tablets 20 mg twice daily. Conventional static and dynamic transvaginal ultrasound assessment of cervical length (CL) was done.Results: There were inverse relationships between gestational age (GA), fundal level (FL) and mean gestational age (MGA) with the latency period but there was a direct relationship between the parity and the static cervical length in all the studied groups. There was a statistically significant difference between the studied groups regarding their means of latency period in those with static cervical length >1.5-2.5 cm (most of cases in all groups). Although there was statistically significant difference between group A, B and C as regard their means of static and dynamic cervical length.Conclusions: The longer the latency period, the lengthier the cervical length. The latency period had an inverse correlation with gestational age. There was also a direct relationship among parity and cervical length. The cervical estimation using the fundal pressure method, dynamic cervical length, is more enlightening than the interval approach.
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Hagberg, Catharina, Ola Larson, and Josef Milerad. "Incidence of Cleft Lip and Palate and Risks of Additional Malformations." Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 35, no. 1 (January 1998): 40–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1597/1545-1569_1998_035_0040_ioclap_2.3.co_2.
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Objective and Methods Children with cleft lip and/or palate (n = 251) born between 1991 and 1995 in the county of Stockholm, Sweden, were studied with reference to incidence and rate ratios (RRs) of different types of clefts, gender, birth weight, mother's age, and length of pregnancy. Children who had clefts and additional malformations were compared with children who had clefts but no additional malformations. Results The incidence of clefts was 2.0/1000 live births, and it was higher among males than among females. The RR, an index of relative risk, was 1.58. The main groups, children with isolated cleft lip, children with cleft lip and palate, and children with isolated cleft palate, showed similar incidence values (0.6-0.7/1000 live births). Children with bilateral clefts had an incidence of 0.3/1000 live births. Additional malformations were found in approximately every sixth newborn with a cleft when children with Robin sequence were excluded. There was a tendency for newborns with bilateral clefts to have additional malformations (RR = 1.36; confidence interval = 0.74-2.49). Children with clefts and additional malformations had lower birth weight and were born earlier than children with clefts only. Conclusion Preterm cleft children with low birth weight should be screened for the presence of other birth defects.
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Adlakha, Arjun L., and C. M. Suchindran. "Factors affecting infant and child mortality." Journal of Biosocial Science 17, no. 4 (October 1985): 481–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932000015996.
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SummaryThis paper examines the determinants of infant and child mortality variations in four near east countries using data from WFS surveys. The analysis considers biological correlates of mortality—mother's age, birth order, birth interval, and previous infant loss—and several social factors—mother's and father's education, mother's residence, father's occupation, and mother's work experience since marriage. A multivariate analysis using a logistic regression model is carried out to obtain the net effect of each factor on mortality. Separate models are constructed for infant mortality and childhood mortality and for each country.The four countries show large variations in mortality, but this is persistently higher in female than male children. All four demographic characteristics affect mortality significantly, especially the length of the preceding birth interval. Among the socioeconomic variables, only rural–urban residence is influential.
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Afolabi, Rotimi Felix, and Martin Enock Palamuleni. "Influence of Maternal Education on Second Childbirth Interval Among Women in South Africa: Rural-Urban Differential Using Survival Analysis." SAGE Open 12, no. 1 (January 2022): 215824402210799. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21582440221079920.
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Inter-birth interval lengthening is a key component of fertility decline. Although South Africa fertility rate remains the lowest in sub-Saharan Africa, information on the effect of education on the interval between first- and second-birth across residential contexts is rarely documented. The study investigated the relationship between maternal education and second-birth interval (SbI) by residence among South African women. The study analyzed the 2016 South Africa Demographic and Health Survey data on 6,039 women aged 15 to 49 years who had reported at least one childbirth at the time of survey. Survival analysis methods were applied at 5% significance level. The SbI was significantly longer ( p < 0.001) among urban (76 months) relative to rural (66 months) women. About a fifth of rural women and about a tenth of urban women had at most a primary education. Women who had a secondary education (aHR = 0.86; 95% CI [0.76, 0.96]) were 14% times more likely to delay second-birth compared to those who had at most a primary education in rural setting. Other determinants of SbI included region in rural; age at-first-birth and household wealth in urban; ethnicity, marital status at-first-birth and employment in both residential settings. The length of SbI remains long in both residential contexts, but longer in urban. Findings demonstrated rural-urban differentials in the relationship between maternal education and second birth interval, suggesting contextual impact. Fertility strategies targeted at strengthening health education for improved maternal and child health should be residential-context specific.
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Carlsen, S. M., G. Jacobsen, and P. Romundstad. "Maternal testosterone levels during pregnancy are associated with offspring size at birth." European Journal of Endocrinology 155, no. 2 (August 2006): 365–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje.1.02200.
