Journal articles on the topic 'Birth control Australia'
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1
Yusuf, Farhat, and Dora Briggs. "Trends in legalized abortion in South Australia: 1970–81." Journal of Biosocial Science 17, no. 2 (April 1985): 215–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932000015674.
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SummaryOfficial abortion statistics for South Australia for the years 1977–81 were examined and compared with those for 1970–76 reported earlier. The period 1970–81 represents the first 12 years' experience of legalized abortion in South Australia. A consistent increase in the incidence of abortion was noted, both in absolute numbers and in proportion to the number of live births. South Australia continued to experience lower fertility than other Australian states, although this would have been higher than in other states had it not been for the legalization of abortion. More of the younger and the unmarried women were obtaining abortions, indicating that they were increasingly using abortion as a form of birth control.
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Moore, Nicole. "Treasonous Sex: Birth Control Obscenity Censorship and White Australia*." Australian Feminist Studies 20, no. 48 (November 2005): 319–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08164640500280258.
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Nicholls, Wendy, Craig Harper, and Suzanne Robinson. "Data Linkage: Cleft Live-Birth Prevalence and Hospitalizations in Western Australia: 1980 to 2016." Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 57, no. 10 (July 29, 2020): 1155–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1055665620943423.
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Objective: To provide information on live-birth prevalence and hospitalizations, including anxiety and depression, for cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P) in Western Australia (WA), using live-birth data 1980 to 2015. Design: Retrospective data linkage. Setting: Tertiary hospital. Patients: Cleft cohort consisted of people live-born with CL/P in WA between 1980 and 2015, and a gender and age-matched control group. Measures: Live-birth prevalence for CL/P by year. Hospital event counts, event ages, and length of stay (LOS) days by 18 diagnosis groups and 4 birth year categories between the cleft cohort and control group, and between cleft types. Count of events per alive persons per calendar year, and relative risk for proportions of persons in the cleft cohort and control group by diagnosis group. Results: Live-birth prevalence for CL/P was 19.7 per 10 000 (1 in 522). The cleft cohort had significantly higher event counts, lower event ages, and higher LOS days than the control group. Cleft lip and palate had significantly higher event counts, lower event ages, and higher LOS days than cleft lip or cleft palate only. There were 2 significant differences for anxiety or depression between the cleft cohort and control group, lower event ages, and higher LOS days in 1990s birth year category. Conclusions: This study provides a cleft data reference for WA. Live-birth prevalence for all clefts and by cleft type offers an appropriate method for estimating service utilization and provision. Patients with cleft accessed hospital services more frequently, at an earlier age, with higher LOS days than the control group.
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Farquhar, Cynthia M., Zhuoyang Li, Sarah Lensen, Claire McLintock, Wendy Pollock, Michael J. Peek, David Ellwood, et al. "Incidence, risk factors and perinatal outcomes for placenta accreta in Australia and New Zealand: a case–control study." BMJ Open 7, no. 10 (October 2017): e017713. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-017713.
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ObjectiveEstimate the incidence of placenta accreta and describe risk factors, clinical practice and perinatal outcomes.DesignCase–control study.SettingSites in Australia and New Zealand with at least 50 births per year.ParticipantsCases were women giving birth (≥20 weeks or fetus ≥400 g) who were diagnosed with placenta accreta by antenatal imaging, at operation or by pathology specimens between 2010 and 2012. Controls were two births immediately prior to a case. A total of 295 cases were included and 570 controls.MethodsData were collected using the Australasian Maternity Outcomes Surveillance System.Primary and secondary outcome measuresIncidence, risk factors (eg, prior caesarean section (CS), maternal age) and clinical outcomes of placenta accreta (eg CS, hysterectomy and death).ResultsThe incidence of placenta accreta was 44.2/100 000 women giving birth (95% CI 39.4 to 49.5); however, this may overestimated due to the case definition used. In primiparous women, an increased odds of placenta accreta was observed in older women (adjusted OR (AOR) women≥40 vs <30: 19.1, 95% CI 4.6 to 80.3) and current multiple birth (AOR: 6.1, 95% CI 1.1 to 34.1). In multiparous women, independent risk factors were prior CS (AOR ≥2 prior sections vs 0: 13.8, 95% CI 7.4 to 26.1) and current placenta praevia (AOR: 36.3, 95% CI 14.0 to 93.7). There were two maternal deaths (case fatality rate 0.7%).Women with placenta accreta were more likely to have a caesarean section (AOR: 4.6, 95% CI 2.7 to 7.6) to be admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU)/high dependency unit (AOR: 46.1, 95% CI 22.3 to 95.4) and to have a hysterectomy (AOR: 209.0, 95% CI 19.9 to 875.0). Babies born to women with placenta accreta were more likely to be preterm, be admitted to neonatal ICU and require resuscitation.
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Tessema, Gizachew A., M. Luke Marinovich, Siri E. Håberg, Mika Gissler, Jonathan A. Mayo, Natasha Nassar, Stephen Ball, et al. "Interpregnancy intervals and adverse birth outcomes in high-income countries: An international cohort study." PLOS ONE 16, no. 7 (July 19, 2021): e0255000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255000.
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Background Most evidence for interpregnancy interval (IPI) and adverse birth outcomes come from studies that are prone to incomplete control for confounders that vary between women. Comparing pregnancies to the same women can address this issue. Methods We conducted an international longitudinal cohort study of 5,521,211 births to 3,849,193 women from Australia (1980–2016), Finland (1987–2017), Norway (1980–2016) and the United States (California) (1991–2012). IPI was calculated based on the time difference between two dates—the date of birth of the first pregnancy and the date of conception of the next (index) pregnancy. We estimated associations between IPI and preterm birth (PTB), spontaneous PTB, and small-for-gestational age births (SGA) using logistic regression (between-women analyses). We also used conditional logistic regression comparing IPIs and birth outcomes in the same women (within-women analyses). Random effects meta-analysis was used to calculate pooled adjusted odds ratios (aOR). Results Compared to an IPI of 18–23 months, there was insufficient evidence for an association between IPI <6 months and overall PTB (aOR 1.08, 95% CI 0.99–1.18) and SGA (aOR 0.99, 95% CI 0.81–1.19), but increased odds of spontaneous PTB (aOR 1.38, 95% CI 1.21–1.57) in the within-women analysis. We observed elevated odds of all birth outcomes associated with IPI ≥60 months. In comparison, between-women analyses showed elevated odds of adverse birth outcomes for <12 month and >24 month IPIs. Conclusions We found consistently elevated odds of adverse birth outcomes following long IPIs. IPI shorter than 6 months were associated with elevated risk of spontaneous PTB, but there was insufficient evidence for increased risk of other adverse birth outcomes. Current recommendations of waiting at least 24 months to conceive after a previous pregnancy, may be unnecessarily long in high-income countries.
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Hynes, Emily F., Chris D. Nave, Geoff Shaw, and Marilyn B. Renfree. "Effects of levonorgestrel on ovulation and oestrous behaviour in the female tammar wallaby." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 19, no. 2 (2007): 335. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd06063.
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Subcutaneous hormone implants are a useful method for managing overabundant marsupials in restricted enclosures in Australia. Levonorgestrel induces long-term infertility in the kangaroo, tammar wallaby and koala, although the contraceptive mechanism of levonorgestrel is unknown for any marsupial. In the present study, it was investigated if insertion of a single levonorgestrel or control implant at the time of reactivation of the diapausing blastocyst affected the subsequent post-partum oestrus or the preceding follicular development. Twenty levonorgestrel-treated and 16 control animals were autopsied the day before birth and the accompanying post-partum oestrus (Day 25), and 10 levonorgestrel-treated and five of the nine control animals were autopsied 3–4 days (Days 29–30) after the expected birth and oestrus. Peripartum behaviour was observed and birth and mating times were recorded. Levonorgestrel treatment did not prevent follicular growth because there was no significant difference between treatment and control animals in the size of the dominant follicle at Day 25. None of the levonorgestrel-treated females autopsied at Days 29–30 had ovulated (n = 10), in contrast to controls, where four of the five that were autopsied had ovulated. Mating occurred in eight of nine control animals but in only three of 10 levonorgestrel-treated females. Males showed a more sustained period of interest in the three that were mated than in the controls, and mating took place significantly later after birth (36 v. 10 h; P = 0.038). Follicular growth and development was not blocked in any female but only one-third of the animals mated and none ovulated after levonorgestrel treatment. These results suggest that levonorgestrel inhibits the preovulatory surge of luteinising hormone.
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McEwan, Iain J. "Eve's curse: and the birth of the contraceptive pill." Biochemist 31, no. 2 (April 1, 2009): 16–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bio03102016.
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2010 sees the 50th anniversary of the introduction of the oral contraceptive pill in 1960. This development was made possible by the synthesis of the first orally active progestin some 9 years earlier. The contraceptive pill is the most popular means of family planning in developed countries, and arguably the most effective. It is the most common method of contraception in the USA (18%), Canada (14%), Australia (27%), New Zealand (20%) and most European countries, including the UK (26%)1. Reproductive health and success have in the past and continue today to be important contributors to our survival as a species. However, even from ancient times, there have been attempts to limit the effect of Eve's curse by reducing the number of children and spacing of successive pregnancies. However, it was only with advances in both scientific knowledge and understanding, together with social reforms, that information about birth control and the means to control fertility became widely available in the last century.
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Flanagan, Daniel E., Vivienne M. Moore, Ian F. Godsland, Richard A. Cockington, Jeffrey S. Robinson, and David I. W. Phillips. "Fetal growth and the physiological control of glucose tolerance in adults: a minimal model analysis." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 278, no. 4 (April 1, 2000): E700—E706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.2000.278.4.e700.
