Academic literature on the topic 'Birth control Victoria'

Aim: To describe the process involved in obtaining ethics approval for a study aiming to recruit women from all maternity hospitals in Victoria, Australia. Design: Observational data of the application process involving 85 hospitals throughout Victoria in 2001. Results: Twenty-three of the 85 hospitals had a Human Research Ethics Committee (HREC) constituted in accordance with the National Health and Medical Council requirements; 27 agreed to accept decisions from other hospitals having HRECs and 27 relied on ethics advisory committees, hospital managers, clinical staff, quality assurance committees or lawyers for ethics decisions. Four of the latter did not approve the study. Eight hospitals no longer provided maternity services in the recruitment period. The process took 16 months, 26 000 sheets of paper, 258 copies of the application and the cost was about $30 000. Approval was eventually obtained for recruitment at 73 hospitals. Discussion: Difficulties exist in obtaining timely ethics approval for multicentre studies due to a complex uncoordinated system. All hospitals should have explicit protocols for dealing with research ethics applications so that they can be processed in a straightforward and timely manner. To facilitate this, those without properly constituted HRECs should be affiliated with one hospital that has an HREC.

AbstractThe aim of this study was to evaluate attention difficulties in a contemporary geographic cohort of adolescents born extremely preterm (EP, <28 weeks’ gestation) or extremely low birth weight (ELBW, birth weight <1000 g). The EP/ELBW group included 228 adolescents (mean age = 17.0 years) born in Victoria, Australia in 1991 and 1992. The control group were 166 adolescents (mean age = 17.4 years) born of normal birth weight (birth weight >2499 g) who were recruited in the newborn period and matched to the EP/ELBW group on date of birth, gender, language spoken and health insurance status. Participants were assessed on measures of selective, sustained, and executive (shift and divided) attention, and parents and participants completed behavioral reports. The EP/ELBW group performed more poorly across tests of selective and executive attention, had greater rates of clinically significant difficulties compared with the control group, and also had greater behavioral attention problems as reported by parents. Neonatal risk factors were weakly associated with attention outcomes. In conclusion, higher rates of attention impairments are observed in individuals born EP/ELBW well into adolescence and may have consequences for their transition to adulthood. (JINS, 2013,19, 1–12)

Objective. To determine the growth and physical outcome at 2 years of age for children born after assisted reproductive techniques in the state of Victoria. Design. Using a case-matched control study between January 1991 and July 1993, 314 children (196 singletons, 47 sets of twins, 8 sets of triplets) conceived after in vitro fertilization (IVF) and related techniques at the Monash IVF and Royal Women's Hospital Reproductive Biology Unit and 150 control children (113 singletons, 17 sets of twins, 1 set of triplets) randomly selected from the general population using the Victorian Perinatal Data Collection Unit records were enrolled to be examined for minor dysmorphic and major organ abnormalities. Singleton and twin cases were matched for plurality and gestation and date of birth. Triplets were not matched. Results. IVF status was not a significant independent factor for physical outcomes, including malformation rates, nor for days of hospitalization postdischarge and operations. There was no significant interaction between IVF status and mean percentiles for weight and head circumference. The IVF group had a greater mean length percentile. Twins in both groups had significantly poorer physical outcomes than singletons on some measures. Conclusion. This study did not demonstrate an independent IVF effect on the growth and physical outcome of children at 2 years of age when matched for plurality and gestation. The poor outcomes where noted were related to the effects of multiple births. These findings must be viewed in context of the response rates and therefore representativeness of the data. The need for longitudinal studies is demonstrated.

BackgroundPreterm birth confers risk for poor outcome, including mental health problems. Survival of extremely preterm (EP; <28 weeks' gestation) or extremely low birthweight (ELBW; <1000 g) infants increased in the 1990s but psychiatric outcomes in older adolescents born preterm since 1990 are not well documented. This study aimed to characterize mental health and personality traits in a prospective geographical cohort of adolescents born EP/ELBW in Victoria, Australia in 1991 and 1992.MethodAt age 18 years, 215 EP/ELBW and 157 normal birthweight (>2499 g) control adolescents completed the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Disorders, Axis 1 Non-Patient version (SCID-I/NP), the Children's Interview for Psychiatric Syndromes (ChIPS) attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) module, and questionnaires assessing recent depression and anxiety symptoms and personality traits.ResultsADHD prevalence was significantly elevated in EP/ELBW adolescents compared with controls [15% v. 7%; odds ratio (OR) 2.67, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.08–6.58]. Aside from ADHD, however, EP/ELBW and control adolescents reported very similar outcomes, with other lifetime diagnoses identified in 23% of EP/ELBW and 21% of controls. These were predominantly mood and anxiety disorders (21% EP/ELBW, 20% controls). The groups did not differ in recent depression or anxiety symptoms assessed using questionnaires, and personality traits were also similar.ConclusionsADHD was more prevalent in EP/ELBW adolescents than controls, which is consistent with some, but not all, reports on preterm survivors born before the 1990s, and younger preterm children born in the 1990s. The high rates of anxiety and mood disorders were similar in both groups, and comparable with population-based estimates.