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Objective: Animal studies have indicated that maternal androgen levels influence the intrauterine environment and development of the offspring. Human data are missing. We therefore investigated the possible association between maternal androgens and offspring size at birth in humans. Design: A random sample of parous Caucasian women (n = 147) was followed prospectively through pregnancy. Methods: Maternal serum levels of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), androstenedione, testosterone and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) were measured at gestational weeks 17 and 33. The main outcome measures were weight and length at birth. Associations between maternal androgen levels and offspring birth weight and length were investigated using multiple linear regression modeling adjusted for potential confounding by maternal height, pre-pregnancy body mass index, smoking, parity, offspring gender and gestational age at birth. Results: Elevated maternal testosterone levels at week 17 and 33 were both associated with lower birth weights and lengths. Accordingly, at week 17, an increase in maternal testosterone levels from the 25th to the 75th percentile was associated with a decrease in birth weight by 160 g (95% confidence interval (CI); 29–290 g), while at week 33 that estimate was 115 g (95% CI; 21–207 g). No similar associations were observed for DHEAS, androstenedione or SHBG. Conclusions: Elevated maternal testosterone levels during human pregnancy are associated with growth restriction in utero. Our results support animal studies, which have indicated that maternal androgen levels influence intrauterine offspring environment and development.
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Wineberg, Howard, and James McCarthy. "Differential fertility in the United States, 1980: continuity or change?" Journal of Biosocial Science 18, no. 3 (July 1986): 311–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002193200001628x.
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SummaryThis paper considers how changes in women's socio-cultural characteristics have influenced recent patterns of differential fertility in the United States and whether the convergence of fertility differentials observed up to 1970 has continued. Analysis of data from the June 1980 United States Current Population Survey, suggests that there has been no change in differential fertility in recent years. Age at first birth, length of first birth interval, income and education were all negatively associated with fertility, among both older and younger women. When fertility expectations were examined, however, the association of the independent variables with expected completed fertility was weaker among younger women, indicating that there has been some convergence in expected completed fertility. Further narrowing of differentials in actual fertility depends on how successful the younger women are in preventing future unplanned births.
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Mostari, MP, KS Huque, MS Hasanat, and Z. Gulshan. "Productive and Reproductive Efficiency of Red Chittagong Cattle Under Farm Condition." Progressive Agriculture 18, no. 2 (March 2, 2014): 109–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v18i2.18166.
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The productive and reproductive efficiency of Red Chittagong cattle (RCC) reared at the Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute (BLRI) farm was evaluated. A total of 46 RCC of different categories were considered under this study. Parameters studied were birth weight, weight at 3, 6 months of age and adult body weight, growth rate, daily milk yield, lactation length, lactation yield, age at puberty, weight at puberty, age at first calving, post partum estrus period, service per conception, calving interval and gestation length of RCC were collected and recorded. The birth weight differed significantly (p<0.01) between male and female and the average birth weight of RCC calves at farm level was 14.87 kg. The growth rates and adult body weight also differed significantly (p<0.05 and p<0.01) between male and female except in growth rate from 3 to 6 months of age. The average daily milk yield, milk yield per lactation and lactation length of RCC were 2.24 kg, 526.81 kg and 238 days, respectively. The age at puberty, service per conception, post partum estrus period and calving interval of RCC heifers and cows were 15 months, 1.15, 40 days and 11 months, respectively. It can be concluded that the RCC is a genetically and economically superior variety of Bangladesh.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v18i2.18166 Progress. Agric. 18(2): 109 - 114, 2007
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AWANG, HALIMAH. "DETERMINANTS OF WAITING TIME TO THIRD PREGNANCY USING CENSORED LINEAR REGRESSION." Journal of Biosocial Science 35, no. 1 (December 12, 2002): 59–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932003000592.
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The intervals between pregnancies have important effects on fertility and maternal and infant health outcomes. This study uses linear regression with censored observation to assess the determinants of the waiting time to third pregnancy. The analysis is applied to data from the Second Malaysian Family Life Survey consisting of 1172 women who had their second delivery ending in a live birth. Contraceptive use, age of the woman, duration of breast-feeding, length of previous pregnancy interval and education of the woman all affect the waiting time to third pregnancy significantly.
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ODUBOTE, I. K., and J. O. AKINOKUN. "REPRODUCTIVE AND BODY WEIGHT PERFORMANCE OF THE NEW ZEALAND WHITE RABBITS IN THE HUMID TROPICS OF NIGERIA." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 18 (January 12, 2021): 61–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v18i.1965.