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Although there is now substantial evidence linking low birthweight with impaired glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes in adult life, the extent to which reduced fetal growth is associated with impaired insulin sensitivity, defective insulin secretion, or a combination of both factors is not clear. We have therefore examined the relationships between birth size and both insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion as assessed by an intravenous glucose tolerance test with minimal model analysis in 163 men and women, aged 20 yr, born at term in Adelaide, South Australia. Birth size did not correlate with body mass index or fat distribution in men or women. Men who were lighter or shorter as babies were less insulin sensitive ( P = 0.03 and P = 0.01, respectively), independently of their body mass index or body fat distribution. They also had higher insulin secretion ( P = 0.007 and P = 0.006) and increased glucose effectiveness ( P = 0.003 and P = 0.003). Overall glucose tolerance, however, did not correlate with birth size, suggesting that the reduced insulin sensitivity was being compensated for by an increase in insulin secretion and insulin-independent glucose disposal. There were no relationships between birth size and insulin sensitivity or insulin secretion in women. These results show that small size at birth is associated with increased insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia in young adult life but that these relationships are restricted to the male gender in this age group.
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Mulcahy, Brendan, Daniel L. Rolnik, Alexia Matheson, Yizhen Liu, Kirsten R. Palmer, Ben W. Mol, and Atul Malhotra. "Preterm Infant Outcomes Following COVID-19 Lockdowns in Melbourne, Australia." Children 8, no. 12 (December 10, 2021): 1169. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children8121169.
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Background Community lockdowns during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic may influence preterm birth rates, but mechanisms are unclear. Methods We compared neonatal outcomes of preterm infants born to mothers exposed to community lockdowns in 2020 (exposed group) to those born in 2019 (control group). Main outcome studied was composite of significant neonatal morbidity or death. Results Median gestational age was 35 + 4 weeks (295 infants, exposed group) vs. 35 + 0 weeks (347 infants, control group) (p = 0.108). The main outcome occurred in 36/295 (12.2%) infants in exposed group vs. 46/347 (13.3%) in control group (p = 0.69). Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) use, jaundice requiring phototherapy, hypoglycaemia requiring treatment, early neonatal white cell and neutrophil counts were significantly reduced in the exposed group. Conclusions COVID-19 community lockdowns did not alter composite neonatal outcomes in preterm infants, but reduced rates of some common outcomes as well as early neonatal inflammatory markers.
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Wilson-Ching, Michelle, Carly S. Molloy, Vicki A. Anderson, Alice Burnett, Gehan Roberts, Jeanie L. Y. Cheong, Lex W. Doyle, and Peter J. Anderson. "Attention Difficulties in a Contemporary Geographic Cohort of Adolescents Born Extremely Preterm/Extremely Low Birth Weight." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 19, no. 10 (September 19, 2013): 1097–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617713001057.
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AbstractThe aim of this study was to evaluate attention difficulties in a contemporary geographic cohort of adolescents born extremely preterm (EP, <28 weeks’ gestation) or extremely low birth weight (ELBW, birth weight <1000 g). The EP/ELBW group included 228 adolescents (mean age = 17.0 years) born in Victoria, Australia in 1991 and 1992. The control group were 166 adolescents (mean age = 17.4 years) born of normal birth weight (birth weight >2499 g) who were recruited in the newborn period and matched to the EP/ELBW group on date of birth, gender, language spoken and health insurance status. Participants were assessed on measures of selective, sustained, and executive (shift and divided) attention, and parents and participants completed behavioral reports. The EP/ELBW group performed more poorly across tests of selective and executive attention, had greater rates of clinically significant difficulties compared with the control group, and also had greater behavioral attention problems as reported by parents. Neonatal risk factors were weakly associated with attention outcomes. In conclusion, higher rates of attention impairments are observed in individuals born EP/ELBW well into adolescence and may have consequences for their transition to adulthood. (JINS, 2013,19, 1–12)
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Bower, Carol, Fiona J. Stanley, and Jeff T. Spickett. "Maternal Hair Zinc and Neural Tube Defects: No Evidence of an Association from a Case-Control Study in Western Australia." Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health 6, no. 3 (July 1992): 156–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/101053959200600308.
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In a case-control study of isolated neural tube defects in Western Australia, zinc was estimated by flame spectrophotometry in post-partum hair specimens from 54 mothers of infants with neural tube defects, and from 128 mothers of normal infants. The distribution of the estimates of zinc was divided into quartiles. Using the lowest quartile as the reference group, the crude odds ratios (and their 95% confidence intervals) for quartiles two through four were 1.07 (0.44, 2.59), 1.02 (0.41, 2.56), and 0.70 (0.28, 1.73). Adjustment for several potential confounding variables (parental country of birth, social class, previous pregnancy outcome, interval between previous and index pregnancy, pregnancy order, and interval from birth to interview) made little difference to the odds ratios. This study provides no evidence of an association between post-partum, maternal hair zinc and of fspring with neural tube defects.
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Vaneckova, Pavla, Stephen Wade, Marianne Weber, John M. Murray, Paul Grogan, Michael Caruana, Emily Banks, and Karen Canfell. "Birth-cohort estimates of smoking initiation and prevalence in 20th century Australia: Synthesis of data from 33 surveys and 385,810 participants." PLOS ONE 16, no. 5 (May 21, 2021): e0250824. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250824.
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The aim of our study was to quantify sex-specific patterns of smoking prevalence and initiation in 10-year birth cohorts from 1910 to 1989 in Australia. We combined individual data of 385,810 participants from 33 cross-sectional surveys conducted between 1962 and 2018. We found that age-specific smoking prevalence varied considerably between men and women within birth cohorts born before 1960. The largest difference was observed in the earliest cohort (1910–1919), with up to 37.7% point greater proportion of current smokers in men than in women. In subsequent cohorts, the proportion decreased among men, but increased among women, until there was no more than 7.4% point difference in the 1960–69 birth cohort. In the 1970–79 and 1980–89 cohorts, smoking among men marginally increased, but the proportion was at most ~11.0% points higher than women. Our analysis of initiation indicated that many women born before the 1930s who smoked commenced smoking after age 25 years (e.g., ~27% born in 1910–19); compared to at most 8% of men in any birth cohort. The earliest birth cohort (1910–1919) had the greatest difference in age at initiation between sexes; 26.6 years in women versus 19.0 in men. In later cohorts, male and female smokers initiated increasingly earlier, converging in the 1960–69 cohort (17.6 and 17.8 years, respectively). While 22.9% of men and 8.4% of women initiated smoking aged < = 15 in the 1910–1919 cohort, in the latest cohort (1980–89) the reverse was true (21.4% and 28.8% for men and women, respectively). Marked differences in smoking prevalence and age at initiation existed between birth cohorts of Australian men and women born before 1960; after this, sex-specific trends in prevalence and initiation were similar. Understanding these patterns may inform the evaluation of tobacco control policies and the targeting of potential interventions for exposed populations such as lung cancer screening.
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Benier, Kathryn, and Rebecca Wickes. "The effect of ethnic diversity on collective efficacy in Australia." Journal of Sociology 52, no. 4 (July 10, 2016): 856–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1440783315599595.
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Ethnic diversity is portrayed in the literature as a threat to a community’s ability to regulate the behaviour of its members. While there is no shortage of studies examining the effects of ethnic diversity on the social processes important for crime control, findings are inconclusive across national contexts. Further, definitional issues associated with ‘ethnicity’ make cross-cultural comparisons difficult. Using Australian Community Capacity Study survey data from 4091 respondents in 147 Brisbane suburbs, combined with census and police incident data, multivariate regression techniques are utilised to determine the extent to which ethnic diversity influences collective efficacy once we control for other known correlates; and which aspect of diversity ‘matters most’ to levels of collective efficacy. Specifically, we consider the relationship between the diversity or concentration of language, religion and country of birth and collective efficacy. Results indicate that the presence of language diversity and indigeneity in the community are most detrimental to collective efficacy.
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Mayberry, Chris, Shane K. Maloney, Peter Mawson, and Roberta Bencini. "Seasonal anoestrus in western grey kangaroos (Macropus fuliginosus ocydromus) in south-western Australia." Australian Mammalogy 32, no. 2 (2010): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am09029.
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Public opposition to culling has generated interest in wildlife management through fertility control. Temporary, non-invasive methods of fertility control, such as by xenobiotics, can be best employed with an understanding of the target species’ breeding cycle. We used head length to calculate the conception date of 136 pouch-young of western grey kangaroos (Macropus fuliginosus ocydromus) from four sites around Perth, Western Australia, between May 2006 and October 2008: Thomsons Lake Nature Reserve (n = 80), Harry Waring Marsupial Reserve (n = 11), Melville Glades Golf Club (n = 29), and Marangaroo Golf Course (n = 16). In total, 78% of all pouch-young were conceived in the months of December–February, 11% in November, 6% in March, and less than 2% in each of October, April and May. We examined the ovaries of 134 females culled from Thomsons Lake Nature Reserve during the months of May–July 2006. Only seven ovaries had a follicle of at least 5 mm and none had an active corpus luteum. These data indicate that the breeding activity M. f. ocydromus is restricted almost exclusively to the months of November–February. A practical application of this finding is that temporary fertility controls applied early in October will provide a full year of birth control if they remain active for seven months.
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ODDY, Wendy H., Nicholas H. DE KLERK, Margaret MILLER, Jan PAYNE, and Carol BOWER. "Association of maternal pre-pregnancy weight with birth defects: Evidence from a case-control study in Western Australia." Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 49, no. 1 (February 2009): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1479-828x.2008.00934.x.