Objective: To compare antiplatelet drugs as compared to antiplatelet drugs plus antithrombotic drugs in patients of antiphospholipid syndrome. Study Design: Randomized Control Trial. Setting: Bahawal Victoria Hospital Bahwalpur. Period: October 2018 to October 2019. Material & Methods: Two hundred ten were included in the study.105 patients were treated with loprin and 105 patients were treated with loprin and low molecular weight heparin (clexane). Pregnancy outcome were studied in both groups in terms of live fetal birth. Results: The mean age in group-A was 26.24. In group-B the mean age of patients was 26.50 years. 145 patients delivered full term babies while 65 patients delivered premature babies or presented with abortion.63 patients in group-A and 82 patients in group-B delivered full term babies while 42 patients in group-A and 23 patients in group-B presented with abortion or delivered premature babies with significant p values of 0.005. Conclusion: Use of loprin and clexane 40 mg subcutaneously daily in patient with recurrent pregnancy loss due to antiphospholipid syndrome resulted in high live birth rates compared to patients who took only loprin.

The use of poison baiting in Australia to control foxes is impractical in urban areas and some wildlife reserves because of hazards to non-target animals. More acceptable methods of fox control in such environments are needed. Cabergoline is a dopamine agonist that has previously been demonstrated to have an abortifacient effect in cats (Felis catus) and dogs (Canis familiaris). The prolactin-inhibiting action of cabergoline may also result in cessation of lactation. Cabergoline has been shown to be completely palatable to foxes and is easily incorporated into a non-poisonous bait. The ability of bait-delivered cabergoline to effect the birth of viable fox cubs was tested in urban Melbourne and rural Bendigo, Victoria. A sample of 51 natal dens were chosen for this study on the basis that they had been active for 3 consecutive years (1991-93). 30 treatment dens were randomly selected and each treated once during August and again during September 1994 with 8 non-poisonous Foxoff baits containing 170 micro g of cabergoline and 200 mg of tetracycline to act as a biomarker. The remaining 21 dens were used as controls. Baits were randomly placed by burial within a 50-m radius of the den. Activity of all dens was assessed until December 1994 for direct/indirect signs of fox cubs. Bait uptake was >88% overall for the treatment dens. The resulting incidence of cubs was significantly lower in the treatment dens than in the controls. The potential for cabergoline to be used in urban areas and island populations as an adjunct to conventional control methods is discussed.

Theory and practice of royal education exemplified by the Victorian Prince of Wales For Queen Victoria and Prince Albert the proper education of their eldest son, and the future king of England, was of paramount importance. Their most important advisor in this matter was Baron Stockmar, who believed in strict control of every moment in the boy’s life. The article examines available documentary sources dealing with the theory of the prince’s education as presented mainly in Queen Victoria’s, Prince Albert’s and Stockmar’s memoirs, as well as the way this theory was translated into practice by the Prince’s tutors and teachers. The main documentary sources here are the official reports and private diaries of Lady Lyttelton, Henry Birch and Frederick Gibbs. All in all, to the great disappointment of Mariusz Misztal (this makes no sense...)