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Fifty two litters obtained over a period of 8 months (December 1986-July 1987) from the mating of eight bucks with twenty nine does (first mating) and twenty three does (second mating) all belonging to the New Zealand White breed of rabbits were used in this analysis. Mean gestation length, number of mating to conception, litter size at birth and parturition interval were 31.6 ± 0.2 days, 1.4 ± 0.1, 5.6 ± 0.3 pups and 79.0 ± 14.5 days respectively. Litter weight at birth, 3,6 and 8 weeks of age were 230.4 ± 9.5g, 602.1 ± 35.6g, 1247.5 ± 81.5g and 1673.0 ± 112.3g respectively. Parity significantly (P <0.05) affected the number of mating to conception and litter birth weight. Litter weight at all ages were influenced (P<.01) by corresponding litter sizes at such ages. Sire neither had any effect on litter weight at all ages nor on any of the reproductive parameters studied. Litter size at birth was negatively correlation with gestation length (-0.08), number of matings to conception (-0.27) and average birth weight (-0.42).
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Clemons, Courtney Moore, and William Flowers. "PSVII-14 Effects of birth characteristics, nursing behaviors, and supplemental milk on piglet pre-weaning growth and survival." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_3 (November 2, 2020): 213–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa054.370.
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Abstract The objectives of this study were to determine effects of birth characteristics, nursing behaviors and an oral gavage of milk replacer on pre-weaning growth and survival of piglets. Sixty-one sows were monitored during farrowing and length, timing, order and other birth characteristics were recorded for 789 piglets. Nursing behaviors and body weights were obtained on days 1, 8, 15, and 21 of lactation. Pairs of piglets (n=205) nursing the same teats were selected and one was given 1 mL milk replacer at 24 hours postpartum while the other was the control. Birth weight (p< 0.0001) and teat location nursed (p< 0.0001) were significant sources of variation for both growth and survival. Both decreased (p< 0.05) as nursing location became more posterior. Piglets nursing the first pair of teats had the highest gain (5.43 + 0.13 kg) and survival (86.2%) while those nursing the seventh pair (3.82 + 0.18 kg and 67.1%) had the lowest. The largest piglets at birth (1.88 + 0.01 kg, n=204) had better (p< 0.05) growth (5.38 + 0.10 vs. 4.09 + 1.0 kg) and survival (91.1 vs 70.5%) compared with the smallest pigs (1.08 + 0.1 kg, n=207). Milk replacer did not influence piglet growth (p=0.84) but improved survival (84.9 vs 79.3%; p=0.04). Birth order (p >0.21), farrowing length (p >0.42) and birth interval (p >0.38) did not affect growth or survival. These results indicate that teat location and birth weight have significant effects on pre-weaning growth and survival while the duration, timing and order of piglet births do not and that an oral gavage of milk has potential for improving pre-weaning survival.
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Veiga, Larissa de Lima Pessoa, Micaely Cristina dos Santos Tenório, Raphaela Costa Ferreira, Marilene Brandão Tenório, Sandra Mary Lima Vasconcelos, Nassib Bezerra Bueno, and Alane Cabral Menezes de Oliveira. "Adverse perinatal outcomes of pregnancies among adolescents vs women of advanced age in the Brazilian public health system." Revista Brasileira de Saúde Materno Infantil 19, no. 3 (September 2019): 601–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1806-93042019000300007.
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Abstract Objectives: to compare the adverse perinatal outcomes in pregnancies of adolescents and elderly women of public health network. Methods: a cross-sectional study carried out with pregnant women at the extremes of reproductive age according to the classification of the Brazilian Ministry of Health (adolescents those aged ≤19 years and those who were older than 35 years) and their newborns. Socioeconomic data (income, schooling, occupation and marital status), as well as clinical (diseases), anthropometric (maternal BMI) and perinatal (gender, weight, length, Apgar and gestational age) data were collected, and Poisson regression in hierarchical model was performed, with the results in Ratio of Prevalence (PR) and its respective Confidence Interval at 95% (95% CI). Results: when comparing adolescent and elderly women, 38.7% vs 54.6% (PR=0.71, CI=0.54-0.94, p=0.002) were observed, respectively, cesarean deliveries; 37.8% vs 25.2% (PR=0.83, CI=0.58-1.19, p=0.332) preterm births; 16.6% vs 20.5% (RP=1.07, CI=0.78-1.46, p=0.666) births of small infants for gestational age (SGA); 18.0% vs 15.3% (RP=1.01, CI=0.69-1.47, p=0.948) births of large-for-gestational-age newborns (LGA); 32.2% vs 34.7% (RP=1.08, CI=0.82-1.42, p=0.578), low birth weight infants and 28.5% vs 42.9% (RP=1.18, CI=0.91-1.54, p=0.201) with high birth length. Conclusions: When compared with adolescent women, pregnant women of advanced age presented a higher frequency of cesarean deliveries.