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Burton, Alice E., and Sujatha Thomas. "Sexually transmitted infections and preterm birth among Indigenous women of the Northern Territory, Australia: A case-control study." Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 59, no. 1 (July 29, 2018): 147–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ajo.12850.
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Estcourt, Marie J., Julie A. Marsh, Dianne E. Campbell, Michael S. Gold, Katrina J. Allen, Peter Richmond, Claire S. Waddington, and Thomas L. Snelling. "Protocol for Pertussis Immunisation and Food Allergy (PIFA): a case–control study of the association between pertussis vaccination in infancy and the risk of IgE-mediated food allergy among Australian children." BMJ Open 8, no. 1 (January 2018): e020232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-020232.
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IntroductionAtopic diseases, including food allergy, have become a predominant cause of chronic illness among children in developed countries. In Australia, a rise in hospitalisations among infants coded as anaphylaxis to foods coincided with the replacement of whole-cell pertussis (wP) vaccine with subunit acellular pertussis (aP) vaccine on the national immunisation schedule in the late 1990s. Atopy is characterised by a tendency to mount T helper type 2 (Th2) responses to otherwise innocuous environmental antigens. Compared with infants who receive aP as their first pertussis vaccine, those who receive wP appear less likely to mount Th2 immune responses to either vaccine or extraneous antigens. We therefore speculate that removal of wP from the vaccine schedule contributed to the observed rise in IgE-mediated food allergy among Australian infants.Methods and analysisThis is a retrospective individually matched case–control study among a cohort of Australian children born from 1997 to 1999, the period of transition from wP to aP vaccines; we include in the cohort children listed on Australia’s comprehensive population-based immunisation register as having received a first dose of either pertussis vaccine by 16 weeks old. 500 cohort children diagnosed as having IgE-mediated food allergy at specialist allergy clinics will be included as cases. Controls matched to each case by date and jurisdiction of birth and regional socioeconomic index will be sampled from the immunisation register. Conditional logistic regression will be used to estimate OR (±95% CI) of receipt of wP (vs aP) as the first vaccine dose among cases compared with controls.Ethics and disseminationThe study is approved by all relevant human research ethics committees: Western Australia Child and Adolescent Health Services (2015052EP), Women’s and Children’s Hospital (HREC/15/WCHN/162), Royal Children’s Hospital (35230A) and Sydney Children’s Hospital Network (HREC/15/SCHN/405). Outcomes will be disseminated through publication and scientific presentation.Trial registration numberNCT02490007.
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Middleton, Bianca F., Margie Danchin, Helen Quinn, Anna P. Ralph, Nevada Pingault, Mark Jones, Marie Estcourt, and Tom Snelling. "Retrospective Case-Control Study of 2017 G2P[4] Rotavirus Epidemic in Rural and Remote Australia." Pathogens 9, no. 10 (September 26, 2020): 790. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9100790.
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Background: A widespread G2P[4] rotavirus epidemic in rural and remote Australia provided an opportunity to evaluate the performance of Rotarix and RotaTeq rotavirus vaccines, ten years after their incorporation into Australia’s National Immunisation Program. Methods: We conducted a retrospective case-control analysis. Vaccine-eligible children with laboratory-confirmed rotavirus infection were identified from jurisdictional notifiable infectious disease databases and individually matched to controls from the national immunisation register, based on date of birth, Aboriginal status and location of residence. Results: 171 cases met the inclusion criteria; most were Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander (80%) and the median age was 19 months. Of these cases, 65% and 25% were fully or partially vaccinated, compared to 71% and 21% of controls. Evidence that cases were less likely than controls to have received a rotavirus vaccine dose was weak, OR 0.79 (95% CI, 0.46–1.34). On pre-specified subgroup analysis, there was some evidence of protection among children <12 months (OR 0.48 [95% CI, 0.22–1.02]), and among fully vs. partially vaccinated children (OR 0.65 [95% CI, 0.42–1.01]). Conclusion: Despite the known effectiveness of rotavirus vaccination, a protective effect of either rotavirus vaccine during a G2P[4] outbreak in these settings among predominantly Aboriginal children was weak, highlighting the ongoing need for a more effective rotavirus vaccine and public health strategies to better protect Aboriginal children.
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Watson, Lyndsey F., Jo-Anne Rayner, and Judith M. Lumley. "Hospital ethics approval for a population-based case–control study of very preterm birth." Australian Health Review 31, no. 4 (2007): 514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah070514.
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Aim: To describe the process involved in obtaining ethics approval for a study aiming to recruit women from all maternity hospitals in Victoria, Australia. Design: Observational data of the application process involving 85 hospitals throughout Victoria in 2001. Results: Twenty-three of the 85 hospitals had a Human Research Ethics Committee (HREC) constituted in accordance with the National Health and Medical Council requirements; 27 agreed to accept decisions from other hospitals having HRECs and 27 relied on ethics advisory committees, hospital managers, clinical staff, quality assurance committees or lawyers for ethics decisions. Four of the latter did not approve the study. Eight hospitals no longer provided maternity services in the recruitment period. The process took 16 months, 26 000 sheets of paper, 258 copies of the application and the cost was about $30 000. Approval was eventually obtained for recruitment at 73 hospitals. Discussion: Difficulties exist in obtaining timely ethics approval for multicentre studies due to a complex uncoordinated system. All hospitals should have explicit protocols for dealing with research ethics applications so that they can be processed in a straightforward and timely manner. To facilitate this, those without properly constituted HRECs should be affiliated with one hospital that has an HREC.
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Burnett, A., C. G. Davey, S. J. Wood, M. Wilson-Ching, C. Molloy, J. L. Y. Cheong, L. W. Doyle, and P. J. Anderson. "Extremely preterm birth and adolescent mental health in a geographical cohort born in the 1990s." Psychological Medicine 44, no. 7 (August 28, 2013): 1533–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291713002158.
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BackgroundPreterm birth confers risk for poor outcome, including mental health problems. Survival of extremely preterm (EP; <28 weeks' gestation) or extremely low birthweight (ELBW; <1000 g) infants increased in the 1990s but psychiatric outcomes in older adolescents born preterm since 1990 are not well documented. This study aimed to characterize mental health and personality traits in a prospective geographical cohort of adolescents born EP/ELBW in Victoria, Australia in 1991 and 1992.MethodAt age 18 years, 215 EP/ELBW and 157 normal birthweight (>2499 g) control adolescents completed the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Disorders, Axis 1 Non-Patient version (SCID-I/NP), the Children's Interview for Psychiatric Syndromes (ChIPS) attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) module, and questionnaires assessing recent depression and anxiety symptoms and personality traits.ResultsADHD prevalence was significantly elevated in EP/ELBW adolescents compared with controls [15% v. 7%; odds ratio (OR) 2.67, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.08–6.58]. Aside from ADHD, however, EP/ELBW and control adolescents reported very similar outcomes, with other lifetime diagnoses identified in 23% of EP/ELBW and 21% of controls. These were predominantly mood and anxiety disorders (21% EP/ELBW, 20% controls). The groups did not differ in recent depression or anxiety symptoms assessed using questionnaires, and personality traits were also similar.ConclusionsADHD was more prevalent in EP/ELBW adolescents than controls, which is consistent with some, but not all, reports on preterm survivors born before the 1990s, and younger preterm children born in the 1990s. The high rates of anxiety and mood disorders were similar in both groups, and comparable with population-based estimates.
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Grulich, Andrew E., Claire Vajdic, John M. Kaldor, Anne-Maree Hughes, Anne Kricker, Lin Fritschi, Jennifer J. Turner, Sam Milliken, Geza Benke, and Bruce K. Armstrong. "Birth Order, Atopy, and Risk of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma." Blood 104, no. 11 (November 16, 2004): 1368. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v104.11.1368.1368.
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Abstract People with congenital or acquired immune deficiency have rates of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) that are raised 50 fold or more above population rates, but it is unknown whether risk of NHL is associated with other forms of immune dysregulation. We performed a population based case-control study of risk factors for NHL in adults aged 20–74 years in New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory, Australia. We investigated the association of NHL risk with atopy, which is associated with a Th2 dominant immune response. In addition, we investigated the association of NHL with birth order and childhood crowding, which are known to predict atopy. Cases with NHL were selected from a cancer register (n=704), and controls (n=694) were randomly selected from state electoral rolls and frequency-matched to cases by age, sex and area. Cases with clinically apparent immune deficiency were excluded. Birth order, childhood crowding and history of atopic conditions (hayfever, asthma, eczema, and specific allergies) were assessed by questionnaire and by interview. Logistic regression models of NHL risk included the three matching variables as covariates. Being an only child or first born child of a larger family was strongly inversely associated with risk of NHL. Compared to a fourth or later born child, the odds ratios (OR) for development of NHL were 0.52 (95% CI 0.32–0.84) for an only child, 0.55 (95% CI 0.40–0.75) for a first-born child, and 0.70 (95% CI 0.51–0.96) and 0.81 (95 % CI 0.57–1.14) respectively for second and third born children (p trend < 0.0001). Indicators of crowding in later childhood, such as ever sharing a bed or bedroom, and number of years of sharing, were not associated with NHL risk. Diagnosis of atopic conditions was also inversely associated with NHL risk. Self-reported histories of hayfever, asthma, eczema and food allergies were each associated with reduced NHL risk; this reduction was significant for hayfever (OR 0.65, 95% CI 0.52–0.82) and food allergies (OR 0.29, 95% CI 0.20–0.42), but not significant for asthma (OR 0.88, 95% CI 0.67–1.17) and eczema (OR 0.79, 95% CI 0.57–1.10). In summary, being an only or other first born child and reporting a history of atopic conditions were associated with reduced NHL risk. Taken together, these data suggest a hypothesis that late exposure to infections in early life and atopic conditions, both of which are associated with a predominant Th2 response, are associated with a reduced risk of NHL.