Marie Stopes (1880-1958) is chiefly remembered as a birth control pioneer and sexologist, but in her twenties and thirties she carved out a highly successful career as a palaeobotanist and coal geologist. This paper outlines her early geological research on coal balls—carbonate concretions found within the Carboniferous coal seams of northern England, which preserve the remains of the peat-forming plants in beautiful anatomical detail. Stopes worked on coal balls during three intervals of her career. In the first phase (early 1903), she was Francis Oliver's postgraduate research assistant at University College London, during the critical period leading up to the ‘discovery of pteridosperms’ with D. H. Scott. Stopes's role was to hunt down key specimens in coal ball collections scattered across Britain. In the second phase (late 1904-1907), which followed a year of doctoral research in Munich, she grappled with the more broad-ranging questions of the origin of coal balls, their stratigraphic distribution, and the taphonomy and ecology of the plants they contained. This work took place while she was a Demonstrator in Botany at the Victoria University of Manchester, and was undertaken in collaboration with David Watson. Their findings transformed understanding of coal ball origins and remain influential today. In the third phase (1907-1911), she searched for coal balls in other countries and other stratigraphic intervals. She explored Japan for coal balls of Mesozoic age (1907-early 1909), and although unsuccessful in this particular endeavour, later she became one of the first geologists to locate Carboniferous coal balls in North America in 1911.

IntroductionInfants born extremely preterm (EP, <28 weeks’ gestation) or with extremely low birth weight (ELBW,<1000 g) in the era when surfactant has been available clinically are at high risk of health and developmental problems in childhood and adolescence. However, how their health and well-being may be affected in adulthood is not well known. This study aims to compare between EP/ELBW and normal birthweight (NBW) controls: (1) physical health, mental health and socioemotional functioning at 25 years of age and (2) trajectories of these outcomes from childhood to adulthood. In addition, this study aims to identify risk factors in pregnancy, infancy, childhood and adolescence for poor physical health and well-being in EP/ELBW young adults.Methods and analysisThe Victorian Infant Collaborative Study (VICS) is a prospective geographical cohort of all EP/ELBW survivors to 18 years of age born in the State of Victoria, Australia, from 1 January 1991 to 31 December 1992 (n=297) and contemporaneous term-born/NBW controls (n=262). Participants were recruited at birth and followed up at 2, 5, 8 and 18 years. This 25-year follow-up includes assessments of physical health (cardiovascular, respiratory and musculoskeletal), mental health and socioemotional functioning. Outcomes will be compared between the birth groups using linear and logistic regression, fitted using generalised estimating equations (GEEs). Trajectories of health outcomes from early childhood will be compared between the birth groups using linear mixed-effects models. Risk factors for adult outcomes will be assessed using linear and logistic regression (fitted using GEEs).Ethics and disseminationThis study was approved by the Human Research Ethics Committees of the Royal Women’s Hospital, Mercy Hospital for Women, Monash Medical Centre and the Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne. Study outcomes will be disseminated through conference presentations, peer-reviewed publications, the internet and social media.

Background In vitro fertilisation (IVF) is a common mode of conception. Understanding the long-term implications for these children is important. The aim of this study was to determine the causal effect of IVF conception on primary school-age childhood developmental and educational outcomes, compared with outcomes following spontaneous conception. Methods and findings Causal inference methods were used to analyse observational data in a way that emulates a target randomised clinical trial. The study cohort comprised statewide linked maternal and childhood administrative data. Participants included singleton infants conceived spontaneously or via IVF, born in Victoria, Australia between 2005 and 2014 and who had school-age developmental and educational outcomes assessed. The exposure examined was conception via IVF, with spontaneous conception the control condition. Two outcome measures were assessed. The first, childhood developmental vulnerability at school entry (age 4 to 6), was assessed using the Australian Early Developmental Census (AEDC) (n = 173,200) and defined as scoring <10th percentile in ≥2/5 developmental domains (physical health and wellbeing, social competence, emotional maturity, language and cognitive skills, communication skills, and general knowledge). The second, educational outcome at age 7 to 9, was assessed using National Assessment Program–Literacy and Numeracy (NAPLAN) data (n = 342,311) and defined by overall z-score across 5 domains (grammar and punctuation, reading, writing, spelling, and numeracy). Inverse probability weighting with regression adjustment was used to estimate population average causal effects. The study included 412,713 children across the 2 outcome cohorts. Linked records were available for 4,697 IVF-conceived cases and 168,503 controls for AEDC, and 8,976 cases and 333,335 controls for NAPLAN. There was no causal effect of IVF-conception on the risk of developmental vulnerability at school-entry compared with spontaneously conceived children (AEDC metrics), with an adjusted risk difference of −0.3% (95% CI −3.7% to 3.1%) and an adjusted risk ratio of 0.97 (95% CI 0.77 to 1.25). At age 7 to 9 years, there was no causal effect of IVF-conception on the NAPLAN overall z-score, with an adjusted mean difference of 0.030 (95% CI −0.018 to 0.077) between IVF- and spontaneously conceived children. The models were adjusted for sex at birth, age at assessment, language background other than English, socioeconomic status, maternal age, parity, and education. Study limitations included the use of observational data, the potential for unmeasured confounding, the presence of missing data, and the necessary restriction of the cohort to children attending school. Conclusions In this analysis, under the given causal assumptions, the school-age developmental and educational outcomes for children conceived by IVF are equivalent to those of spontaneously conceived children. These findings provide important reassurance for current and prospective parents and for clinicians.