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Carey, Jane. "The Racial Imperatives of Sex: birth control and eugenics in Britain, the United States and Australia in the interwar years." Women's History Review 21, no. 5 (November 2012): 733–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09612025.2012.658180.
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Bower, Carol, and Fiona J. Stanley. "Dietary folate and nonneural midline birth defects: No evidence of an association from a case-control study in western australia." American Journal of Medical Genetics 44, no. 5 (November 15, 1992): 647–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.1320440524.
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Nandakumar, A., Bruce K. Armstrong, and Nicholas H. de Klerk. "Multiple myeloma in Western Australia: A case-control study in relation to occupation, father's occupation, socioeconomic status and country of birth." International Journal of Cancer 37, no. 2 (February 15, 1986): 223–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijc.2910370209.
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YUSUF, FARHAT, and STEFANIA SIEDLECKY. "PATTERNS OF CONTRACEPTIVE USE IN AUSTRALIA: ANALYSIS OF THE 2001 NATIONAL HEALTH SURVEY." Journal of Biosocial Science 39, no. 5 (November 23, 2006): 735–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932006001738.
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SummaryThe purpose of this paper is to review the patterns of contraceptive use in Australia, using data from a nationally representative sample of 5872 women aged 18 to 49. This survey was conducted by the Australian Bureau of Statistics in 2001 as part of the National Health Survey. Results of the analysis indicate that the oral contraceptive pill and condom were the two most frequently used methods. More than 76% of the respondents reported having ever used the pill. Over 23% of women were currently using condoms; of these 80% of the condom users used them for contraception – this included 36% who used condoms for both protection against infection and for contraception – and the remainder used them only for protection. Withdrawal was the third most popular non-surgical method up to age 40. Few women used IUDs, injections or diaphragms. Just over 3% of the respondents were using natural methods with the highest rate reported among those in their 30s. The ‘morning-after pill’ was reported mostly by women aged 18–24; however, there was no evidence to suggest that it was being used as a primary method of birth control. Contraceptive use declined in older women who turned to sterilization for themselves and/or their partners. Use of the contraceptive pill was somewhat higher among better-educated women, but lower among less-educated women and those from non-English-speaking backgrounds.
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Arzal, Mohammad. "K. Mahadevan (ed). Fertility Policies in Asian Countries. New Delhi: Sage Publications. 1989.320 pp.Hardbound. Indian Rs 225.00." Pakistan Development Review 32, no. 2 (June 1, 1993): 223–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v32i2pp.223-225.
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The book consists of twelve papers and presents the contributors' observations regarding fertility control policies in Australia, Bangladesh, China, India, Iran, Kuwait, Malaysia, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, and Thailand. In the first paper, which provides a perspective (mostly in the Indian context) to the concerns about policy formulation for fertility control, the authors discuss various issues and place an emphasis on the multi sectoral approach. The need to implement the policies for eligible couples, for female education and enhancement of female status, for strengthening the strategies for programme development and management, and for making policies relating to the elderly people, is stressed in this paper. The paper on planned birth policies of China provides a view of the actions and the successes achieved through organised programmes in the recent years. Conceding that the programme in China was not entirely voluntary, the paper also highlights the problems and failures of the fertility control efforts through the emphasis on a single-child family, especially in the rural areas.
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Mullally, Siobhán. "Citizenship and family life in Ireland: asking the question ‘Who belongs’?" Legal Studies 25, no. 4 (November 2005): 578–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-121x.2005.tb00685.x.
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Citizenship laws provide us with models of membership. They define the terms on which strangers and natives belong to political communities, allocating both the benefits of membership and the brutalities of exclusion. Recent legal changes in Ireland, restricting the right to citizenship by birth and limiting the rights of migrant families, highlight the vulnerability of children in migrant families and the limits of citizenship status. Many other states have grappled in recent times with the right to citizenship by birth and the entitlements to family life that come with such a claim. In both the UK and Australia the jus soli principle has been significantly restricted. In the US, Canada and elsewhere, while the jus soli principle continues to apply, citizen children born to undocumented migrant parents are subject to de facto deportations, their right to membership of the nation-state ‘postponed’ because of the legal status of their parents. In challenges to deportation proceedings involving such children, the perspective of the child as a bearer of rights is marginalised, with disputes turning largely on the balancing of states' interests in immigration control against the residence claims made by migrant parents.
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Chan, Jocelyn, Heather F. Gidding, Christopher C. Blyth, Parveen Fathima, Sanjay Jayasinghe, Peter B. McIntyre, Hannah C. Moore, et al. "Levels of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine coverage and indirect protection against invasive pneumococcal disease and pneumonia hospitalisations in Australia: An observational study." PLOS Medicine 18, no. 8 (August 3, 2021): e1003733. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003733.
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Background There is limited empiric evidence on the coverage of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) required to generate substantial indirect protection. We investigate the association between population PCV coverage and indirect protection against invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) and pneumonia hospitalisations among undervaccinated Australian children. Methods and findings Birth and vaccination records, IPD notifications, and hospitalisations were individually linked for children aged <5 years, born between 2001 and 2012 in 2 Australian states (New South Wales and Western Australia; 1.37 million children). Using Poisson regression models, we examined the association between PCV coverage, in small geographical units, and the incidence of (1) 7-valent PCV (PCV7)-type IPD; (2) all-cause pneumonia; and (3) pneumococcal and lobar pneumonia hospitalisation in undervaccinated children. Undervaccinated children received <2 doses of PCV at <12 months of age and no doses at ≥12 months of age. Potential confounding variables were selected for adjustment a priori with the assistance of a directed acyclic graph. There were strong inverse associations between PCV coverage and the incidence of PCV7-type IPD (adjusted incidence rate ratio [aIRR] 0.967, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.958 to 0.975, p-value < 0.001), and pneumonia hospitalisations (all-cause pneumonia: aIRR 0.991 95% CI 0.990 to 0.994, p-value < 0.001) among undervaccinated children. Subgroup analyses for children <4 months old, urban, rural, and Indigenous populations showed similar trends, although effects were smaller for rural and Indigenous populations. Approximately 50% coverage of PCV7 among children <5 years of age was estimated to prevent up to 72.5% (95% CI 51.6 to 84.4) of PCV7-type IPD among undervaccinated children, while 90% coverage was estimated to prevent 95.2% (95% CI 89.4 to 97.8). The main limitations of this study include the potential for differential loss to follow-up, geographical misclassification of children (based on residential address at birth only), and unmeasured confounders. Conclusions In this study, we observed substantial indirect protection at lower levels of PCV coverage than previously described—challenging assumptions that high levels of PCV coverage (i.e., greater than 90%) are required. Understanding the association between PCV coverage and indirect protection is a priority since the control of vaccine-type pneumococcal disease is a prerequisite for reducing the number of PCV doses (from 3 to 2). Reduced dose schedules have the potential to substantially reduce program costs while maintaining vaccine impact.
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Arli, Denni, and Cheryl Leo. "Why do good people do bad things? The effect of ethical ideology, guilt proneness, and self-control on consumer ethics." Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics 29, no. 5 (November 13, 2017): 1055–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/apjml-11-2016-0218.
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Purpose Various studies showed that unethical behaviours committed by consumers occur more frequently than may be expected. People have stolen from a shop at some time in their life and remained silent, people walk out of a grocery store have stolen something from the store and employees have stolen from their workplace. Why seemingly good people do bad things and vice versa? What factors contribute to this discrepancy? Hence, the purpose of this paper is threefold: first, to examine the impact of ethical ideology on self-control and guilt proneness; second, to examine the roles of self-control and guilt proneness in consumer ethical decision making; and finally, to explore the mediating effects of self-control and guilt proneness on the relationship between consumer ideology and ethical decision making. Design/methodology/approach The authors collected a non-probability sample using a cross-sectional online survey of adult consumers across Australia wide. The sampling frame was from a pre-recruited online panel company Permissioncorp. Consumers were introduced to the study in relation to their beliefs in general consumer ethics behaviours. The response rate for the survey invite was 17.9 per cent, with a final sample size of 311 consumers out of 3,246 that were invited to participate based on the these screening criteria, i.e. their country of birth (Australia only), gender, age group, and state in which they reside to ensure representation across these groups. Findings The results showed that idealism was a positive determinant of guilt proneness and self-control, whereas relativistic individuals were less prone to guilt and less able to control their behaviour. In addition, there was a significant negative correlation between self-control and unethical consumer behaviour. Finally, both self-control and guilt proneness had an indirect mediating effect on the relationship between ethical ideology and consumer behaviour. Originality/value This is one of the first studies to explore the interactions between ethical ideology, self-control, guilt proneness, and consumer ethics.
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Marks, CA, M. Nijk, F. Gigliotti, F. Busana, and RV Short. "Preliminary Field Assessment of a Cabergoline Baiting Campaign for Reproductive Control of the Red Fox (Vulpes Vulpes)." Wildlife Research 23, no. 2 (1996): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9960161.
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The use of poison baiting in Australia to control foxes is impractical in urban areas and some wildlife reserves because of hazards to non-target animals. More acceptable methods of fox control in such environments are needed. Cabergoline is a dopamine agonist that has previously been demonstrated to have an abortifacient effect in cats (Felis catus) and dogs (Canis familiaris). The prolactin-inhibiting action of cabergoline may also result in cessation of lactation. Cabergoline has been shown to be completely palatable to foxes and is easily incorporated into a non-poisonous bait. The ability of bait-delivered cabergoline to effect the birth of viable fox cubs was tested in urban Melbourne and rural Bendigo, Victoria. A sample of 51 natal dens were chosen for this study on the basis that they had been active for 3 consecutive years (1991-93). 30 treatment dens were randomly selected and each treated once during August and again during September 1994 with 8 non-poisonous Foxoff baits containing 170 micro g of cabergoline and 200 mg of tetracycline to act as a biomarker. The remaining 21 dens were used as controls. Baits were randomly placed by burial within a 50-m radius of the den. Activity of all dens was assessed until December 1994 for direct/indirect signs of fox cubs. Bait uptake was >88% overall for the treatment dens. The resulting incidence of cubs was significantly lower in the treatment dens than in the controls. The potential for cabergoline to be used in urban areas and island populations as an adjunct to conventional control methods is discussed.