Thesis (DPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2002.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The study describes and analyses changes in women's reproductive behaviour ID developing communities. These changes took more than hundred years to occur ID Western communities but only two to three decades in developing communities such as Taiwan and Barbados. The population of Victoria East district of the Eastern Cape province of South Afiica was chosen as a case study of these changes. Changes in the reproductive behaviour of women are described over a period of twenty-two years. The base year for the study is 1978 and data were collected up to 2001. Changes increased in particular since 1988. Statistical descriptive analyses were undertaken with regard to patterns of changes in variables such as age at the onset of births, child spacing, the mean number of births per woman, fertility regulation, and the number of children ever bom. Variations in patterns were analysed according to age cohorts, occupation and marital status. Information regarding these variables was collected from records at hospitals and clinics. Focus group interviews were held to reflect women's own descriptions and experiences regarding these variables. The research design thus combines the quantitative and qualitative approaches. The findings confirm a pattern of fertility decline that Caldwell described as the African pattern, which is different from that seen in Europe and Asia. It is characterized by a progressive delay in onset of childbearing and reductions in the mean number of childbirths that occur across all age cohorts and are associated with contraceptive accessibility. The high incidence of non-marital childbearing in the Victoria East district however sets the population studied apart from the polygamous Afiican societies on which Caldwell based the African transition. In this respect the population considered resembles the scenarios seen in Latin America, the Caribbean, Botswana and in recent years Europe. The study population shows a divergence in the patterns of marital and non-marital childbearing, with marital childbearing following the African pattem. Because of its high incidence, non-marital childbearing is dominant and the major contributor to the fertility decline that is afoot. The implications of this pattern needs much more in-depth study before comparisons with the above-mentioned communities can be made.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die studie beskryf en ontleed veranderinge in vroue se reproduktiewe gedrag in ontwikkelende gemeenskappe. Hierdie veranderinge het in Westerse gemeenskappe meer as honderd jaar geneem om plaas te vind maar slegs twee tot drie dekades in ontwikkelende gemeenskappe soos Taiwan en Barbados. Die bevolking van die landelike Victoria-Oosdistrik: in die Oos-Kaapprovinsie is gekies as 'n gevalstudie daarvan in Suid- Afrika. Veranderinge in die reproduktiewe gedrag van vroue in hierdie gemeenskap word oor 'n periode van twee-en-twintigjaar beskryf Die basisjaar van die studie is 1978 en data is ingesamel tot en met 2001. Veranderinge het veral toegeneem vanaf 1988. Statistiese-beskrywende ontleding is gedoen ten opsigte van patrone van verandering in veranderlikes soos die ouderdom by die skenk van geboorte, geboorte-spasiëring, die gemiddelde aantal geboortes per vrou, fertiliteitsregulering en die aantal kinders ooit gebore. Variasies in patrone is ook na aanleiding van huwelikstaat en beroep bepaal. Inligting aangaande hierdie veranderlikes is verky vanaf rekords wat by hospitale en klinieke gehou word. Fokusgroeponderhoude is ook onderneem waarvolgens vroue se eie beskrywings en ervarings aangaande die genoemde veranderlikes verkry is. Groepe is saamgestel volgens verskeie ouderdomskohorte en huwelikstaat. Die navorsingsmetodologie behels dus 'n kombinasie van kwantitatiewe en kwalitatiewe benaderings. Die bevindings bevestig 'n patroon van fertiliteitsafhame wat deur Caldwell as die Afrikapatroon beskryf word en afwyk van die Europese en Asiatiese patroon. Dit word gekenmerk deur 'n progressiewe vertraging in die aanvang van geboorte-skenk, afhame in die gemiddelde aantal geboortes oor al die ouderdomskohorte en word geassosieer met kontraseptiewe toegankliheid. Die hoë voorkoms van buite-egtelike geboortes in die Victoria-Oosdistrik onderskei egter die bestudeerde bevolking van die poligame Afrika gemeenskappe waarop Caldwell die Afrika-oorgangstipe gebaseer het. In hierdie opsig vertoon die bevolking eerder ooreenkomste met ontwikkelende gemeenskappe m Suid-Amerika, die Karibbiese Eilande, Botswana en die meer onlangse Europa. Die bestudeerde bevolking vertoon uiteenlopende patrone van binne-egtelike en buite-egtelike geboortes met die binneegtelike patroon meer in ooreenstemming met die Afrika-patroon. Die hoë voorkoms van buite-egtelike geboortes domineer egter die algehele patroon en kan beskou work as die hoof bydraende faktor in the afhemende fertiliteit wat waargeneem is. Die implikasies hiervan moet egter veel dieper studie ondergaan alvorens verdere vergelykings met die bogenoemde gemeenskappe gemaak kan word.