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Kavi, Avinash, Mai-Lei Woo Kinshella, Umesh Y. Ramadurg, Umesh Charantimath, Geetanjali M. Katageri, Chandrashekhar C. Karadiguddi, Narayan V. Honnungar, et al. "Community engagement for birth preparedness and complication readiness in the Community Level Interventions for Pre-eclampsia (CLIP) Trial in India: a mixed-method evaluation." BMJ Open 12, no. 12 (December 2022): e060593. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-060593.
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ObjectiveTo describe the process of community engagement (CE) in northern Karnataka, India and its impact on pre-eclampsia knowledge, birth preparedness and complication readiness, pregnancy-related care seeking and maternal morbidity.DesignThis study was a secondary analysis of a cluster randomised trial of Community Level Interventions for Pre-eclampsia (CLIP). A total of 12 clusters based on primary health centre catchment areas were randomised to intervention or control. CE was conducted in intervention clusters. CE attendance was summarised according to participant group using both quantitative and qualitative assessment. Pre-eclampsia knowledge, birth preparedness, health services engagement and perinatal outcomes was evaluated within trial surveillance. Outcomes were compared between trial arms using a mixed effects logistic regression model on RStudio (RStudio, Boston, USA). Community feedback notes were thematically analysed on NVivo V.12 (QSR International, Melbourne, Australia).SettingBelagavi and Bagalkote districts in rural Karnataka, India.ParticipantsPregnant women and women of reproductive age, mothers and mothers-in-law, community stakeholders and male household decision-makers and health workers.ResultsA total of 1379 CE meetings were conducted with 39 362 participants between November 2014 and October 2016. CE activities may have had an effect on modifying community attitudes towards hypertension in pregnancy and its complications. However, rates of pre-eclampsia knowledge, birth preparedness, health services engagement and maternal morbidities among individual pregnant women were not significantly impacted by CE activities in their area.ConclusionEvaluation of our CE programme in India demonstrates the feasibility of reaching pregnant women alongside household decision-makers, community stakeholders and health workers. More research is needed to explore the pathways of impact between broad community mobilisation to strengthen support for maternal care seeking and clinical outcomes of individual pregnant women.Trial registration numberNCT01911494.
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Ridpath, Julia F. "Emerging pestiviruses infecting domestic and wildlife hosts." Animal Health Research Reviews 16, no. 1 (June 2015): 55–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1466252315000067.
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AbstractUntil the early 1990s there were just three recognized species in the pestivirus genus, bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), border disease virus (BDV) and classical swine fever virus (CSFV). Subsequently BVDV were divided into two different species, BVDV1 and BVDV2 and four additional putative pestivirus species have been identified, based on phylogenetic analysis. The four putative pestivirus specices, listed in chronological order of published reports, are Giraffe (isolated from one of several giraffes in the Nanyuki District of Kenya suffering from mucosal disease-like symptoms), HoBi (first isolated from fetal bovine serum originating in Brazil and later from samples originating in Southeast Asia), Pronghorn (isolated from an emaciated blind pronghorn antelope in the USA), and Bungowannah (isolated following an outbreak in pigs, resulting in still birth and neonatal death, in Australia). In addition to the emergence of putative new species of pestivirus, changes in host and virulence of recognized or ‘classic’ pestiviruses have led to reevaluation of disease control programs and management of domestic and wildlife populations.
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White, Zachary, John Painter, Paul Douglas, Ibrahim Abubakar, Howard Njoo, Chris Archibald, Jessica Halverson, John Robson, and Drew L. Posey. "Immigrant Arrival and Tuberculosis among Large Immigrant- and Refugee-Receiving Countries, 2005–2009." Tuberculosis Research and Treatment 2017 (2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/8567893.
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Objective. Tuberculosis control in foreign-born populations is a major public health concern for Australia, Canada, New Zealand, United Kingdom, and the United States, large immigrant- and refugee-receiving countries that comprise the Immigration and Refugee Health Working Group (IRHWG). Identifying and comparing immigration and distribution of foreign-born tuberculosis cases are important for developing targeted and collaborative interventions.Methods. Data stratified by year and country of birth from 2005 to 2009 were received from these five countries. Immigration totals, tuberculosis case totals, and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR TB) case totals from source countries were analyzed and compared to reveal similarities and differences for each member of the group.Results. Between 2005 and 2009, there were a combined 31,785,002 arrivals, 77,905 tuberculosis cases, and 888 MDR TB cases notified at the federal level in the IRHWG countries. India, China, Vietnam, and the Philippines accounted for 41.4% of the total foreign-born tuberculosis cases and 42.7% of the foreign-born MDR tuberculosis cases to IRHWG.Interpretation. Collaborative efforts across a small number of countries have the potential to yield sizeable gains in tuberculosis control for these large immigrant- and refugee-receiving countries.
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NORMAN, Robert. "Debate: Are We Limiting the Potential of Oocytes by Not Using ICSI for All? - ICSI for Some." Fertility & Reproduction 04, no. 03n04 (September 2022): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2661318222740279.
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Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) was invented nearly thirty years ago and the first pregnancies in Australia were obtained at the Queen Elizabeth Hospital in the University of Adelaide’s Reproductive Medicine Program. Since then, ICSI has become the predominant method of fertilisation for IVF in cycles in Australia and in many parts of the world used for 100% of all cycles. While its value for male factor infertility, IVM egg fertilisation and injection into previously frozen eggs have been validated, the use of ICSI for non-male-factor infertility remains controversial and unproven. Given the significant concerns about the potential effects of ICSI on the health of children conceived by this method, a debate about its use in an excessive number of IVF cycles is warranted. The first randomised control trial of ICSI versus standard IVF fertilisation for unexplained infertility occurred more than twenty years ago and showed a lower ongoing pregnancy rate for those who received the ICSI form of fertilisation. Despite this evidence, ICSI continued to grow in prevalence across Europe, North America, the Middle East, Asia, and Australia for non-male factor infertility. Significant cohort studies started to emerge from the US and from Europe that showed either no benefit from ICSI for unexplained infertility, or indeed harm, in terms of ongoing pregnancy rates. This year we published in The Lancet, a randomised control trial where couples with unexplained infertility and a normal total sperm count and motility were randomised to receive either ICSI or standard IVF as a fertilisation method. No significant benefit of using ICSI was found with respect to ongoing pregnancy or live birth. The potential health benefits to the child and the cost effectiveness of the treatment weigh against the routine use of ICSI in the presence of normal sperm. Other cohort studies show that there is no benefit of ICSI for low egg numbers, advanced maternal age, or preimplantation genetic diagnosis. Examination of the use of ICSI across Australia, shows enormous variations between states and within the same state. It is clear, that members of the Society have very heterogeneous view of the use of ICSI and my intention in this talk is to encourage everyone to be more critical of its use when there is no sperm abnormality. I would encourage clinicians to use the normal natural processes of sperm selection which occur in routine IVF without sperm injection.
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Schäfer, Samuel, Kevin Wang, Felicia Sundling, Jean Yang, Anthony Liu, and Ralph Nanan. "Modelling maternal and perinatal risk factors to predict poorly controlled childhood asthma." PLOS ONE 16, no. 5 (May 27, 2021): e0252215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0252215.
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Asthma is the most common non-communicable pulmonary condition, affecting prepubertal boys more often than girls. This study explored how maternal and perinatal risk factors are linked to poorly controlled childhood asthma in a sex dependent manner. This single centre study was performed at a metropolitan teaching hospital in Western Sydney, Australia, using electronical obstetric records from 2000 to 2017 and electronical pediatric records from 2007 to 2018. The data of 1694 children with complete entries were retrospectively analysed. Risk factors for multiple hospital admission for asthma were selected by backward-eliminated Poisson regression modelling. Selection stability of these parameters was independently confirmed using approximated exhaustive search. Sex-specific regression models indicated that most notably parity (RR[95%CI] for parity = 3; 1.85[1.22–2.81]), birth length z-score (1.45[1.23–1.70]) and birth weight z-score (0.77[0.65–0.90]) contributed to multiple asthma admissions in girls, while boys were affected most prominently by maternal BMI (e.g. BMI 35–39.9; 1.92[1.38–2.67]) and threatened preterm labor (1.68[1.10–2.58]). Allergic status was a risk factors for both boys and girls (1.47[1.18–1.83] and 1.46[1.13–1.89]). Applying ROC analysis, the predictive modelling of risk factors for hospital admissions showed an incremental increase with an AUC of 0.84 and 0.75 for girls and boys respectively for >3 hospital admissions. Multiple hospital admissions for asthma are associated with maternal and perinatal risk factors in a sex and birth order dependent manner. Hence, prospective risk stratification studies aiming to improve childhood asthma control are warranted to test the clinical utility of these parameters. Furthermore, the influence of the early in utero environment on male-female differences in other communicable and non-communicable respiratory conditions should be considered.
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Rogers, Benjamin A., Paul R. Ingram, Naomi Runnegar, Matthew C. Pitman, Joshua T. Freeman, Eugene Athan, Sally M. Havers, et al. "Community-Onset Escherichia coli Infection Resistant to Expanded-Spectrum Cephalosporins in Low-Prevalence Countries." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 58, no. 4 (January 27, 2014): 2126–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.02052-13.