This book reconstructs a pivotal era in the history of affect and emotion, delving into an archive of nineteenth-century disgust to show how this negative emotional response came to play an outsized, volatile part in the emergence of modern British society. Attending to the emotion's socially productive role, the book highlights concrete scenes of Victorian disgust, from sewer tunnels and courtrooms to operating tables and alleyways. The book focuses on a diverse set of nineteenth-century writers and thinkers whose works reflect on the shifting, unstable meaning of disgust across the period. It elaborates this cultural history of Victorian disgust in specific domains of British society, ranging from the construction of London's sewer system, the birth of modern obscenity law, and the development of the conventions of literary realism to the emergence of urban sociology, the rise of new scientific theories of instinct, and the techniques of colonial administration developed during the Indian Rebellion of 1857. By bringing to light disgust's role as a public passion, the book reveals significant new connections among these apparently disconnected forms of social control, knowledge production, and infrastructural development.

Strategic communication has become a widespread, interdisciplinary term in society over the last few decades and is a process of targeted and networked communication. Strategic communication involves a communication concept that includes the analysis, planning, organisation, implementation and control of internal and external communication of companies and organisations, with the aim of ensuring stringent and coordinated communication with their target groups. The contributions to this volume illuminate strategic communication from a comprehensive research perspective. They confirm the relevance and significance as well as the diversity of strategic communication in business, politics and the military and show that, despite their different perspectives, aspects and fields of activity, there are fundamental similarities in their uses of strategic communication. With contributions by Marco Althaus, Michael Bauer, Franz Beitzinger, Marcel Bernet, Heiko Biehl, Georg Därendinger, Florian Demont-Biaggi, Nadine Eggimann, Birte Fähnrich, Peter Filzmaier, Barbara Günthard-Maier, Gunther Hauser, Michael Holenweger, Thomas Jauch, Gerhard Kümmel, Phil C. Langer, Anne Linke, Ulrich Lissek, Regula Marti, Christoph Mörgeli, Markus Niederhäuser, Nicole Rosenberger, Victor Schmid, Jens Seiffert-Brockmann, Christopher Storck, Jodok Troy, Arne Westermann, Michael Willi, Ansgar Zerfass, Natascha Zowislo-Grünewald

THERE HAS BEEN a concerted effort in recent years to reassess the accounts of demise and defeat that figure so prominently in the history of interwar feminism. The tendency to characterise reform efforts in these years as conservative, compared with the insurgency of the pre-war suffrage campaign, has obscured the breadth of feminist activism and the attempts to politicise the domestic sphere in the aftermath of war and suffrage. The Representation of the People Bill in 1918 granted the vote to women over thirty (those who met the property requirement). It was regarded as a major victory by the women’s movement and provided further impetus to advocate for equality of rights and opportunities. It took another ten years of campaigning before women were granted the right to vote on the same terms as men, and in the process groups worked tirelessly for the emancipation of women on a variety of fronts – from birth control, family allowances, guardianship rights, equal pay, and abolition of the marriage bar, to an equal role for women in the League of Nations. Rather than deactivating feminism, the war generated new problems and complicated old ones. At the national level, demobilisation intensified competition between women and men in the workforce in the 1920s, leading to major public policy debates around labour-related and family welfare issues. At the same time, postwar political diplomacy fuelled the involvement of feminists in international campaigns to intervene in conflicts and to promote world peace. As the following chapters reveal, these causes drew support from existing and new constituencies of participants. In a landscape of radically changing social and economic conditions, feminists embraced political opportunities in the face of challenges and opposition....