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ABSTRACTBy global standards, the prevalence of community-onset expanded-spectrum-cephalosporin-resistant (ESC-R)Escherichia coliremains low in Australia and New Zealand. Of concern, our countries are in a unique position, with high extramural resistance pressure from close population and trade links to Asia-Pacific neighbors with high ESC-RE. colirates. We aimed to characterize the risks and dynamics of community-onset ESC-RE. coliinfection in our low-prevalence region. A case-control methodology was used. Patients with ESC-RE. colior ESC-susceptibleE. coliisolated from blood or urine were recruited at six geographically dispersed tertiary care hospitals in Australia and New Zealand. Epidemiological data were prospectively collected, and bacteria were retained for analysis. In total, 182 patients (91 cases and 91 controls) were recruited. Multivariate logistic regression identified risk factors for ESC-R amongE. colistrains, including birth on the Indian subcontinent (odds ratio [OR] = 11.13, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] = 2.17 to 56.98,P= 0.003), urinary tract infection in the past year (per-infection OR = 1.430, 95% CI = 1.13 to 1.82,P= 0.003), travel to southeast Asia, China, the Indian subcontinent, Africa, and the Middle East (OR = 3.089, 95% CI = 1.29 to 7.38,P= 0.011), prior exposure to trimethoprim with or without sulfamethoxazole and with or without an expanded-spectrum cephalosporin (OR = 3.665, 95% CI = 1.30 to 10.35,P= 0.014), and health care exposure in the previous 6 months (OR = 3.16, 95% CI = 1.54 to 6.46,P= 0.02). Among our ESC-RE. colistrains, theblaCTX-MESBLs were dominant (83% of ESC-RE. colistrains), and the worldwide pandemic ST-131 clone was frequent (45% of ESC-RE. colistrains). In our low-prevalence setting, ESC-R among community-onsetE. colistrains may be associated with both “export” from health care facilities into the community and direct “import” into the community from high-prevalence regions.
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Preston, Neil Joseph, and Sam Fazio. "Establishing the Efficacy and Cost Effectiveness of Community Intensive Case Management of Long-Term Mentally Ill: A Matched Control Group Study." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 34, no. 1 (February 2000): 114–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1614.2000.00696.x.
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Objective: The study attempted to identify whether chronic mentally ill persons after receiving intensive case management (ICM) could demonstrate improved inpatient service utilisation compared with a matched control group cohort. Costings were measured to observe whether the increase in providing intensive outpatient contacts would be offset by savings in reduced inpatient service utilisation. Method: Eighty ICM patients were matched on ICD-9 diagnosis, age, gender, length of illness, age at first inpatient and outpatient contact, marital status, educational level, employment status, country of birth, year of arrival to Australia and religion. Inpatient bed-days and outpatient contacts were recorded and compared 12 months prior to ICM treatment, 12 and 24 months after ICM using within/between group repeated measures analysis of variance. Results: The ICM group demonstrate significant reductions in inpatient service utilisation both within the 12- and 24-month period after receiving ICM treatment. The cost differential by 24 months of treatment was $801 475 in favour of the ICM model. The increase in costs of outpatient contacts were offset by a significant reduction in inpatient service utilisation. Conclusion: When outpatient contacts averaged one contact a week for the duration of the study period no significant reductions in inpatient service utilisation was recorded, as demonstrated by comparison with the matched control group. By increasing outpatient contacts by 3–4 contacts a week, inpatient contacts reduced by 36.8%. ICM is an efficacious and cost effective way to implement community-based services to the chronically long-term mentally ill.
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Lei, Donna, Kenneth Tan, and Atul Malhotra. "Decreasing Hypothermia-Related Escalation of Care in Newborn Infants Using the BEMPU TempWatch: A Randomised Controlled Trial." Children 8, no. 11 (November 19, 2021): 1068. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children8111068.
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Objective: To determine whether incorporating BEMPU TempWatch into the care of LBW/SGA neonates for continuous temperature monitoring decreases the rate of hypothermia requiring escalation of care. Methods: This was a randomised controlled trial conducted in a tertiary hospital in Melbourne, Australia. Participants were late preterm and term LBW/SGA neonates on the postnatal wards. Neonates were randomly assigned to receive either the BEMPU TempWatch in addition to standard care, or to receive standard care alone for the first 28 days of life. The primary outcome was hypothermia requiring escalation of care during initial hospital stay after birth. Results: Trial was discontinued after planned interim feasibility analysis, due to very low rates of hypothermia requiring escalation of care. In total, 75 neonates were included, with 36 in the intervention (TempWatch) group and 39 in the control group. The rate of hypothermia requiring escalation of care was 2/36 (5.6%) in the TempWatch group and 1/39 (2.6%) in the control group (relative risk (RR) 2.17, 95% CI 0.21 to 22.89). Rates of exclusive breastfeeding at discharge were 22/36 (61.1%) in the TempWatch and 13/39 (33.3%) in the control group (RR 1.83, 95% CI 1.10 to 3.07, p = 0.02). All other secondary outcomes were similar between the groups. Conclusions: Low rates of hypothermia requiring escalation of care in a tertiary, high-income setting meant it was not feasible for studying the effects of the TempWatch for this outcome. TempWatch may have a role in promoting exclusive breastfeeding, and this needs to be explored further.
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De Geyter, Ch, C. Wyns, C. Calhaz-Jorge, J. de Mouzon, A. P. Ferraretti, M. Kupka, A. Nyboe Andersen, K. G. Nygren, and V. Goossens. "20 years of the European IVF-monitoring Consortium registry: what have we learned? A comparison with registries from two other regions." Human Reproduction 35, no. 12 (November 14, 2020): 2832–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/humrep/deaa250.
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Abstract STUDY QUESTION How has the performance of the European regional register of the European IVF-monitoring Consortium (EIM)/European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology (ESHRE) evolved from 1997 to 2016, as compared to the register of the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) of the USA and the Australia and New Zealand Assisted Reproduction Database (ANZARD)? SUMMARY ANSWER It was found that coherent and analogous changes are recorded in the three regional registers over time, with a different intensity and pace, that new technologies are taken up with considerable delay and that incidental complications and adverse events are only recorded sporadically. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY European data on ART have been collected since 1997 by EIM. Data collection on ART in Europe is particularly difficult due to its fragmented political and legal landscape. In 1997, approximately 78.1% of all known institutions offering ART services in 23 European countries submitted data and in 2016 this number rose to 91.8% in 40 countries. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION We compared the changes in European ART data as published in the EIM reports (2001–2020) with those of the USA, as published by CDC, and with those of Australia and New Zealand, as published by ANZARD. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS We performed a retrospective analysis of the published EIM data sets spanning the 20 years observance period from 1997 to 2016, together with the published data sets of the USA as well as of Australia and New Zealand. By comparing the data sets in these three large registers, we analysed differences in the completeness of the recordings together with differences in the time intervals on the occurrence of important trends in each of them. Effects of suspected over- and under-reporting were also compared between the three registers. X2 log-rank analysis was used to assess differences in the data sets. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE During the period 1997–2016, the numbers of recorded ART treatments increased considerably (5.3-fold in Europe, 4.6-fold in the USA, 3.0-fold in Australia and New Zealand), while the number of registered treatment modalities rose from 3 to 7 in Europe, from 4 to 10 in the USA and from 5 to 8 in Australia and New Zealand, as published by EIM, CDC and ANZARD, respectively. The uptake of new treatment modalities over time has been very different in the three registers. There is a considerable degree of underreporting of the number of initiated treatment cycles in Europe. The relationship between IVF and ICSI and between fresh and thawing cycles evolved similarly in the three geographical areas. The freeze-all strategy is increasingly being adopted by all areas, but in Europe with much delay. Fewer cycles with the transfer of two or more embryos were reported in all three geographical areas. The delivery rate per embryo transfer in thawing cycles bypassed that in fresh cycles in the USA in 2012, in Australia and New Zealand in 2013, but not yet in Europe. As a result of these changing approaches, fewer multiple deliveries have been reported. Since 2012, the most documented adverse event of ART in all three registers has been premature birth (<37 weeks). Some adverse events, such as maternal death, ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, haemorrhage and infections, were only recorded by EIM and ANZARD. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION The methods of data collection and reporting were very different among European countries, but also among the three registers. The better the legal background on ART surveillance, the more complete are the data sets. Until the legal obligation to report is installed in all European countries together with an appropriate quality control of the submitted data the reported numbers and incidences should be interpreted with caution. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS The growing number of reported treatments in ART, the higher variability in treatment modalities and the rising contribution to the birth rates over the last 20 years point towards the increasing impact of ART. High levels of completeness in data reporting have been reached, but inconsistencies and inaccuracies still remain and need to be identified and quantified. The current trend towards a higher diversity in treatment modalities and the rising impact of cryostorage, resulting in improved safety during and after ART treatment, require changes in the organization of surveillance in ART. The present comparison must stimulate all stakeholders in ART to optimize surveillance and data quality assurance in ART. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) This study has no external funding and all costs are covered by ESHRE. There are no competing interests. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER N/A.
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Kothari, Anushka, Karen Hay, and Thanageswaran Rudra. "Risk Factors for Secondary Postpartum Haemorrhage: A Retrospective Study." Journal of Medical Research and Surgery 3, no. 2 (April 3, 2022): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.52916/jmrs224072.
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Background: Secondary Postpartum Haemorrhage (SPPH) refers to any abnormal vaginal bleeding between 24 hours to 6 weeks postpartum. SPPH is a relatively unexplored issue and there is limited evidence, especially regarding risk factors. The aim of this study was to identify risk factors for SPPH.. Method: Patients readmitted with a diagnosis of SPPH between 2014 and 2018 at a tertiary hospital in Queensland, Australia were identified. These patients were compared with randomly selected controls that gave birth via vaginal delivery and caesarean section at the centre during the same time period. Logistic regression analyses were applied for categorical variables and T-test along for continuous variables. Result: 110 cases of SPPH were identified and 225 patients that did not have SPPH were randomly allocated as controls. Incomplete placenta (p=0.005), Antepartum Haemorrhage (APH) (p=<0.00), antepartum (p=0.004) anticoagulation, along with previous obstetric complications (p=0.036) were found to be statistically significant risk factors for SPPH. Previous obstetric complications include conditions such as primary PPH, gestational diabetes and pre-eclampsia. Demographic factors of age and ethnicity did not express any predisposition to SPPH along with other factors such as BMI, parity and plurality. The average estimated blood loss within 24 hours of delivery in the SPPH case group was 350ml and control group was 300ml (p=0.038). Conclusion: This study confirms that incomplete placenta, APH, antepartum anti-coagulation and previous obstetric complications are risk factors for secondary postpartum haemorrhage. Early identification of these risk factors could potentially prevent SPPH, allowing a safer postnatal journey for mothers.
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Marks, Clive A. "Bait-delivered cabergoline for the reproductive control of the red fox (Vulpes vulpes): estimating mammalian non-target risk in south-eastern Australia." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 13, no. 8 (2001): 499. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd01076.
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Cabergoline (CAB) is a potent dopamine agonist and an inhibitor of prolactin (PRL). In red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), a single oral dose of 100 g kg–1 CAB can cause abortions and postnatal cub mortality from at least Day 21 of the 52-day pregnancy. The abortifacient activity of CAB is owing to the suppression of PRL, which is essential for luteotrophic support in some eutherian species. Postnatal cub mortality probably results from a reduction in the development of the mammary ductile system, which is also partially dependant on PRL during pregnancy. This paper investigates the potential risks faced by non-target mammalian species that may consume CAB baits intended for fox control. Baiting with CAB is proposed from 1 August until 1 October each year, to correspond with the time that most vixens are pregnant in south-eastern Australia. Thirty-four endemic mammals in south-eastern Australia (9 eutherians and 25 marsupials) are considered to be potentially bait-consuming (PBC) species. The percentage overlap of pregnancy and birth periods for each PBC species was compared with the duration of the proposed CAB baiting period. Only Antechinus (3 species) and Sminthopsis leucopushave greater than 40% overlap, whereas overlap in endemic rodents ranges from 0% to 22%. Overall, most PBC rodent populations appear to face little risk from CAB baiting, as their period of pregnancy does not overlap significantly with the proposed CAB baiting period. The Antechinus species, Phascogale tapoatafa and Dasyurus maculatus are the only PBC mammals that are seasonally mono-oestrous and are thus probably more susceptible to disruption of breeding compared with polyoestrous species that may breed many times a year. At a baiting density of 8 baits km–2, theoretical bait availability for small dasyurids, rodents and peramelids is low. This suggests a low potential for affecting these populations if CAB was indiscriminate in affecting reproductive success in all mammal groups. Presently, studies in a limited range of marsupials suggest that, unlike eutherians, the marsupial corpus luteum is independent of pituitary control and thus suppression of PRL is not likely to cause abortions in marsupials. As yet, CAB has not been shown to be orally active in any PBC species other than rodents and carnivores. Oral doses of CAB given post partum have not been found to affect lactation in Sminthopsis crassicaudata,Trichosurus vulpecula, Macropus eugenii andSetonix brachyurus. Further studies are required in order to assess the potential for high doses of oral CAB to affect pre-partum mammary development and early lactation post partum, especially in peramelids and larger dasyurids. Highly target-specific baiting techniques, may eliminate most PBC species from being exposed to CAB and these are briefly discussed.
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Priddel, David, and Robert Wheeler. "An experimental translocation of brush-tailed bettongs (Bettongia penicillata) to western New South Wales." Wildlife Research 31, no. 4 (2004): 421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr03050.
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A total of 85 brush-tailed bettongs (Bettongia penicillata) from Western Australia and two sites in South Australia were translocated to Yathong Nature Reserve (YNR) in western New South Wales in October 2001. Aerial baiting to control the introduced red fox (Vulpes vulpes) had been undertaken on YNR since 1996. Thirty-one bettongs were fitted with radio-transmitters at the time of release, and two subsequently. Trapping took place at irregular intervals after the translocation. In all, 73% of telemetered bettongs died within the first six months; all were dead within 13 months. Eight bettongs died within the first eight days immediately following their release, due to causes other than predation. These eight all originated from St Peter Island (SPI), South Australia. A low incidence of breeding on SPI supports the belief that this source population was in poor condition and unsuited for translocation. Overall, 19 of the 33 telemetered bettongs were killed by predators: 14 (74%) by feral house cats (Felis catus), two (11%) by birds, and three (16%) by predators, which, although they could not be fully identified, were not foxes. One month after release, surviving bettongs weighed less than they did at the time of their release (mean decrease in mass = 9.7%, range 2.6–22.4%, n = 11). Within two months of their release most had regained any lost mass (mean change in mass since release = –0.3%, range –5.9 to 10.5%). Food resources on YNR appeared sufficient to sustain adult brush-tailed bettongs, despite a period of severe drought. Small pouch young present at the time of release were subsequently lost. Females gave birth and carried small pouch young (up to 50 mm), but no young-at-foot were recorded. Bettongs did not disperse further than 10 km from their release site. Overall, 50% of aerial-tracking locations were no further than 3.2 km from the release site, and 92% no further than 7.0 km. This experimental translocation of brush-tailed bettongs failed due to predation by cats. It demonstrated that foxes were no longer a threat to wildlife on YNR and identified cats as the major impediment to the restoration of locally extinct fauna.
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Thorsteinsson, Einar B., Natasha M. Loi, and Kathryn Farr. "Changes in stigma and help-seeking in relation to postpartum depression: non-clinical parenting intervention sample." PeerJ 6 (November 8, 2018): e5893. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5893.
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Postpartum depression (PPD) is a prevalent mental illness affecting women, and less commonly, men in the weeks and months after giving birth. Despite the high incidence of PPD in Australia, rates for help-seeking remain low, with stigma and discrimination frequently cited as the most common deterrents to seeking help from a professional source. The present study sought to investigate PPD stigma in a sample of parents and to examine the effects of an intervention on stigma and help-seeking behaviour. A total of 212 parents aged 18–71 years (M = 36.88, 194 females) completed measures of personal and perceived PPD stigma and attitudes towards seeking mental health services and were randomly assigned to one of four groups: an intervention group (video documentary or factsheet related to PPD) or a control group (video documentary or factsheet not related to PPD). Results showed that there were no effects for type of intervention on either personal or perceived PPD stigma scores. No effect was found for help-seeking propensity. Males had higher personal PPD stigma than females and older age was associated with lower personal PPD stigma. Familiarity with PPD was associated with perceived PPD stigma in others but not personal PPD stigma. More work needs to be conducted to develop interventions to reduce PPD stigma in the community.
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PEJSAK, ZYGMUNT, MARIAN TRUSZCZYŃSKI, and ZBIGNIEW ARENT. "Leptospirosis in swine in the light of accepted characterization." Medycyna Weterynaryjna 76, no. 07 (2020): 6425–2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21521/mw.6425.
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The publication is presenting changes in epidemiology and economic importance of leptospirosis in swine. During the fifties or even earlier or later of the twenty century this disease in swine was causing remarkable losses occurring worldwide. During the end of the twenty century and during the twenty first century the importance of leptospirosis of swine has decreased, being restricted to Argentina, Brasil, Northern Hemisphere, Northern Australia and New Zealand. In Europe, including Poland, endemic, very often symptomless infection or presentation of reproductive failer as abortion, stillbirth, the birth of weak piglets, reduced viability was demonstrated. Other symptoms and pathological changes, if developed were similar do occurring also in other infectious diseases of swine and did not present diagnostic value for swine leptospirosis. Therfore for diagnosis of swine leptospirosis, laboratory tests have to be used. This publication is mentioning as the prescribed and most widely used microscopic agglutination test (MAT), and as alternative the competitive ELISA. For detection and identification of nucleic acids of leptospira serovars the PCR is recommended. Control of leptospirosis in swine is dependent on the combined use of antibiotics, vaccination and management. However antibiotics are in many countries prohibited for use, against leptospirosis of swine. Vaccines are very seldom available and theirs used is not on satisfied level. Management is difficult to perform and economically in many cases not respected
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Chiam, K., S. Jindal, N. Ryan, S. Moretta, M. De Blasio, K. Kind, W. Tilley, J. Owens, and T. Bianco-Miotto. "166. MATERNAL OBESITY IS ASSOCIATED WITH AN INCREASED INCIDENCE OF PROSTATE ABNORMALITIES IN ADULT RAT OFFSPRING." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 21, no. 9 (2009): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/srb09abs166.
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The World Health Organization has stated that 75% of adults worldwide are overweight, and in Australia nearly 25% of men are obese. Obesity is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes and cancer, with 30 to 40% of the latter possibly preventable by maintaining a healthy weight (The International Association for the Study of Obesity). Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in men and there is increasing evidence that obesity increases the risk of prostate cancer mortality. High birth weight, an indication of excess nutrition during foetal development, has been associated with an increased risk of childhood and adult obesity, and for cancer. Using an animal model, we investigated whether obese mothers are more likely to have obese sons who are at an increased risk of developing prostate abnormalities and thus prostate cancer, in adulthood. Female rats were fed with either a control diet (4g fat/kg) or high fat diet (100g fat/kg) from before mating and throughout pregnancy. Prostate tissues were collected from the male offspring at 90 days (post-puberty) and 180 days (young adult). Histological analysis of the day 90 prostates identified hyperplasia in 100% of the ventral lobes (VL) and 64% of the dorsolateral lobes (DLP) in offspring of the maternal high fat group compared to 0% in each respectively, in those of the maternal control diet group. The VL is the most hormone sensitive prostate lobe of the rat, while the DLP is considered the equivalent of the human peripheral zone, the region from which the majority of human prostate cancers arise. These results suggest for the first time that maternal high fat diet may induce prostate abnormalities in male offspring that may in turn, predispose to an increased risk of prostate cancer in later life.
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Ball, Ron, Crystal L. Levesque, and D. J. Cadogan. "88 Benefits of increasing amino acid intake in late gestation in prolific sows." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_3 (November 2, 2020): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa054.136.
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Abstract Most sows are fed a constant energy and amino acid supply throughout gestation, in line with the recommendations of most authorities and swine genetic companies. These recommendations for sow feeding have seen little change in decades, despite the many ways that sows have changed dramatically in reproductive performance. Beginning in about the year 2000, sow litter size has steadily increased as a result of genetic selection. With this increase in litter number has been a steady decline in birth weight, and the resulting negative effects of lower birthweight on subsequent piglet performance. Many experiments using so-called ‘bump’ feeding, or increased energy intake in late gestation, have been conducted in attempts to arrest this decline in birthweight and piglet performance. Generally, these experiments have shown little to no improvement in birthweight and often have negative effects on sow feed intake during gestation. These experiments have ignored the fact that the energy:amino acid ratios (lysine, threonine, isoleucine, tryptophan) in late gestation are different than during early and mid-gestation. In recent research in Australia we hypothesised that rapidly increasing essential amino acid levels in late gestation would increase birth weight and potentially improve subsequent reproductive performance. Three hundred and thirty-four multiparous PIC sows (average parity 3.6, average LW 261 kg) were housed in a dynamic gestation pen after mating and randomly assigned to one of two diet regimes. Two 13.5 MJ/kg DE gestation diets were formulated and created by blending in an ESF. The Control diet contained 0.48 g SID lysine per MJ DE and SID threonine, methionine+ cysteine, isoleucine and tryptophan at 68%, 65%, 58% and18% of SID lysine and offered at 2.2kg/day from d 28 to d 110. Sow were then moved to the farrowing house and placed on a lactation diet at 3.5kg/d. The Treatment diet contained 0.55 g SID lysine/MJ DE and SID threonine, methionine+cysteine, isoleucine and tryptophan at 78%, 65%, 60% and 20% of SID lysine and offered at 2.1kg/d from d 28 to d 85 and then increased to 2.4 kg/d to d 110 d. Increasing essential amino acid levels in late gestation increased gestational weight gain (5.6 kg, P=0.004), increased total litter birth weight (1.25 kg, P=0.003), and increased the birthweight of liveborn pigs from 1.286 to 1.329 kg, (P=0.04). There was no significant effect on the total number born or born alive. Piglet performance is not available because this commercial farm practices cross-fostering. Effects of continuation of this feeding regime in the same sows during subsequent parities is currently being evaluated.
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Su, Sophia, Kevin Baird, and Herb Schoch. "Management control systems from an organisational life cycle perspective: The role of input, behaviour and output controls." Journal of Management & Organization 19, no. 5 (September 2013): 635–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jmo.2014.7.
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AbstractThis study examines the association between the use of three types of controls (input, behaviour and output) and Miller and Friesen's organisational life cycle (OLC) stages (birth, growth, maturity, revival and decline). Data were collected by a survey questionnaire from a random sample of 1,000 General Managers in Australian manufacturing business units. The results indicate that the extent of use of different controls is associated with OLC stages. Specifically, both behaviour and input controls were found to be used to a significantly greater extent than output controls in both the birth stage and the growth stage, while all three types of controls were used to a similar level in the maturity and revival stages. An examination of the extent of use of controls across OLC stages revealed that each type of control was used to a significantly greater extent in the growth and revival stages than the birth and maturity stages. The study contributes to the literature by linking management control system studies to OLC studies. Most importantly, the study assists Australian manufacturing business units in identifying the appropriate use of controls both in and across OLC stages.
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Zadoroznyj, Maria, Cecilia Benoit, and Sarah Berry. "Motherhood, Medicine & Markets: The Changing Cultural Politics of Postnatal Care Provision." Sociological Research Online 17, no. 3 (August 2012): 134–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5153/sro.2701.
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In high-income countries welfare states play a crucial role in defining - and re-defining - what is offered as publicly provided care, and as a result shape the role of families, markets and the voluntary sector in care provision. Fiscal policies of cost containment, coupled with neoliberal policies stressing individual responsibility and reliance on market forces in recent decades, have resulted in the contraction of state provided care services in a range of sectors and states. There has also been widespread retrenchment in public health sectors across many countries resulting in policies of deinstitionalisation and early discharge from hospital that are predicated on the assumption that the family or voluntary sector will pick up the slack in the care chain. At the same time that this loosening of medicalized control has occurred, services to families with young children have become increasingly targeted on ‘at risk’ mothers through widespread population surveillance. To date, analyses of the implications of these important changes in care provision have primarily focused on health services and outcomes for birthing women and their newborns. In this paper, we make the case that post-birth care is a form of social care shaped not only by welfare state policies but also by cultural norms, and we suggest an analytic framework for examining some of the recent changes in the provision of postpartum care. We use examples from three developed welfare states - the Netherlands, Australia and Canada - to illustrate how variations in welfare state policy and cultural norms and ideals shape the provision of home and community based postnatal services.
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Nossent, Johannes, Warren Raymond, Helen Keen, Charles Inderjeeth, and David Preen. "Pregnancy outcomes in women with a history of immunoglobulin A vasculitis." Rheumatology 58, no. 5 (December 24, 2018): 884–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/key408.
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Abstract Objectives Case series suggest an increased risk of pregnancy complications in women with a history of IgA vasculitis (IgAV); however, no large quantitative studies have examined this possible association to date. We compared pregnancy rates and outcomes between female IgAV patients and controls and assessed flare risk of IgAV during pregnancy. Methods Using state-wide hospital morbidity data we compared rates for live birth, preterm birth, abortive outcome and gestational complications between female IgAV patients (International Classification of Diseases-9-Clinical Modification 287.0; International Classification of Diseases-10-Australian Modification D69.0) (n = 121) and non-exposed age-matched controls (n = 284) in Western Australia. Results presented are means compared by Kruskal–Wallis test and proportions with odds ratios (ORs) (95% CI) compared by χ2 testing. Results There were 247 pregnancies in IgAV patients during which no disease flares were recorded and 556 pregnancies in controls. IgAV patients were younger at first pregnancy (24.7 vs 27.0 years, P < 0.01) and had 43 unsuccessful pregnancies (17.4%) and 204 live births with 17 preterm deliveries (8.3%). Women with IgAV had increased odds of spontaneous abortion (OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.1, 3.1, P = 0.04), preterm delivery (OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.1, 3.9, P = 0.02) and gestational hypertension (OR 4.7, 95% CI 2.3, 9.8). While gravidity did not differ (mean pregnancy number 2.4 vs 2.3, P = 0.36), IgAV patients had over a two-fold greater number of obstetric visits than controls (5.1 vs 2.5, P < 0.01). Conclusions Hospitalization for IgAV has little impact on fertility and IgAV rarely flares during pregnancy. However, a history of IgAV associates with increased odds of spontaneous abortions, gestational hypertension and preterm delivery.
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Graves, Stephen R., Aminul Islam, Lawrence D. Webb, Ian Marsh, Karren Plain, Mark Westman, Xavier A. Conlan, Rodney Carbis, Rudolf Toman, and John Stenos. "An O-Specific Polysaccharide/Tetanus Toxoid Conjugate Vaccine Induces Protection in Guinea Pigs against Virulent Challenge with Coxiella burnetii." Vaccines 10, no. 9 (August 25, 2022): 1393. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10091393.
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Q fever is caused by the bacterium Coxiella burnetii and is spread to humans from infected animals especially goats, sheep and cattle, predominantly when giving birth. There is an effective human vaccine (Q-VAX) against Q fever, and although Q fever is a worldwide problem, the vaccine is only used in Australia due to difficulties associated with its use and the risk of adverse reactions. The desire to protect humans, particularly farmers and abattoir workers, from Q fever prompted the development of a new safe and effective human vaccine without all the difficulties associated with the current vaccine. Candidate vaccines were prepared using purified O-specific polysaccharide (OSP) extracted from the lipopolysaccharide of virulent (phase 1) C. burnetii, strain Nine Mile, which was then conjugated to a tetanus toxoid (TT) carrier protein. Two vaccines were prepared using OSP from C. burnetii grown in embryonated eggs (vaccine A) and axenic media (vaccine B). Vaccines with or without alum adjuvant were used to vaccinate guinea pigs, which were later challenged by intranasal inoculation with virulent C. burnetii. Both vaccines protected guinea pigs from fever and loss of weight post challenge. Post-mortem samples of the spleen, liver and kidney of vaccinated guinea pigs contained substantially less C. burnetii DNA as measured by PCR than those of the unvaccinated control animals. This study demonstrated that a C. burnetii OSP-TT conjugate vaccine is capable of inducing protection against virulent C. burnetii in guinea pigs. Additionally, OSP derived from C. burnetii grown in axenic media compared to OSP from embryonated eggs is equivalent in terms of providing a protective immune response.